Human skeleton with the name of the main bones. Human skeleton: all about bones for children. What bones in the human skeleton are connected movably with the help of a joint and motionless

In the human body, everything is interconnected and arranged very wisely. Skin and muscle cover, internal organs and the skeleton, all this clearly interacts with each other, thanks to the efforts of nature. The following is a description of the human skeleton and its function.

general information

The frame of bones of different sizes and shapes, on which the human body is fixed, is called the skeleton. It serves as a support and provides reliable security to important internal organs. What the human skeleton looks like can be seen in the photo.

Described organ, connecting with muscle tissue, represents musculoskeletal locomotor system homo sapiens. Thanks to this, all individuals can move freely.

Finally developed bone tissue consists of 20% water and is the strongest in the body. Human bones include inorganic substances, due to which they have strength, and organic, which give flexibility. That is why the bones are strong and resilient.

Anatomy of human bones

Looking at the organ in more detail, it is clear that it consists of several layers:

External. Forms bone tissue of high strength;
Connective. The layer tightly covers the bones from the outside;
loose connective tissue. Here are complex weaves of blood vessels;
cartilage tissue. It settled at the ends of the organ, due to it the bones have the opportunity to grow, but up to a certain age;
Nerve endings. They, like wires, carry signals from the brain and vice versa.

In the cavity of the bone tube is placed Bone marrow, it comes in red and yellow.

Functions

Without exaggeration, we can say that the body will die if the skeleton stops performing its important features:

support. The solid bone-cartilaginous frame of the body is formed by bones, to which fascia, muscles and internal organs are attached.
Protective. From created receptacles for containment and protection spinal cord(spine), brain (cranial box) and for other, no less important, organs of human vital activity (rib frame).
Motor. Here we observe the exploitation of bones by muscles, as levers, for the movement of the body with the help of tendons. They predetermine the coherence of joint movements.
Cumulative. In the central cavities of long bones, fat accumulates - this is yellow bone marrow. The growth and strength of the skeleton depends on it.
In metabolism bone tissue plays an important role, it can be safely called a pantry of phosphorus and calcium. She is responsible in exchange of additional minerals in the human body: sulfur, magnesium, sodium, potassium and copper. When there is a shortage of any of these substances, they are released into the blood and distributed throughout the body.
hematopoietic. In hematopoiesis and bone formation, filled with blood vessels and nerves, the red bone marrow takes an active part. The skeleton contributes to the creation of blood and its renewal. The process of hematopoiesis takes place.

Organization of the skeleton

Into the skeletal structure includes several groups of bones. One contains the spine, cranium, chest and is the main group, which is a supporting structure and forms a frame.

The second, additional group, includes the bones that form the arms, legs and bones that provide a connection with the axial skeleton. Each group is described in more detail below.

Basic or axial skeleton

The skull is the bone base of the head.. It is half an ellipsoid in shape. Inside the cranium is the brain, here the sense organs have found their place. Serves as a solid support for the elements of the respiratory and digestive apparatus.

The thorax is the bone base of the chest. It resembles a compressed truncated cone. It is not only a support, but also a mobile device, participating in the work of the lungs. The internal organs are located in the chest.

Spine – main part skeleton, it provides stable vertical position body and accommodates the back of the brain, protecting it from damage.

Additional skeleton

The belt of the upper limbs - allows the upper limbs to join the axial skeleton. It consists of a pair of shoulder blades and a pair of clavicles.

upper limbs - unique working tool, which is indispensable. It consists of three sections: shoulder, forearm and hand.

Belt lower extremities- attaches the lower limbs to the axial frame, and is also a convenient container and support for the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.

Lower limbs - mainly perform supporting, motor and spring functions human body.

About the human skeleton with the name of the bones, as well as how many there are in total in the body and each department, is described below.

Departments of the skeleton

In an adult, the skeleton contains 206 bones. Usually its anatomy debuts with a skull. Separately, I would like to note the presence of the external skeleton - the dentition and nails. The human frame consists of many paired and unpaired organs, forming separate skeletal parts.

skull anatomy

The cranium also includes paired and unpaired bones. Some are spongy, while others are mixed. There are two main sections in the skull, they differ in their functions and development. Right there, in the temporal region, is the middle ear.

The brain department creates a cavity for part of the sense organs and the brain of the head. It has a vault and a base. There are 7 bones in the department:

frontal;
wedge-shaped;
Parietal (2 pcs.);
Temporal (2 pcs.);
Trellised.

