The procedure for applying an aseptic bandage consists of several stages. Stages of wound treatment and application of an aseptic dressing Applying an aseptic dressing

Often, any wound that was received, not during the period of surgical intervention, is considered infected, since microbes may be present there anyway.

To prevent subsequent infection in the wound obtained in one way or another, it is recommended to apply a sterile or, in other words, aseptic dressing. At the same time, in order to gain access to a person’s wound, it is often necessary to cut rather than remove existing clothing. In no case should you wash the wound with ordinary water, since as a result of these actions, microorganisms located on the surface of the wound, together with water, can penetrate deeper. Immediately before such a procedure as the application of an aseptic dressing, it is necessary to carefully lubricate the skin near the wound with ordinary tincture of iodine. In addition, in a situation where it is an aseptic dressing that is applied, it is also recommended to use other medications instead of iodine, such as brilliant green, cologne, or ordinary alcohol. Next, the wound is covered with a special bandage that has sterile characteristics in several layers. Otherwise, in the absence of such a bandage, you can use a piece of cotton naturally in a clean version. After these actions, the tissue applied to the wound is recommended to be well fixed. Here you can use both a scarf and a regular bandage.

Dry antiseptic dressings today are actually made under the guise of layers of ordinary sterile gauze, which are covered in the upper part with hygroscopic cotton wool or lignin, which have a wider diameter. Today it is customary to apply modern aseptic dressings either on the human wound itself, or on top of the applied tampons, or on special drainage. In order to rid the wound of infections and toxins as effectively as possible to ensure rapid healing, it is in any case necessary to use a sterile dressing in order to prevent subsequent infection.

To date, there are a number of mandatory steps that must always be followed when applying sterile dressings. So, any aseptic dressing on the wound is applied taking into account the following recommendations. First of all, the specialist must thoroughly wash his own hands and put on special sterile rubber gloves. The patient should be in a comfortable position for him. The very same procedure regarding the imposition of a dressing of a sterile version is often carried out using a pair of tweezers. The skin must be lubricated with cleol. Good fixation of a sterile dressing is of great importance, since this product is primarily intended to cover the affected parts of the human body. No less important here is the procedure for disinfecting the instrument used.

It is also worth clarifying here that there are also differences between antiseptic and aseptic dressings. Therefore, in no case should you consider that this is the same product. After all, for example, an aseptic dressing is considered just a sterile dressing, but an antiseptic dressing is additionally also intended to protect against various infections entering the wound.

Protective bandages are used today to protect the wound from re-infection and the adverse effects of the external environment. Protective is considered to be an ordinary aseptic bandage, which in certain situations can be made with the presence of an additional cover under the guise of a waterproof polyethylene film. This type of dressing also includes dressings for wounds with the presence of a film-forming aerosol or a conventional bactericidal plaster. In addition, occlusive dressings are also considered to be protective, which are designed to hermetically seal the affected areas of the human body in order to prevent the penetration of air and, accordingly, water to the wound. Most often, such a dressing is used in the presence of a penetrating wound to such a part of the human body as the chest. In this situation, the application of a material that does not allow air or water to pass through is recommended first of all. Often such a product is impregnated with vaseline oil or other similar substances. Any such bandage should be well fixed, for example, with a simple bandage. In addition, in this situation, the use of a wide adhesive plaster is also allowed, which is applied under the guise of a tile for the purpose of subsequent maximum fixation of the product.

Thus, when applying an aseptic bandage in any situation, it is necessary not only to strictly observe the rules for implementing this procedure, but also to use additional medications.

Any type of burn leads to damage to the skin or tissues. The wound surface must be anesthetized and properly treated to prevent the entry of microorganisms into it. Medicated burn dressings can help protect the wound and speed up healing.

Modern treatment of burn wounds involves the use of special dressings that disinfect, moisturize, and anesthetize the wound. Such dressings can have a different base: cotton fabric, plaster, hydroactive polymer, and others. They may contain an antiseptic, analgesic, regenerating drug or gelling agents to maintain the required level of moisture in the damaged area.

All types of wound dressings have two sides. One of them is intended for contact with damaged skin and tissues, therefore it must be sterile. The other - external - is devoid of a medicinal layer and serves for convenient fixation of the dressing.

