The structure of the human skeleton: the skeleton of the body, the bones of the lower and upper free limbs, the bones of the skull. The structure and functions of the human skeleton: the name of the bones, their role in the human body The main or axial skeleton

In the human body, everything is interconnected and arranged very wisely. The skin and muscle cover, internal organs and skeleton, all this clearly interacts with each other, thanks to the efforts of nature. The following is a description of the human skeleton and its function.

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general information

The frame of bones of different sizes and shapes, on which the human body is fixed, is called the skeleton. It serves as a support and provides reliable security to important internal organs. What the human skeleton looks like can be seen in the photo.

Described organ, connecting with muscle tissues, is the musculoskeletal system of Homo sapiens. Thanks to this, all individuals can move freely.

Finally developed bone tissue consists of 20% water and is the strongest in the body. Human bones include inorganic substances, due to which they have strength, and organic, which give flexibility. That is why the bones are strong and resilient.

human bone anatomy

Looking at the organ in more detail, it is clear that it consists of several layers:

• External. Forms bone tissue of high strength;
• Connective. The layer tightly covers the bones from the outside;
• Loose connective tissue. Here are complex weaves of blood vessels;
• cartilage tissue. It settled at the ends of the organ, due to it the bones have the opportunity to grow, but up to a certain age;
• Nerve endings. They, like wires, carry signals from the brain and vice versa.

Bone marrow is placed in the cavity of the bone tube, it is red and yellow.

Functions

Without exaggeration, we can say that the body will die if the skeleton stops performing its important functions:

• support. The solid bone-cartilaginous frame of the body is formed by bones, to which fascia, muscles and internal organs are attached.
• Protective. Of these, receptacles have been created for the maintenance and protection of the spinal cord (spine), the brain (cranial box) and for other equally important organs of human vital activity (rib frame).
• Motor. Here we observe the exploitation of bones by muscles, as levers, for the movement of the body with the help of tendons. They predetermine the coherence of joint movements.
• Cumulative. In the central cavities of long bones, fat accumulates - this is yellow bone marrow. The growth and strength of the skeleton depends on it.
• In metabolism bone tissue plays an important role, it can be safely called a pantry of phosphorus and calcium. It is responsible for the metabolism of additional minerals in the human body: sulfur, magnesium, sodium, potassium and copper. When there is a shortage of any of these substances, they are released into the blood and distributed throughout the body.
• hematopoietic. In hematopoiesis and bone formation, filled with blood vessels and nerves, the red bone marrow takes an active part. The skeleton contributes to the creation of blood and its renewal. The process of hematopoiesis takes place.

Organization of the skeleton

Into the skeletal structure includes several groups of bones. One contains the spine, cranium, chest and is the main group, which is a supporting structure and forms a frame.

The second, additional group, includes the bones that form the arms, legs and bones that provide a connection with the axial skeleton. Each group is described in more detail below.

Basic or axial skeleton

The skull is the bone base of the head.. It is half an ellipsoid in shape. Inside the cranium is the brain, here the sense organs have found their place. Serves as a solid support for the elements of the respiratory and digestive apparatus.

The thorax is the bone base of the chest. It resembles a compressed truncated cone. It is not only a support, but also a mobile device, participating in the work of the lungs. The internal organs are located in the chest.

Spine- an important part of the skeleton, it provides a stable vertical position of the body and contains the brain in its back, protecting it from damage.

Additional skeleton

The belt of the upper limbs - allows the upper limbs to join the axial skeleton. It consists of a pair of shoulder blades and a pair of clavicles.

upper limbs - unique working tool, which is indispensable. It consists of three sections: shoulder, forearm and hand.

Belt of the lower extremities - attaches the lower extremities to the axial frame, and is also a convenient receptacle and support for the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.

Lower limbs - mainly perform supporting, motor and spring functions human body.

About the human skeleton with the name of the bones, as well as how many there are in total in the body and each department, is described below.

Departments of the skeleton

In an adult, the skeleton contains 206 bones. Usually its anatomy debuts with a skull. Separately, I would like to note the presence of the external skeleton - the dentition and nails. The human frame consists of many paired and unpaired organs, forming separate skeletal parts.

skull anatomy

The structure of the cranium also includes paired and unpaired bones. Some are spongy, while others are mixed. There are two main sections in the skull, they differ in their functions and development. Right there, in the temporal region, is the middle ear.

