High monocytes in the blood of a dog. Change in urea parameters. What does a biochemical blood test of dogs investigate?

After taking the blood is placed in a disposable tube containing an anticoagulant. It is important to correctly calculate the amount of blood. In our laboratory, analyzes are carried out on a comparatively a small amount material, which reduces the discomfort of the animal when taking blood for analysis.

Decryption clinical analysis blood in animals can be carried out on the basis of the following information:

Hematocrit(Htc) - volume fraction of erythrocytes in the blood

Norm (%) - cat 30-51; dog 37-55.

Raise this indicator may indicate erythrocytosis (an increase in the number of red blood cells), dehydration (these are various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as diabetes) or a decrease in the volume of circulating plasma (typical for peritonitis and burn disease).

A decrease in hematocrit indicates severe anemia, an increase in the volume of circulating plasma (observed with heart or kidney failure, hyperproteinemia). Low hematocrit is also characteristic of chronic inflammatory processes, injuries, starvation, chronic hyperazotemia, and oncological diseases.

red blood cells(RBC) - blood cells containing hemoglobin.

Norm (x 10 12 / l) - cat 5.2-10.8; dog 5.4-8.0.

An increase in red blood cells in the blood can be caused by primary erythrocytosis (increased production of red blood cells). Also, this condition can be caused by reactive erythrocytosis (due to ventilation failure in bronchopulmonary pathology and heart disease). Secondary erythrocytosis caused by an increase in the production of erythropoietins is not excluded (with hydronephrosis and polycystic kidney disease, as well as in the presence of neoplasms of the kidneys and liver).

A decrease in red blood cells may indicate various anemias(iron deficiency, hemolytic, hypoplastic, B12-deficient). This condition is characteristic of acute blood loss, later dates pregnancy, chronic inflammatory processes, hyperhydration.

Average erythrocyte volume(MCV) - characterizes the type of anemia

Norm (μm 3) - cat 41-51; dog 62-74.

An increase in MCV is observed in macrocytic and megaloblastic anemias, as well as in anemias that may be accompanied by macrocytosis (hemolytic).

With normal values, normocytic anemia (aplastic, hemolytic, blood loss, hemoglobinopathies), as well as anemia accompanied by normocytosis (regenerative phase) can be observed. iron deficiency anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes).

A decrease in MCV is characteristic of microcytic anemia (iron deficiency, sideroblastic, thalassemia) and anemia that may be accompanied by microcytosis (hemolytic, hemoglobinopathy).

Sedimentation rate of erythrocytes(ESR) is a nonspecific indicator of dysproteinemia accompanying the disease process.

Norm (mm / hour) - cat 1-6; dog 2-6.

An increase in ESR is characteristic of any inflammatory processes accompanied by the accumulation of fibrinogen, a- and b-globulins in the blood. ESR also increases in diseases accompanied by tissue breakdown (heart attacks, malignant neoplasms, etc.), intoxications and poisonings, metabolic diseases (in diabetes mellitus), kidney diseases accompanied by nephrotic syndrome (hyperalbuminemia), liver diseases leading to severe dysproteinemia, during pregnancy, shocks, injuries and surgical interventions.

The strongest increase in ESR(more than 50-80 mm/hour) are characteristic of multiple myeloma, malignant neoplasms, diseases connective tissue and systemic vasculitis.

A decrease in ESR is characterized by hemolytic anemia.

platelets

Norm (x 10 9 / l) - cat 200-600; dog 160-500.

Elevated platelet levels are indicative of infections, inflammation, and neoplasia.

The decrease is typical for uremia, toxemia, hypoadrenocorticism, immune disorders, bleeding.

Hemoglobin(HGB) is a blood pigment found in red blood cells. The main function is the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Norm (g / l) - cat 90-170; dog 120-170.

An increase in hemoglobin indicates primary or secondary erythrocytosis, as well as relative erythrocytosis during dehydration.

The decrease is typical for anemia (iron deficiency, hemolytic, hypoplastic, B12-folic acid deficiency), acute blood loss, occult bleeding, endogenous intoxication (malignant tumors and their metastases), lesions bone marrow, kidneys and some other organs.

The average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte(MCHC) - determines the saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin.