There is a certain algorithm that must be followed when using medical dressings:

1. First, it is necessary to stop the action of the etiological or pathological factor. If there is clothing on the damaged surface, it is removed or cut, freeing the burned arm, leg, shoulder, shin, thigh from further exposure to boiling water, hot oil or a chemical. The adhering part of the fabric must not be torn off. It is cut with scissors as far as possible, and the rest is left in the wound to avoid further injury.
2. Now you need to cool the damaged area in order to anesthetize, relieve swelling and prevent further tissue damage. Such an event makes sense the first half hour after the injury. For cooling, the affected part of the body is placed under running cold water or immersed for 20 minutes. The water temperature should not be below 15 ° C. In parallel, you can use an anesthetic pharmacy.
3. The bandage is applied to the damaged area in such a way that the burn surface is completely closed, but does not go beyond the wound by more than 2 cm around the perimeter.

After the dressing has been cut according to the area of ​​the burn, the protective layer of the dressing is removed and applied to the body. For fixing, you can use a bandage or plaster.

When localized, a bandage is applied to each finger separately, and then the hand with the forearm is suspended on a tissue cut.

A bandage is not applied to the face, and the wound is treated openly with a solution of chlorhexidine and covered with ointment preparations.

The bandaging of the burnt area is carried out according to the instructions of the dressing used. As a rule, with burn wounds, the bandage must be replaced every 2-3 days. When providing first aid to the victim, it is not recommended to use anti-burn ointments, as they may affect the correct determination of the degree of injury.

Types of dressings

There are several types of bandages. Let's consider some of them with a detailed description.

Bandages Banolind

Branolind burn dressing is a modern remedy for the treatment of burns and other wounds. It has a mesh cotton base. Branolind is an ointment dressing, the active ingredient of which is Peruvian balsam. Therapeutic impregnation has the following ingredients:

• ointment Branolind;
• glycerol;
• petrolatum;
• cetomacrogol;
• refined fat.

In the pharmacy you can buy a package of Branolind with 10 or 30 pcs. mesh bandages. It is also possible to buy the mesh by the piece. This remedy has shown itself to be an excellent way to protect against infection, accelerate regeneration, and relieve inflammation. Branolind is widely used in surgery after skin grafting for accelerated cell growth and trouble-free tissue engraftment.

The advantage is hypoallergenicity. Wound healing components of the ointment do not irritate even sensitive skin.

Based on consumer reviews, Branolind does an excellent job with non-healing wounds of any nature. Pregnancy and lactation are not contraindications for use. It can also be used for children and teenagers.

How to avoid complications and further care

The main complication of burns is the development of a burn disease. It occurs when more than 5-10% of the area of ​​​​all skin is affected. The complication is caused by a complex of violations in the functioning of various systems and organs. These include hypovolemia, intoxication, circulatory disorders, tachycardia, etc.

It is important to timely place a patient with an extensive burn in a specialized burn department. In a state of shock, the patient is given a number of therapeutic measures by specialists to eliminate pain, normalize breathing, and prevent median vascular and renal insufficiency.

Another complication of a burn can be sepsis. In order to avoid infection of the wound, the affected area is regularly treated with antiseptic agents, bandaged and the healing process is monitored.

To avoid burns, you should follow the safety rules, as well as protect children from possible sources of burn injuries.

In preparation for the procedure for applying an aseptic dressing to a wound, the following steps should be performed:

1. Explain to the patient the course of the upcoming manipulation

2. Wash your hands hygienically.

3. Put on sterile gloves

4. Take sterile tweezers, put 3 gauze pads, a bandage and 2 gauze balls on the tray with tweezers.

The procedure for applying an aseptic dressing to a wound should be performed in the following sequence:

1. Moisten a gauze ball in a beaker with 1% iodonate solution.

2. Treat the edges of the wound in one direction

3. Get a napkin from the tray with tweezers and apply to the wound. Put the second and third napkins on top of the first.

4. Fix the napkin on the wound with a bandage or glue bandage.

At the end of the procedure, you should:

1. Dispose of used instruments in a container with a disinfectant solution.

2. Remove gloves. Wash the hands.

3. Make an entry in the "Medical record" about the procedure and the patient's reaction to it.

Injury is a violation of the integrity and function of tissues (organ) as a result of external influence. Damaging external factors can be mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical.