The brain department creates a cavity for part of the sense organs and the brain of the head. It has a vault and a base. There are 7 bones in the department:

• frontal;
• wedge-shaped;
• Parietal (2 pcs.);
• Temporal (2 pcs.);
• Trellised.

The facial section includes 15 bones. It contains most of the sense organs. This is where they start parts of the respiratory and digestive systems.

The middle ear contains a chain of three small bones that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the labyrinth. There are 6 of them in the skull. 3 on the right and 3 on the left.

• Hammer (2 pcs.);
• Anvil (2 pcs.);
• The stirrup (2 pcs.) is the smallest bone measuring 2.5 mm.

Torso Anatomy

This includes the spine starting from the neck. The chest is attached to it. They are very related in terms of location and functions they perform. We will separately consider spinal column then chest.

vertebral column

The axial skeleton consists of 32–34 vertebrae. They are interconnected by cartilage, ligaments and joints. The spine is divided into 5 sections and in each section there are several vertebrae:

• Neck (7 pcs.) This includes epistrophy and atlas;
• Thoracic (12 pcs.);
• Lumbar (5 pieces);
• sacral (5 pcs.);
• Coccygeal (3-5 fused).

The vertebrae are separated by 23 intervertebral discs. This combination is called: partially movable joints.

Rib cage

This part of the human skeleton is formed from the sternum and 12 ribs, which are attached to 12 thoracic vertebrae. Flattened from front to back and expanded in the transverse direction, the chest forms a mobile and durable rib lattice. It protects the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from damage.

Sternum.

It has a flat shape and a spongy structure. It contains a rib cage in front.

Upper limb anatomy

With the help of the upper limbs, a person performs a lot of elementary and complex actions. Hands include many small parts and are divided into several departments, each of which conscientiously performs its work.

In the free part of the upper limb includes four sections:

• The belt of the upper limb includes: 2 shoulder blades and 2 collarbones.
• Shoulder bones (2 pcs.);
• Elbow (2 pcs.) And radial (2 pcs.);
• Brush. This complex part is arranged from 27 small fragments. Bones of the wrist (8 x 2), metacarpus (5 x 2) and phalanges of the fingers (14 x 2).

Hands are an exceptional apparatus for fine motor skills and precise movements. Human bones are 4 times stronger than concrete, so you can perform rough mechanical movements, the main thing is not to overdo it.

Anatomy of the lower extremities

The bones of the pelvic girdle form the skeleton of the lower extremities. The human legs are made up of many small parts and are divided into sections:

The leg skeleton is similar to the arm skeleton. Their structure is the same, but the difference can be seen in the details and size. The entire weight of the human body lies on the legs when moving. Therefore, they are stronger and stronger than the hands.

Bone Shapes

In the human body, the bones are not only different sizes, but also shapes. There are 4 types of bone shapes:

• Broad and flat (like a skull);
• Tubular or long (in limbs);
• Having a composite shape, asymmetrical (pelvic and vertebrae);
• Short (bones of the wrist or foot).

Having considered the structure of the human skeleton, we can conclude that it is an important structural component of the human body. It performs the functions due to which the body carries out the normal process of its life.

The human skeleton is divided into torso skeleton, head skeleton, limb skeleton and their belts.

Torso skeleton

Torso skeleton includes the spine and thorax. formed by 33-34 vertebrae located one above the other. Between the vertebral bodies are layers of cartilage, giving the spine flexibility and elasticity.

There are five sections of the spine: cervical, consisting of 7 vertebrae, chest- out of 12, lumbar- out of 5, sacral- from 5 and coccygeal(caudal) - from 4–5 fused vertebrae. Each vertebra is made up of body, arcs and processes. There is a hole between the body and the arc.

The vertebral foramina together form spinal canal, in which lies spinal cord. The first two cervical vertebrae provide rotation of the head. The most massive vertebrae are located in the lumbar region, which bears the greatest weight of the body. The sacral vertebrae fuse into a massive bone - sacrum. The coccygeal bones are underdeveloped and represent a rudiment of the tail of human animal ancestors.

