What is ammonia made from. Industrial method for the production of ammonia. Terms and conditions of storage

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Ammonia- an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide, a colorless transparent liquid with a pungent odor. It is used as a medicine and for domestic needs.

Origin of the Russian-language name

Ammonia takes its name in Russian from the part of the chemical formula of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) converted into a speech structure. On (N) - sha (H) - tyrny (4).

Application in medicine

The physiological effect of ammonia is due to its local irritating effect: it excites the sensory endings of the nerves of the upper respiratory tract(endings of the trigeminal nerve), which leads to reflex stimulation of the respiratory and vasomotor centers of the brain and causes increased breathing and increased blood pressure. At high concentrations, it can cause reflex respiratory arrest!

When ingested, it irritates the gastric mucosa and causes vomiting. It activates the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, which contributes to expectoration of sputum. It has a strong antiseptic effect.

Ammonia is used inhalation, externally and internally.

• For excitation of breathing and withdrawal from fainting carefully bring to the nostrils a small piece of gauze or cotton wool moistened with a solution.
• To induce vomiting(especially with alcohol poisoning) diluted a solution of ammonia (5-10 drops per 100 ml of water) is administered orally.
• For insect bites applied in the form of lotions or liniment.
• With neuralgia and myositis used externally for rubbing (in the form of ammonia liniment). Ammonia has a distracting effect, irritating skin receptors.
• In surgical practice according to the Spasokukotsky-Kochergin method, they wash their hands with ammonia, diluting it in warm water(250 ml of ammonia solution per 5 liters of boiled water).

Side effect

• The use of undiluted ammonia can cause burns to the esophagus and stomach.
• Undiluted ammonia when applied externally can cause burns to the skin.
• Inhalation of ammonia vapors in high concentrations can cause reflex respiratory arrest.

Poisoning with ammonia

When taken orally in high doses, there is pain in the stomach, vomiting with ammonia smell, diarrhea with tenesmus, runny nose, cough, laryngeal edema, agitation, convulsions, collapse; possible death. Lethal dose ammonium hydroxide 10-15 g.

domestic use

Being a weak base, ammonia neutralizes acids.

In everyday life, ammonia is used for dyeing fabrics, for removing stains from clothes and for cleaning dishes, furniture, plumbing, and jewelry.

Notes

Categories:

• Medicines alphabetically
• Ammonium
• Breathing stimulants
• Local irritants
• Antiseptics and disinfectants

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See what "Ammonia" is in other dictionaries:

AMMONIA- transparent colorless volatile liquid with a pungent odor (solution of ammonia gas in water). Two grades go on sale: with the content of 25% and 10% of ammonia (medical). In everyday life, 10% ammonia is usually used. It has alkaline ... ... The Concise Encyclopedia of the Household

Saturated solution of ammonia in water. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. AMMONIA ALCOHOL saturated solution of ammonia in water. See AMMONIA. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

In everyday life, ammonia is often used, but they call it both ammonia and ammonia, remaining in full confidence that this is the same thing.

In fact, these are different substances that differ from each other in their origin, state of aggregation and chemical formulas. These three different substances are related only by a sharp ammonia smell.

In order to once and for all be convinced that ammonia and ammonia are one and the same, it is enough to turn to the history of their origin and look at their chemical formulas.

Ammonia is hydrogen nitride, a gas with a molar mass of 17 g/mol, the chemical formula is NH3.

Ammonia or ammonia alcohol - a liquid with chemical formula NH4OH.

Ammonia is a salt with the chemical formula - NH4Cl.

Origin of ammonia

The history of the discovery of natural gas ammonia has two legends. According to the first legend, near the temple of the Egyptian god Amun, where religious rites were performed, people sniffed a pair of camel excrement, from which they fell into a trance. These pairs were named "ammonia".

According to the second legend, in northern Africa, in the area of ​​​​the oasis of Ammon, there was a crossroads of caravan routes. There passed great amount animals, the road was littered with their feces and plentifully watered with urine, which evaporated and released a gas that was called "ammonia".

Concerning scientific discovery gas with the name "ammonia", it dates back to 1785. The chemical formula of the gas, NH3, was determined by the French scientist C. L. Berthollet and named it "ammonia".

But back in 1774, the English scientist D. Priestley received an identical gas, which he gave the name "alkaline air", but chemical composition could not bring out.

Ammonia (ammonia in Latin) is a colorless gas with a specific smell, lighter than air, chemically active, liquefies at a temperature of -33 C; dissolves well in water, has an alkaline reaction; interacts with hydrochloric acid and forms an ammonium salt: NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl, which decomposes when heated: NH4Cl = NH3 + HCl.

Ammonia is obtained in two ways - industrial and laboratory. At laboratory method ammonia is obtained by heating alkalis and ammonium salts:

• NH4Cl + KOH = NH3 + KCl + H2O;
• NH4 + + OH - = NH 3 + H2O.

In industrial conditions, ammonia is first produced in gaseous form, and then it is liquefied and brought to a 25% aqueous solution, which is called ammonia water.

The synthesis of ammonia is a very important chemical production, since ammonia is a fundamental element for many other chemical technologies and productions. Thus, ammonia is used in industrial refrigeration as a refrigerant; is a bleach in the processing and dyeing of fabrics; indispensable in the production of nitric acid, nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium salts, synthetic fibers - nylon and capron.

The industrial method for the synthesis of ammonia was invented in 1909 by the German chemist Fritz Haber. In 1918, for his discovery in chemistry, he received Nobel Prize. The first ammonia plant was launched in 1913 in Germany, and in 1928 ammonia production was already established in Russia.

Origin of ammonia

Ammonia (Hammoniaci P. Sal) is a salt, the chemical formula is NH4Cl (ammonium chloride).

Ammonium chloride is of volcanic origin; found in hot springs, groundwater evaporation, in deposits of guano and native sulfur; Formed by burning coal seams or debris accumulations. It has the appearance of sagging, earthy deposits, crusts or massive skeletal crystalline accumulations, clusters and dendrites.

Pure ammonia is colorless or white, with a glassy sheen. Depending on the impurities present in it, the color can be all shades of yellow, brown, gray, different shades of red, brown.

When heated, ammonia is released from ammonia, it dissolves well in water. The solution tastes burning caustic - salty, the smell is sharp ammonia.

Ammonium chloride has been known to people since very ancient times and was used in ritual ceremonies, in the production and dyeing of fabrics, as well as by alchemists for soldering metals and melting gold.

In the Middle Ages, they learned how to get artificial ammonia from the horns and hooves of cattle, which was called the "spirit of a deer horn."

Origin of ammonia

Liquor ammonia caustici is its Latin name.

This is a 10% ammonia water solution with the chemical formula NH4OH; colorless transparent homogeneous mixture that can evaporate; with a specific smell of ammonia, which persists when frozen.

The mention of its use by Eastern alchemists dates back to the 8th century, and by European alchemists to the 13th century. Their records of the recipes they used have survived to this day.