The facial section includes 15 bones. He embraces most sense organs. This is where they start departments of the respiratory and digestive system .

The middle ear contains a chain of three small bones that transmit sound vibrations from eardrum to the labyrinth. There are 6 of them in the skull. 3 on the right and 3 on the left.

Hammer (2 pcs.);
Anvil (2 pcs.);
The stirrup (2 pcs.) is the smallest bone measuring 2.5 mm.

Torso Anatomy

This includes the spine starting from the neck. The chest is attached to it. They are very related in terms of location and functions they perform. We will separately consider spinal column then chest.

vertebral column

The axial skeleton consists of 32–34 vertebrae. They are interconnected by cartilage, ligaments and joints. The spine is divided into 5 sections and in each section there are several vertebrae:

Neck (7 pcs.) This includes epistrophy and atlas;
Thoracic (12 pcs.);
Lumbar (5 pieces);
sacral (5 pcs.);
Coccygeal (3-5 fused).

Vertebrae separate intervertebral discs, the number of which is 23 pieces. This combination is called: partially movable joints.

Rib cage

This part of the human skeleton is formed from the sternum and 12 ribs, which are attached to 12 thoracic vertebrae. Flattened from front to back and expanded in the transverse direction, the chest forms a mobile and durable rib lattice. It protects the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from damage.

Sternum.

It has a flat shape and a spongy structure. It contains a rib cage in front.

Upper limb anatomy

With the help of the upper limbs, a person performs a lot of elementary and complex actions. Hands include many small parts and are divided into several departments, each of which conscientiously performs its work.

In the free part of the upper limb includes four sections:

The belt of the upper limb includes: 2 shoulder blades and 2 collarbones.
Shoulder bones (2 pcs.);
Elbow (2 pcs.) And radial (2 pcs.);
Brush. This complex part is arranged from 27 small fragments. Bones of the wrist (8 x 2), metacarpus (5 x 2) and phalanges of the fingers (14 x 2).

Hands are an exceptional apparatus for fine motor skills and precise movements. Human bones are 4 times stronger than concrete, so you can perform rough mechanical movements, the main thing is not to overdo it.

Anatomy of the lower extremities

The bones of the pelvic girdle form the skeleton of the lower extremities. The human legs are made up of many small parts and are divided into sections:

The leg skeleton is similar to the arm skeleton. Their structure is the same, but the difference can be seen in the details and size. The entire weight of the human body lies on the legs when moving. Therefore, they are stronger and stronger than the hands.

Bone Shapes

In the human body, the bones are not only different sizes, but also shapes. There are 4 types of bone shapes:

Broad and flat (like a skull);
Tubular or long (in limbs);
Having a composite shape, asymmetrical (pelvic and vertebrae);
Short (bones of the wrist or foot).

Having considered the structure of the human skeleton, we can conclude that it is an important structural component of the human body. Performs the functions by which the body performs normal process of his life activity.

What is the composition of a human bone, their name in certain parts of the skeleton and other information you will learn from the materials of the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about how they are interconnected and what function they perform.

general information

Represented body human body consists of several fabrics. The most important of these is bone. So, let's consider together the composition of human bones and their physical properties.

It consists of two main chemicals: organic (ossein) - about 1/3 and inorganic (calcium salts, lime phosphate) - about 2/3. If such an organ is subjected to the action of a solution of acids (for example, nitric, hydrochloric, etc.), then the lime salts will quickly dissolve, and the ossein will remain. It will also retain the shape of the bone. However, it will become more elastic and soft.

If the bone is well burned, then they will burn, and inorganic ones, on the contrary, will remain. They will maintain the shape of the skeleton and its hardness. Although at the same time, human bones (the photo is presented in this article) will become very fragile. Scientists have proved that the elasticity of this organ depends on the ossein contained in it, and the hardness and elasticity - on mineral salts.

Features of human bones

Combination of organic and inorganic substances makes the human bone unusually strong and elastic. They are quite convinced of this age-related changes. After all, young children have much more ossein than adults. In this regard, their bones are particularly flexible, and therefore rarely break. As for old people, their ratio of inorganic and organic substances changes in favor of the former. That is why the bone of an elderly person becomes more fragile and less elastic. As a result, old people have a lot of fractures, even with minor injuries.

