Scheme of vaccination of young cattle. Protecting the health of calves in farms with high-yielding dairy cattle

The productivity of the future large herd cattle directly depends on the health and immunity of the young. To achieve these goals, starting from the first days of life of calves, whole complex preventive veterinary measures.

In the first weeks of life, calves are most susceptible to disorders digestive tract. On the 10th day after birth, they are vaccinated against viral diarrhea, and after 3 weeks, revaccination is carried out.

In order for the vaccination of animals to have no complications, it is necessary to adhere to simple rule: before vaccination, the calf is examined and it turns out if the animal has been sick recently. The vaccine is administered only to absolutely healthy calves.

Starting from the second week (from 12 days), calves are vaccinated to protect the respiratory system. They are vaccinated against parainfluenza-3, pasteurellosis and respiratory syncytial infection inactivated vaccine Bovilis Bovipast RSP, injecting 5 ml of the drug subcutaneously. At the same time, 1 ml of live Bovilis IBR vaccine against rhinotracheitis is dripped into both nostrils infectious origin. Four weeks later, on the 40th - 45th day of life, injections of 5 ml of Bovilis Bovipast RSP vaccine are repeated. Revaccination against rhinotracheitis is carried out when the calf reaches the age of 120 days by intramuscular injections 2 ml of the drug. Following this scheme, it is possible to achieve stable immunity to respiratory diseases in young animals up to 10- one month old, as they are less susceptible to these diseases in the future.

Young animals are vaccinated against infectious diseases at the age of 1 month. What vaccinations are given to calves and when depends on the well-being of the farm. For example, at the age of one month, you can vaccinate against foot-and-mouth disease if the farm is unfavorable in relation to this disease. It is also possible that the mother of the calf was not vaccinated against salmonellosis and that he lacks maternal immunity. In this case, vaccination is recommended starting from the 5th day and repeated after 5 days. AT normal situation Salmonella vaccinations can be done from day 20. In the period from 1.5 to 4 months, vaccination against anthrax is carried out, ringworm, brucellosis, emkara, rabies.

The latest technologies used in highly productive dairy livestock complexes suggest starting work on the protection of calves even during the prenatal period, preventing abortions and embryonic mortality.

There are polyvaccines against several diseases and monovaccines intended for the prevention of one disease. As practice shows, vaccination of calves is more effective when using monopreparations.

Taking care of the health of calves, you need to follow the vaccination lines. Vaccinations given too early will not give the expected effect, because the vaccine will suppress the mother's immunity, and vaccination too late will not have time to create resistance to diseases in time.

The issue of vaccination of cows should be approached very seriously, since agricultural animals are one of the main producers of the products that we eat. The main focus in this area is not the protection of animal health, but the protection and care of the health of people who eat animal products. It is possible to prevent the ingress of meat and milk from sick animals into the trade network and prevent diseases dangerous to health by timely vaccination and animal research.

Studies are being conducted on diseases such as leukemia, brucellosis. Mandatory vaccinations against rabies, anthrax, foot and mouth disease, as well as.

There is an opinion that it is better to buy meat from private traders who do not vaccinate, so such meat is environmentally friendly. However, it is not. Such meat can even be very dangerous. Private farmers, as well as owners of livestock complexes, are required to carry out preventive actions— vaccinations and research.

Types and purpose of vaccines and doses

Complex monovalent vaccines:

• The TAURUS vaccine has a fairly large range of various diseases infectious nature such as rhinotracheitis (RTI), viral diarrhea (VD), parainfluenza-3 (PG-3), and leptospirosis.
• KOMBOVAC, Bovilis BVD are vaccines against infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, viral diarrhea, respiratory encytial, rota- and coronavirus infections.
• Associated vaccine - polyvalent vaccine, in includes strains of anthrax and foot-and-mouth disease.
• Trichostave is a polyvalent vaccine for the prevention of trichophytosis and fungal diseases of the skin.
• Nobivak is a polyvalent rabies vaccine.
• There are also polyvalent vaccines and sera on separate view illness.