Nowadays, they receive in an industrial and simple household way:

• in an industrial way, the synthesis is carried out from the gaseous state of hydrogen, nitrogen and air using certain catalysts, and then a water-alcohol solution is obtained, which has a sharp ammonia smell;
• a simple household method is based on diluting 25% ammonia water to a 10% solution.

Areas of use

The scope of ammonia and ammonia alcohol is wide, it is used in almost all spheres of human life, ranging from technological processes and ending with medicine and domestic needs.

Application of ammonia

Ammonia is widely used as a refrigerant in various household and industrial equipment.

It is one of the most important products used in the chemical industry . In particular, it is used in the production of:

• ammonia;
• additives in building materials for use in frosty conditions;
• polymers, soda and nitric acid;
• fertilizers;
• explosives.

Use of ammonia alcohol

Ammonia alcohol is used in medicine and in everyday life.

Application in medicine is indicated in the following cases:

Use in everyday life consists in degreasing and cleaning various household utensils.

Alcohol solution at the rate of 2 tsp. for 2 cups of water and 1 tbsp. l. any dishwashing detergent can perfectly clean silverware, silver and gold Jewelry(products with pearls cannot be cleaned with ammonia, it will become gray and cloudy). To do this, place silverware or jewelry in the solution, hold for 1 to 2 hours, then rinse in water and wipe dry.

It is good at removing blood, urine and sweat stains from wool, silk and lycra. A 50% solution is used as a stain remover. In concentrated form, it can remove pencil marks on clothes.

From carpets, upholstery and car covers, the heel can be removed with a solution of 1 tbsp. l. pure ammonia and 2 l hot water. To do this, clean the pollution and allow to dry. If necessary, you can re-clean.

Window glass, mirrors and faience can also be cleaned with a solution of 1 tbsp. l. pure ammonia and 3 tbsp. water. The surface will be clean and shiny.

Ammonia water 1 tbsp. l. in a mixture with 4 liters of water, stone deposits in the bath and washbasin can be cleaned. To do this, clean them with a solution, and then rinse with hot water.

Alcohol can be used in horticulture to control onion flies and aphids, and as a fertilizer for garden and indoor plants in acidic soil conditions.

Impact on a person

When using ammonia and ammonia, remember that that these are highly toxic substances and when using them, the dosage should be strictly observed and adhere to the terms of use.

If you intend to use ammonia, you must purchase it exclusively in pharmacies and carefully read the attached rules for using “Ammonia solution. Instructions for use".

Exceeding dosages can cause poisoning and serious problems health, and chemical burns. The rooms where it is used must be well ventilated.

In addition to toxicity, ammonia vapors are explosive. This happens when they are mixed with air in a certain proportion, so when working, special safety rules must be observed when working with explosives.

The first symptoms of poisoning may be:

• the appearance of red spots on the face and body;
• rapid breathing;
• general excitement.

Further signs of the development of poisoning are:

• appearance acute pain behind the breastbone;
• convulsions;
• swelling of the larynx;
• spasm of the vocal cords;
• muscle weakness;
• circulatory disorders;
• semi-conscious state, up to loss of consciousness.

When ingesting ammonia water in excess doses, you may experience:

• diarrhea with false painful urges; burns of the esophagus, stomach and primary departments intestines;
• cough, lacrimation, salivation and sneezing;
• respiratory arrest of a reflex nature;
• vomiting with the smell of ammonia;
• taking ammonia alcohol in an amount of 10 to 15 grams. threatened with death.

If a person has an individual intolerance to the smell of ammonia, then even a slight ingestion of it through the respiratory tract or inside can immediately lead to the most adverse consequences.

If a person has a violation of the skin on the body in the form of weeping ulcers, eczema or dermatitis, then the use of lotions can lead to an even more extensive allergic reaction and burns of the skin.

First aid for poisoning

In cases of the first signs of poisoning with these substances, it is urgent to begin providing first aid to the victim.

First aid measures include:

In case of more severe forms poisoning, urgently call an ambulance.

Ammonia alcohol is mandatory in first aid kits in first aid kits and should be at hand at the right time.

How much can it cost in pharmacies? The answer is very inexpensive. Get it, use it, but be extremely careful.

Attention, only TODAY!

Ammonia: use in everyday life, in medicine

In almost every home in the first aid kit you can find ammonia. Its use in everyday life and in medicine is quite extensive - it is also used: in cosmetology, in the country and in the garden.

At home, it is most often used for dizziness and nausea. Some medical preparations are used not only in medicinal purposes but also in economic situations. Such universal means include ammonia. Its use in everyday life is much wider than in medicine. What properties does this remedy And in what situations can it be used?

Ammonia: use in everyday life. Helpful Hints

Ammonia is ammonia. Its use in liquid solution has been known since ancient times. He looks like ordinary water, but has a sharp and specific smell. AT large quantities ammonia is poisonous, but in small doses it can be used as an irritant and aphrodisiac.

A distinction should be made between ammonia (ammonium chloride) and ammonia (ammonia). Use in everyday life and in medicine is associated with the second tool.

As a pharmaceutical

• When inhaled, ammonia acts on the receptors of the respiratory tract, awakening respiratory center. From receptors, excitation is transmitted through the fibers of the nervous system. It reflexively affects the work of cardio-vascular system. Therefore, ammonia is often used for fainting and alcohol poisoning. It should be applied with caution. Frequent inhalation of ammonia in high concentrations can cause spasm and respiratory arrest.
• The use of this substance by mouth in small quantities causes vomiting.
• Also, ammonia is known for its distracting properties in neuralgia. In practice, this is how it works. The drug is applied to the skin. Being absorbed, through the skin-visceral reflexes, it irritates the tissues, taking on a wave inflammatory processes. In the meantime, there is a recovery of the diseased muscle. Thus, ammonia suppresses the focus of excitation, eliminates pain and vascular spasm.
• Due to its irritating properties, when applied to the skin, it promotes vasodilation, release of active substances and improves tissue nutrition and regeneration.
• Like any other alcohol, ammonia has an antiseptic effect. It is used for insect bites, felons and boils. However, its long-term use for these purposes due to irritating properties can cause local pain, swelling and hyperemia.
• Sometimes ammonia in combination with other elements is used as an expectorant. Influencing the epithelium of the respiratory tract, it enhances the work of the glands. This contributes to the rapid release of sputum.

Whatever medical properties neither possessed ammonia, its use in everyday life is much more relevant and wider. Most often, it is useful when removing stains from clothes and upholstered furniture, when cleaning gold, silver and even plumbing items. However, its unique properties have not yet been fully studied by experienced housewives, and their practical experiments have shown that the solution can also be used in the fight against harmful insects (for example, cockroaches, ants).

