Fractures, dislocations, bruises, first aid. Types and signs of fractures. Signs of dislocations in the joints. Rules and methods of first aid for fractures of bones and dislocations. Tire rules. Splinting and joint immobilization for individual

Dislocations are called persistent displacement of the articular parts of the articulating bones, accompanied by damage to the articular bag. Dislocation signs are:

• change in the shape of the joint;
• uncharacteristic position of the limb;
• pain;
• springy fixation of the limb when trying to give it a physiological position;
• dysfunction of the joint.

The most common traumatic dislocations are caused by excessive movement in the joint. This happens, for example, when strong blow in the area of ​​​​the joint, falling. As a rule, dislocations are accompanied by a rupture of the articular bag and separation of the articular articular surfaces. An attempt to compare them does not bring success and is accompanied by severe pain and springy resistance. Sometimes dislocations are complicated by fractures - fracture-dislocations. Reposition traumatic dislocation should be as early as possible.

Help with dislocations

Since any, even a slight movement of a limb causes unbearable pain, first of all, you must fix the limb in the position in which it ended up, providing it with peace at the stage of hospitalization. For this, transport tires, special bandages or any available means are used. To immobilize the upper limb, you can use a scarf, the narrow ends of which are tied through the neck. In case of dislocation of the lower limb, tires or boards are placed under it and from the sides and the limb is bandaged to them. In case of dislocation of the fingers of the hand, the entire hand is immobilized to any flat solid surface. In the area of ​​​​the joints between the tire and the limb, a layer of cotton wool is laid. In case of dislocation of the lower jaw, a sling-like bandage is brought under it (reminiscent of a bandage worn on the hand by the attendants), the ends of which are tied in a cross way at the back of the head.

After applying a splint or fixing bandage, the patient must be hospitalized to reduce the dislocation.

Signs of a fracture

Fractures are called damage to the bone with a violation of its integrity. Fractures can be closed (without damage to the skin) and open (with damage to the skin). Bone fractures are also possible.

The signs of a fracture are:

• deformity of the limb at the fracture site;
• impossibility of limb movement;
• limb shortening;
• crunching of bone fragments under the skin;
• pain with axial tapping (along the bone);
• with a fracture of the pelvic bones - the inability to tear the leg off the surface on which the patient lies.

If the fracture is accompanied by damage to the skin, it is not difficult to recognize it in the presence of bone fragments protruding into the wound. It is more difficult to establish closed fractures. The main signs of bruises and fractures - pain, swelling, hematoma, impossibility of movement - coincide. You should focus on the sensation of crunching in the area of ​​​​the fracture and pain during axial load. Last symptom checked with light tapping along the axis of the limb. This gives rise to sharp pain at the site of the fracture.

Help with fractures

At closed fractures, just like with dislocations, it is necessary to ensure limb immobilization and rest. Immobilization means include tires, accessories. In case of fractures of the hip and shoulder bones, tires are applied, capturing three joints (ankle, knee, femoral and wrist, elbow and shoulder). In other cases, two joints are fixed - above and below the fracture site. In no case should you try to match the bone fragments - this can cause bleeding.

With open fractures, you will have two tasks: to stop the bleeding and immobilize the limb. If you see that blood is pouring out in a pulsating stream (arterial bleeding), a tourniquet should be applied above the bleeding site (see First Aid for Bleeding). After stopping the bleeding, apply an aseptic (sterile) bandage to the wound area and immobilize. If the blood is poured out in a uniform stream, apply a pressure aseptic bandage and immobilize.

When immobilizing a limb, two joints should be immobilized - above and below the fracture site. And in case of a fracture of the femur and crying bone, three joints are immobilized (see above). Do not forget that the tire is not laid on bare skin - clothes or cotton must be placed under it.

You should know that with an open or closed (with displacement of bone fragments) fracture of large bones, it is necessary urgent hospitalization and reposition (restoration of the anatomical position) of the bones in a hospital setting. If more than 2 hours have passed after the fracture, and the bone fragments are not compared, the most severe complication is probably fat embolism, which can lead to death or disability of the patient. Knowing this, insist in the emergency room that your patient receive urgent care.