Norm (g / dl) - cat 31-35; dog 32-36.

The increase is characteristic of hyperchromic anemia (spherocytosis and ovalocytosis).

A decrease in the indicator accompanies hypochromic anemia (iron deficiency, spheroblastic and thalassemia).

The average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte(MCH) - used for characteristics of anemia.

Norm (pg) - cat 13-18; dog 22-28.

An increase is characteristic of hyperchromic anemia (megaloblastic, cirrhosis of the liver).

The decrease may indicate hypochromic anemia(iron deficiency) and anemia in malignant tumors.

It should be noted that only a specialist, a veterinarian, can take into account all the nuances of the clinical blood test data. With an integrated approach to diagnosis, it is possible to take into account the correlation of many indicators and the diverse manifestations of the disease. With data on more than big picture disease, doctor integrated approach, after examining the animal and receiving the results of the tests, puts more correct diagnosis(reduced risk of error)

Read about the number of leukocytes in a clinical blood test and their differentiation in our next article.

The materials posted in this section are of an exclusively educational nature, and in no way can serve as a basis for self-diagnosis and treatment of an animal.

If your animal is ill, you should first of all contact veterinarian. Remember - it is impossible to make a correct diagnosis and cure an animal solely with the help of the Internet. Any amateur activity on the part of the owner of the animal can cause irreparable harm to the health of the animal!

Indicators of blood and urine tests in dogs (with explanations)

Blood and urine tests

Normal hematological parameters of dogs

Possible causes of deviations from normal hematological parameters.

Hemoglobin. Increase: some forms of hemoblastosis, in particular erythremia, dehydration. Decrease (anemia): different kinds anemia, incl. due to blood loss.

Erythrocytes. Increase: erythremia, heart failure, chronic lung disease, dehydration. Decrease: various types of anemia, incl. hemolytic and due to blood loss.

Hematocrit. Increase: erythremia, cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency, dehydration. Decrease: various types of anemia, incl. hemolytic.

ESR. Increase: inflammatory processes, poisoning, infections, invasions, tumors, hemoblastoses, blood loss, injuries, surgical interventions.

Leukocytes. Increase: inflammatory processes, poisoning, viral infections, invasions, blood loss, trauma, allergic reactions, tumors, myeloid leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia. Decreased: acute and chronic infections (rare), liver disease, autoimmune disease, exposure to certain antibiotics, toxic substances and cytostatics, radiation sickness, aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis.

Neutrophils. Increase: inflammatory processes, poisoning, shock, blood loss, hemolytic anemia. Decrease: viral infections, exposure to certain antibiotics, toxic substances and cytostatics, radiation sickness, aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis. An increase in the number of stab neutrophils, the appearance of myelocytes: sepsis, malignant tumors, myeloid leukemia.

Eosinophils. Increase: allergic reactions, sensitization, invasions, tumors, hemoblastoses.

Basophils. Increase: hemoblastosis.

Lymphocytes. Increase: infections, neutropenia (relative increase), lymphocytic leukemia.

Monocytes. Increase: chronic infections, tumors, chronic monocytic leukemia.

Myelocytes. Detection: chronic myeloid leukemia, acute and chronic inflammatory processes, sepsis, bleeding, shock.

Reticulocytes. Increase: blood loss, hemolytic anemia Decrease: hypoplastic anemia.

RBC diameter. Increase: B12 and folate deficiency anemia, liver disease. Decrease: iron deficiency and hemolytic anemia.

platelets. Increase: myeloproliferative diseases. Depression: sharp and chronic leukemias, liver cirrhosis, aplastic anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, intoxication, chronic infections.

Normal urine values

Possible causes of deviations from normal urine values

Color. Normally, urine is colored yellow. Reduction or disappearance of yellow color indicates a decrease in urine concentration as a result of increased excretion water (polyuria). An intense yellow color indicates an increase in the concentration of urine, for example due to dehydration (oliguria). green coloration urine acquires as a result of the release of bilirubin. The color of urine changes after taking certain vitamins.