The use of ammonia for plants

Lovers of flower beds and vegetable beds know that plant nutrition is essential for good flowering and a bountiful harvest, and you also need reliable protection from pests. Dissolve 50 ml of alcohol in 4 liters of water and pour a glass under the root of each bush. Even a bear cannot resist such processing. You can additionally spray the leaves. Do this top dressing at least once a month. You can also use the product for indoor plants, only they need to pour no more than 30-50 ml of solution at a time under the root. Ammonia helps well in the fight against aphids. To do this, 100 g of washing powder and 100 ml of alcohol are dissolved in a bucket of water. The solution is carefully sprayed with plants that aphids love. It is advisable to carry out the treatment on a sunny day.

There are a huge number of economic problems that ammonia can handle. Its use in everyday life is not limited.

Cleaning clothes, shoes, furniture

To remove a difficult stain from your favorite thing, textile shoes or furniture upholstery, you need to combine a couple of teaspoons of ammonia with a glass of water and pour this solution over the stain for a while. Then rinse (rinse) cold water. The smell of the product will soon disappear, and there will be no trace of the stain.

When removing cockroaches, a small amount of add ammonia to the water for washing floors, walls and furniture (1 tsp per liter of water). A sharp and unpleasant smell will drive away uninvited guests at home forever, if such a procedure is carried out regularly, once a week.

So that outdoor recreation is not spoiled by annoying mosquitoes and other insects, you should take ammonia solution with you (in pure form) and spray it over the rest area. After such treatment, not a single midge will bother you.

Usage ammonia solution in the cleaning of crystal and windows has long been known. To do this, 4-5 drops are added to a liter of water and glass surfaces are wiped with this solution. Even old and yellowed stains will not resist such a cleanser.

From foreign odors

No matter how paradoxical it may sound, it is ammonia that successfully fights with extraneous and unpleasant "aromas" of paint or tobacco. Application in everyday life from the smell is very simple. It is necessary to arrange saucers in all rooms, dropping a certain amount of funds on them. Soon, unpleasant odors will begin to disappear.

What is dry ammonia?

There is also a technical ammonia, or, to put it scientific language, ammonium salt. In addition to the name, the properties that dry ammonia possesses are also different. Its application is in demand in engineering, chemistry. For example, when soldering or tinning (applying molten tin to metal products in order to protect against corrosion). Also, ammonia (powder) is used as a hardener for varnishes and adhesives.

Ammonia: properties

Ammonia is obtained from atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature in the presence of a catalyst. Ammonia water is widely used in different areas human life activity. Ammonium hydroxide is a material for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. In spite of wide application, ammonia, ammonia are dangerous to human health.

Ammonium hydroxide: mechanism of action

Ammonia vapors reflexively excite the central nervous system, especially the centers of the medulla oblongata. AT high concentrations they can provoke reflex respiratory arrest. When administered orally, the agent excites the gastric mucosa and causes vomiting.

Ammonia: use in medicine

In medicine, the above remedy is used for fainting, to stimulate vomiting, and also externally - for insect bites, neuralgia, myositis, for treating the hands of a surgeon according to the Spasokukotsky-Kochergin method (diluted). Improper use of ammonia solution can provoke the development of burns of the esophagus and stomach. Aqueous ammonia can be used as an expectorant. Its expectorant action is caused by an irritating effect on the bronchial mucous membranes. To excite breathing and bring the patient out of fainting cotton swab, moistened with ammonium hydroxide, is carefully brought to the nose of the patient (duration from 0.5 to 1 second). To induce vomiting, doctors sometimes prescribe the use of ammonia inside (only in dilution - 5-10 drops per 100 ml of water). For insect bites, ammonium hydroxide is recommended to be used in the form of lotions.

cosmetic problems

Aqueous ammonia in folk medicine is used to remove warts and papillomas. To do this, a small amount of cotton wool is wound around a match or a toothpick, dipped in ammonia and applied to the site of growth for a few seconds. Make sure that the solution does not get on the skin around the tumor, as a burn may occur. Ammonium hydroxide is also used to remove unwanted vegetation on the body. For hair removal ethnoscience recommends preparing a mixture of the following composition: 5 ml of ammonia water, 35 ml of 98% ethanol, 5 ml castor oil and 1.5 ml alcohol solution iodine - all this should be thoroughly mixed to obtain a homogeneous mass. The resulting product should be applied to problem areas with hair twice a day. In just two or three days you will get the desired result.

Contraindications for use

Do not use the above pharmaceutical agent with loss of consciousness in the absence or difficulty of reflex conduction from nasal receptors to the brain. AT this case the miracle of "revival" with the help of ammonia will not happen. Helps in this situation parenteral administration other drugs. Ammonia water is contraindicated in the presence of weeping eczema and dermatitis, since this drug will provoke even more irritation of the skin and can cause burns.

Signs of ammonia poisoning

The main signs of the administration of ammonia vapor include coughing, shortness of breath, a feeling of heaviness in the chest, spasm of the larynx. Often there is an excited state, hallucinations, nausea and vomiting, swelling of the respiratory system. Direct contact may result in burn injury eye, which requires immediate qualified assistance. If ammonia solutions are ingested, the above signs of intoxication should be supplemented with pain in the esophagus, intestines, stomach, diarrhea with blood, decreased blood pressure. This condition is life-threatening and requires immediate qualified assistance!

What to do in case of ammonia poisoning?

First aid for ammonia intoxication: ensure maximum flow fresh air indoors (open a window); perform repeated gastric lavage; give the victim to drink a spoonful of vegetable oil, a few egg whites, a glass of milk; do it if possible cleansing enema. If undiluted ammonia water comes into contact with skin the victim will also need qualified help. In this case, the main therapeutic help is abundant washing of the affected areas with water for 10-15 minutes. The use of any ointments within 24 hours is contraindicated. Further therapeutic regimen the same as with thermal burns. If splashes of ammonia water get into the eyes, immediately rinse the eyes with running water, then apply olive or vaseline oil, sulfacyl sodium, novocaine with adrenaline. With spasm of the larynx, local heat, inhalation, atropine, and, if necessary, tracheotomy are prescribed. If necessary, give artificial respiration.

Ammonia is an all-purpose cleaner

Ammonia water is often used to clean items made of precious metals (silver, gold). For this, solutions of ammonia in water in a ratio of 1: 4 are used. After cleaning, the jewelry is wiped with a soft cloth. Do not forget that an aqueous solution of ammonia can also be used for washing. To improve foaming, add 2-3 teaspoons of ammonium hydroxide to a bucket of water. In such water, linen is excellently bleached. Ammonia diluted 1:25 with water can be used to remove coffee and chocolate stains.

To remove stains from silk fabrics, it is good to use a solution of the following composition: 1 teaspoon of glycerin, a few drops of ammonia water and 1 teaspoon of water. Before removing the stain, be sure to check the fabric for shedding. Greasy places on the cuffs and collars of jackets, jackets and coats are best cleaned with a sponge soaked in ammonia water (15-20 ml of ammonium hydroxide per liter of water). If your interior contains antique pieces made from wood species such as walnut or oak, and their appearance already leaves much to be desired, they can be cleaned with a 12% ammonia solution. These types of trees contain tannin, which, under the influence of ammonia water, acquires a beautiful brown-gray hue.

