What happens if you mix an energy drink with coffee or alcohol? Cola with milk: drinking is not allowed to experiment

Congenital curiosity pushes a person to experiments, including very dubious ones. Thanks to this commitment, we now know how to treat bacterial infections and this information is more than helpful. And you also know what happens if you mix cola with milk. The only question is whether it is worth polluting your mind with such data.

How to constantly learn something new?

You can always either resort to a practical experiment, or get acquainted with the results of other people's research:

Your own research is always exciting and interesting, but some experiments are better left to professionals and just those people who have more free time.

The harm of Coca-Cola for the body

Only a very lazy person did not say something bad about Coca-Cola. Some facts about this drink:

America is the birthplace of the drink.
The brand is over a hundred years old and has a solid history behind it.
Once a part of the cola were narcotic substances, and it was sold in pharmacies.
As the influence of the components on the body was studied, some of the contents of the drink were abandoned.
Modern Coca-Cola invigorates no longer due to "coca", but thanks to caffeine and shock doses carbohydrates.

Any substance can turn out to be a poison if the dosage is significantly exceeded. Such a statement is true even with respect to water, you can be very surprised by reading science articles on this topic. So, even a liter bottle of soda once a week will not harm the body, all the consequences will be offset by the activation of reserves. But it cannot be said that such a drink will benefit a person.

If a child is fond of soda, you should not scare him, shout and prohibit such drinks. Just limit consumption to the same liter per week, and in case of protests, show a couple of YouTube videos where meat or teeth are dissolved in Coca-Cola. Such a spectacle will impress anyone.

For example, here is a video with an experiment about a tooth:

Or this video about meat:

What happens if you add milk to cola?

To discourage someone from drinking cola, you can resort to another, no less interesting experience. For this you will need:

Half liter bottle of Coca-Cola.
A glass of regular milk.
A little patience.

A little cola should be poured from a pre-prepared bottle, and then the empty space can be filled with milk. Mix the resulting solution and leave for a couple of minutes, let it brew.

The spectacle seen will not leave anyone indifferent:

The main volume of cola will become transparent and slightly cloudy, like dirty water.
Some black dirt will line the bottom of the bottle.
From above, whitish flakes precipitated are visible.
The flakes may clump into tight clumps, foam or jelly.

Looks disgusting, but smells like regular Coca-Cola. So far, not a single daredevil has dared to check the taste, but it is better not to be the first in this matter.

This phenomenon has a simple explanation, from a school chemistry course. If you read the composition of cola, you can understand that it is an acid. Not the most active, but still acid environment. And milk, in turn, is a weak alkali:

Alkali and acid enter into an interaction reaction.
Neutralization takes place.
A precipitate falls out.

A simple chemical reaction, but looks disgusting enough to stop drinking soda. A couple of weeks or even months of respite for the stomach is guaranteed, which is not bad.

Does Coca Cola eat away at bones and meat?

Most often, people are frightened by a video in which, under the influence of Coca-Cola, meat or even teeth immersed in it are split. Let's debunk these myths:

Dentin, which is dental tissue, is very difficult to dissolve or somehow destroy.
Most archaeological finds are bones and teeth, because only they can "survive" the impact of time.
Completely dissolve this dense fabric in soda is unrealistic, but this does not mean that cola does not affect the teeth in any way.
Meat contains proteins that will really break down under the influence of the drink, albeit not very quickly.
Cause of protein denaturation acidic environment. We do not forget that cola is a weak acid. You can conduct a similar experiment even with a solution citric acid. Place pieces of meat in it for a couple of days, and the result will not be long in coming.

All the ways to demonstrate the harm of cola are tied to fairly cheap tricks, they are easy to explain in terms of chemistry. But this does not make such experiments less obvious, and the soda itself does not become more useful, even if you know the reasons for the reactions.

Adding milk to cola

If you mix cola with milk:

There will be no "fountains" of soda straight to the ceiling.
The desire to drink Coca-Cola will disappear for a couple of weeks, at least.
The bottle will leave a black sediment in the form of dust at the bottom, and flakes on the very surface.
The main volume of soda will become almost transparent.
The smell of the drink will not change at all.
The bottle will have to be thrown away, because it is no longer possible to drink it.

It seems that two ordinary drinks are mixed, but such a strange result is obtained. How can the combination of two very tasty substances produce something so disgusting? The thing is acid-base balance . Cola is acid, milk is alkali. Upon contact, they enter into a chemical reaction, the result of which can be observed almost immediately after mixing. The mystery is solved, and not at such a great price.