Transparency. Normal urine is clear. cloudy urine occurs when bacteria, leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelial cells, salts, fat and mucus are secreted. Turbidity that disappears when urine is heated in a test tube may be caused by urates. If the turbidity does not disappear after heating, then a few drops are added to the test tube. acetic acid. The disappearance of turbidity indicates the presence of phosphates. If the haze disappears after adding a few drops of hydrochloric acid, this may indicate the presence of calcium oxalate. The turbidity caused by droplets of fat disappears after agitation of the urine with a mixture of alcohol and ether.

Density. Increase: oliguria, glucosuria, proteinuria. Decrease: polyuria.

Protein. Increase: kidney disease, hemolysis, meat diet, cystitis.

Glucose. Detection: diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, kidney disease, administration of glucocorticoids, cystitis.

Ketone bodies(acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid). Finding: diabetic ketonuria, fever, fasting, low carbohydrate diet.

Creatinine Decrease: renal failure.

Amylase. Boost: acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, hepatitis.

Bilirubin. Detection in a significant amount: hemolysis (autoimmune hemolytic anemia, piroplasmosis, leptospirosis), liver disease, violation of the outflow of bile into the intestine, fever, starvation.

Urobilinogen. Detection in significant numbers: hemolysis, liver disease, increased activity intestinal microflora. Absence: violation of the outflow of bile into the intestines.

pH. Normally, dog urine has a slightly acidic or neutral reaction. Alkalinity in urine may be indicative of plant based diet, giving alkaline preparations, chronic infection urinary tract, metabolic and respiratory alkalosis. The acidity of urine increases with a meat diet, increased protein breakdown, acid preparations, metabolic and respiratory acidosis.

Hemoglobin. Detection (hemoglobinuria): autoimmune hemolytic anemia, sepsis, piroplasmosis, leptospirosis, poisoning with hemolytic poisons (phenothiazine, methylene blue, copper and lead preparations), infusion of incompatible blood. Hemoglobinuria is distinguished from hematuria by microscopy of the urine sediment. With hematuria, a large number of red blood cells are found in the urine sediment. False hemoglobinuria may occur with hemolysis of erythrocytes in weakly concentrated and old urine.

Erythrocytes. Detection in a significant amount (hematuria): pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, hemorrhagic diathesis, thrombocytopenia, anticoagulant poisoning, kidney infarction, inflammatory diseases, trauma and tumors urinary organs, urolithiasis disease, dioctophymosis.

Leukocytes. Detection in significant numbers: inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Cylinders. Detection in a significant amount: damage to the kidney parenchyma, proteinuria (hyaline casts), hematuria (erythrocyte casts), hemoglobinuria (pigmented casts), pyelonephritis (leukocyte casts).

Normal biochemical indicators blood

Possible causes of deviations from normal biochemical parameters.

Glucose. Increase: diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, administration of glucocorticoids, stress, pancreatic necrosis. Decrease: insulinoma, insulin overdose, hypoadrenocorticism.

total protein. Increase: chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, paraproteinemic hemoblastoses, dehydration. Downgrade: nephrotic syndrome, enteritis, pancreatitis, burns, blood loss, starvation, hypovitaminosis, heart failure, edema, malignant neoplasms.

Albumins: see Total protein.

Globulins. Increase: acute and chronic inflammatory processes, malignant neoplasms, autoimmune diseases, trauma, myocardial infarction. Decrease: malignant neoplasms, chronic inflammatory processes, allergies.

pH. Not only the pH of the blood matters, but also the alkaline reserve. An increase in blood pH and an increase in alkaline reserve are indicative of alkalemia and metabolic alkalosis, for example due to loss of chlorides in vomiting and diarrhea. Hyperventilation of the lungs due to accelerated elimination CO2 causes respiratory alkalosis. A decrease in blood pH and a decrease in alkaline reserve indicate acidemia and metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis may occur due to diarrhea, renal failure, accumulation ketone bodies(acetonemia), the introduction of certain medications (calcium chloride, methionine, salicylates), the formation of excess lactic acid during severe and prolonged physical activity. Respiratory acidosis is caused by hypoventilation of the lungs due to an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the blood.

Lipids. Increase: hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis, hypoproteinemia due to renal failure and diseases gastrointestinal tract, the introduction of glucocorticoids, liver disease, high lipid diet.

Cholesterol. See lipids.

Creatinine Increase: impaired renal function.