Role of ammonium hydroxide in biological systems

This substance is an important source of nitrogen for living systems. Nitrogen - chemical element necessary for the biosynthesis of amino acids. Ammonium hydroxide is used in industry to obtain nitrogenous fertilizers necessary for the normal growth and development of crops.

In the tissues of humans and animals, a significant amount of amino acids is formed as a result of metabolism. High concentrations of ammonia in tissues are toxic to the body. The liver converts ammonium hydroxide into a less toxic product for the body - urea. Diseases that result in liver dysfunction (hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholecystitis) can lead to an increase in the concentration of the above substance in the blood (hyperammonemia). Ammonia hydroxide is involved in the regulation acid-base balance in the body.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

When inhaled, it acts on the receptors of the upper respiratory tract, stimulating the reflex-respiratory center. Excitation from receptors through fibers in the central nervous system, where changes occur in the nerve centers, and then in the organs innervated by them. It also has a reflex effect on the work of the heart and vascular tone.

When ingested in small concentrations, it also reflexively excites the vomiting center and causes vomiting.

The “distracting action” is carried out through skin-visceral reflexes - when applied to the skin, it causes changes in the corresponding segmentally located organs or muscles, which causes restoration of functions. Suppressing the focus of excitation, supporting pathological process, reduces muscle tension and pain, eliminates vascular spasm.

At the site of application, it irritates skin receptors and therefore causes the release of active substances, as a result of which blood vessels dilate, nutrition and tissue regeneration improve, and there is an increased outflow of metabolites.

Its disinfectant and antiseptic action is associated with the ability to coagulate microbial cell proteins in high concentrations. Therefore, it must be remembered that when long-term exposure irritant effect can turn into a cauterizing, which is accompanied by the development of swelling, hyperemia and soreness.

Affects the epithelium of the respiratory tract, activating it and increasing the secretion of glands. This is manifested by the expectorant effect of the drug.

Rapidly excreted by the lungs and bronchial glands

Application of ammonia

Technical ammonia or ammonium chloride, the use of which is in demand in engineering and chemistry during tinning and soldering, as a hardener for varnishes and adhesives, and in the manufacture of galvanic cells, is an odorless powder. The only use of this substance in medicine, as a diuretic, is now not used due to toxicity and the emergence of modern, more effective diuretics. This drug has long been out of stock in pharmacies.

Often interested: Ammonium chloride is ammonia? No, these are different substances, Ammonium chloride is an ammonium salt, powder and formula of ammonia NH4Cl. Ammonia is a gas that has a pungent odor and easily liquefies. But ammonia is ammonia, it is a synonym, so do not be surprised if the pharmacy offers it to you, instead of the ordered alcohol.

The use of ammonium salt in medicine

B medical practice and ammonia is currently used, or rather, a 10% aqueous solution of it, which is called ammonia. Formula -NH4OH. The sharp smell of ammonia irritates the receptors of the nasal mucosa and causes excitation of the respiratory and vasomotor center. As a result, it causes rapid breathing and an increase in blood pressure, therefore, with fainting or alcohol poisoning let the vapors of this alcohol be inhaled.

Confusing concepts or reducing them, they often say "ammonia from a hangover" or "ammonia from intoxication", which is incorrect. Ammonia is indeed used in these conditions, it can be given not only to smell, but also to drink. Take 5-6 drops per glass of water.

Ammonia solution in the form of ammonia-anise drops has an expectorant effect, and 0.1% solutions are used for panaritiums, boils, as an anti-inflammatory agent. It is also a good antiseptic and disinfectant.

What else do you need to know about ammonia? In the human body, as a result of the deamination of amino acids, purine nucleotides and other nitrogen-containing compounds, ammonia is formed. It is neutralized by the biosynthesis of urea. Part of the ammonia is spent on the synthesis of glutamic, aspartic acids, amino acids, a small amount of ammonia is excreted in the urine. Thus, this substance is present in the blood and urine. In the blood of ammonia contains 7-21 mmol, and in the daily urine - 29-59 mmol. With an increased protein content in food, with serious illnesses liver and kidneys, the level of ammonia in the blood rises. Increased excretion of it in the urine is noted with acidosis, dehydration and starvation. Under these conditions, as well as during intense physical exertion, if muscle protein is intensively used with a lack of carbohydrates in the diet, or during training against the background of starvation, you can smell "ammonia" in the nose.

Summing up all of the above, we can name the indications for the use of ammonia.

Indications for use

• treatment of the surgeon's hands (0.5% solution);
• excitation of breathing during fainting;
• insect bites (externally);
• for provoking vomiting (in a diluted form!);
• as an expectorant (in a combined preparation);
• toxic effect of alcohol;
• myositis, neuralgia (externally).

Contraindications

• dermatitis, pyoderma, eczema (for local use);
• hypersensitivity to the drug;
• age up to 12 years;
• with caution during pregnancy and lactation.

Side effects

• respiratory arrest (if inhaled in high concentrations);
• burns of the skin and mucous membranes.

Instructions for use (Method and dosage)

When fainting, cotton wool moistened with ammonia is brought to the patient's nose. Cotton wool should be kept 5 cm from the nose, since contact with the skin can cause burns. Inhalation of ammonia vapor excites the nerve endings of the respiratory tract, impulses are transmitted to the respiratory center, which is reflexively excited, while the patient regains consciousness.

For insect bites, lotions are made. With myositis, rubbing with ammonia liniment is used.

Inside for provoking vomiting is used only in diluted form - 5-7 drops per 100 ml of water. Undiluted drug, taken orally, causes burns of the esophagus.

Overdose

Inhalation of ammonia vapor in large quantities causes a decrease in heart rate, as well as reflex respiratory arrest.

If the drug is taken orally in large quantities, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting with the smell of ammonia, agitation, convulsions appear. With an inhalation overdose - runny nose, cough, respiratory arrest, swelling of the larynx. For external use in large doses burns appear.

Interaction

When used simultaneously with acids, ammonia neutralizes them.

Ammonia is a real lifesaver for any housewife. Use it to solve everyday problems. it penny remedy can truly work wonders.

Ammonia or ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH 3 . It is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia greatly contributes to the nutritional requirements of land-dwelling organisms by acting as a precursor to food and fertilizer. Ammonia is also directly or indirectly a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercially available cleaning products. Despite widespread use, ammonia is corrosive and dangerous. World production ammonia in 2012 is expected to be 198 million tons, a 35% increase in world production in 2006, which amounted to 146.5 million tons.

Ammonia used commercially is often referred to as anhydrous ammonia. This term emphasizes the absence of water in the material. Because NH3 boils at -33.34°C at 1 atmosphere pressure, the liquid must be stored at high pressure or low temperature. "Household ammonia" or "ammonium hydroxide" is an aqueous solution of NH 3. The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale (density), where 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% ammonia by weight at 15.5°C) is the usual high concentration of a commercially available product. The concentration of household ammonia varies from 5 to 10 weight percent ammonia.