Such visual demonstration useful in the event that you need to discourage someone from constantly drinking soda. Even an adult most likely will not remember the features chemical reactions What can we say about children. So what is this psychological reception you can safely take it into service, it is much more effective than prohibitions and abuse.

On the network you can find a dozen videos that show what happens if you mix cola with milk. All of them are true, these are not fakes and not installation, so you should not combine these two liquids.

Video experiment: mixing cola and milk

There are many substances that have a psychostimulating ability, but caffeine and ethyl alcohol can be considered the most popular. What happens if you mix energy drinks or alcohol with coffee?

Energy drinks - composition

Popular now in certain circles, the so-called energy drinks or energy drinks, as a rule, have a similar chemical composition. 100 percent of these liquids contain caffeine, very high concentrations. Some manufacturers add theobromine (a psychostimulant found in cocoa beans), L-carnitine, and high concentrations of simple carbohydrates.

The effect of caffeine on the human body is quite specific. It stimulates under its influence electrical activity of the brain, which activates excitatory reactions, suppresses inhibition processes, accelerates the transmission of an electrical impulse, activates many nerve centers(respiration and heartbeat), accelerates the reactions of biosynthesis of neurotransmitters.

Simply put, caffeine is a powerful stimulant that increases the activity of the central nervous system. The consequence of this is the suppression of sleep, increased efficiency, increased respiration and heart rate, increased physical endurance, increased (moderate) mental capacity, increase blood pressure, stimulating concentration.

The effect of theobromine is similar, although somewhat less pronounced. This substance helps to improve mood and well-being, since it mainly enhances the reactions of biosynthesis of the so-called hormones of happiness - endorphins and enkephalins.

High concentrations simple carbohydrates are added for only one purpose - to support the energy metabolism of the body, charging it with glucose. Of course, after drinking such a drink, the concentration of sugars in the blood increases dramatically, which helps to increase the physical endurance of a person.

The effect of energy on the body

The first reaction of the body to an energy drink is quite predictable. Unmotivated vivacity and endurance appear, as mentioned above. However, it should be borne in mind that the resources of the body are not unlimited, which means that sooner or later the processes of inhibition, despite any stimulation, will spread to all parts of the central nervous system.

Energy drink with coffee

The psychostimulating effect of coffee on the human body is dictated, of course, by caffeine. If you use coffee beans, then the caffeine will only natural origin. Instant coffee, in most cases, is a product of the chemical industry.

It is quite obvious that at sharing there will be a summation of the stimulating effects of the energy drink and coffee, which often leads to an overdose of caffeine.

In such cases, the following symptoms should be expected: insomnia, unmotivated anxiety, palpitations, redness of the face, fever, tremor of the limbs, nausea, diarrhea, high blood pressure.

In more severe cases one should expect the development of hallucinations and delusions, loss of consciousness, pathological species breathing, convulsions, respiratory and cardiac arrest, which will result in death.

Energy drink with alcohol

If the energy drink is mixed with alcohol, then this combination can affect the body in different ways. It all depends on the dosage of one or another component. Ethyl alcohol, like caffeine, is a psychostimulant (in small doses). High doses of ethanol act in the opposite way - they cause a strong inhibition of the activity of the central nervous system.

In small concentrations, as in the previous case, there will be a summation of the effects of drinks, which will be expressed in the appearance of strong euphoria, insomnia, talkativeness, heart palpitations and so on.

With a combination of high doses of alcohol and low concentrations of energy drinks, their effect will be multidirectional, but this should not be considered as a blessing, since in this state a person can use large quantity ethyl alcohol, which can lead to severe poisoning or even lethal outcome.

Coffee with alcohol

Coffee with cognac, without a doubt, is a classic of the genre. This combination is familiar to everyone without exception (those who have reached the age of 21, of course). In small quantities, within the framework of cultural consumption, it is rather a blessing that allows you to quickly warm up or relax a little.

However, if you drink coffee after a significant libation, the benefits will no longer be discussed. Also, as with energy drinks, a false sense of sobriety may appear, which will further aggravate the condition with a few glasses of an alcoholic drink, or vice versa, get behind the wheel and get into some other potentially dangerous situation.

conclusions

If we talk about alcoholic drinks and natural coffee, it is quite obvious that in small quantities, both, together or separately, will not do harm. However, with an increase in the number of at least one of them, the situation changes dramatically.

Concerning energy drinks, then it is better to bypass them, since the caffeine in them is synthetic, and its concentration is such that even young body sometimes it is difficult to endure such a caffeine hit.