Head skeleton

Head skeleton- the skull is made up of paired and unpaired bones, most of them are flat, connected to each other motionless - seams. In the skull are distinguished cerebral and facial departments. The brain section consists of eight bones: four of them are unpaired - occipital, wedge-shaped, lattice, frontal and two pairs parietal and temporal.

Occipital bone forms the back wall of the skull and its base, has a large occipital foramen, through which the spinal cord is connected to the brain. In the center of the base of the skull is placed sphenoid bone. frontal bone lies in front of the parietal and is part of the skull roof. It is characterized by frontal tubercles and superciliary arches.

Ethmoid bone It is built of thin bone plates, between which there are air cavities. temporal bones occupy the anterolateral sides of the brain skull. Parietal- form the middle of the skull roof. The facial section of the skull consists of 6 paired and 3 unpaired bones. Of these, the lower part - the only movable bone of the skull - is articulated by two heads of the articular process with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. The upper and lower jaws contain 16 cells each, in which the roots of the teeth are placed.

In addition to the jaw bones, in the facial region there are nasal bones, coulter- an unpaired bone involved in the formation of the nasal septum, lacrimal bones, zygomatic and palatine.

Upper limb skeleton

Upper limb skeleton consists of a shoulder girdle and free limbs - hands. Shoulder girdle formed by two paired bones: spatula and clavicle. Two triangular shoulder blades are located on the back of the chest and articulate with the humerus and sternum.

The skeleton of the upper limb is formed by the bones: brachial connected to the blade forearms(radial and ulnar) and brushes. The hand skeleton is formed small bones of the wrist, long bones of the pastern and finger bones. The bones of the forearm, together with the shoulder, make up a complex elbow joint, and with the bones of the wrist, the wrist joint.

The hand includes 8 small bones of the wrist arranged in two rows, five bones of the metacarpus forming the palm and fourteen phalanges of the fingers, of which the thumb has two phalanges, and the rest have three.

Skeleton of the lower extremities

Skeleton of the lower extremities is divided into the skeleton of the pelvic girdle and the skeleton of free limbs - legs.

Pelvic girdle consists of two massive flat pelvic bones, firmly fused to the sacrum at the back, and almost rigidly connected to each other in front in a false articulation. They have round depressions where the heads of the femurs enter.

The skeleton of the lower limb consists of bones: femoral, shins(tibia tibia and tibia) and feet. The knee joint - the junction of the thigh and lower leg - is protected in front by a small flat patella. The moaning skeleton is formed by the short bones of the tarsus, the long bones of the metatarsus, and the phalanges of the fingers. In connection with the upright posture, the human foot has acquired an arched shape, which gives it the properties of a spring and provides a springy gait.

Features of the human skeleton associated with upright posture and labor activity - 4 smooth curves of the spine, a wide chest, massive bones of the lower extremities, wide pelvic bones, arched foot, the predominance of the cerebral part of the skull over the facial.

1. What are the main parts of the human skeleton?

In the human skeleton, there are: the skeleton of the head (skull), the skeleton of the body and the skeleton of the upper and lower extremities.

2. What is the structure and meaning of the skull? Why are the bones of the skull connected motionless?

In the skull, a large brain and a smaller facial section are distinguished. The bones of the cerebral part of the skull form a cavity in which the brain is located. The brain part of the skull is formed by the following bones: unpaired - frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid and paired - parietal and temporal; all of them are interconnected motionlessly with the help of seams. The bones of the facial section of the skull include 6 paired bones (maxillary, palatine, inferior nasal concha, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic) and 3 unpaired bones (hyoid, lower jaw and vomer). All bones, except for the lower jaw, are fixedly connected.

The skull protects the brain and sense organs from external damage, provides support for the muscles of the face and the initial sections of the digestive and respiratory systems.

3. List the bones that form the cerebral part of the skull.

Bones of the cerebral part of the skull: paired parietal and temporal bones and unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones.

4. Name the only movable bone of the facial skull. What is its function?

The only movable bone of the skull is the lower jaw, together with the temporal bone it forms the temporomandibular joint, in which the following movements are possible: lowering and raising the lower jaw, shifting it to the left and right, moving back and forth. All these possibilities are used in the act of chewing, and also contribute to articulate speech.

5. Name the sections of the spine and the number of vertebrae in each of them. What role does the curvature of the spine play? In connection with what they appear in humans?