4 NH 3 + 3 O 2 → 2 N 2 + 6 H 2 O ( g) (Δ Hº r \u003d -1267.20 kJ / mol)

Standard enthalpy change of combustion, Δ Hº c, expressed per mole of ammonia and with the condensation of water formed, is −382.81 kJ/mol. Dinitrogen is a thermodynamic combustion product: all oxides of nitrogen are unstable with respect to nitrogen and oxygen, which is the element behind the catalytic converter. However, oxides of nitrogen can be formed as kinetic products in the presence of appropriate catalysts, a reaction of great industrial importance in the production of nitric acid:

4 NH 3 + 5 O 2 → 4 NO + 6 H 2 O

The subsequent reaction leads to water and NO 2

2 NO + O 2 → 2 NO 2

The combustion of ammonia in air is very difficult in the absence of a catalyst (such as platinum mesh) because the flame temperature is usually below the ignition temperature of a mixture of ammonia and air. The flammable range of ammonia in air is 16-25%.

Precursor of nitrogenous compounds

Ammonia is directly or indirectly a precursor to most nitrogen-containing compounds. Virtually all synthetic nitrogen compounds are derived from ammonia. An important derivative product is Nitric acid. This key material is obtained through the Ostwald process by oxidizing ammonia with air over a platinum catalyst at 700-850°C, ~9 atm. Nitric oxide is an intermediate link in this transformation:

NH 3 + 2 O 2 → HNO 3 + H 2 O

Nitric acid is used to make fertilizers, explosives, and many nitrogen-containing organic compounds.

Cleaning agent

Household ammonia is a solution of NH3 in water (i.e. ammonium hydroxide) used as a general purpose cleaner on many types of surfaces. Because ammonia cleaning results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is on glass, porcelain, and stainless steel. It is also often used to clean ovens and soaking items to free them from stubborn dirt. The concentration of household ammonia varies by weight from 5% to 10% ammonia.

Fermentation

Ammonia solutions ranging from 16% to 25% are used in industrial fermentation as a source of nitrogen for microorganisms and to regulate pH during fermentation.

Antimicrobial agent for food products

As early as 1895, ammonia was known to be "a strong antiseptic ... 1.4 grams per liter is required to keep a strong broth." Anhydrous ammonia has been shown to be effective as an antimicrobial agent in animal feed and is now used commercially to reduce or eliminate microbial contamination in beef.

In October 2009, the New York Times reported on the American company Beef Products Inc. This company converted fatty beef trimmings, which averaged 50 to 70% fat, into 3.5 million kg per week of lean finely textured beef ("pink goo") by removing the fat through the application of heat and centrifugation, and then disinfecting lean product ammonia. Ministry Agriculture The U.S. rated the process as effective and safe based on a study (funded by Beef Products) in which the treatment was found to reduce undetectable levels of bacteria. E. Colito.

Further investigation of the newspaper " TheNewYorkTimes”, published in December 2009, revealed concerns about the safety of the process, as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of beef processed under optimal levels ammonia content. The following week, the newspaper ran an editorial titled "More Possible Dangers of Minced Meat", revisiting the issues raised in the news article. A retraction was attached to the editorial a few days later, stating that the article incorrectly claimed two meat recalls due to this process and that "Beef Products Inc.'s meat was in no way associated with any disease or outbursts."

Minor and developing uses

Cooling - R 717

Due to the evaporative properties of ammonia, it is an effective coolant. It was commonly used before the popularization of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration and hockey rinks due to its high energy efficiency and low cost. However, it suffers from its toxicity, which limits its domestic and small-scale use. Along with its use in modern vapor compression refrigeration, it has been used mixed with hydrogen and water in absorption refrigerators. The Kalina cycle, of increasing importance and growing importance for geothermal power plants, depends on the wide boiling range of ammonia water solution.

To purify emissions of impurity gases

Ammonia is used to scavenge SO 2 from burning fossil fuels and the resulting product is converted to ammonium sulfate for use as a fertilizer. Ammonia neutralizes nitrogen oxide (NOx) pollutants emitted by diesel engines. This technology, called SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction), relies on a vanadium-based catalyst. Ammonia can be used to mitigate gaseous phosgene spills.

as a fuel

Ammonia was used during World War II for buses in Belgium and in motor power and solar power until 1900. Liquid ammonia was also used to fuel the Reaction Motors XLR99 rocket engine that powered the X-15 supersonic research aircraft. Although ammonia is not as powerful as other fuels, it does not leave soot in a reusable rocket engine, and its density approximates that of the oxidizer, liquid oxygen, which simplified aircraft design.

Ammonia has been proposed as a practical alternative to fossil fuels for engines internal combustion. The calorific value of ammonia is 22.5 MJ/kg, which is almost half of the calorific value of diesel. In a typical engine in which the water vapor is not condensed, the calorific value of ammonia will be almost 21% less than this number. It can be used in existing engines with only minor carburetor/injector modifications.

Meeting these requirements would require significant capital investment to increase existing levels of production. Although ammonia is the second most common chemical produced, the scale of its production is a small fraction of the world's oil use. It could be produced from renewable energy sources like coal and nuclear power. However, it is significantly less efficient than batteries. The 60 MW Rjukan station in Telemark, Norway, produced ammonia via water electrolysis for many years from 1913, producing fertilizer for much of Europe. When produced from coal, CO 2 can be easily isolated (combustion products - nitrogen and water). In 1981, a Canadian company converted a 1981 Chevrolet Impala to run on ammonia as fuel.

Ammonium-ammonia engines and motors have been proposed and sometimes used, using it as a working fluid. The principle is similar to that used in a steam locomotive, but with ammonia as the working fluid, instead of steam or compressed air. Ammonia engines were experimentally used in the 19th century Goldsworthy Gurney in the UK and on streetcars in New Orleans in the US.

ammonia as a stimulant

Ammonia has found significant use in various sports, especially in weightlifting competitions and in Olympic weightlifting, as a respiratory stimulant. Ammonia is commonly used in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine through Birch reduction. Birch's method of making methamphetamine is dangerous because the alkali metal and liquid ammonia are extremely reactive, and the liquid ammonia's temperature makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when the reagents are added.

Textile

Liquid ammonia is used to treat cotton materials, giving properties similar to mercerization using alkalis. In particular, it is used for pre-washing wool.

lifting gas

At standard temperature and pressure, ammonia is less dense than atmosphere, having approximately 60% of the carrying capacity of hydrogen or helium. Ammonia was sometimes used to fill weather balloons as a lifting gas. Due to its relatively high boiling point (compared to helium and hydrogen), ammonia can potentially be cooled and liquefied on board aircraft to reduce lift and add ballast (and return to gas to add lift and reduce ballast).

woodworking

Ammonia was used to darken radially sawn white oak for furniture in " Arts and Crafts" and "Mission". Ammonia vapor reacts with the natural tannins in the wood and causes it to change color.