Assume fractures of the bones of the limbs in the victim should be in the following cases:

If the position of the limb is unnatural (the heel or hand is turned out);

The limb is deformed and swollen;

If bone fragments protrude from the wound (an indisputable sign open fracture bones).

With fractures and dislocations, the main task of first aid is to give the diseased limb the most comfortable, calm position and keep it completely immobile. This rule is mandatory not only in order not to damage the tissues surrounding the fracture site.

The person providing assistance does not find out what exactly is taking place - a fracture or dislocation, since only a doctor should correct the dislocation. It is necessary to maintain the most relaxed position of the injured part of the body (immobilization) and during the delivery of the victim to medical institution. Its prompt delivery to a medical institution is also very important.

In case of fractures, in no case should you make sudden movements with the affected limb, it is forbidden to pull on it, it cannot be turned. With an open fracture, bone fragments should not be pushed into the wound.

With an open fracture, the damaged area should first be treated as a wound, and then as a fracture. Then the limbs or parts of the body with a fracture provide a state of rest (immobilization) by applying a splint or other improvised means. This reduces pain and prevents shock. If the victim is thirsty, then he should be given mineral water to drink if possible.

Immobilization is carried out by means of splints, most often made from improvised materials, and by applying bandages. Incorrectly performed immobilization can cause harm as a result of additional traumatization, especially when carrying and transporting. For example, insufficient immobilization of a closed fracture can turn it into an open one and thereby worsen the injury and worsen the outcome.

Rice. 7.18 Splinting for hip fracture

Basic principles of immobilization:

The tire must necessarily capture two joints (above and below the fracture), and sometimes three joints (for hip fractures (Fig. 7.18),

When immobilizing a limb, it is necessary, if possible, to give it a natural physiological position, and if this is not possible, then such a position in which the limb is least injured;

In case of open fractures (with skin damage at the fracture site), the fragments are not reduced, a sterile bandage is applied and the limb is fixed in the position in which it is immediately after the injury;

With closed fractures, it is not necessary to remove clothes from the victim;

With open fractures, a sterile dressing must be applied to the wound;

It is impossible to impose a hard tire directly on the body, it is necessary to put a soft pad (cotton wool, towel).

Fractures and dislocations of the lower extremities. Signs: pain along the bone, swelling, unnatural shape in a place where there is no joint (with a fracture). First aid is to strengthen the diseased limb with a splint, board, plywood plate, stick, cardboard or some other similar object so that one end of the plate goes above the edge of the pelvis to the armpit, and the other reaches the heel (Fig. 7.18). This creates complete rest for the entire lower limb. If possible, the splint is applied without raising the legs, but only holding it in place, pushing the bandages with a stick under the lower back, knee and heel. A cold object should be applied to the injury site.

Skull fracture. A fall (hit) to the head or a blow to the head that causes unconsciousness, bleeding from the ears or mouth suggests the possibility of a skull fracture. First aid in this case consists in applying cold objects to the head (snow, ice, cold lotions, etc.).

Spinal fracture. When falling from a height (for example, from a support) or during collapses, if there is a suspicion that the spine is broken (sharp pain in the spine, it is impossible to bend your back and turn around), the first aid is as follows: gently slip a board under the victim without lifting him, or turn him face down on his stomach and strictly monitor that when lifting the victim, his torso does not bend (to avoid damage spinal cord).

Fractures and dislocations of the clavicle. Signs - pain in the collarbone and pronounced swelling. First aid: put a small lump of cotton wool, gauze or some other matter into the armpit of the affected side; an arm bent at the elbow at a right angle, bandage the arm below the elbow to the body, tie it with a scarf to the neck. A cold object should be applied to the damaged area.

Fractures and dislocations of the bones of the hands. Signs - pain along the bone, a changed shape of the limb, unnatural mobility in a place where there is no joint (in the presence of a fracture), swelling. First aid is to apply appropriate splints. If there were no tires, then, just like with a fracture of the collarbone, hang and bandage the arm to the body, but without placing a roller in the armpit. If the arm (in case of dislocation) lags behind the body, place something soft between the arm and the body (for example, a bundle of clothes).

Fractures and dislocations of the bones of the hand and fingers. If a fracture or dislocation of the bones of the hand is suspected, the hand should be bandaged to a wide (palm-wide) splint so that the splint starts from the middle of the forearm and ends at the end of the fingers. Previously, a lump of cotton wool, a bandage, etc. is put into the palm so that the fingers are slightly bent over them. A cold object is applied to the injury site.