Injuries are classified:

1. By the nature of the damage:

– closed

– open

2. By the nature of penetration into the cavity:

– non-penetrating

– penetrating

3. By complexity:

– monotrauma

– polytrauma

The actions of a nurse in providing first aid to victims depend on the type of injury: bruise, sprain and rupture, dislocation, fracture.

A bruise is damage to soft tissues and organs without violating their integrity. A bruise occurs from a blow with a blunt object or from a blow of the body against a blunt object. It is characterized by local pain, swelling, hemorrhage (hematoma), impaired function of the damaged organ.

the procedure for providing first aid for bruises.

1. Conduct anesthesia (give an analgin tablet, inject a 50% solution of analgin 2 ml / m).

2. Apply a pressure bandage.

3. Apply an ice pack to the damaged joint (local hypothermia).

4. Hospitalize in a medical institution.

Stretching and rupture - closed tissue damage without violation (stretching) and with violation (rupture) of anatomical continuity as a result of the action of two forces in opposite directions. Occur when running, jumping, falling, lifting weights, etc.

There is pain, swelling in the joint area, restriction of movement.

The nurse should do the following the procedure for providing first aid for sprains and ruptures.

1. Perform anesthesia (give an analgin tablet, inject a 50% solution of analgin 2 ml intramuscularly or local anesthesia with chlorethyl).

2. Apply a pressure bandage.

3. Apply transport bar.

4. Apply an ice pack to the damaged joint (local hypothermia).

5. Hospitalize in a medical institution.

Dislocation is a persistent displacement of the articular ends of the bones, accompanied by a rupture of the articular capsule and damage to the ligaments of the joint. Pain, dysfunction of the limb, deformity in the area of ​​damage, forced position, spring resistance in the joint when trying to change the position of the limb, a change in the relative length of the limb (more often shortening) are noted.

The articular end, which came out of the articular cavity during dislocation, is not palpated in its usual place or is not defined at all. The diagnosis is confirmed radiographically.

The nurse should do the following procedure for providing first aid in case of dislocation.

1. If there is a wound and bleeding, apply an aseptic bandage after stopping the bleeding (temporary stop of bleeding by any available means).

2. Perform anesthesia (inject a 50% solution of analgin 2 ml / m or baralgin to local anesthesia with chlorethyl).

3. Carry out the simplest anti-shock measures (warm, give warm tea, soda-salt solution).

4. Apply a transport splint or fixing bandage.

6. Hospitalize in a medical institution.

In a medical institution, surgical care consists in reducing the dislocation (introducing the articular end through the torn capsule into the joint cavity) and fixing the limb with a bandage for 5-10 days. After the fixation period, active movements, muscle massage, therapeutic exercises, physiotherapy procedures are prescribed.

A fracture is a complete or partial violation of the integrity of a bone as a result of external violence or a pathological process. Fractures can be closed or open. During the examination, absolute and relative signs of fractures are distinguished.

The nurse must assess the patient's condition, take into account the risk of possible complications (traumatic shock, acute blood loss, infection) and adhere to the following sequence of actions:

1. Stop bleeding with available means (tourniquet, twist, pressure bandage, etc.)

2. Introduce painkillers - narcotic analgesics (50% solution of analgin, promedol 2% - 1.0 ml, morphine 1%), carry out the simplest anti-shock measures (warm, give warm tea, soda-salt solution).

3. Treat the skin around the wound with an antiseptic (1% iodonate solution, alcohol solution of iodine, alcohol) and apply an aseptic dressing. Bone fragments protruding into the wound should be covered with an aseptic dressing.

Remember! It is unacceptable to set bone fragments protruding into the wound!

4. Apply a transport splint to the injured limb.

5. Apply an ice pack to the damaged joint (local hypothermia).

6. Transport the victim to a medical facility.

With closed fractures, there is no need to stop bleeding and apply an aseptic dressing.

Immobilization - ensuring the immobility of fragments relative to each other. With conservative treatment, immobilization is achieved by applying a plaster cast, with surgical treatment - with the help of various metal structures that directly fasten bone fragments, with skeletal traction - by exposure to constant traction for peripheral fragments, with extrafocal compression osteosynthesis - with the help of special devices. The duration of immobilization is determined primarily by the location and characteristics of the fracture, as well as the age of the patient and comorbidities.