The role of ammonia in biological systems and human diseases

Ammonia is an important source of nitrogen for living systems. Although atmospheric nitrogen is present in in large numbers(more than 75%), few living beings are able to use this nitrogen. Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. Some plants rely on ammonia and other nitrogenous waste products that enter the soil with decaying matter. Others, such as nitrogen-fixing legumes, benefit from a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhiza, which form ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen.

Ammonia also plays a role in normal and abnormal animal physiology. It is biosynthesized through normal amino acid metabolism and is toxic at high concentrations. The liver converts ammonia to urea in a series of reactions known as the urea cycle. Liver dysfunction, as in cirrhosis, can lead to elevated content ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). Similarly, defects in the enzymes responsible for the urea cycle, such as ornithine transcarbamylase leading to hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia contributes to the destruction and coma of hepatic encephalopathy, as well as a neurological disease common in people with urea and organic acid urea cycle disorders.

Ammonia is important for normal acid/base balance in animals. After the formation of ammonia from glutamine, α-ketoglutarate can be degraded to form two molecules of bicarbonate, which become available as buffers for dietary acids. Ammonia is excreted in the urine, resulting in acid loss. Ammonia can independently spread through renal tubules, combine with a hydrogen ion, thereby allowing further release of the acid.

Isolation of ammonia

Ammonia ions are toxic waste products of animal metabolism. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is released directly into the water. In mammals, sharks and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea because it is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In birds, reptiles, and earth snails, metabolic ammonia is converted to uric acid, which is solid and can therefore be released with minimal loss of water.

Liquid ammonia as a solvent

Liquid ammonia is the best known and most widely studied non-aqueous ionizing solvent. Its most outstanding property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly colored electrically conductive solutions containing solvated electrons. Apart from these wonderful solutions, most of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions. Comparison physical properties NH 3 and water proves that NH 3 has a lower melting point, boiling point, density, viscosity, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity. It is connected by at least, partly with weaker H binding in NH 3 and because such a bond cannot form cross-linked networks, since each NH 3 molecule has only one isolated pair of electrons compared to two for each H 2 O molecule. The ionic self-dissociation constant of liquid NH 3 at -50°C is approximately 10 -33 mol l 2 ·l -2.

Solubility of salts

Liquid ammonia is an ionizing solvent, although less than water it dissolves a range of ionic compounds including many nitrates, nitrites, cyanides and thiocyanates. Most ammonium salts are soluble and act like acids in liquid ammonia solutions. The solubility of halogen salts increases from fluoride to iodide. A saturated solution of ammonium nitrate contains 0.83 mol of solution per mol of ammonia and has a vapor pressure of less than 1 bar even at 25°C.

Metal solutions

Liquid ammonia dissolves alkali metals and other electropositive metals such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, europium and ytterbium. At low concentration (<0,06 моль/л) образуются темно-синие растворы: они содержат катионы металла и сольватированные электроны, свободные электроны, которые окружены клеткой молекул нашатырного спирта.

These solutions are very useful as strong reducing agents. At higher concentrations, the solutions are metallic in appearance and electrical conductivity. At low temperatures, the two kinds of solution can coexist as immiscible phases.

Recovery-oxidation properties of liquid ammonia

The range of thermodynamic stability of liquid ammonia solutions is very narrow, since the potential for oxidation to dinitrogen, E° (N 2 + 6NH 4 + + 6e - ⇌ 8NH 3), is only +0.04 V. In practice, both oxidation to dinitrogen and reduction to dinitrogen are slow. This is especially true for reducing solutions: the solutions of the alkali metals mentioned above are stable for several days, slowly decomposing to the metal amide and dihydrogen. Most studies involving liquid ammonia are conducted under reconstitution conditions; although the oxidation of liquid ammonia is usually slow, there is still a risk of explosion, especially if transition metal ions are present as possible catalysts.

Detection and definition

Ammonia and ammonia salts can be easily detected in trace amounts by adding Nessler's solution. It gives a distinct yellow color in the presence of the least trace of ammonia or ammonia salts. To detect small leaks in industrial ammonia cooling systems, sulfur sticks are burned. Larger quantities can be detected by heating salts with caustic alkali or with quicklime, when the characteristic smell of ammonia immediately becomes apparent. The amount of ammonia in ammonia salts can be quantified by distilling the salts with sodium or potassium hydroxide, the separated ammonia is absorbed in a known volume of standard sulfuric acid, and then the excess acid is determined volumetrically. Alternatively, ammonia can be taken up in hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride, thus forming a precipitate such as ammonium hexachloroplatinate (NH 4) 2 PtCl 6 .

Ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 - N)

Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) is a measure commonly used to test the amount of ammonium ions naturally produced from ammonia and reverted to ammonia through organic processes in water or waste liquid. This measure is mainly used to measure quantities in waste and water treatment systems, and to assess the health of natural and artificial water resources. It is measured in units of mg/l (milligrams per litre).

Interstellar space

Ammonia was first discovered in interstellar space in 1968 based on microwave radiation from the direction of the galactic core. It was the first polyatomic molecule discovered in this way. The sensitivity of the molecule to a wide range of excitations and the ease with which it can be observed in a number of areas have made ammonia one of the most important molecules for molecular cloud studies. The relative intensity of ammonia lines can be used to measure the temperature of the radiation medium.

The following isotopic varieties of ammonia have been found:

NH 3 , 15 NH 3 , NH 2 D, NHD 2 , and ND 3

The discovery of thrice-deuterated ammonia was considered a surprise, since deuterium is relatively scarce. It is believed that low temperature conditions allow this molecule to survive and accumulate. The ammonia molecule has also been found in the atmospheres of gas giant planets, including Jupiter, along with other gases like methane, hydrogen, and helium. The interior of Saturn may include frozen crystals of ammonia. It is found naturally on Deimos and Phobos, the moons of Mars.

Since its interstellar discovery, NH 3 has proven to be an invaluable spectroscopic tool in the study of the interstellar medium. With a large number of transitions sensitive to a wide range of excitation conditions, NH 3 has been widely detected by astronomers, and its discovery has been reported in hundreds of journal articles.

Antenna detection

Radio observations of NH3 from 100 m of the Effelsberg radio telescope reveal that the ammonia line is divided into two components - a background ridge and a solid core. The background is in good agreement with the locations previously found by the COs. The 25m Chilbolton telescope in England has detected ammonia radio signatures in H II regions, HNH 2 O masers, H-H objects and other objects associated with star formation. A comparison of the emission linewidth indicates that turbulent or systematic velocities do not increase in the central cores of molecular clouds.

Microwave ammonia has been observed in several galactic objects, including W3(O), Orion A, W43, W51, and five sources at the center of the galaxy. The high percentage of detection indicates that it is a common molecule in the interstellar medium and that high density regions are common in the galaxy.

Interferometric studies

Superlarge array NH 3 observations in seven regions with high velocity gas outflows revealed condensations of less than 0.1 pc in L1551, S140 and Cepheus A. Three distinct condensations were found in Cepheus A, one of them with a very elongated shape. They may play an important role in the formation of a bipolar outflow in the area.