At what age should testing for infectious diseases be done?

• 2 months - conduct research on tuberculosis (tuberculosis);
• 4 months - investigate brucellosis;
• 6 months - leukemia.

After the cow has begun lactation, it is necessary to conduct tests twice a year for brucellosis and tuberculosis.

At what age do routine vaccinations take place?

• Vaccination is started in calves with early age, because the (this is the mother's immunity), which is transmitted with milk, works for a fairly short period.
• Complex monovalent vaccines - calves should be vaccinated from 1.5 months of age with a revaccination interval of 3 weeks.
• 6 months - a single vaccination, at this age revaccination is not required.

Annual vaccination is mandatory, and these activities are done 2 weeks before insemination.

Polyvalent vaccines

• From 1.5 to 6 months - vaccination against rabies, anthrax, salmonalosis (with a revaccination interval of 8-12 days), colibacillosis (revaccination after 2 weeks), trichophytosis.
• Animals older than 12 months - emphysematous carbuncle, foot and mouth disease, rabies, anthrax, theileriosis, pasteurellosis, brucellosis.
• Annual vaccination of adult heifers is carried out 2-3 weeks before insemination.

It is not possible to use livestock products immediately after vaccination, some types of vaccines have their own terms (approved by the Rosselkhoznadzor, vetsanekspertiza), but if you give approximate time when it is already possible to eat milk and slaughter livestock - this is approximately 21-28 days.

It is worth remembering that anthrax in cattle is serious illness leading to death in more than 60% of cases. The disease has an extremely high spread rate, which can lead to serious epidemics on farms. For these reasons, cattle herds are subject to mandatory vaccination, which made it possible to reduce the risk of animal infection to a minimum. However, it still remains, and it is worth remembering this.

General information about the vaccine

Externally, the anthrax vaccine resembles a cloudy white liquid stored in glass ampoules. It consists of 55 strain, which is placed in a 30% glycerin solution. A strain is a living pathogen designed to develop immunity in animals.

For 1 ml of solution, there are 20-25 million live viruses. The drug is produced in ampoules, with a dosage of 20, 50, 100 and 200 milliliters. Depending on the type and weight of the animal, the doctor prescribes the appropriate dosage for vaccination.

But no matter how effective the developed method of combating anthrax is, it also has drawbacks. It is important to properly store the vaccine, otherwise it becomes unusable and must be destroyed. If white flakes begin to form in it, then the ampoule should be immediately destroyed by boiling in a soda solution.

Expected result after vaccination

It should be understood that the anthrax vaccine cannot be a cure. Vaccination only creates immunity in cattle against the virus. The effect of its use can be seen 10 days after the injection. If the individual is already infected, then vaccination is useless and ineffective.

With regards to the effect that manifests itself in adults, the vaccine lasts for 1 year. Sometimes the period may increase or decrease. It all depends on the characteristics of the cattle organism, and the veterinarian can give accurate information after complete examination cattle.

With the young, things are somewhat different. For young cattle, the administered vaccine lasts approximately 3 months, after which the animals should be vaccinated again.

Terms, methods and dosages

Anthrax vaccine can be administered to animals in two ways. The first is the subcutaneous classical method. With this introduction, there is 1 cubic meter per standard individual. see drugs. It should be injected into the middle third of the neck.

The second method of vaccine administration is intradermal. With this method, cattle are injected with 2 cu. see the drug in the perineum, where the hair does not grow.

Regarding the timing of vaccination - exact dates vaccination sets veterinarian. According to generally accepted standards, an adult cattle is administered the drug once a year. For young calves, the first vaccination is done at three months, the next - six months later. Further, the vaccination scheme for young animals and adults becomes one.

Situations in which the herd is to be grafted

Vaccination against anthrax must be carried out under the supervision of a veterinarian. He also prescribes the order of processing the herd. But, there are general rules needed by cow breeders to prevent infection:

• vaccinations are administered to all animals in the herd, except for those who have weakened immunity or are ill with something at that moment;
• when buying a new individual, it must be vaccinated, it is allowed into the general herd 2 weeks after the procedure;
• if one individual becomes infected with anthrax, the entire herd must be vaccinated, regardless of when it was previously done;

After the cattle vaccine is administered, the animals must be observed for 10 days and the immune response should be carefully monitored. In addition, it is not recommended to load livestock during this period.