Fifth The Beller-Kaplan principle states that in the treatment of fractures, it is imperative to use the functional component of the treatment. This will prevent the development of joint stiffness. The functional component is necessary for proper blood circulation in the immobilized limb. Each muscle contraction raises the column of blood higher and higher, and it reaches the heart. Under conditions of hypoxia, in an acidic environment, the fracture does not heal, and no regeneration occurs at all. Each patient, who is in a plaster cast or in skeletal traction, must perform imaginary movements in each joint of the immobilized limb 100 times a day.

c) Acceleration of callus formation

To ensure the stimulation of osteogenesis (increasing the functional ability of osteogenic cells to differentiate and proliferate), the following are important:

Restoration of pathophysiological and metabolic changes in the patient's body after injury, correction of general disorders in the body due to concomitant pathology,

Restoration of regional blood circulation in case of damage to the main vessels,

Improvement of microcirculation in the fracture zone.

In this case, both general methods (complete nutrition; transfusion according to indications of blood, plasma, proteins, plasma-substituting solutions; administration of vitamins, anabolic hormones) and local (physiotherapy procedures, massage, physiotherapy exercises) are used.

There are three main types of fracture treatment:

1. Conservative treatment (closed reposition and immobilization with a plaster cast).

2. Skeletal traction (developed in 1911 by the German surgeon Supinger).

3. Surgical treatment (osteosynthesis).

FIRST AID

Its provision helps to prevent complications such as shock, bleeding, infection and additional displacement of fragments. Includes the following activities:

stop bleeding,

shock prevention,

transport immobilization,

The imposition of an aseptic bandage.

Purpose of transport immobilization:

Prevention of further displacement of bone fragments,

Reducing the pain syndrome

Making it possible for the victim to be transported.

Principles of transport immobilization

ensuring the immobility of the entire limb,

Speed ​​and ease of implementation.

Transport immobilization should, if possible, be carried out in a functionally advantageous position. The tire should be applied before lifting the patient directly on the clothes or using a soft lining.

Ways of transport immobilization:

Autoimmobilization - bandaging the injured lower limb of the victim to a healthy or upper limb to the body.

Immobilization with improvised means.

Immobilization with standard transport tires is the best method of transport immobilization.

It is a means of preventing secondary infection. In this case, an individual dressing bag or any sterile dressing material is used.

CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES

A conservative method of treating a fracture is usually understood as a one-stage closed reposition followed by immobilization with a plaster cast.

In the trauma hospital (trauma center) there are special plaster rooms equipped with appropriate equipment and tools.

It should contain: an orthopedic table, a basin with oilcloth, bandages, gypsum powder, tools for removing gypsum.

Gypsum is calcium sulfate dried at a temperature of 100-130°C. Dried gypsum is a fine white powder with hydrophilic properties. When mixed with water, it quickly attaches crystallized water, forming a dense, hard crystalline mass.

To the touch, gypsum powder should be soft, thin, without particles and grains. When mixed with an equal amount of water on a plate at room temperature, after 5-6 minutes, a hard plate should form that does not crumble or deform when pressed.

To accelerate the hardening of gypsum, a lower temperature of water is used, the addition of table salt or starch.

Applying a bandage - after treating abrasions with antiseptics, cotton wool or pieces of tissue are placed on the protruding bone formation, prepared splints are applied and bandaged with a plaster bandage. In this case, certain rules must be observed:

The limb should, if possible, be in a physiologically advantageous position,

The bandage necessarily captures one joint above and one below the fracture,

The bandage is not twisted, but cut,

The distal portions of the limb (fingertips) should remain open.

A plaster bandage is applied for the entire period necessary for the consolidation of the fracture - mainly from 3-4 weeks to 2-3 months.

The advantages of the conservative method include its simplicity, patient mobility and the possibility of outpatient treatment, as well as the absence of damage to the skin and the possibility of infectious complications.

The main disadvantages of the method are:

"Closed immediate reposition may not always be successful.

It is impossible to keep bone fragments in massive muscle tissues (thigh).