Highly frequently asked question both to my channel (Youtube) and to the blog, this is the compatibility of coolants. Namely - what will happen if you mix antifreeze? And then there were variations - one manufacturer, but different colors. Same colors but different manufacturers. Different standards, such as G11, G12, G13, etc. In general, I constantly answer these questions, and they constantly ask me them. Therefore, today I want to write this article, in which I will answer everything at once, as there will usually be a video at the end. The information is helpful, so read on…

I would like to note right away that we will also talk about mixing, because despite the different names, these two liquids are also very similar.

What is the same in the compositions?

Well, what about me at the very beginning again I want to repeat - guys, all antifreezes, especially in the G11 and G12 standards, are very similar in their base. What I mean is, 80% of the composition of both red and green and blue antifreeze is the SAME. Usually it is ethylene glycol +. The remaining 20% (and possibly less), these are already additives that characterize this or that behavior, I also have an article about this,.

That is, if you mix different antifreezes, different colors and categories, then they will be 80% similar.

What's different?

The difference, as I said above, is the additives. That is, various additives are added to the same liquid and it turns out desired composition. It is worth noting that additives in the compositions are needed precisely in order to remove the negative destructive effect of ethylene glycol and water, because this combination is extremely active and can destroy any metal surface, and even more so a tube or radiator wall. And additives hold back this ardor, removing the negative impact.

Roughly characterized, now there are only two types of additives:

It's protective . They protect tubes and pipes inside, forming a film on their surface that prevents metal parts from collapsing. Mainly used in G11 and our TOSOLs.
It is anti-corrosion . There is no film formation here, but it turns out that all the work happens when rust begins to appear. These additives block the hearth by simply sealing it. Applicable in G12 and G12+.

In fairness, now there is also a third type - hybrid additives (G13 antifreezes), this is when two protective and anti-corrosion effects are combined at once, that is, they are simply mixed in the right proportion.

About color

The color of antifreeze is more of a distinguishing component. As a rule, now, it does not carry any semantic load. Although many manufacturers, including Volkswagen, tried to introduce color differences in antifreezes, they even had their own recommended colors.

So G11 - almost always was green.

G12 - red (well, or bright orange)

G13 - purple

Although many manufacturers now do not follow the path of Volkswagen and paint antifreeze in the colors they please, this is because there is no strict standardization. So G11 can be either blue or reddish. G12 - green. .

Colors were introduced so that the driver could easily and easily distinguish between antifreezes, but the confusion between manufacturers is now becoming more and more confusing for the average layman.

What happens if you mix green, red, yellow (purple) antifreeze from different manufacturers?

YES actually nothing will happen, you can pour and not even be afraid, if they maintain their standard, then ABSOLUTELY NOTHING WRONG WILL HAPPEN. Such questions arise when, say, your branded antifreeze is over, there is nowhere to buy it (for example, you are on a trip), but red ones from another manufacturer are sold.

So G11 green (of one manufacturer) can be mixed with G11 green of another manufacturer. The main thing is that the standards are similar.

As you may have guessed, G12 can be mixed with G12 from another manufacturer.

You can do the same with G13, that is, pour yellow into yellow or purple into purple.

What happens if you mix different colors

We recall what I said above - the characteristic may be one, but the colors may differ. For example, I have personally seen the G11 in both blue and green. THEY CAN BE MIXED, NOTHING WRONG WILL HAPPEN.

Here I would also like to note that our Russian TOSOL is nothing more than G11 antifreeze and can be mixed with green or blue from another manufacturer.

Everything is the same, you can do it with G12. If they have different colors, then this does not mean anything! The characteristics are the same, which means mixing is possible.

G13 is now very much fooling the brain of my readers. The thing is that there are only two primary colors - yellow and purple. And many are simply afraid to mix them. Guys, if there is an inscription of the standard, then there is simply nothing to be afraid of, do not be afraid to mix. Color is just a dye.

Is it possible to mix different characteristics, for exampleG11 andG12

Here you already need to think, although again, nothing terrible, most likely will not happen. BUT you need to understand there is a subgroup of G11 and G12, but there is a completely different option - this is G13.

If we take the first subgroup, then mixing will lead to the fact that in the final liquid there will be additives, both protective and anticorrosive. Although properly you will not be able to control the mixing. Precipitation most likely will not fall out, BUT you need to understand that adding other additives not designed for your car, in particular radiators, can worsen cooling. WHY? YES, because green antifreezes envelop the tubes with a film inside, which prevents the engine and other units from cooling. That is, if you suddenly added to red antifreeze, say green or blue, then be prepared for the fact that temperature regime may fall. All this will also happen and vice versa, if you add blue or green (G11) to red (G12), then the characteristics of the liquid also fall.