Absolutely forbidden

As with all medicines, the anthrax vaccine has a number of contraindications that are important to observe:

• it is forbidden to vaccinate if the animal is already being administered biological drugs;
• after the introduction of the vaccine, animals should not be given antibiotics or antiseptics;
• it is forbidden to vaccinate calves under the age of three months;
• the vaccine should not be administered if it is hot or cold outside;
• you can not vaccinate sick individuals or those who have just been ill;
• it is forbidden to administer the drug to cows on later dates pregnancy and undergoing surgery.

These "prohibitions" are due to the fact that in the above situations, the immunity of cattle does not work at full capacity, and the procedure can harm the animal rather than help.

Rules and appearances

Vaccination of cattle must be accompanied by complete sanitation. The injection site should be treated 70% ethyl alcohol. Inventory, syringe and needle must be disinfected both before and after vaccination.

Syringes and needles should not just be wiped with a special solution, the instruments must be boiled in it for at least two hours. This is important so as not to introduce an additional infection and not give the immune system an additional burden.

When a cow is vaccinated, a slight swelling may form at the injection site. Don't worry, it will pass in a few days. And for symptoms such as fever, weakness and severe swelling, should pay attention. In this case, the animal must be immediately isolated from the general herd and treated under the supervision of a veterinarian.

Useful Documentation

Vaccinations against anthrax are mandatory under the supervision of a specialist. Close supervision is required during the vaccine period. The veterinarian is obliged to monitor how the immune system reacts to the administered drug, and take action at the slightest deviation from the norm.

The seriousness of this procedure is confirmed by the fact that for each herd a separate act of vaccination is drawn up, in which the date, number of vaccinated individuals, series and number of drugs used are entered. This is done to be able to trace non-treated animals.

The act must be kept by the doctor for 2 years. Individuals that have not been vaccinated for any reason prohibiting vaccination are kept separately from the herd. They are to be vaccinated as soon as doctors allow the procedure. A separate act is drawn up for such cattle.

Products from vaccinated animals

In almost all cases, the use of products from the milk and meat of vaccinated animals is allowed. True, there are a number of exceptions.

If the cattle does not tolerate vaccination well, her temperature rises and a breakdown is observed, a person is not allowed to use her milk. The only way to use it is to boil it and give it to animals as feed.

As for the slaughter of cattle for meat, this is allowed after ten days from the moment the vaccination was made. If the animal dies before this time, then its carcass must be burned. If an individual is slaughtered before 10 days have passed, but this is not done for a vaccination-related reason, its meat is given for processing.

Remember not to joke with anthrax, which can cause an epidemic in both cattle and humans. Therefore, it is more rational to kill and burn one individual than to put the whole herd under attack.

Preventive measures and instructions for employees of the veterinary service

It is worth knowing that working with the vaccine can harm the person himself if handled improperly. Therefore, it is important to strictly comply with certain regulations for all employees who vaccinate livestock.

An employee with cuts, sores, or other open wounds, is not allowed before vaccination of animals, and if the serum gets on the skin or other parts of the human body, they should be washed immediately copious amounts water.

It must be remembered that if a vaccine is accidentally administered to a person, it should be urgently go to the hospital. If it only gets on clothes or in environment, - this place should be treated with a solution of 10% sodium.

Remember, you can't treat anthrax not serious, because not only animals, but also people can suffer.

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At some ultra-modern dairy complexes, even today, the life of a calf begins to be counted from the moment of conception, and not from the moment of birth. This strategy allows you to control the entire process of reproduction and obtaining healthy offspring.

The work on protecting the health of young animals can be divided into three stages:

I stage - intrauterine period of development;

II stage - neonatal period;

III stage - the period of growing.