Urea nitrogen. Increase: impaired renal function, impaired urinary excretion, digestion and absorption in the intestine a large number protein, fever, dehydration, acute liver dystrophy. Decrease: cirrhosis of the liver.

Bilirubin direct(passed through the liver). Increase: hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver tumors, liver dystrophy.

Bilirubin indirect(not passed through the liver, unbound). Increase: hemolysis, B12 hypovitaminosis.

Amylase. Increase: pancreatitis, renal failure, hyperadrenocorticism.

Calcium. Increase: hyperparathyroidism, increased intake of calcium in the body, hypoadrenocorticism, dysfunction thyroid gland, kidney failure, tumors, periostitis, an overdose of vitamin D and some diuretics. Down: hypoparathyroidism, azotemia

The norms of a general blood test in dogs are as follows:

Hemoglobin

Red blood cell pigment that carries oxygen carbon dioxide.
Boost:
- polycythemia (an increase in the number of red blood cells)
- stay on high altitudes
- excessive exercise
- dehydration, blood clots
Reduction:
- anemia

red blood cells

Non-nuclear blood cells containing hemoglobin. Make up the bulk shaped elements blood. The average for a dog is 4–6.5 thousand * 10 ^ 6 / l. Cats - 5-10 thousand * 10 ^ 6 / l.
Increase (erythrocytosis):
- bronchopulmonary pathology, heart defects, polycystic kidney disease, neoplasms of the kidneys, liver, dehydration.
Reduction:
- anemia, acute blood loss, chronic inflammatory process, hyperhydration.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the form of a column during blood sedimentation. It depends on the number of red blood cells, their "weight" and shape, and on the properties of plasma - the amount of proteins (mainly fibrinogen), viscosity.
Norm 0–10 mm/h.
Boost:
- infections
- inflammatory process
- malignant tumors
- anemia
- pregnancy
No increase in the presence of the above reasons:
- polycythemia
- Decreased plasma fibrinogen levels.

platelets

Platelets formed from giant cells in the bone marrow. Responsible for blood clotting.
The normal content in the blood is 190-550?10^9 l.
Boost:
- polycythemia
- myeloid leukemia
- inflammatory process
- condition after removal of the spleen, surgical operations. Reduction:
- systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus)
- aplastic anemia
- hemolytic anemia

Leukocytes

White blood cells. Produced in red bone marrow. Function - protection from foreign substances and microbes (immunity). The average for dogs is 6.0–16.0?10^9/l. For cats - 5.5–18.0?10^9/l.
Exist different types leukocytes with specific functions (see leukocyte formula), therefore, a change in the number of certain types and not all leukocytes in general.
Increase - leukocytosis
- leukemia
- infection, inflammation
- state after acute bleeding, hemolysis
- allergy
- with a long course of corticosteroids
Decrease - leukopenia
- some infections pathology of the bone marrow (aplastic anemia)
- increased function spleen
- genetic abnormalities of the immune system
- anaphylactic shock

Leukocyte formula

The percentage of different types of leukocytes.

1. Neutrophils

2.Eosinophils

Involved in hypersensitivity reactions immediate type.Meet rarely.
Norm - 0-1% of total number leukocytes.
Increase - basophilia
- allergic reactions to the introduction of a foreign protein, including food allergy
- chronic inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract
- hypothyroidism
- blood diseases acute leukemia, Hodgkin's disease)

4. Lymphocytes

Basic cells immune system. Struggling with viral infections. Destroy foreign cells and altered own cells (recognize foreign proteins - antigens and selectively destroy cells containing them - specific immunity), secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the blood - substances that block antigen molecules and remove them from the body.
The norm is 18-25% of the total number of leukocytes.
Increase - lymphocytosis:
- hyperthyroidism
- viral infections
- lymphocytic leukemia
Decrease - lymphopenia:
- the use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressants
- malignant neoplasms
- kidney failure
- chronic liver disease
- immunodeficiency states
- circulatory failure

Laboratory studies are often prescribed by veterinarians for diagnosis. various diseases in dogs. It is difficult to figure out on your own what the numbers in the table with analyzes mean. In this article, you will find out how many blood types dogs have, and which normal performance in a blood test.