The human spine consists of 33-34 vertebrae. It distinguishes the following sections: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5) and coccygeal (4-5 vertebrae). In an adult, the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse into the sacrum and coccyx.

The human spine has 4 bends (cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral), which play the role of a shock absorber: thanks to them, shocks are softened when walking, running, jumping, which is very important for protecting internal organs and especially the brain from concussions.

In newborns, the spine is straight, curves forming as the baby learns to hold the head (cervical), sit down (thoracic), crawl and stand up (lumbar and sacral).

6. What departments does the limb skeleton consist of? What bones form the skeleton of the girdle of the upper limbs; lower limbs? Draw a general diagram of the structure of a free limb of a person.

The skeleton of any limb consists of two parts: the girdle of the limbs and the skeleton of the free limb. The bones of the limb girdle connect the free limbs to the skeleton of the body. The girdle of the upper limbs is formed by two shoulder blades and two collarbones. The skeleton of the free upper limb consists of three sections: the humerus, the bones of the forearm and the hand. The forearm is formed by the radius and ulna. The brush is formed by a large number of small bones. Three sections are distinguished in it: the wrist (8 bones), the metacarpus (5) and the phalanges of the fingers (14).

The girdle of the lower extremities (pelvic girdle) consists of two pelvic bones that are connected to the sacrum. The skeleton of the free lower limb consists of the femur, lower leg and foot bones. The bones of the lower leg include the tibia and fibula. The bones of the foot are divided into the bones of the tarsus (8 bones), metatarsus (5) and phalanges of the fingers (14).

7. Suggest how you can explain the similar structure of the upper and lower limbs in humans.

This can be explained by the performance of similar functions by the upper and lower limbs in animals, for example, in primates. In the course of human evolution, a strict differentiation of function and a partial change in structure for bipedal locomotion took place, but the general plan of the structure remained similar. This can be proven by the ability to grab objects with the feet of trained people.

8. What is a bony pelvis? Why does a person have it in the shape of a bowl?

The bony pelvis consists of three continuously connected bones: two pelvic bones and the sacrum. The bony pelvis houses important organs such as the bladder and rectum, and the uterus in women. The shape of the bone pelvis in the form of a bowl is associated with upright posture. In humans, an expanding pelvis, an inwardly angled femur, a strong knee joint, and a "platform" foot all contribute to an even bipedal walk.

9. Are there sex differences in the structure of the skeleton? If so, which ones?

The bones of men, as a rule, are larger and more massive. The main differences are in the structure of the pelvis, in women the pelvic ring is wider and lower than in men, and up to a certain age the pubic symphysis is more mobile. The position of the wings of the ilium in women is close to horizontal. The small pelvis has a cylindrical shape. This is due to the ability of women to bear and give birth to children. The male pelvis is narrow and high. The position of the wings of the iliac bones approaches the vertical. The entrance to the small pelvis in the form of a "card heart".

There are also some differences in the structure of the bones of the skull and chest. Contrary to popular belief, the number of ribs in men and women is the same.

In the article you will get acquainted with the structure of the human skeleton and learn the names of the bones.

The human skeleton - a structure with the name of the bones: diagram, photo in front, side, back, description

Everyone knows that the skeleton is the human skeletal system. The skeleton is a collection of passive and movable bones. Without a skeleton, the human body simply cannot hold on: all its internal organs and soft tissues, muscles.

INTERESTING: In the human adult formed body, a total of about 200 bones are contained. But in the body of a newborn, the number of bones is much larger - there are 270 of them! This is very simple to explain - after a while, small bones form into large ones.

All bones in the skeleton are connected by ligaments and joints (types of connective tissue). Surprisingly, at different stages of life, a person experiences many transformations of his skeleton. The most amazing of them is the transformation of the cartilaginous skeleton into a bone one.

The main parts of the human skeleton, the number, weight of bones

The skeleton is conditionally divided into two groups:

• Ostevoi
• Additional

Skeletal skeleton:

• Scull -"bone" of the head. It is in this bone that one of the most important internal organs of the human body is located - the brain.
• "receptacle" of the most important internal organs, their "body" and protection. There are 12 vertebrae and the same number of pairs of ribs in a cell.
• Spine - it is the axis of the body in which the spinal cord runs.