At each stage of the development of a living organism, its life and health are threatened by all kinds of diseases, both infectious and non-infectious nature.

Therefore, the main task of protecting the health of calves should be the prevention of these pathologies.

Prenatal period of development

AT given period may be observed the following pathologies: embryonic mortality, abortion, stillbirth and pathology of fetal development, as well as intrauterine infection.

Embryonic mortality is the death of an embryo between conception and 45 years of age. day old due to insufficient levels of progesterone, infection with various pathogens, exposure to stress, etc.

Abortions in cows occur for a variety of reasons. Infectious diseases can provoke abortions - viral diarrhea (VD), infectious rhinotracheitis(IRT), neosporosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, vibriosis, aspergillosis and a number of other infections. Alimentary reasons- the presence of phytoestrogens, toxins in the feed. A significant part of abortions is caused by violations in the technology of keeping pregnant animals and the behavior of personnel - regrouping of livestock, injuries, "unfriendly" attitude of people. Dead calves are born for approximately the same reasons, as well as with unbalanced feeding of cows and heifers during the last third of pregnancy.

Neonatal pathologies

The incidence of calves in the first three weeks after birth is usually associated with gastrointestinal disorders, less often - with pathologies of the respiratory system and other problems. Non-infectious reasons are drinking mastitis colostrum and milk, non-compliance with the feeding technology itself (for example, an increased diameter of the hole in the nipple), transfer to a low-quality substitute whole milk. The causative agents of neonatal diarrhea are rotavirus, coronavirus, coli and protozoa (coccidia and cryptosporidium). All of them cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, followed by lethal outcome. It is important to note that technological violations that are allowed in case of infectious pathologies cause especially high mortality of calves in the first days of life.

Growing period

In calves aged 20–30 days and up to six months, the main health problems are reduced to pathologies of the respiratory system. In conditions of grouping animals, gas contamination of premises, high density content, enormous damage is caused by such viral diseases like parainfluenza-3, RTI, respiratory syncytial infection. On a viral background develop bacterial diseases- pasteurellosis, mycoplasmosis, etc. The result of a combination of technology - virus - bacteria is massive pneumonia, weight gain reduction, forced culling of animals and their death.

In addition, in calves of this age group in some cases, diseases gastrointestinal tract caused by bacteria from the genus Salmonella. AT recent times, but this pathology manifests itself less and less, and this is due, first of all, to the regular use of effective disinfectants and vaccinations.

So what should be the disease prevention strategy for calves from fetal development to breeding age?

Protecting the Embryo . For more accurate and targeted actions, it is necessary to diagnose for the presence of infections, primarily VD and RTI.

Specific prophylaxis when confirming these diseases is quite simple. All adult stock older than one year are vaccinated against viral diarrhea twice with a four-week interval with the Bovilis vaccine. BVD . Revaccination is carried out every 6 months. It is also allowed to use such a scheme using this vaccine: a twice vaccinated animal is revaccinated once a year once a month before the start artificial insemination(I. O.), or, in other words, 30 days after calving, since in general, I. O. in highly productive herds begin no earlier than two months after calving. Prevention of RTIs consists in regular, every six months, vaccination with Bovilis IBR marked. In this case, the primary vaccination is carried out once. To protect the embryo, it is necessary that at the time of conception the cow has a reliable immunity to these infections.

Prevention of a drop in the level of progesterone after fertilization can be organized as follows: replacement therapy or increase the animal's own progesterone production, which is the preferred approach. To do this, cows and heifers 5 days after I. O. are injected intramuscularly with Horulon in the amount of 1500 IU and on the 12th day after conception - Fertagil in the same way at a dose of 2.5 ml.

We protect the fetus. By taking measures to protect the embryo, we will adequately protect the fetus until the moment of birth. However, it would be a mistake to rely only on therapeutic manipulations. Also needed careful attitude to a pregnant animal and its full feeding during the dry period. So, for example, if a cow in the pre- and post-calving period is found to be in ketosis, fatty degeneration cookies and others serious pathologies metabolism, then you should not have hopes that the offspring will be healthy, or be surprised high percentage stillborn and underdeveloped calves.