Human bone anatomy

The structural unit of the organ, which is visible at low magnification under a microscope or through a magnifying glass, is a kind of system of bone plates located concentrically around the central canal through which nerves and blood vessels pass.

It should be especially noted that osteons do not adjoin closely to each other. Between them there are gaps that are filled with bone interstitial plates. In this case, the osteons are not arranged randomly. They fully correspond to the functional load. So, in tubular bones, osteons are parallel to the length of the bone, in spongy bones, they are perpendicular to the vertical axis. And in flat ones (for example, in the skull) they are parallel or radial to its surface.

What layers do human bones have?

The osteons, together with the interstitial lamellae, form the main middle layer bone tissue. The inside is completely covered. inner layer bone plates, and outside - to the surrounding. It should be noted that the entire last layer is permeated blood vessels that come from the periosteum through special channels. By the way, larger elements of the skeleton, visible to the naked eye on a radiograph or on a cut, also consist of osteons.

So, let's look at the physical properties of all bone layers:

The first layer is strong bone tissue.
The second is connective, which covers the outside of the bone.
The third layer is a loose connective tissue that serves as a kind of "clothes" for blood vessels that fit the bone.
The fourth is covering the ends of the bones. It is in this place that these organs increase their growth.
The fifth layer consists of nerve endings. In the event of a malfunction of this element, the receptors give a kind of signal to the brain.

Human bone, or rather all of it inner space, filled and yellow). Red is directly related to bone formation and hematopoiesis. As you know, it is completely permeated with vessels and nerves that nourish not only itself, but also all the internal layers of the represented organ. Yellow bone marrow contributes to the growth of the skeleton and its strengthening.

What are the shapes of bones?

Depending on the location and functions, they can be:

long or tubular. Such elements have a middle cylindrical part with a cavity inside and two wide ends, which are covered with a thick layer of cartilage (for example, human leg bones).
Wide. These are the thoracic and pelvic, as well as the bones of the skull.
Short. Such elements are distinguished by irregular, multifaceted and rounded shapes (for example, the bones of the wrist, vertebrae, etc.).

How are they connected?

The human skeleton (we will get acquainted with the name of the bones below) is a set of individual bones that are connected to each other. One or another order of these elements depends on their direct functions. There are discontinuous and continuous connection of human bones. Let's consider them in more detail.

Continuous connections. These include:

Fibrous. The bones of the human body are interconnected by means of a pad of dense connective tissue.
Bone (that is, the bone has completely grown together).
Cartilaginous (intervertebral discs).

Intermittent connections. These include synovial, that is, between the articulating parts there is an articular cavity. The bones are held together by a closed capsule and the muscle tissues and ligaments that reinforce it.

Thanks to these features, the arms, bones of the lower extremities and the trunk as a whole are able to set the human body in motion. However, the motor activity of people depends not only on the presented compounds, but also on the nerve endings and bone marrow that are contained in the cavity of these organs.

Skeleton Functions

In addition to the mechanical functions that maintain the shape of the human body, the skeleton provides the possibility of movement and protection of internal organs. In addition, it is a place of hematopoiesis. Thus, new blood cells are formed in the bone marrow.

Among other things, the skeleton is a kind of repository for most of the body's phosphorus and calcium. That's why he plays essential role in mineral metabolism.

Human skeleton with bones name

The skeleton of an adult human consists of more than 200 elements. Moreover, each part of it (head, arms, legs, etc.) includes several types of bones. It should be noted that their name and physical features differ significantly.

head bones

The human skull consists of 29 parts. Moreover, each section of the head includes only certain bones:

1. Brain department, consisting of eight elements:

2. The facial section consists of fifteen bones:

palatine bone (2 pcs.);
coulter;
(2 pcs.);
upper jaw (2 pcs.);
nasal bone (2 pcs.);
lower jaw;
lacrimal bone (2 pcs.);
lower nasal concha (2 pcs.);
hyoid bone.

3. Middle ear bones:

hammer (2 pcs.);
anvil (2 pcs.);
stirrup (2 pcs.).

torso

Human bones, whose names almost always correspond to their location or appearance, are the most easily examined organs. So, various fractures or other pathologies are quickly detected using a diagnostic method such as radiography. It should be especially noted that one of the largest human bones are the bones of the trunk. These include the entire spinal column, which consists of 32-34 individual vertebrae. Depending on the functions and location, they are divided into:

thoracic vertebrae (12 pcs.);
cervical (7 pcs.), including epistrophy and atlas;
lumbar (5 pcs.).