Additional skeleton:

• Upper limb belt(shoulder blades and collarbones)
• upper limbs
• Belt of the lower extremities
• lower limbs

What tissue is the basis of the bones of the skeleton, what substance gives the human skeleton strength, what is the composition of the bones?

The skeleton is the hardest, strongest and strongest foundation of the body. It has the most important functions, without which human life would be simply impossible. It provides support, the ability to move, protects the internal organs.

The skeleton is made of bones, and the bone is made of bone tissue. What is bone tissue? This is a type of connective tissue. Few people know that inside the bone there are nerves and blood vessels. Bone tissue cells have a large number of processes surrounded by special "channels" with liquid. It is through this fluid that the “breathing” of cells occurs.

This fluid is called "intercellular" and it consists of organic substances (protein) and inorganic (calcium and potassium salts). This composition allows the bones to be flexible and elastic at the same time.

INTERESTING: Surprisingly, children's bones differ in that they are more flexible, and the bones of adults are much stronger.

Anatomical skeleton of the chest, human pelvis: diagram, description

Examine the detailed photo of the chest to see each bone and its name.

Human chest:

• Two sides
• Backside
• Front side

The chest is made up of:

• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs
• Breast bone (sternum)
• Top and middle handle
• xiphoid process

Features of the structure of the chest:

• The first edge is horizontal
• The ribs are connected to the sternum by cartilage
• The most important internal organs "hide" in the chest

INTERESTING: The chest helps a person breathe by helping to reduce or increase the volume of air in the lungs with movements. The chest of men is larger than that of women, but the female is wider.

Anatomical skeleton of the hand, human hand: diagram, description

The human hand is made up of many bones.

The hand is divided into three parts:

• Shoulder
• Forearm
• Brush

It's important to know:

• The bone base of the shoulder is the humerus
• Bone base of the forearm - ulna and radius
• The hand is made up of 27 individual bones.
• Metacarpus contains 5 bones
• The skeleton of the fingers consists of 14 phalanges

Anatomical skeleton of the human shoulder and forearm: diagram, description

Here you can see in detail the bones of the shoulder and forearm with names.

Anatomical skeleton of the neck, human skull: diagram, description

The pictures show in detail all the important human bones.

Anatomical skeleton of the leg, human foot: diagram, description

The human foot also has many bones.

What bones in the human skeleton are connected movably with the help of a joint and motionless?

It is important to know which bones in the human skeleton are movably connected by joints or motionless.

What is the role of the human skeleton, what provides mobility, what is the mechanical function of the bones of the skeleton?

Functions:

• Musculoskeletal (body support and fastening of soft tissues, organs, body mobility).
• Locomotion (transportation of the body)
• Spring (softening the shock point)
• Protective (protection of internal organs from injury)

What are the structural features of the human skeleton associated with bipedalism?

The human skeleton can be characterized by the fact that it has an upright position. The spine is held straight, but has curves. While walking, he is able to "spring", softening all shocks. Due to the fact that a person walks straight, his chest is expanded.

The hand is an organ of labor, the thumb is removed and developed so that it is convenient to grab and hold an object. The belt has the form of a bowl and is a support for the pelvic organs. The lower limbs are stronger than the arms and confidently hold the "heavy" body.

Until what age does the human skeleton grow?

The human skeleton goes through several active stages of formation:

• First "early": from 0 to 7 years
• Second "teenage": from 11 to 17 years old
• The third "final": in women under 25, in men up to 30.

What bones are tubular in the human skeleton?

Long tubular:

• femoral
• tibial
• fibula

Short tubular:

• Metatarsals
• Phalangeal
• Metacarpal

What is the longest, most massive, strongest and smallest bone in the human skeleton?

• The longest bone femoral
• The most usedbig - tibial
• The strongest - femoral
• The smallest -"anvil" or "stirrup" (in the ear)

Video: "The structure of the skeleton"

There are over 200 bones in the human body. All bones
interconnected and form a skeleton.
The skeleton has the following
main parts:
1.
Scull
2.
Spine
3.
Rib cage
4.
Shoulder girdle
5.
Pelvic girdle
6.
Bones of the upper limbs (arms)
7.
Bones of the lower extremities (legs)
The weight of the skeleton is approximately 10%
from the total body weight.