The injured arm can be fixed with a scarf (tie the arm below the elbow with it) or use the floor of the jacket for this (Fig. 7.19).

Rice. 7.19. Suspension of the hand on the field of the jacket

Rib fracture. Signs are pain on breathing, coughing, sneezing, and moving. First aid is to tightly bandage the chest or pull it off with a towel while exhaling.

First aid for bruises. If there is confidence that the victim received only a bruise, and not a fracture or dislocation, then cold should be applied to the site of the bruise (snow, ice, a rag moistened with cold water) and tightly bandage the bruised area.

In the absence of damage to the skin, lubricate it with iodine, rub it and apply a warm compress, as all this only increases the pain. With abdominal bruises, the presence fainting, sharp pallor of the face and severe pain, you should immediately call a doctor or send the victim to the hospital (ruptures are possible internal organs followed by internal bleeding). The same should be done with severe bruises of the whole body.

First aid for bruises, fractures, dislocations, sprains and prolonged compression syndrome

Injury- the most common fork of soft tissue damage, when the integrity of the skin is not violated.

Bruises result from impact on soft tissues blunt objects, falling or hitting hard objects. Bruises are characterized by severe pain at the time of receipt and in the first hours after the injury, persistence for a certain time of soreness and difficulty in movement in the area of ​​the injured part of the body, as well as the appearance of swelling and bruising (bruising) at the site of the bruise. With bruises, superficially located tissues and internal organs can be damaged. When providing first aid to the victim, apply pressure bandage, give an elevated position to the affected part of the body, apply cold at the site of injury (ice or cold water in the bubble, cold lotion), create peace.

Sometimes as a result of an injury occurs nose bleed. In this case, the victim should be seated, slightly tilting the torso forward. Shove into a bleeding nostril cotton swab moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution or just with cold water, pinch the nostril with your fingers and hold for about 5 minutes. An ice pack or piece of cloth soaked in cold water can be placed on the nose area. Do not lay the victim horizontally or throw your head back strongly, as blood entering the throat can cause vomiting. If a blood is coming strongly and, despite all efforts, does not stop, it is necessary to call an ambulance.

In case of head injuries, a bruise or concussion of the brain is possible. Signs of a brain injury are headaches, nausea, sometimes vomiting, the consciousness of the victim is preserved. A concussion is accompanied by loss of consciousness, nausea and vomiting, severe headaches, dizziness. First aid for a bruise and concussion is to create complete rest for the affected person and apply cold to the head.

Severe bruising of the chest or abdomen may be accompanied by damage to internal organs and internal bleeding. In this case, it is necessary to put cold on the site of the bruise and urgently deliver the affected person to medical institution.

A sanitary stretcher is used to transport the affected person (Fig. 63). In their absence, the stretcher can be made from improvised materials: from two poles connected with wooden spacers and interlaced with straps (rope, belts), from a mattress cover and two poles, from two bags and two poles, etc. (Fig. 64). You can carry the affected person on the back, on the shoulder, on the hands with and without the use of improvised means (straps, belts, etc. - Fig. 65).

Rice. 63. Sanitary stretcher in expanded and folded form

Rice. 64. Stretcher from improvised materials

Rice. 65. Methods of transporting the affected

fracture

fracture- this is a complete or partial violation of the integrity of the bone that has arisen under external mechanical action.

Fractures can be closed and open (Fig. 66). With closed fractures, integrity is not violated skin, with open - there is a wound at the fracture site. The most dangerous are open fractures.

The main signs of fractures are pain, swelling, bruising. abnormal mobility at the fracture site, dysfunction of the limb. In open fractures, bone fragments may be visible in the wound.

Rice. 66. Closed fracture of the bones of the forearm (a) and open fracture of the bones of the lower leg (b)

With an open fracture open wound(along its circumference) process in the same way as in the case of injury.

In case of a fracture (open or closed) of the limb, exclude the possibility of its movement. Immobility (immobilization) at the fracture site is provided by the imposition of special splints or improvised means by fixing two nearby joints (above and below the fracture). Previously, the tire should be lined with cotton wool, moss, a rag, etc. The main types of tires: metal ladder and mesh, plywood, special wooden Digerichs (Fig. 67). Improvised means for making tires can serve as strips of plywood, sticks, thin boards, various household items, using which you can ensure immobility at the fracture site.