In addition, the bones of the body include the sacrum, coccyx, chest, ribs (12 × 2) and sternum.

All these elements of the skeleton are designed to protect the internal organs from possible external influences (bruises, blows, punctures, etc.). It should also be noted that in the case of fractures, the sharp ends of the bones can easily damage the soft tissues of the body, which will lead to severe internal hemorrhage, most often leading to death. In addition, for the fusion of such organs, much more time is needed than for those located in the lower or upper limbs.

upper limbs

The bones of the human hand include the most a large number of small items. Thanks to such a skeleton of the upper limbs, people are able to create household items, use them, and so on. Like the spinal column, the human hand is also divided into several sections:

Shoulder - brachial bone(2 pieces).
Forearm - elbow (2 pieces) and radius(2 pieces).
Brush which includes:
- the wrist (8 × 2), consisting of the navicular, lunate, triquetral and pisiform bones, as well as the trapezium, trapezius, capitate and hamate bones;
- metacarpus, consisting of the metacarpal bone (5 × 2);
- finger bones (14 × 2), consisting of three phalanges (proximal, middle and distal) in each finger (except for the thumb, which has 2 phalanges).

All the human bones presented, the names of which are quite difficult to remember, allow you to develop hand motor skills and perform the simplest movements that are essential in everyday life.

It should be especially noted that the constituent elements of the upper limbs are subject to fractures and other injuries most often. However, such bones grow together faster than others.

lower limbs

Human leg bones also include a large number of small elements. Depending on the location and functions, they are divided into the following departments:

Belt of the lower limb. This includes pelvic bone, which consists of ischial and pubic.
The free part of the lower limb, consisting of the thighs ( femur- 2 pieces; patella - 2 pieces).
Shin. Comprises tibia(2 pieces) and fibula (2 pieces).
Foot.
Tarsus (7 × 2). It consists of two bones each: calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial sphenoid, intermediate sphenoid, lateral sphenoid, cuboid.
Metatarsus, consisting of metatarsal bones (5 × 2).
Finger bones (14 × 2). We list them: middle phalanx (4 × 2), proximal phalanx (5 × 2), and distal phalanx (5 × 2).

Most common bone disease

Experts have long established that it is osteoporosis. It is this deviation that most often causes sudden fractures, as well as pain. The unofficial name of the presented disease sounds like a "silent thief." This is due to the fact that the disease proceeds imperceptibly and extremely slowly. Calcium is gradually washed out of the bones, which entails a decrease in their density. By the way, osteoporosis often occurs in the elderly or in adulthood.

Bone aging

As mentioned above, in old age, the human skeletal system undergoes significant changes. On the one hand, bone thinning and a decrease in the number of bone plates begin (which leads to the development of osteoporosis), and on the other hand, excess formations in the form of bone growths (or so-called osteophytes). Also, calcification of the articular ligaments, tendons and cartilage occurs at the place of their attachment to these organs.

The aging of the osteoarticular apparatus can be determined not only by the symptoms of pathology, but due to this diagnostic method like radiography.

What changes occur as a result of bone atrophy? These pathological conditions include:

Deformation of the articular heads (or the so-called disappearance of their round shape, stitching the edges and the appearance of the corresponding corners).
Osteoporosis. When examined on an x-ray, the bone of a sick person looks more transparent than that of a healthy one.

It should also be noted that patients often show changes in bone joints due to excessive deposition of lime in adjacent cartilaginous and connective tissue tissues. As a rule, such deviations are accompanied by:

Narrowing of the articular x-ray space. It occurs as a result of calcification of the articular cartilage.
Strengthening the relief of the diaphysis. Such pathological condition accompanied by calcification of the tendons at the point of attachment of the bones.
Bone growths, or osteophytes. This disease is formed due to calcification of the ligaments at the place of their attachment to the bone. It should be especially noted that such changes are especially well detected in the hand and spine. In the rest of the skeleton, there are 3 main radiological sign aging. These include osteoporosis, narrowing of the joint spaces and increased bone relief.

In some people, such symptoms of aging may appear early (at about 30-45 years old), while in others - late (at 65-70 years old) or not at all. All the described changes are quite logical normal manifestations of the activity of the skeletal system at an older age.