Is it possible to mix yellow and green (red) antifreeze

There is already a slightly different situation, namely the yellow and purple compounds of G13, these are completely different substances. What I mean.

In red and blue (green) versions - the main mass fraction It's distilled water + ethylene glycol.

And in the yellow and purple version - the main mass fraction is propylene glycol + distilled water.

THAT is here even the base is different! Ethylene glycol (toxic) was replaced with propylene glycol (safe), these are two monohydric alcohols, they were changed only due to the removal of the toxic component.

Also, G13 contains two types of additives - immediately anti-corrosion + protective.

What happens when you add red or green to yellow antifreeze?

Nothing really good:

WE just do not know how ethylene glycol and propylene glycol will react with each other, even if they are similar, BUT IT IS NOT THE SAME.
Additives that are in the yellow (purple) version are designed for propylene glycol, how they behave with ethylene glycol is not known!
Also, we do not know if additives are compatible in general!

Hence the moral to mixG11 andG12 (G12+) withG13, I wouldn't! There is Great chance that a precipitate may fall out, because nevertheless this is not the same thing.

But G13 purple and yellow, YOU CAN mix WITHOUT FEARING!

Fake antifreeze

Actually, it seems to me, the topic is fully disclosed! BUT what I want to say in the end - have you ever wondered why some formulations, say branded or serious companies, are expensive, but there are formulations that are very cheap?

The same G13 antifreeze, made under the patronage of Volkswagen (usually purple), can cost 300 rubles per liter

And the yellow one, let's say the same G13, produced in some unknown place and not clear by whom, can cost the same money only for a 5 liter canister.

The whole point here is a “fake”, because a high-quality liquid will not be cheap, it will also meet all the characteristics and safety requirements, such as:

Will boil over 100 degrees (typically 105 to 110 degrees)
When boiling, will not ignite
Will not lose performance

When buying cheap antifreeze, you simply cannot check it, and it is not uncommon when it boils much below 100 degrees! Because of what, your engine can simply overheat and fail.

And when mixing cheap and expensive options, always think, HAVE YOU CHECKED THE QUALITY OF AN INEXPENSIVE PRODUCT? Does it comply with the regulations? Otherwise, you will simply spoil the company's expensive and high-quality liquid!

Therefore, most antifreezes can be mixed, but everything must be done wisely!

This concludes, read our AUTOBLOG.

This pill for pressure, this - oral contraceptives and this lowers cholesterol. Are you sure that all these medicines can be taken together?

0:11
You go to the doctor and get tested. The doctor tells you that you high cholesterol and that you need to take certain medications. You receive a vial of pills. You have no doubt: the doctor is sure that the medicine will work. The company that produces it has conducted research, has been certified, the drug has been carefully studied and approved. They have general idea about its action, a rough idea of the side effects. Should be fine. You talked to your doctor a little more, and he became worried, because you are depressed, you do not feel very good, you have ceased to enjoy the usual things. He says: “You know, I think you have. I'll prescribe more pills for you."

0:59
So now we are talking about two drugs. And the second is the same - millions of people take it, the company has done research, they have passed all the tests - everything is in order. There shouldn't seem to be any problems. There shouldn't seem to be any problems. But wait. How long have we been studying their interaction?

1:19
It is very difficult. In fact, no one usually does this. We are completely dependent on the so-called "post-marketing surveillance" after the drug has entered the market. But how can we find out that these two drugs are interacting somehow wrong? These three? Five? Seven? Ask loved ones with multiple diagnoses how many drugs they take.

1:43
Why am I concerned about this issue? She worries me a lot. I am a computer scientist and data analyst, and in my opinion, the only hope to understand these interactions is to raise great amount sources of information to find out which drugs are safe to use together and which are not.

2:03
I want to tell a story about data analysis. It all started with my student Nick. Let's call him "Nick" because that's his name. (Laugh)

2:11
He was a young student. I said, "You know, Nick, we need to understand how drugs work, how they work together, how they work separately, because we understand this very poorly." And now the FDA has posted a great database. This is a database of cases related to side effects. They just put it on the Internet - it's available, you can download it right now: hundreds of thousands of reports and complaints from patients, doctors, companies, pharmacists. And they are all quite simple: they say what diseases the patient has, what drugs he took, and that’s it. Negative consequences that they have experienced. This is not all that is happening in America today, but it is hundreds and hundreds of thousands of drugs.