Neutrophils and eosinophils are white bodies that are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream. They, like all leukocytes, perform protective function. Their differences are as follows:

1. Neutrophils. Granulocytic leukocytes, the main function of which is phagocytosis. They are the first to react to the ingress of a foreign agent into the body. Moving towards the source of inflammation, they capture and destroy foreign cells. There are several types of neutrophils: young, stab and segmented.
2. Eosinophils. Granulocytic leukocytes, which are also capable of phagocytosis. However, their main function is to participate in allergic reactions. Eosinophils are able to absorb and release inflammatory mediators (histamine), thus acting on foreign agents.

Video "We take the dog's blood for biochemistry"

In this video, the veterinarian will share tips on how to take a blood test from a dog.

Reasons for the increase in performance

Since both eosinophils and neutrophils are leukocytes, the main reason for the increase in their level is inflammation.

An elevated level of neutrophils (neutrophilia, neutrophilic leukocytosis) most often indicates the presence of bacterial infection. Moreover, it is impossible to assume the localization of infection only by the level of cells. Neutrophilia is just a marker that there is an infection somewhere in the body and, most likely, it is of a bacterial nature.

If the dog has elevated segmented neutrophils, and the young and stab forms are normal, then this indicates the presence of a chronic infection. Causes of increased stab neutrophils in dogs (shift leukocyte formula left):

• inflammatory process;
• acute infectious diseases;
• overexcitation;
• intoxication.

If the dog has elevated eosinophils, then most often this indicates the presence of allergic reaction or helminthic invasion. Again, the number of eosinophils does not indicate the localization of the allergy or its type.

Another reason why eosinophils can increase is oncological pathology.

Biochemical analysis of blood in dogs is aimed at identifying the localization of the lesion and is more specific than general analysis blood. Material for research - deoxygenated blood. The decoding of blood biochemistry is as follows:

1. Glucose (norm - 3.4-6.0 mmol / l). Indicates status carbohydrate metabolism. The indicator can increase with the pathology of the pancreas and the development diabetes. A decrease in glucose levels may indicate a tumor of the pancreas (insulinoma). In addition, hypoglycemia can be the result of increased physical activity of the pet.
2. Total protein and its fractions (55.1-75.2 g/l). Characterizes the state of protein metabolism. The level of protein increases with kidney failure or an excess of the meat component in the diet.
3. Cytolytic enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - 8.2-57.3; aspartate aminotransferase (AST) - 8.9-57.3. In a dog, elevated ALT occurs with liver diseases, very often with hepatitis in the cytolysis phase. AST in dogs is elevated in lesions of the heart and skeletal muscles. For example, if the dog has myocarditis, myocardial infarction or myositis.
4. Creatinine (44.3-138.4), urea (3.1-9.2) - indicators of the renal complex. Their level rises when the kidneys are damaged, if they do not cope with the filtering function. In this case, there is an accumulation of products of nitrogen metabolism.
5. Bilirubin (0.9-10.6). Increased level of direct bilirubin in case of obstructive jaundice. For example, with cholecystitis, the presence of a stone in the biliary tract. indirect bilirubin may increase as a consequence of hemolytic anemia.
6. Cholesterol, triglycerides (CS - 3.3-7.0, TG - 0.56). They are indicators of lipid metabolism. Their increased content indicates the risk of atherosclerosis in dogs.
7. Alkaline phosphatase (10-150). An increase in the level of this enzyme may indicate damage to the bones, liver, and in males, the prostate gland.

A complete blood count is a laboratory research, the results of which show the state of the body as a whole. The material for research is venous blood. All indicators can be grouped into 4 categories:

1. Indicators of red blood. They indicate the level of blood filling and how much oxygen the body receives:

• hemoglobin (normal - 120-180 g / l). Decreased hemoglobin levels are indicative of anemia varying degrees gravity. This means that the red blood cells do not carry enough oxygen, and the cells of the body suffer from hypoxia;
• erythrocytes (norm - 5.5-8.5 million / μl). A decrease in the number of red blood cells also indicates the presence of anemia. The level of red blood cells can rise for several reasons: dehydration, burns, increased hematopoiesis. In addition, erythrocytosis can be observed with kidney damage, since it is this organ that synthesizes erythropoietin;
• hematocrit (37-55%). It is an indicator of the ratio of blood cells to plasma. Increases with dehydration (blood loss, diarrhea, vomiting), and decreases with anemia, pregnancy.