Few people know, but the hyoid bone is the only bone in the human body that is in no way connected with others. Topographically, it is located on the neck. However, traditionally it is referred to the facial region of the skull. Thus, the hyoid element of the skeleton with the help of muscle tissues is suspended from its bones and connected to the larynx.
The longest and strong bone skeleton is the femur.
smallest bone human skeleton is located in the middle ear.

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Everyone needs to know the human skeleton with the name of the bones. This is important not only for doctors, but also for ordinary people, because information about his skeleton and muscles will help to strengthen him, feel healthy, and at some point they can help out in emergency situations.

In contact with

Types of bones in the adult body

The skeleton and muscles together make up the human locomotor system. Human skeleton - whole complex bones different types and cartilage, interconnected by continuous connections, synarthrosis, symphysis. Bones are divided into:

tubular, forming the upper (shoulder, forearm) and lower (thigh, lower leg) limbs;
spongy, foot (in particular, tarsus) and human hand (wrists);
mixed - vertebrae, sacrum;
flat, this includes the pelvic and cranial bones.

Important! Bone tissue, despite its increased strength, is able to grow and recover. It takes place metabolic processes, and blood is even formed in the red bone marrow. With age, bone tissue is rebuilt, it becomes able to adapt to various loads.

Types of bones

How many bones are in the human body?

The structure of the human skeleton undergoes many changes throughout life. On the initial stage development, the fetus consists of a fragile cartilage tissue, which over time is gradually replaced by bone. A newborn baby has more than 270 small bones. With age, some of them can grow together, for example, cranial and pelvic, as well as some vertebrae.

It is very difficult to say exactly how many bones in the body of an adult. Sometimes people have extra ribs or bones in the foot. There may be growths on the fingers, a little less or large quantity vertebrae in any part of the spine. The structure of the human skeleton is purely individual. On average in an adult have from 200 to 208 bones.

Functions of the human skeleton

Each department performs its highly specialized tasks, but the human skeleton as a whole has several common functions:

Support. Axial skeleton is a support for all soft tissues of the body and a system of levers for the muscles.
Motor. Movable joints between bones allow a person to make millions of precise movements with the help of muscles, tendons, ligaments.
Protective. The axial skeleton protects the brain and internal organs from injury, acts as a shock absorber during impacts.
Metabolic. The composition of bone tissue includes a large amount of phosphorus and iron involved in the exchange of minerals.
Hematopoietic. The red marrow of tubular bones is the place where hematopoiesis takes place - the formation of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (cells of the immune system).

If some skeletal functions are impaired, diseases may occur varying degrees gravity.

Functions of the human skeleton

Departments of the skeleton

The human skeleton is divided into two large sections: axial (central) and additional (or limb skeleton). Each department performs its own tasks. The axial skeleton protects the abdominal organs from damage. The skeleton of the upper limb connects the arm to the torso. at the expense increased mobility bones of the hand, it helps to perform many precise finger movements. The functions of the skeleton of the lower extremities are to bind the legs to the body, move the body, and cushion when walking.

Axial skeleton. This department forms the basis of the body. It includes: the skeleton of the head and torso.

Head skeleton. The cranial bones are flat, immovably connected (with the exception of the movable lower jaw). They protect the brain and sense organs (hearing, sight and smell) from concussions. The skull is divided into the facial (visceral), cerebral and middle ear sections.

Torso skeleton. Bones chest. In appearance, this subsection resembles a compressed truncated cone or pyramid. The chest includes paired ribs (out of 12, only 7 are articulated with the sternum), the vertebrae of the thoracic spine and the sternum - an unpaired sternum.

Depending on the connection of the ribs with the sternum, true (upper 7 pairs), false (next 3 pairs), floating (last 2 pairs) are distinguished. The sternum itself is considered the central bone included in the axial skeleton.

The body is isolated in it, upper part- handle, and lower part- xiphoid process. The bones of the chest are connection of increased strength with the vertebrae. Each vertebra has a special articular fossa designed for attachment to the ribs. This method of articulation is necessary to perform the main function of the skeleton of the body - the protection of human life support organs:, lungs, parts of the digestive system.

Important! The bones of the chest are external influences are prone to change. Physical activity and proper fit at the table contribute to the proper development of the chest. sedentary image life and stoop lead to tightness of the chest organs and scoliosis. An improperly developed skeleton threatens serious problems with health.