2:53
So I said to Nick, “Take glucose, for example. Glucose is very important, we know it is linked to diabetes. Let's see if we understand the backlash to it." I sent Nick to work. Nick came back.

3:07
"Russ," he tells me, "I created a classifier to look at the side effects of a drug, according to this database, and it shows whether the drug will change glucose levels or not."

3:20
He did it. It was pretty easy. He took all the drugs that change glucose levels and a group of drugs that don't, and he thought, "What's the difference between their side effects? Changes in fatigue? Appetite? Urination?" All this together allowed him to create a very good determinant. He said, "Russ, I can tell with 93% accuracy whether a drug will change glucose."

3:42
I say, "Nick, that's great." He is a young student, you need to give him self-confidence. “Nick, but there is a problem. All the doctors in the world are aware of drugs that change glucose levels, because this is the basis of their practice. So it's great, great work, but not so interesting, you definitely won't publish it. (Laugh)

4:01
He said, "I know, Russ, I knew you'd say that." Nick is a smart guy. “I knew you would say that, but I did another experiment. I looked in the database for people taking two drugs, and began to look for signs of a change in glucose in such patients. At the same time, drugs alone did not change glucose, but together - I saw that they do it.

4:25
I said, "Well done great idea. Show me the list." And there are a lot of drugs, not very interesting. But what caught my attention was that there were two drugs on the list: paroxetine, or Paxil, an antidepressant, and pravastatin, or Pravacol, a cholesterol drug.

4:42
And I said, “Hmm. Millions of Americans take them at the same time." We later found that 15 million Americans take paroxetine, 15 million take pravastatin, and we estimate that a million take both at the same time. And that's a million people who could have a glucose problem if this shamanism that he did with the FDA database really works. But I said, “It’s still not published, I really like what you did with machine learning there, but this is not proof that we are right. So we need something else. Let's look at Stanford's electronic medical records, we have a copy for research - we've removed all identification information. And I said, "Let's see if there are problems with glucose levels in people taking both drugs."

5:30
So thousands and thousands of people are taking paroxetine and pravastatin, according to the Stanford records. But we needed special patients: those who took one of the drugs and measured the glucose level, and then started taking the second and measured the glucose level again, and in a certain period of time - say, two months. And when we did, we found 10 patients. However, eight of those 10 had a spike in glucose when they got the second "P" - we call them "P" - when they got the second "P". Any of them can be the first, they start taking the second - glucose rises by 20 mg per deciliter. I would like to remind you that in ordinary life if you are not diabetic, your glucose level is around 90. And if it rises to 120-125, your doctor may start to think that you have diabetes. So a jump of 20 points is quite significant.

6:21
I said, “Nick, this is really cool. But, unfortunately, it is still not worth publishing, because 10 patients, whatever one may say, this is not enough.”

6:30
And we thought - what can we do? Let's call our friends from Harvard and Vanderbilt who have - Harvard in Boston, Vanderbilt in Nashville - who have the same medical history as we do. Let's see if they can find similar patients with one "P", with another "P", glucose measurements in the range we need.

6:47
Thank God, 40 such patients were found at Vanderbilt University in a week, the dynamics are the same. 100 patients were found at Harvard, the dynamics are the same. As a result, we had 150 patients from three different medical centers, and everything indicated that those taking these two drugs had significant spikes in glucose levels.

7:09
Interestingly, we didn't include diabetics because diabetics don't have good glucose levels anyway. When we looked at those rates in diabetics, they went up by as much as 60 mg per deciliter, not 20. It was serious, and we thought we should publish it. We've submitted a job. Everything was based only on data - data from the FDA, data from Stanford, Vanderbilt, Harvard. We haven't done any experiment.

7:35
And we were nervous. And Nick, when our work was being considered, went to the laboratory. We found someone who does this. I don't know anything about it. I deal with patients, not pipettes. They taught us how to give drugs to mice. We took mice and gave them one "P" - paroxetine. And others were given pravastatin. And the third group was given both. And who would have thought, glucose rose from 20 to 60 mg per deciliter in these mice.

8:06
The data-only work was accepted, but at the end we added, “By the way, if you give drugs to mice, glucose rises.”

8:14
It was great, and everything could end there. But I still have six and a half minutes. (Laugh)

8:21
And we sat and thought about all this, and I don't remember who came up with it, but someone said, “I wonder if any of these patients who were taking both drugs noticed the side effect of hyperglycemia? They could and they should have. How could we determine this?