Extragalactic ammonia has been imaged using an extra-large array in IC 342. The temperature of the hot gas is above 70 K, which has been inferred from the ammonia line relationships and appears to be closely related to the interior of the core bar seen in CO. NH 3 was measured with an extra-large array in the direction of a sample of four galactic ultra-compact HII regions: G9.62+0.19, G10.47+0.03, G29.96-0.02, and G31.41+0.31. Based on temperature and density diagnostics, it was concluded that, in general, such clumps are likely sites of massive star formation in the early evolutionary phase prior to the development of the ultra-compact HII region.

infrared detection

Absorption at 2.97 micrometers, corresponding to solid ammonia, has been recorded from interstellar crystals in the Böcklin–Neugebauer object and possibly also in NGC2264-IR. This discovery helped explain the physical form of previously poorly understood and related ice absorption lines.

The spectrum of Jupiter's disk was obtained from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, covering the spectrum range from 100 to 300 cm −1 . Spectrum analysis provides information on the global average properties of ammonia gas and ammonia ice mist.

In total, the positions of 149 dark clouds were examined to prove "dense cores" using (J, K) = (1,1) a rotating NH 3 inversion line. In general, nuclei are not spherical, with an aspect ratio ranging from 1.1 to 4.4. It is also found that cores with stars have broader lines than cores without stars.

Ammonia has been found in the Dragon Nebula and one or possibly two molecular clouds that are associated with high-latitude galactic infrared cirrus clouds. These are important data because they may reflect the birthplaces for Population I metallicity B-type stars in the galactic halo that could be carried in the galactic disk.

Scope of astronomical observations and research

The study of interstellar ammonia has been important to a number of areas of research in the past decades. Some of these are defined below and mainly involve the use of ammonia as an interstellar thermometer.

Observations of neighboring dark clouds

By balancing and stimulating radiation with direct radiation, it is possible to build a relationship between excitation temperature and density. Moreover, since the transition levels of ammonia can be approximated by a 2-level system at low temperature, this calculation is quite simple. This premise can be applied to dark clouds, regions believed to have extremely cold temperatures, and possible sites for the formation of future stars. Detection of ammonia in dark clouds shows very narrow lines - this is an indicator not only of low temperatures, but also of low levels of turbulence within the cloud. Line ratio calculations provide a cloud temperature measurement that is independent of previous CO observations. The ammonia observations were consistent with CO measurements of rotation temperatures of ~10 K. At the same time, the density can be determined and calculated for a location between 10 4 and 10 5 cm −3 in dark clouds. NH 3 cartography gives typical cloud sizes of 0.1 pc and masses of about 1 solar mass. These cold, dense cores are where future stars form.

AreasUCHII

Ultra-compact HII regions are among the best milky atoms of massive star formation. The dense material surrounding the UCHII regions is probably mostly molecular. Since a complete study of the formation of massive stars necessarily involves the cloud from which the star is formed, ammonia is an invaluable tool in understanding this surrounding molecular material. Since this molecular material can be spatially dissolved, heat/ionization sources, temperature, mass, and region sizes can be limited. The Doppler-shifted velocity components allow for the separation of distinct regions of molecular gas, which can trace outflows and hot cores originating from forming stars.

extragalactic detection

Ammonia has been found in outer galaxies, and by measuring several lines simultaneously, one can directly measure the temperature of the gas in these galaxies. The line ratios imply that the gas temperature is warm (~50 K), originating from dense clouds tens of pc in size. This pattern is consistent with that within our Milky Way galaxy - hot, dense molecular nuclei form around newly formed stars embedded in clouds of larger molecular material on a scale of several hundred pc (giant molecular clouds; GMOs).

Precautionary measures

The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a 15-minute exposure limit for ammonia gas of 35 ppmv in ambient air and an 8-hour exposure limit of 25 ppmv. NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) recently reduced IDLH levels from 500 to 300 based on recent more conservative interpretations of the original 1943 study. irreversible health effects. Other organizations have different levels of exposure.

Maximum Permissible Concentration US Navy Standards (1962 American Bureau of Ships): Continuous exposure (60 days): 25 ppm/1 hour: 400 ppm. Ammonia vapor has a sharp, irritating, pungent odor that acts as a warning of a potentially harmful effect. The average odor threshold is 5 ppm, well below any threat or damage. Exposure to very high concentrations of ammonia gas can cause lung damage and death. Although ammonia is legal in the United States as a non-flammable gas, it still meets the definition of a material that is poisonous by inhalation and requires a permit to ship in excess of 13,248 liters.

Toxicity

The toxicity of ammonia solutions usually does not cause problems for humans and other mammals, since there is a certain mechanism that prevents its accumulation in the bloodstream. Ammonia is converted to carbamoyl phosphate by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, then enters the urea cycle to be incorporated into amino acids or excreted in the urine. However, fish and amphibians do not have this mechanism, as they can usually remove ammonia from the body by direct excretion. Ammonia, even in dilute concentrations, is very toxic to aquatic animals and is therefore classified as environmentally hazardous.

Storage

Like propane, anhydrous ammonia boils below room temperature. A 3626 bar vessel is suitable for storing liquid. Ammonium compounds should never be allowed to come into contact with bases (unless it is an intentional and hostile reaction), as dangerous amounts of ammonia gas may be released.

domestic use

Ammonia solutions (5-10% by weight) are used as household cleaners, particularly for glass. These solutions irritate the eyes and mucous membranes (respiratory and digestive tract) and, to a lesser extent, the skin. Care should be taken to never mix the chemical with any liquid containing bleach, as the result may be the formation of a poisonous gas. Mixing with products containing chlorine or strong oxidizing agents such as household bleach may result in the formation of hazardous compounds such as chloramines.

The use of ammonia solutions in the laboratory

The hazard of ammonia solutions depends on the concentration: "thinned" solutions of ammonia are usually 5-10% by weight (<5,62 моль/л); «концентрированные» растворы обычно готовятся на >25% by weight. A 25% (w/w) solution has a density of 0.907 g/cm 3 and a lower density solution will be more concentrated. The European Union classification of ammonia solutions is shown in the table.

S-turns: (S1/2), S16, S36/37/39, S45, S61.

Vapors of ammonia or concentrated ammonia solutions are highly irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract, these solutions should only be moved in a gas trap. Saturated ("0.880") solutions can develop significant pressure inside a closed bottle in warm weather, the bottle must be opened carefully; this is usually not a problem for a 25% ("0.900") solution.

Ammonia solutions should not be mixed with halogens as poisonous and/or explosive products are formed. Prolonged contact of ammonia solutions with silver, mercury, or iodide salts can also lead to the formation of explosive products: such mixtures often form in qualitative chemical analysis and should be slightly oxidized, but not concentrated (<6% вес/объем) перед утилизацией по завершении теста.