Protecting the newborn . Disease prevention in newborn calves requires interventions that can be divided into three groups: infection prevention, infection control, and technology control.

Prevention of infections is to create colostral immunity in the expectant mother against the main pathogens of diarrhea, as well as to prevent the development of mastitis during the dry period. For example, you can use a single injection of a pregnant cow in the period from 3 months to 3 weeks before calving of the Rotavek Corona vaccine. This scheme is very technologically advanced, as it allows animals to be vaccinated at the time of launch and ensure a minimum level of stress. Vaccine Rotavec Corona poses high level antibodies to rotavirus, coronavirus and E. coli, which is stored in colostrum and milk for a month after calving. Prevention of mastitis in the dry period is achieved by introducing at the time of launch special means based on long-acting antibiotics marked on syringes " DC".

Containment of the spread of infection involves the individual maintenance of calves and the prevention of contact between them, as well as high-quality disinfection.

Technology control is one of the most responsible, time-consuming and complex processes in the dairy industry.

What parameters should be monitored when raising calves in the first weeks of life?

1. Mandatory check of cows after calving for mastitis - it is required to use colostrum only from healthy quarters of the udder.

2. It is necessary to control the quality of colostrum using a colostrometer - the density should be above 55.

3. The diameter of the holes in the rubber nipples should not exceed 2 mm. Perforated and cut nipples should be destroyed immediately to completely exclude their further use.

4. The temperature of colostrum and milk should be within plus 35-38 ° C.

5. The first watering is carried out no later than 30–40 minutes later. after calving. With mass calving, as well as in the absence sucking reflex it is advisable to use a special probe, with the help of which colostrum in the amount of 10% of body weight is injected into the abomasum.

6. When storing colostrum in a frozen state, it must be remembered that its shelf life is 3 months at minus 18 ° C, and 6 months at minus 24 ° C. Thawing of colostrum should be carried out at a temperature not higher than plus 40-42 ° C, otherwise the antibodies may lose their protective properties.

7. When transferring young calves to mixed milk, it is important to consider that the milk of newborn cows provides highly effective protection against infections for a month after calving.

Nursing Protection . During this period of a calf's life, there are at least three key aspects of animal welfare that need to be monitored: air quality, stocking density, and litter condition (it must be dry). it critical factors, and if the established norms are not observed, the farm will inevitably encounter respiratory diseases in young animals. Vaccination of calves against viruses and bacteria of the respiratory tract should be started from the age of 14 days, since an earlier vaccination will not have the desired effect, and a later one will not have time to create reliable immunity by the most critical age (1.5–2 months).

Vaccination program

Calves aged 12-18 days: vaccinations against RTI, PG-3, RSI and pasteurellosis.

At the same time, calves are vaccinated with Bovilis vaccine IBR labeled intranasally (1 ml in each nostril) and Bovilis Bovipast vaccine RSP at a dose of 5 ml subcutaneously.

Calves aged 40–45 days: repeated vaccinations against PG-3, RSI and pasteurellosis.

Vaccinate with Bovilis Bovipast RSP at a dose of 5 ml subcutaneously.

Calves aged 120–130 days: repeated vaccination against RTI - 2 ml / m.

This scheme allows you to create a reliable level of protection of the respiratory tract in calves from the main pathogens by the age of two months. infectious diseases and prevent the young respiratory diseases up to 8-10 months of age, after which the risk of pathologies respiratory tract becomes extremely low.

In case of persistent trouble of the farm for salmonellosis, it is necessary to clarify the serotype of this bacterium in the laboratory and carry out the appropriate vaccination of calves of one month of age. Between 1.5 and 4 months of age, a calf is usually vaccinated against ringworm and anthrax.

So, at all stages of development and growth of a calf from an embryo to an adult animal, the work of veterinary and zootechnical services should be aimed at preventing pathologies, both infectious and non-infectious, and not at the general treatment of sick animals.