In case of a fracture of the bones of the skull, the affected person is placed on a stretcher with his stomach down, I put it under his head (face). soft bedding with a recess or use a cotton-gauze circle.

Damaged top and lower jaw fix with a sling-like bandage, while the head is turned to one side in order to avoid retraction of the tongue, which can close the windpipe and cause suffocation.

Rice. 67. Immobilization for hip fracture transport bus Diterichs

In case of clavicle fractures, two cotton-gauze rings are placed on the shoulder girdle area, which are tied on the back, the arm is hung on a scarf.

In case of fractures of the ribs, a tight bandage or tighten the chest with a towel and sew it up.

In case of fractures of the pelvic bones, the affected person is laid on his back on a hard shield (plywood, boards), a rolled coat or blanket is placed under the knees, so that lower limbs were half-bent at the knee joints and slightly apart.

In vertebral fractures in the thoracic and lumbar regions the victim is placed on a solid shield with his stomach down, and in case of fractures in the cervical region - on his back.

The main danger in fractures may be traumatic shock, the main reason for which is pain. Especially often shock develops in open fractures with arterial bleeding.

traumatic shock- a life-threatening complication of severe lesions, which is characterized by a disorder of the activity of the central nervous system, circulation, metabolism and other vital functions.

Shock can be caused by single or repeated severe injuries. Especially often shock occurs with large bleeding, in winter time- when cooling the wounded.

Depending on the time of onset of signs of shock, it can be primary and secondary.

Primary shock appears at the time of injury or shortly after it. secondary shock may occur after helping the affected due to careless transportation.

In the development of traumatic shock, two phases are distinguished - excitation and inhibition. The excitation phase develops immediately after injury as a response of the body to the strongest pain stimuli. At the same time, the affected person shows anxiety, rushes about in pain, screams, asks for help. This phase is short-term (10-20 minutes) and cannot always be detected during first aid. It is followed by inhibition: with full consciousness, the affected person does not ask for help, is inhibited, indifferent to the environment, everything is vital. important features oppressed, the body is cold, the face is pale, the pulse is weak, breathing is barely noticeable.

Depending on the severity of the course, four degrees of traumatic shock are distinguished: mild, moderate, severe shock, extremely severe shock.

The main types of shock prevention are: elimination or relief of pain after injury, stopping bleeding, avoiding hypothermia, careful first aid and gentle transportation. When providing first aid to a person affected in a state of shock, it is necessary to stop life-threatening bleeding, inject an analgesic with a syringe tube, protect from the cold, and in the presence of fractures, carry out transport immobilization.

In cases where there is no syringe tube with an analgesic, the affected person in a state of shock, if there is no penetrating wound of the abdomen, can be given alcohol (wine, vodka, diluted alcohol), hot tea, coffee. The affected person is covered with a blanket and carefully transported on a stretcher to a medical facility as soon as possible.

It is also important to remember that in the presence of a fracture, a hemostatic tourniquet can be applied for the shortest possible time.

Fractures are not always easy to recognize, so doubtful cases first aid is provided in the same way as for fractures.

The basic rule for providing first aid for fractures is to perform, first of all, those methods on which the preservation of the life of the affected person depends: stop arterial bleeding, prevention of traumatic shock, and then the imposition of a sterile dressing on the wound and immobilization with standard or improvised means.

The main goal of immobilization is to achieve immobility of the bones at the fracture site. This reduces pain, which helps prevent traumatic shock. Techniques for immobilization should be naughty.

The methods and sequence of performing first aid for fractures is determined by the severity and localization (place) of the fracture, the presence of bleeding or shock. When applying a bandage to a wound and immobilization, mixing of bone fragments and the transformation of a closed fracture into an open one should not be allowed.

Dislocation

dislocations- offset articular surface bones relative to each other.

Dislocation characterizes swelling, changes in the configuration of the joint, severe pain at the slightest movement. Therefore, first aid for dislocation should be aimed primarily at reducing pain - cold lotions and LSD on the affected area, and if available - the use of painkillers (analgin, amidopyrine). Then you should fix the limb in the position that it took after the injury and consult a doctor. It is unacceptable to "reset" the dislocation on your own.