Use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid) in the laboratory

Anhydrous ammonia is classified as toxic ( T) and hazardous to the environment ( N). The gas is flammable (autoignition temperature 651°C) and can form explosive mixtures with air (16-25%). The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) in the US is 50 ppm (35 mg/m3), while the IDLH (Immediate Danger to Life and Health) concentration is estimated at 300 ppm. Repeated exposure to ammonia reduces the sensitivity to the smell of the gas: usually the smell is detectable at a concentration of less than 50 ppm, but people with reduced sensitivity may not detect it even at a concentration of 100 ppm. Anhydrous ammonia will corrode alloys containing copper and zinc, so copper fittings should not be used to move gas. Liquid ammonia can also attack rubber and certain plastics.

Ammonia actively reacts with halogens. Nitrogen triiodide, the main highly explosive substance, is formed by the contact of ammonia with iodine. Ammonia causes explosive polymerization of ethylene oxide. It also forms explosive detonating compounds with gold, silver, mercury, germanium or tellurium compounds and with stibine. Violent reactions have also been reported with acetaldehyde, hypochlorite solutions, potassium ferricyanide, and peroxides.

Ammonia and ammonia are synonyms for the same chemical compound. This is the name of a 10% aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide, a substance with a specific pungent odor. In addition to being widely used in many branches of medicine, the drug greatly facilitates the life of housewives, helping to save money and time. With the help of a penny preparation, you can clean the mirror surfaces, accelerate the growth of plants and return the lost whiteness to things.

Ammonia solution (in Latin Liquor Ammonii caustici) is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor that disappears in the open air a few minutes after using the solution. Ammonia quickly brings a person to life with dizziness or fainting. In a hospital, with the help of an ammonia solution, people who have gone over with alcoholic beverages are sobered up.

Manufacturers produce ammonia in bottles of 40 and 100 ml. If you purchase a container of a larger volume, you can save a lot, since the drug has a long shelf life.

Despite the simplicity of the chemical formula, there is often confusion with the names. Ammonia solution and ammonia are one and the same. And ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent odor, which, under certain conditions, takes the form of a liquid.

In everyday life, you can successfully use the therapeutic properties of ammonia, which:

• excites the respiratory center;
• has an antiseptic and disinfectant effect;
• warms and anesthetizes muscles and joints;
• provokes vomiting in case of poisoning;
• promotes sputum discharge in case of catarrhal bronchopulmonary pathologies.

Relatives often bring chronic alcoholics to life with a cotton swab soaked in ammonia solution. But this should be done with caution - the instructions for use warn that it is possible to burn the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and oral cavity. When taken orally, to induce vomiting during intoxication, the drug should be diluted as much as possible so as not to aggravate the victim's poor health.

Do not use ammonia solution as the main treatment. The maximum healing effect can be achieved by using ammonia as a complex therapy drug. For example, joint pain is treated with special anti-inflammatory ointments, and ammonia solution is used as a distraction.

Ammonia and ammonia are completely different chemical compounds. When purchasing a drug in a pharmacy, you should correctly pronounce the name of the necessary medication. Ammonium chloride is ammonium chloride, a white, odorless crystalline powder. It is also sold in the prescription and manufacturing departments of pharmacies. Ammonium chloride (in Latin Ammonii chloridi) has diuretic properties, which allows it to be used in the treatment of cardiac edema. Men often buy powder to remove the oxide film from metal surfaces when soldering.

How to remove stains with a pharmaceutical preparation

An effective stain remover is ammonia. Where modern detergent chemicals fail, ammonia solution shows excellent results. Ammonia has found application in cleaning carpets, upholstered furniture, outerwear. After application to the surface, the unpleasant smell of the solution quickly disappears, and there is no trace of grease and oil. To remove stains from suede shoes or bags, apply the solution to a cotton pad and moisten the stained area. If necessary, the procedure can be repeated several times until the surface is completely cleaned.

It is impossible to use a 10% pharmaceutical preparation for cleansing, as it acts excessively aggressively on tissues. The optimal concentration of stain removal solution is 2%. To prepare it, add five parts of water to one part of 10% ammonia and shake thoroughly.

You need to properly dilute the ammonia, and ammonia will clean the surfaces within a few minutes. Unlike household chemicals, it does not form foam, which can be difficult for housewives to get rid of. In order for the stain to disappear after the first treatment, it is necessary to apply a freshly prepared solution to it and rub it lightly into the fabric surface. You can fix the result by washing clothes in a washing machine as usual.

Surface cleaning

Ammonia (ammonia) has the ability to remove contaminants from any hard surface. With the help of a pharmacy drug, you can clean up fresh and old stains:

• window panes;
• mirrors;
• kitchen furniture and refrigerator;
• chandeliers, lamps, sconces;
• glass and porcelain dishes;
• sink, toilet, bathtub.

To clean all of the above surfaces, ammonia is used in the form of a 10% solution. It should be applied to the sponge and carefully treat the contaminated areas. If the stain does not disappear the first time, you can apply the product for 1-2 hours.

Many housewives know how difficult it is to remove old fat from the side walls of a gas or electric stove. And in this case, ammonia will come to the rescue. It is necessary to mix your favorite detergent and ammonia solution in equal proportions, and then apply the resulting mixture to the contaminated surface. After half an hour, simply wash the stove with clean water.

After using ammonia, it is easy to understand the difference between it and household chemicals. The pharmaceutical preparation practically does not leave hard-to-remove stains on enameled and tiled surfaces. Housewives do not have to eliminate them for a long time with a glass cleaner and a soft cloth. The main thing to remember is that when cleaning kitchen furniture, you need to turn off the gas stove.

A few more ways to use the drug in everyday life

If a fungus has appeared in the kitchen or in the bathroom, then ammonia will perfectly cope with the problem, the instructions for use of which indicate its disinfectant effect. The chemical compound has the ability to destroy mold and prevent its occurrence. To remove dark plaque, moisten a sponge with a 10% ammonia solution and thoroughly clean the joints between the tiles.

What other use does the drug find in everyday life?

• Removing grease and dirt from combs.
• Removing plaque from silver and gold jewelry.
• Destruction of house ants.
• Treatment of corns and dry calluses.
• Cleaning irons.

Despite the pungent smell, the best way to eliminate the stuffy air in the room is ammonia. To do this, moisten several cotton pads with a 10% ammonia solution and place them in different corners of the room. After a few minutes, the smell of the drug will disappear, and with it other unpleasant odors.

The use of ammonia solution in horticulture is based on the properties of the drug to accelerate the growth of seedlings and adult plants. In addition, ammonia has a negative effect on the larvae of garden pests. When a chemical compound gets on the hard shells of caterpillars and beetles, the disinfectant provokes their destruction. Ammonia is an excellent fertilizer and root stimulator.

The scope of ammonia is not limited to cleaning stains and giving shine to mirror surfaces. There are many ways to facilitate housekeeping with the help of this pharmacological preparation. But you need to be careful when working with it. After contact with the solution on the skin or mucous membranes, rinse them under running cool water.