9:21
Well, yes. Super. I felt like... (Laughter)

9:26
It was like I was talking to Nick again. He works for one of the biggest companies in the world, and I'm already trying to cheer him up. But then he says, “No, Russ, you probably don't get it. We not only have Bing queries, but Google, Yahoo, Bing queries - from everywhere - made from Internet Explorer. We then store this information for 18 months for research purposes only.” And I say: “This is another matter!” It was Eric Horwitz, my friend at Microsoft.

9:51
And we did a study where we identified 50 words that a common person may gain if he has hyperglycemia, such as "fatigue", "loss of appetite", "going to the toilet a lot", "pissing a lot" - I'm sorry, this is one of the things they can look for. And we had 50 phrases, we called them "diabetic words." And first we looked at the source data. It turned out that from 0.5 to 1% of all searches on the Internet include one of these words. This is our starting point. If people search for "paroxetine" or "Paxil" - these are synonyms - and one of those words, the frequency rises to about 2% of "diabetic words" if you already know that the word "paroxetine" is there. If it's pravastatin, the frequency rises to about 3% of baseline. If both "paroxetine" and "pravastatin" are in a query, it rises to 10% - a huge three to four times increase in queries with drugs of interest and "diabetic" or "hyperglycemic" words.

10:55
We published it and it got attention. The reason this deserves attention is because patients don't tell us about their side effects directly, but through search. We sent it to the FDA. They got interested. They set up surveillance social networks to cooperate with Microsoft, with their technical capabilities for this task, as well as for the feed on Twitter, on Facebook, for statistics search queries to reveal early signs that drugs, alone or together, are causing problems.

11:27
And what did I understand? Why am I telling this? First of all, data can now help provide a better understanding of the interaction. medicines and, in fact, their action. How they work This will create, and has already created, a new ecosystem for understanding how drugs work and how to optimize their use. Nick did not stop - he is now a professor at Columbia University. He did the same in his doctoral thesis with hundreds of pairs of drugs. He found some very important interactions, so we replicated the experiment and showed that it actually works for finding drug interactions.

12:05
However, there are a couple more points. We don't just use drugs in pairs. As I said, there are patients taking three, five, seven, nine. Has anyone studied their nine-way interaction? Yes, we can consider them in pairs - A and B, A and C, A and D, but what about A, B, C, D, E, F, G - all together, taken by one patient? Perhaps they interact, decreasing or increasing each other's effectiveness, or causing unexpected side effects? We really don't know. This is an open field where we can use our data to try to understand these interactions.

12:45
Two more lessons. I want you to think about the opportunities we have, thanks to those people who have told their complaints to pharmacists, to themselves, to their doctors, thanks to those who allow the use of databases at Stanford, Harvard, Vanderbilt for research. People are worried about their data. They're worried about privacy, security - that's the way it should be. We need secure systems. But we don't need systems that restrict access to data, which is a rich source of inspiration, innovation, and new discoveries to create new things in medicine.

13:23
And in conclusion, I want to say that in our case we found a couple of drugs, and the results were sad. They really caused problems. They raised the glucose. They could give someone diabetes that wouldn't have happened without them, so you have to use the two drugs very carefully, maybe not together, maybe prescribe something else to the patient. But there was another possibility. We could find a couple or three drugs that would provide a beneficial interaction. We could discover new effects of drugs that they would not have on their own, but together, instead of side effect they could offer perfectly new therapy diseases that were considered incurable or difficult to treat. In modern drug therapy all significant discoveries - for HIV, tuberculosis, depression, diabetes - are always a cocktail of different drugs.

14:15
The good news is, and this is a topic for another TED talk, that we can use the same data sources to find positive effects combinations of drugs that will provide us with new treatment regimens, A New Look on how the drugs work, and the ability to care for patients even better.

14:34
Thanks a lot.

Read on Zozhnik:

The cooling system is an integral part of any engine internal combustion. Without it, the motor will simply boil. It is the cooling system that takes all the heat from the engine and removes it to the outside. Thus, a stable temperature of the internal combustion engine is maintained. An important component of this system is the coolant. It can be antifreeze or antifreeze. These fluids serve for years, but in the event of a repair of the SOD (for example, replacing a thermostat), their level often drops. To resume it, you need to add new fluid. But not always coolant with such characteristics can be found on the store shelf after 3-5 years. Then the question arises for car owners: what will happen if you mix antifreeze with antifreeze? Let's try to deal with this in our today's article.