Immobilization of the entire limb leads to muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, lymphovenous stasis, and phlebitis.

Heaviness and impossibility of movement with massive bandages in the elderly and children.

Impossibility of monitoring the condition of the limb.

SKELETAL EXTENSION METHOD

It is called a functional method of treating fractures. It is based on the gradual relaxation of the muscles of the injured limb and dosed load.

The skeletal traction method is used for diaphyseal fractures of the femur, lower leg bones, lateral fractures of the femoral neck, and complex fractures in the ankle joint.

Depending on the method of fixing the traction, adhesive plaster traction is isolated when the load is fixed to the peripheral part of the fragment with adhesive plaster (used mainly in children) and the skeleton itself

traction.

To implement traction for a peripheral fragment, a Kirschner wire and a CITO bracket are usually used. The needle is carried out using a manual or electric drill, and then fixed to the bracket . There are classic points for holding the knitting needle.

A brace with a fixed wire drawn through the bone is connected to the load with the help of a system of blocks. .

When calculating the load required for traction on the lower limb, proceed from the mass of the limb (15%, or 1/7 of body weight).

The undoubted advantages of the skeletal traction method are the accuracy and controllability of gradual reposition, which makes it possible to eliminate complex types of fragment displacement. It is possible to monitor the state of the limb. The method allows you to treat wounds on the limbs, apply physiotherapeutic methods of treatment, massage.

The disadvantages of skeletal traction treatment are:

Invasiveness (the possibility of developing pin osteomyelitis, avulsion fractures, damage to nerves and blood vessels).

Certain complexity of the method.

The need for most cases of inpatient treatment and prolonged forced position in bed.

SURGICAL TREATMENT

Surgical treatment includes two methods:

classical osteosynthesis,

Extrafocal compression-distraction osteosynthesis.

a) Classic osteosynthesis

Basic principles and types of osteosynthesis

When structures are located inside the medullary canal, osteosynthesis is called intramedullary, when structures are located on the surface of the bone, it is called extramedullary.

Metal pins and rods of various designs are used for intramedullary osteosynthesis.

For extramedullary osteosynthesis, wire sutures, plates with bolts, screws and other structures are used.

Metal structures, being a foreign body, lead to disruption of microcirculation and metabolic processes in the surrounding tissues, therefore, after a reliable union of the fracture, it is advisable to remove them.

Usually repeated operations are performed in 8-12 months. In elderly patients with a high degree of operational risk, re-interventions are usually abandoned.

Indications to surgical treatment are divided into absolute and relative.

They speak of absolute indications when it is impossible to achieve fracture union with other methods of treatment or surgery is the only method of treatment due to the nature of the damage. These include:

Open fracture.

Damage to fragments of bones of the main vessels (nerves) or vital organs (brain, chest or abdominal organs).

Interposition of soft tissues.

False joint - if an end plate has formed on bone fragments, preventing the formation of callus (requires resection of fragments and osteosynthesis).

Incorrectly fused fracture with gross dysfunction.

Relative indications for surgical treatment are injuries in which fracture union can be achieved by various methods, but osteosynthesis gives the best results. Such damage includes:

Unsuccessful closed reduction attempts.

Transverse fractures of long tubular bones (shoulder or hip), when it is extremely difficult to keep the fragments in the muscle mass.

Fractures of the femoral neck, especially medial , in which nutrition of the femoral head is disturbed.

Unstable compression fractures of the vertebrae (danger of spinal cord injury).

Displaced patella fractures and others.

Extrafocal compression-distraction steosynthesis

With extrafocal compression-distraction osteosynthesis, wires are passed through the proximal and distal fragments outside the fracture zone in different planes. The spokes are fixed on rings or other elements of the external structure of a special apparatus.

The most widely used devices are the Ilizarov and Gudushauri types.

Indications for extrafocal compression-distraction osteosynthesis are complex fractures of long bones, pronounced displacement of bone fragments, false joints of tubular bones, fractures with delayed consolidation, fractures complicated by infection, the need for bone lengthening, and others.

This is determined by the following advantages of the method:

Impact on the bone outside the area of ​​damage.

Accurate comparison of fragments with the possibility of primary healing and shortening of treatment time.

Functionality.