Spine. The department is central axis and main support the entire human skeleton. The spinal column is formed from 32-34 individual vertebrae that protect the spinal canal with nerves. The first 7 vertebrae are called cervical, the next 12 are thoracic, then come the lumbar (5), 5 fused, forming the sacrum, and the last 2-5, constituting the coccyx.

The spine supports the back and trunk, provides due to spinal nerves motor activity of the whole organism and the connection of the lower body with the brain. The vertebrae are connected to each other semi-mobile (in addition to the sacral). This connection is made through intervertebral discs. These cartilaginous formations soften shocks and tremors during any movement of a person and provide flexibility to the spine.

limb skeleton

Skeleton of the upper limb. Skeleton of the upper limb represented by the shoulder girdle and skeleton free limb. The shoulder girdle connects the arm to the body and includes two paired bones:

The clavicle, which has an S-shaped bend. At one end it is attached to the sternum, and at the other it is connected to the scapula.
Shoulder blade. In appearance, it is a triangle adjacent to the back of the body.

The skeleton of the free limb (hand) is more mobile, since the bones in it are connected by large joints (shoulder, wrist, elbow). Skeleton represented by three subdivisions:

Shoulder, which consists of one long tubular bone - the humerus. One of its ends (epiphyses) is attached to the scapula, and the other, passing into the condyle, to the forearms.
Forearm: (two bones) the ulna, located on the same line with the little finger and the radius - in line with the first finger. Both bones on the lower epiphyses form a wrist joint with the carpal bones.
A brush that includes three parts: the bones of the wrist, metacarpus and finger phalanges. The wrist is represented by two rows of four spongy bones each. The first row (pisiform, trihedral, lunate, navicular) serves to attach to the forearm. In the second row are the hamate, trapezium, capitate and trapezoid bones facing the palm. The metacarpus consists of five tubular bones, with their proximal part they are motionlessly connected to the wrist. Finger bones. Each finger consists of three phalanges connected to each other, in addition to thumb, which is opposed to the rest, and has only two phalanges.

Skeleton of the lower limb. The skeleton of the leg, as well as the hand, consists of a limb belt and its free part.

limb skeleton

The belt of the lower extremities is formed by paired pelvic bones. They grow together from paired pubic, iliac and ischial bones. This happens by the age of 15-17, when the cartilaginous connection is replaced by a fixed bone one. Such strong articulation is necessary for the maintenance of the organs. Three bones to the left and right of the axis of the body form along the acetabulum, which is necessary for the articulation of the pelvis with the head of the femur.

The bones of the free lower limb are divided into:

Femoral. The proximal (upper) epiphysis connects to the pelvis, and the distal (lower) to the tibia.
Patella (or knee cap) covers, formed at the junction of the femur and tibia.
The lower leg is represented by the tibia, located closer to the pelvis, and the fibula.
Foot bones. The tarsus is represented by seven bones that make up 2 rows. One of the largest and well developed is the calcaneus. The metatarsus is the middle part of the foot, the number of bones included in it is equal to the number of fingers. They are connected to the phalanges by means of joints. Fingers. Each finger consists of 3 phalanges, except for the first, which has two.

Important! During life, the foot is subject to modifications, calluses and growths can form on it, and there is a risk of developing flat feet. Often this is associated with wrong choice shoes.

Sex differences

The structure of a woman and a man has no major differences. Only separate parts of some bones or their sizes are subject to changes. Among the most obvious, a narrower chest and a wide pelvis in a woman are distinguished, which is associated with labor. The bones of men, as a rule, are longer, more powerful than women's, and have more traces of muscle attachment. Distinguishing a female skull from a male is much more difficult. The skull of men is slightly thicker than the female, it has a more pronounced contour superciliary arches and occipital protuberance.

Human anatomy. Skeleton bones!

What bones does the human skeleton consist of, a detailed story

Conclusion

The human structure is extremely complex, but the minimum amount of information about the functions of the skeleton, the growth of bones and their location in the body, can help maintain one's own health.

The skeleton is a reliable basis for the entire human musculoskeletal system.

It is a collection of hard bones.

It is they who perform the support and protective function human body.

Their violation is accompanied by the development of serious diseases that can completely or partially immobilize the patient.

basic information

The skeleton is an important and integral part of the human body on which the entire musculoskeletal system rests. Thanks to its full functioning, each of us can make motor movements. It consists of bones, joints and ligaments. They are closely related to each other, perform various functions.