Sprain

sprains most often occur in the ankle and wrist joints.

Signs of stretching are sharp pain, swelling, bruising, and pain in the joint. When stretching, it is necessary to give an elevated position to the affected part of the body, the application of cold and painkillers, as well as a tight bandage on the joint and ensuring peace and immobility.

In conditions prolonged squeezing soft tissues of individual parts of the body, lower or upper limbs when a person gets into the blockage, a very severe lesion can develop, called syndrome of prolonged compression of the limbs or traumatic toxicity. It is absorbed into the blood toxic substances, which are the decay products of crushed soft tissues.

Affected with traumatic toxicosis complain of pain in the damaged part of the body, nausea, headache, thirsty. On the damaged part, abrasions and dents are visible, repeating outlines of the protruding parts of the crushed objects. The skin is pale, sometimes cyanotic, cold to the touch. The damaged limb 30-40 minutes after its release begins to swell rapidly.

During traumatic toxicosis, 3 periods are distinguished: early, intermediate and late. AT early period immediately after the injury and within two hours, the affected person is excited, consciousness is preserved, he tries to free himself from the blockage, asks for help. After staying in the rubble for two hours, an intermediate period begins. In the body, toxic phenomena are growing. Excitation passes, the affected person becomes relatively calm, gives signals about himself, answers questions, can periodically fall into a drowsy state, dry mouth, thirst, general weakness. Late period general state the victim deteriorates sharply: excitement appears, an inadequate reaction to the environment, consciousness is disturbed, delirium, chills, vomiting occur, the pupils first strongly constrict and then expand, the pulse is weak and frequent. AT severe cases death comes.

When providing first aid for prolonged compression syndrome, after removing the victim from the rubble, a sterile bandage is applied to wounds and abrasions. If the affected person has cold, cyanotic, severely damaged limbs, a tourniquet is applied to them above the place of compression. This stops the absorption of toxic substances from crushed soft tissues into the bloodstream. The tourniquet should not be applied very tightly so as not to completely disrupt the blood flow to the damaged limbs. In cases where the limbs are warm to the touch and not severely damaged, a tight bandage is applied to them. After applying a tourniquet or a tight bandage, the damaged limbs are covered with bubbles with ice or a cloth moistened with cold water, and the most affected person is given an analgesic, and in his absence, he is given alcohol, hot tea, coffee and is warmly covered. Injured limbs, even in the absence of fractures, are immobilized with splints or with the help of improvised means, and the affected person is taken to a medical facility as soon as possible.

Very often a person is injured, the consequences of which can be sprain, rupture of ligaments, tendons, muscles, fracture. The most important thing in such cases is to provide first aid correctly.

stretching – this is a joint injury in which the ligaments cannot withstand tension and are stretched / or torn.

Symptoms of stretching or tearing: violation of the motor function of the joint, sharp pain, swelling of the joint, the appearance of bruising. When a ligament is damaged, the supplying blood vessels located next to it suffer.

First aid: a person who has received a sprain is provided with rest, the affected joint is immobilized. A tight bandage or splint is applied to the joint, and it is cooled for several hours by applying ice or a vessel of cold water ( cold compress) for 12-24 hours, then switch to heat and warm compresses

Then the victim is transported to a medical facility. The dislocation is most easily reduced in the first hours after the injury. Do not try to straighten a dislocated bone on your own.

Fractures - damage to bones with a violation of their integrity , arising from the sudden impact of a significant mechanical force on the healthy bone, at sudden movements, bumps, falls from a height. Also, with a fracture, the integrity of the surrounding soft tissues is violated, and nearby muscles can be injured.

Fracture symptoms: pain, bruising, swelling, bruising, abnormal mobility at the fracture site, lack of mobility in the limb. Active and passive movements are painful and limited.

With fractures of the limbs, they are shortened and curved at the fracture site.

With fractures of the ribs, breathing difficulties appear, when feeling at the fracture site, a crunch of fragments of the rib is heard.

With fractures of the pelvis and spine, urination disorders appear, motor functions. Fractures of the skull bones are accompanied by ear bleeding.