Possibility of limb lengthening.

Possibility of treatment of false joints by compression.

Patients with devices are quite mobile, part of the treatment can take place on an outpatient basis.

The disadvantages of extrafocal osteosynthesis are due to its complexity and invasiveness, the degree of which, however, is significantly less than in classical osteosynthesis.

The choice of method of treatment should be determined individually in each case. This should be guided by three main principles:

1. Safety for the patient.

2. The shortest time for the union of the fracture.

3. Maximum function recovery.

GENERAL TREATMENT

General treatment for a fracture is of a general strengthening nature and is important as one of the ways to accelerate the formation of callus, as well as to prevent complications of fracture healing. The basic principles of general treatment are as follows:

Resting conditions for the nervous system,

Care, symptomatic treatment,

antibiotic prophylaxis,

Complete nutrition, proteins, vitamins, calcium,

Prevention of pneumonia, bedsores,

Correction of vascular disorders, improvement of rheological properties of blood,

Immunocorrection.

The main complications encountered in the treatment of fractures are:

Post-traumatic osteomyelitis.

The formation of a false joint.

Incorrect union of a bone fracture with dysfunction of the limb.

Joint stiffness.

Muscular contractures.

Violation of venous outflow, arterial blood supply and

Providing first aid to victims with injuries, fractures, dislocations, ligament injuries, bruises, burns, and others becomes almost impossible without the timely and correct application of a bandage. Indeed, due to the dressing, additional infection of the wound is prevented, and bleeding stops, fractures are fixed, and even a therapeutic effect on the wound begins.

Medical dressings and their types

The branch of medicine that studies the rules for applying bandages and tourniquets, their types and methods of application, is called desmurgy (from the Greek desmos - leash, bandage and ergon - performance, business).

By definition, a bandage is a way to treat injuries and wounds, which consists in using:

• dressing material, which is applied directly to the wound;
• the outer part of the dressing, which fixes the dressing.

The role of dressing material, for various reasons, can be:

• special dressing packages;
• napkins;
• cotton swabs;
• gauze balls.

Primary care for injuries

The process of applying a bandage is called dressing. Its purpose is to close the wound:

• to prevent its further infection;
• to stop bleeding;
• to have a healing effect.

General rules for dressing wounds and injuries:

1. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap, if this is not possible, then you should at least treat them with special antiseptic agents.
2. If the site of damage is an open wound, then gently treat the skin around it with an alcohol solution, hydrogen peroxide or iodine.
3. Place the victim (patient) in a position convenient for him (sitting, lying), while providing free access to the damaged area.
4. Stand in front of the patient's face to observe his reaction.
5. Start bandaging with an “open” bandage from left to right, from the periphery of the limbs towards the body, that is, from the bottom up, using two hands.
6. The arm must be bandaged in a bent at the elbow state, and the leg in a straightened state.
7. The first two or three turns (tours) should be fixing, for this the bandage is tightly wrapped around the narrowest undamaged place.
8. Next, bandage should be with uniform tension, without folds.
9. Each turn of the bundle covers the previous one by about a third of the width.
10. When the injured area is large, one bandage may not be enough, then at the end of the first, the beginning of the second is laid, strengthening this moment with a circular coil.
11. Finish the dressing by making two or three fixing turns of the bandage.
12. As an additional fixation, you can cut the end of the bandage into two parts, cross them together, circle around the bandage and tie with a strong knot.

The main types of bandages

Before studying the rules for applying bandage dressings, you should familiarize yourself with the types of tourniquets and options for their use.

Bandage classification:

1. By type:

• aseptic dry;
• antiseptic dry;
• hypertonic wet drying;
• pressing;
• occlusal.

2. According to the overlay method:

• circular or spiral;
• eight-shaped or cruciform;
• serpentine or creeping;
• spike-shaped;
• tortoiseshell bandage: divergent and convergent.

3. By localization:

• on the head;
• on the upper limb;
• on the lower limb;
• on the stomach and pelvis;
• on the chest;
• on the neck.

Rules for applying soft bandages

Bandage dressings are relevant in most cases of injuries. They prevent secondary infection of the wound and minimize the adverse effects of the environment.