Dog blood test.

Unfortunately, our pets sometimes get sick and we have to turn to specialists to help us cure our four-legged friend.

Complete blood count of a dog decoding

It is not uncommon for pet dogs to have a blood test. But after receiving the result of a dog’s blood test, the owners cannot always figure out what’s what and what is written on the sheet, our site wants to explain to you, dear readers, what a blood test for dogs includes.

Dog blood tests.

Hemoglobin It is a blood pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide. An increase in hemoglobin levels can occur due to an increase in the number of red blood cells (polycythemia), may be the result of excessive exercise. Also, an increase in hemoglobin levels is characteristic of dehydration and thickening of the blood. Decreased hemoglobin levels are indicative of anemia.

red blood cells are non-nuclear blood elements containing hemoglobin. They make up the bulk of the blood cells. Increased amount erythrocytes (erythrocytosis) may be due to bronchopulmonary pathology, heart defects, polycystic or neoplasms of the kidneys or liver, as well as dehydration.
A decrease in the number of red blood cells can be caused by anemia, large blood loss, chronic inflammatory processes and overhydration. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in the form of a column when settling blood depends on their quantity, "weight" and shape, as well as on the properties of plasma - the amount of proteins in it and viscosity. Increased value ESR is characteristic of various infectious diseases, inflammatory processes, and tumors. An increased ESR value is also observed during pregnancy.

platelets are platelets formed from bone marrow cells. They are responsible for blood clotting. Increased content platelets in the blood can be caused by diseases such as polycythemia, myeloid leukemia, inflammatory processes. Also, the platelet count may increase after some surgical operations. A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood is characteristic of systemic autoimmune diseases(lupus erythematosus), aplastic and hemolytic anemia.

Leukocytes are white blood cells produced in the red bone marrow. They perform a very important immune function: protect the body from foreign substances and microbes. There are different types of leukocytes. Each species has a specific function. Diagnostic value has a change in the number of individual types of leukocytes, and not all leukocytes in total. An increase in the number of leukocytes (leukocytosis) can be caused by leukemia, infectious and inflammatory processes, allergic reactions, long-term use some medical preparations. A decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukopenia) may be due to infectious pathologies bone marrow, hyperfunction of the spleen, genetic abnormalities, anaphylactic shock.

Leukocyte formula- This is the percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood.

Types of white blood cells in a dog's blood

1. Neutrophils are leukocytes responsible for fighting inflammation and infectious processes in the body, as well as for the removal of their own dead and dead cells. Young neutrophils have a rod-shaped nucleus, the nucleus of mature neutrophils is segmented. In the diagnosis of inflammation, it is the increase in the number of stab neutrophils (stab shift) that matters. Normally, they make up 60-75% of the total number of leukocytes, stab - up to 6%. An increase in the content of neutrophils in the blood (neutrophilia) indicates the presence of an infectious or inflammatory process in the body, intoxication of the body, or psycho-emotional arousal. A decrease in the number of neutrophils (neutropenia) may be caused by certain infectious diseases(most often viral or chronic), bone marrow pathology, as well as genetic disorders.

3. Basophils- leukocytes, are involved in immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. Normally, their number is no more than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. An increase in the number of basophils (basophilia) may indicate an allergic reaction to the introduction of a foreign protein (including food allergy), chronic inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract, and blood diseases.

4. Lymphocytes These are the main cells of the immune system that fight viral infections. They destroy foreign cells and altered own cells of the body. Lymphocytes provide the so-called specific immunity: they recognize foreign proteins - antigens, and selectively destroy the cells containing them. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the blood - these are substances that can block antigen molecules and remove them from the body. Lymphocytes make up 18-25% of the total number of leukocytes. Lymphocytosis (an increase in the level of lymphocytes) may be due to viral infections or lymphocytic leukemia. A decrease in the level of lymphocytes (lymphopenia) can be caused by the use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, as well as malignant neoplasms, or kidney failure, or chronic diseases liver, or immunodeficiency states.