Fractures are:

Closed. With closed fractures, the integrity of the skin is not violated, with open fractures, there is a wound at the fracture site.

- open. Open fractures are fraught with infection in the wound, which can significantly extend the duration of treatment.

Open fractures are determined by the presence of fragments visible from the wound.

Fractures are without displacement and with displacement of bone fragments. Fractures in which only two fragments are formed are called single, fractures with the formation of several fragments are called multiple.

Fractures resulting from the impact of a bullet or projectile fragment are called gunshot. With gunshot fractures, fragmentation of the bone into large or small fragments, crushing of soft tissues in the area of ​​the fracture, or detachment of a part of the limb are observed.

With a severe fracture, the victim goes into shock. Especially often shock develops in open fractures with arterial bleeding.

First aid for fractures includes the following measures:

- stop bleeding (especially arterial);

- prevention of traumatic shock;

- application of sterile or aseptic dressing;

- ensuring the immobility of the limb with special or improvised means;

- anesthesia;

- transportation to medical institutions.

The immobility of the limb is provided by the imposition of special splints or improvised means. To do this, two nearby joints are fixed (above and below the fracture site).

First aid for fractures should be performed with care to avoid displacement of bones and damage to the skin.

In case of fractures of the bones of the head, special care must be taken. After examining the victim, it is necessary to put him on a stretcher with his stomach down, put a soft bedding with a recess under his face, or use a cotton-gauze circle for this purpose.

Damaged upper and lower jaws are fixed with a sling bandage, while the head is turned to the side to avoid retraction of the tongue, which can close the windpipe and cause suffocation.

In case of clavicle fractures, two cotton-gauze rings are applied to the shoulder girdle area, which are tied on the back. The hand is hung on a scarf.

In case of fractures of the ribs, a tight bandage is applied to the chest in the exhalation state or the chest is pulled together with a towel and sewn up.

In case of a fracture of the bones of the forearm, the arm must be bent in elbow joint at a right angle, turn the palm to the chest and fix in this position with a splint or with the help of improvised means. The tire is applied from the base of the fingers to the upper third of the shoulder. The hand is hung on a scarf.

In case of injury shoulder joint and fracture humerus for immobilization, a ladder tire or improvised means are used. The hand is hung on a scarf. In the absence of a tire or improvised means, the injured arm is hung on a scarf and bandaged to the body.

With fractures of the bones of the foot and damage ankle joint for immobilization use a ladder tire or improvised means. The tire is first bent so that it can be placed on the sole of the foot and the back of the lower leg up to its upper third. A recess is made for the heel, in which cotton wool is placed so that there is no pressure on the heel bone. The splint is then applied to the limb and secured. The foot should be fixed at a right angle to the lower leg.

In case of a fracture of the bones of the lower leg, immobilization is carried out in the same way as in case of damage to the ankle joint. Provides immobility in two joints: ankle and knee. With absence necessary funds the injured limb is bandaged to a healthy one.

fractures femur are a severe injury, in which bleeding and traumatic shock often occur. Tires or improvised means in this case superimposed on the lateral surface of the thigh: one - on inside, the other - on the outside. Then the tires are bandaged to the limb and torso.

In case of fractures of the pelvic bones, the victim is placed on his back, on hard surface, under knee-joint enclose a roller so that the legs are half-bent and slightly apart.

Dislocation - this is a persistent displacement of the articular ends of the bones, which causes dysfunction of the joint.

In most cases, a dislocation is a severe injury that sometimes threatens the life of the victim. So, with a dislocation in the cervical spine as a result of compression of the spinal cord, paralysis of the muscles of the arms, legs and torso, respiratory and cardiac activity disorders are possible.

The main signs of traumatic dislocation: sharp pain, change in the shape of the joint, impossibility of movements in it or their limitation.

First aid for dislocation. When providing first aid to the victim at the scene, you should not try to reduce the dislocation, because. this often causes additional trauma.

It is necessary to provide rest to the injured joint by immobilizing it. It is necessary to apply cold to it (ice pack or cold water).

With an open dislocation, a sterile bandage is preliminarily applied to the wound. Do not use warm compresses.

The doctor should correct the dislocation in the first hours after the injury.

Dislocation- this is traumatic injury joint, due to which the bones located in the joint are displaced relative to each other.