Composition and basis

The skeleton is a huge collection of bones, each of which differs in shape, size and strength.

The composition is divided into 2 main groups: axial and peripheral. All of them consist of a dense substance that produce bone cells osteocytes.

There are two types of components: organic and inorganic. The former include collagen, which provides mobility, compression and other functions of the skeleton. Inorganic components include calcium phosphate, it provides strength, with a lack of bones become brittle and brittle.

The bones of the skeleton are permeated with blood vessels, nerve endings and special liquid. Another component is the bone marrow, which contains red and white blood cells.

Skeleton structure

As described above, the human skeleton is divided into two parts: axial and peripheral. The first includes those that are located in the central part and form the basis of the body (head, neck, spine, thoracic region, ribs).

The peripheral part includes two belts: upper and lower extremities (clavicles, shoulder blades, pelvis, lower and upper limbs).

The skull is the main part of the head, it houses the brain, the organs of vision and smell. In turn, it is divided into two sections: brain and facial.

The chest is the base of the chest, it houses all the internal organs, it consists of 12 pairs of ribs, 12 vertebrae and the sternum itself.

The spine is the main frame, which is formed from bones and cartilage. It has a more complex structure, it includes the following departments: thoracic, cervical, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

The lower and upper limbs are included in the departments of the same name. These include arms, shoulder blades, collarbones, shoulders, etc. The belt of the lower extremities provides accommodation for the organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

The upper ones are designed to perform labor activities, and the lower ones create support and provide the possibility of human movement.

Number and name of bones

In total, there are about 270 bones in the human body. With age, many of them are amenable to change (fusion), as a result, in an adult, the skeleton consists of 200 species.

Some of them are paired, some are unpaired (vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, etc.). The structure of the skull includes 23 types of bones, in the spine - 26, in the upper and lower limbs 64 each. The main parts are the skull, shoulder, forearm, hands, femurs, lower legs, foot, pelvic and spine.

Mass and ratio

Their mass is individual for each person. It depends on age, gender, height, body weight, etc. In newborns, they account for 14% of the total body weight, in men and women, 18% and 16%, respectively. The average weight for men is 14 kg, for women -10.

Skeleton strength

Strength is ensured by the minerals that go into their composition (calcium). In addition, they have a hollow structure, so they are very light and hard.

At what age does growth stop?

As described above, a person is born with 270 types of bones, as the body grows, their number decreases by 70. The final formation occurs at 24-25 years. This can be assessed with an x-ray.

It is with this that the prescription of medicines to patients who suffer from diseases of the musculoskeletal system is connected. It has been proven that if it is not fully formed, it is possible to strengthen it with drug therapy. For people after 25 years, such methods are not used and they are considered ineffective.

Role and mechanical function

It performs, first of all, a protective function for a person, forms a kind of framework that protects our internal organs, the brain from external damage. In addition, it plays an important role in the process of mineral metabolism in the blood.

Thanks to him, a person can make movements, perform labor activity. Due to the many joints and cartilage, the spring function is provided (mitigation of shocks and tremors).

Anatomical structure

Each of the departments has its own structural features, sizes and may differ depending on gender.

Skull and neck

These two parts are complementary and cannot function separately from each other. The structure of the skull includes the following parts of the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, lattice and sphenoid. In addition, the upper and lower jaws belong to the skull.

The neck contains:

sternum;
paired clavicles;
thyroid cartilage;
hyoid bone.

All of them connect to different parts of the spine.

Shoulders, forearms and shoulder blades

Shoulders and forearms are a very important area, they form its proportionality. At the same time, they are the most vulnerable, which break at the slightest injury. They include:

clavicle, which connects the shoulder blade and shoulder;
shoulder blade, connects the muscular muscles of the back and arms of a person;
the coracoid process helps to hold all the ligaments and tendons;
the shoulder process performs a protective function and prevents damage to the shoulder;
the articular cavity of the scapula provides a connecting function;
head of the shoulder (is the connection between the shoulder and forearm);
neck of the shoulder bone;
the humerus, thanks to which a person can move his arm.

All departments are closely interconnected and if one of them is damaged, the work of the main joint is disrupted.