Characteristics of antifreeze

So, first consider what each of the liquids is. Antifreeze is a coolant that was developed in the 70s of the last century in the Soviet Union. Moreover, it was developed specifically for the Soviet Zhiguli. VAZ "Kopeyka" - the first car in the USSR, in the cooling system of which not water was used, but antifreeze brand A-40.

Compound

This liquid consists of ethylene glycol and an additive package. also in in large numbers(about 50 percent) it contains distilled water. Such a liquid has the ability not to freeze at a temperature of -40 degrees. But today, most manufacturers are guided by an indicator of -35 degrees Celsius.

About antifreeze

Antifreeze is a purely foreign development. The properties of these liquids are almost the same. The composition contains distilled water, a package of additives and ethylene glycol.

There are some differences in antifreezes of the 13th group. It uses organic, not chemical additives. But anyway the main task liquids - to ensure high-quality heat dissipation and not freeze when low temperatures. Usually antifreeze does not freeze at -40 ° C. And the boiling point is about 120 C o. For comparison, antifreeze already boils at 110 C o.

About additives

It is worth noting that each coolant manufacturer uses a different package of additives in different volumes. Therefore, it is not always possible to mix antifreeze with antifreeze. In total, three additive packages are used in the coolant:

Anti-corrosion. Usually these are acidic compounds designed to block the centers of corrosion and prevent them. further development.
Protective. They form a thin film inside radiators, cooling jackets and pipes.
Antifoam. To prevent the composition from foaming during operation, these additives are used. Why should these additives be used in every coolant? The presence of foam can lead to rapid engine overheating and cylinder head failure.

hybrid additives

We also note that in modern types antifreeze (does not apply to antifreeze), hybrid additives are used. They contain both protective and anti-corrosion components.

About types of antifreeze

It is important to know that this liquid, unlike antifreeze, is divided into several groups:

G11. This is the earliest group. Now such antifreezes are rarely found on sale. What color are they painted? The liquid from this group is dyed in green color or blue (the same as that of antifreeze). The composition contains both organic and chemical additives, including carboxylic acid. The latter effectively fights corrosion foci. However, the liquid forms a very thick protective layer, due to which the thermal conductivity deteriorates. Also, the compositions of this group have the shortest service life among all types of antifreeze. The resource of green and blue liquid is no more than 60 thousand kilometers. The same period for domestic antifreeze. If the replacement is not made in time, the additives will crumble and clog all the small channels.
G12. This is one of the most popular bands. Antifreezes of this brand are used on most modern cars. They are usually colored red. They are a more advanced liquid, the service life of which is about 150 thousand kilometers. Antifreeze of this group has good heat-conducting properties. However, it does not boil high temperatures and also does not form flakes at the end of its service life. This coolant consists of ethylene glycol and a package of organic additives. Among the inorganic, it is worth noting only carboxylic acid (and even then in a small amount). This group is great for copper and brass radiators. However, it is not suitable for aluminum, since rust is more likely to form there due to a lack of carboxylic acid.

Please note: Japanese G12 antifreeze has slightly different characteristics than the European one. Such a coolant is not designed for operation in harsh conditions, so its crystallization temperature is -25 degrees. This must be taken into account when buying a car from Japan, which will be operated in the northern regions of Russia.

G13. This group appeared relatively recently, in 2012. Its main difference from other antifreezes lies in the composition. This coolant does not contain the usual ethylene glycol. Here it contains propylene glycol, which is less aggressive with respect to environment. But the additives for G13 antifreeze remained the same. It is an organic and part of a carboxylic acid. Usually antifreezes of this group are painted purple.

As you can see, each group has its own nuances in composition. Somewhere there are fewer additives, somewhere there are more of them. But what happens if you mix antifreeze with antifreeze? The effect will be different. The result depends on which antifreeze to mix with antifreeze. We will consider the consequences below.

Mix antifreeze G11 with antifreeze

Hypothetically, coolant data have the same "base". But you need to remember that the manufacturers here are different and each produces liquid according to its own technology. What happens if you mix antifreeze and green antifreeze from this group? As tests have shown, these liquids do not foam and do not change their characteristics. Since the composition is the same, this coolant can be used later on the engine. For example, what happens if you mix blue antifreeze and blue antifreeze. Such a liquid is absolutely suitable for use, does not foam and does not boil prematurely.

However, you need to remember about the service life. Do not think that when adding new antifreeze, the liquid will last longer. Part of the additive package will remain the same. Only their percentage of content in general will decrease. Therefore, the replacement period for the updated fluid is the same as for the previously filled one. For example, if a new antifreeze was mixed with a year-old antifreeze, such a coolant should be changed after 12 months. Otherwise, the additives will not work well and will precipitate. Flakes are formed that will clog the cavities of the cooling jacket.