As a result, the limb occupies an unnatural position, the affected area swells and sharp pain appears.

First aid for dislocation.

It consists in the rapid reduction and fixation of the correct position of the matched ends of the bones.

If you tighten with first aid, then there may be severe swelling surrounding tissues, which prevents further manipulations with the damaged joint. First aid includes the fixation of the affected limb and the speedy delivery of the victim to the hospital for professional medical care.

Fixation is carried out by various improvised means that have a semblance of a tire. First of all, the doctor performs anesthesia. In order to set the joints of the hand, ankle or fingers, it is enough to inject an anesthetic into the joint. In some cases, conduction anesthesia is used, by injecting an anesthetic into the nerve that is responsible for this joint. With this anesthesia, pain and sensitivity are absent, which allows painless reduction of the joint. With large dislocations (femoral, knee), reduction is performed under anesthesia.

When reducing, it is necessary to relax the muscles, which is achieved by anesthesia or the introduction specialized preparations. Reduction is carried out slowly and without jerks. When comparing the surfaces of the joint, a characteristic click is heard, indicating a successful result. At the end of the procedure, a fixing plaster bandage is applied, which should be worn for up to four weeks.

First aid for broken bones.

It depends on the location of the fracture. The main principle is associated with the fixation of the affected limb, the comparison of bone segments and functional unloading for a long period of time.

Fractures are either closed or open. Open fractures differ from closed fractures in the presence of bleeding. With an open fracture, it is necessary to stop blood loss and treat the wound. In case of trauma to the pelvic bone, the victim is transported with care with the help of several people. Even a slight movement in this injury can lead to displacement of bone fragments, damage to internal organs and cause severe pain. The victim is laid on a hard surface with slightly apart knees and the pelvic region is bandaged.

First aid in case of spinal fracture.

In case of spinal fractures, the victim should be placed on a hard surface as soon as possible. As a result of a fracture of the spine, resulting from a fall from a height to his feet, the victim is not able to adequately assess the situation for the first few minutes after the fall and may refuse medical assistance. The victim should not sit down, bend the spine and bend over, as this can cause damage to the spinal cord and displacement of fragments of the spine. The patient must be transported to the traumatology department. When defeated cervical the spine is transported with a roller placed under the neck. In traumatology, bone fragments are compared and fixed (immobilized) by applying a cast or bandage around the torso.

First aid for broken limbs.

In case of a fracture of a limb, first aid does not differ from that described above. As a result of an open fracture, bone fragments may be visible in the affected area. An independent comparison of the bones cannot be carried out. Fixation of broken limbs is carried out using special tires or improvised means (boards, straight branches, trees). In this case, the main conditions should be observed, which include the capture of the tire with two joints that are below and above the fracture; when the leg is affected, the joints of the leg should not be mobile. The tire is tried on on another person, and not on the victim, and is applied to clothing. The tire should not be located on the side of the open wound. The procedure is best done together, carefully lifting the affected limbs. The tire is fixed with a bandage, belts, fabric and other improvised means.

A shoulder fracture is well fixed with a special splint that can bend at an angle (Kremer's splint). In its absence, fixation is carried out by any improvised means: a bandage or a scarf, which is worn through the neck, while the arm is bent at the elbow joint, forming an angle of 90 degrees.

In case of a fracture of the hand, a piece of cotton wool or tissue is placed in the palm and fixed in this position. A splint is applied from below and fixed by bandaging. To avoid development pain shock specialist doctor performs anesthesia.

Hip fractures should be splinted outer surface to the foot starting from armpit, on inner surface to the foot starting from the groin. If this splinting is not possible, the victim is laid on a flat surface and thus taken to a medical facility.

In case of a fracture of the lower leg, the splint is applied from the middle of the thigh to the sole, from several sides.

First aid for fractures of other bones.

Skull fracture may result in serious complications. The victim should be laid down, the head should be covered with rollers and urgently delivered to the traumatology department.

In case of a fracture of the jaw, fixation with a bandage is also required until medical assistance is provided. For professional fixation of these fractures, there are special splints - sling splints.

Fractures of the ribs and chest require tight fixation. chest bandage on exhalation, bandaging is suspended for the time of inhalation.

The methodology for providing the first first aid every person should have. After first aid, in any case, you should consult a doctor.