Rib cage

She performs the most leading role- protects internal organs and spine from damage. It consists of 4 main parts: two side, front and back. Its frame is formed by paired costal bones (there are only 12 of them), the spine acts as a back support.

The anterior part of the chest is entirely made up of cartilage. The form for each person is individual, depends on genetics, health status, etc. It is important to note that in women this part is much more developed than in men.

Arms and hands

hands provide full life for anyone. With their help, he can do work, eat, etc. However, they have a very complex structure. They include:

collarbone;
shoulder and shoulder joints;
scapula;
shoulder;
elbow;
radius;
carpal and metacarpal bones;
phalanges of fingers.

The main ones are interconnected with the help of joints, which provide mobility. With an injury to the collarbone, shoulder or elbow, the entire arm of a person is immobilized.

Hip function

Taz performs support function, supports the entire skeleton. It differs greatly depending on the gender of the person. In women, the pelvis is wider and shorter, has a cylindrical shape, the entrance to it is round, the sacrum has a short and wide structure, the angle of the pubic bone is 90-100 0 .

For men, the following structural features are characteristic: it is narrower and higher (the same applies to the sacrum), the entrance resembles the shape of a heart, the pelvis itself is cone-shaped, the angle of the pubic bone is not more than 75 0.

The pelvis consists of a border line (includes the coccyx and sacrum), a small and large area. The first one includes pubic bone, and the anterior part of the garter bone, the fifth vertebra belongs to the large lumbar, the iliac articulation of the sacrum and the posterior part of the superior axis of the garterus.

Legs, feet and heels

These bones belong to the lower section. Attached directly to the pelvis, characterized by uneven placement (some are only in the back). They include the following types: femoral, patella, tibial and fibular, metatarsus and tarsus, phalanges of the fingers. The heel connects the leg and foot.

The composition of the foot includes the following bones: calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, 1-3 cuneiform, 1-5 metatarsal, main and terminal types of phalanges. All parts are closely interconnected and provide normal functioning limbs.

What are interconnected

Most bones are connected to each other by joints. They provide normal mobility. different parts human skeleton. Fastening is provided thanks to the head and notch on the bones. Strength is provided by the joint capsule, which consists of fibrous tissue.

How and what are bound motionless

There are several types of bones that are closely related. For example, they include all the bones of the skull, the coccyx. This process is characterized by the ingrowth of one type of bone into another. The exception is the lower jaw and pelvis.

Structural features associated with upright posture

As evolution progressed, the skeleton underwent many changes:

Specific S-shaped curves that provide balance.
Increased mobility of the upper limbs.
Reducing the size of the chest.
Advantage brain department skulls on the front. This is due to the development of human intellectual abilities.
Expansion of the pelvic bone.
The advantage of the lower limbs on the upper ones (this is due to the increased need for movement).

In general, we can say that under the influence of evolution, the human skeleton succumbed to many modifications, many of them improved. Thanks to this process, today each of us can perform even the most complex tasks.

What is the longest, most massive, strongest and smallest bone in a human?

All human bones differ in size, shape, diameter, etc. The femoral is considered the longest and most massive. It can reach a length of more than 45 cm, the most durable and hardy (can withstand a mass of up to 200 kg).

The smallest bone in the human skeleton is the stirrup. It is located in the middle ear, weighing no more than 2 grams. Thanks to him, a person can pick up the vibrations of sound. The tibia is the strongest. It can withstand loads up to 4000 kg.

Which are tubular

It consists of a large number of tubular bones, they are very long and narrow. These include the bones of the thigh, small and tibia, shoulder, elbow and radius. The short tubular bones include the phalanges of the fingers, metacarpal and plus. It is important to note that this type of bone makes up almost half of the human skeleton.

Useful information

Bones are the most various forms: round, flat, short, oxygen content. Some of them are in tendons. But their formation is influenced by heredity, lifestyle and nutrition, hormone levels, etc.

Known cases where the skeleton continued to form in people after 40 years. This is due to many environmental factors, existing diseases etc. Science knows such a diagnosis as "dwarfism". This is the underdevelopment of many bones. Most often it appears as a result of genetic abnormalities.

The human skeleton is its main part. Thanks to him, each of us can fully live and perform many tasks. Some bones are brittle and break with the slightest injury. This entails partial immobilization.

Therefore, it is very important to monitor your health, eat right, exercise. At the first sign of a bone injury, seek immediate medical attention.