We dilute antifreeze with the G12 group

Now let's talk about red antifreeze. As we said earlier, it has a slightly different additive package. If you want to mix red antifreeze with antifreeze, you should not do this. Especially if most the liquid in the system is precisely the domestic coolant (A-40). What happens if you mix antifreeze with antifreeze? When diluted, the liquid will acquire dark color. There will also be small oil marks on the surface. This indicates that a reaction of different additive packages has occurred. The fact is that the liquid from the twelfth group envelops the walls with a protective film in a slightly different way. Therefore, it is impossible to predict the effect of different additives when they are mixed. Those who have already tried mixing these liquids say that there is no detrimental effect. But still, the composition of such coolants is different, and you should not risk adding antifreeze to such a composition.

Is it possible to mix antifreeze and antifreeze of the 13th group?

Often, such coolant is not bought for topping up, since it is several times more expensive than you. It's easier to buy two new A-40 canisters and pour them into the SOD. But still, what will happen if you mix antifreeze with antifreeze from the 13th group? Since the composition of these products is significantly different, when mixed, both liquids will react. Some will say that propylene and ethylene glycol have the same base (monohydric alcohols), and this will not cause any harm.

But it's not. No one can guarantee the performance of additives. And it is visually noticeable how these liquids change color and concentration. What happens if you mix antifreeze with antifreeze from the 13th group? The hybrid additive packages of the latter are simply destroyed, and such a liquid is not able to properly remove heat. In addition, the radiator will corrode, and the channels of the cooling jacket will become clogged with sediment and flakes. What happens if you mix antifreeze with G13 antifreeze? The boiling point of such coolant will drop to +100 degrees. For some modern cars, this is still the operating temperature. Therefore, when using a liquid with such an unusual composition (propylene and ethylene glycol mixed together), the motor may simply boil. This is fraught with deformation of the cylinder head. On 90% of the car, it is aluminum and difficult to repair. The cost of restoring such an internal combustion engine is measured in tens of thousands of rubles.

Actions in case of incorrect mixing

If I mixed antifreeze with antifreeze, what should I do? If the domestic liquid was added to the coolant from the 12th or 13th group, it is no longer subject to further use. This concentrate must be drained from the system. How to do it? To do this, you need an empty container of 8-10 liters. We substitute it under the bottom of the radiator and unscrew the tap on the last one (on some cars it may be a bolt). So that a vacuum does not form in the system and the mixture comes out faster, unscrew the cap of the expansion tank.

What's next?

Then it would be possible to start filling in a new coolant, but since we had an unknown mixture, it is recommended to rinse the container from the inside. How to do it? We twist the faucet or bolt on the radiator and fill it with distilled water to an average level.

Then we start the engine and let it run for 5-10 minutes. In order for the liquid to circulate better through the system (and, accordingly, to bring out more of the old “slurry”), you can increase the speed of the pump by pressing the accelerator pedal or turning on the stove. Ideally, flushing should be extended over a day. That is, with such a liquid it is necessary to travel a couple of times around the city.

At the next stage, you need to drain this water in the same way, substituting an empty container under the bottom, and unscrew the tap. And after that, you can fill in a new coolant. It's antifreeze or antifreeze, it doesn't matter. The main thing is that the product does not contradict the manufacturer's recommendations and is not mixed with another liquid. The exact amount of coolant used should be found in the operating instructions. Having filled the liquid to the maximum level, we warm up the engine again. Some of the antifreeze will leave the tank, and this is normal. We turn off the engine and restore the liquid to normal level(this is the mark between "MIN" and "MAX").

Summing up

So, we found out what happens if you mix antifreeze with antifreeze different brands. As you can see, these fluids react differently to mixing. Therefore, you need to dilute very carefully.

If a we are talking about adding antifreeze to antifreeze, only a green or blue product from the 11th group should be used. At the same time, topping up does not lead to an increase in the service life of the coolant. Conversely, if there is a domestic liquid in the system, only G11 antifreeze needs to be added. Products from the 12th and 13th groups should not be mixed with antifreeze. This may lead to sad consequences, which will lead to best case to the need to flush the SOD channels. At worst, the motor itself will overheat, and then repair of the block head will be inevitable. In general, it is safest to mix the coolant with distilled water. It is in every group of antifreeze, and even more so in antifreeze. The difference will be only in the freezing temperature. Therefore, at high concentrations, such a liquid should be replaced on the eve of winter.