The rules for applying a soft bandage bandage are as follows:

1. The patient is placed in a comfortable position:

• with injuries to the head, neck, chest, upper limbs - sedentary;
• with injuries of the abdomen, pelvic region, upper thighs - recumbent.

2. Choose a bandage, according to the type of damage.

3. The bandaging process is carried out using the basic rules for bandaging.

If you made a dressing, following the rules for applying sterile dressings, then the compress will meet the following criteria:

• completely cover the damaged area;
• do not interfere with normal blood and lymph circulation;
• be comfortable for the patient.

head bandaging

There are several types of headbands:

1. "bonnet";

2. simple;

3. "bridle";

4. "hat of Hippocrates";

5. one eye;

6. on both eyes;

7. Neapolitan (in the ear).

The rule of bandaging the head is based on the fact that, regardless of the type, the dressing is carried out with bandages of medium width - 10 cm.

Since in case of any injury it is very important to provide it in time, in case of general head damage, it is recommended to apply the simplest version of the bandage - the “cap”.

Rules for applying a bandage "bonnet":

1. A piece about a meter long is cut off from the bandage, which will be used as a tie.

2. Its middle part is applied to the crown.

3. The ends of the tie are held with both hands, this can be done either by an assistant or by the patient himself, if he is in a conscious state.

4. Apply a fixing layer of bandage around the head, reaching the tie.

5. They begin to wrap the bandage around the tie and further, over the head.

6. Having reached the opposite end of the tie, the bandage is again wrapped and carried around the skull a little above the first layer.

7. Repeated actions completely cover the scalp with a bandage.

8. Making the last round, the end of the bandage is tied to one of the straps.

9. Straps tie under the chin.

Dressings for bleeding

Bleeding is the loss of blood in violation of the integrity of the blood vessels.

General rules for applying bandages for bleeding from a limb:

1. Place a bandage under the limb, slightly above the wound site.
2. Attach an ice pack (ideally).
3. Stretch the tourniquet strongly.
4. Tie the ends.

The main rule for applying a bandage is to place the tourniquet over clothing or a specially lined fabric (gauze, towel, scarf, and so on).

With the right actions, the bleeding should stop, and the place under the tourniquet should turn pale. Be sure to put a note under the bandage with the date and time (hours and minutes) of the dressing. After first aid, no more than 1.5-2 hours should pass before the victim is taken to the hospital, otherwise the injured limb cannot be saved.

Rules for applying a pressure bandage

Pressure bandages should be applied to reduce all types of external bleeding at bruised sites, as well as to reduce the size of the edema.

Rules for applying a pressure bandage:

1. The skin adjacent to the wound (about two to four cm) is treated with an antiseptic.
2. If there are foreign objects in the wound, they should be carefully removed immediately.
3. As a dressing material, a ready-made dressing bag or a sterile cotton-gauze roller is used, if there is none, then a bandage, a clean handkerchief, and napkins will do.
4. The dressing is fixed on the wound with a bandage, scarf, scarf.
5. Try to make the bandage tight, but not pulling the damaged area.

A well-applied pressure bandage should stop bleeding. But if she still managed to soak in blood, then it is not necessary to remove it before arriving at the hospital. It should simply be bandaged tightly from above, after placing another gauze bag under the new bandage.

Features of the occlusive dressing

An occlusive dressing is applied to seal off the damaged area to prevent contact with water and air. Used for penetrating wounds.

Rules for applying an occlusive dressing:

1. Place the victim in a sitting position.
2. Treat the skin adjacent to the wound with an antiseptic (hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, alcohol).
3. An antiseptic wipe is applied to the wound and the adjacent area of ​​the body with a radius of five to ten cm.
4. The next layer is applied with a water- and air-tight material (necessarily with a sterile side), for example, a plastic bag, cling film, rubberized fabric, oilcloth.
5. The third layer consists of a cotton-gauze pad, which plays the role of constipation.
6. All layers are tightly fixed with a wide bandage.

When applying a bandage, it should be remembered that each new layer of dressing should be 5-10 cm larger than the previous one.

Of course, if possible, it is best to use the PPI - which is a bandage with two cotton-gauze pads attached. One of them is fixed, and the other moves freely along it.

Applying an aseptic dressing

An aseptic dressing is used in cases where there is an open wound and it is required to prevent contamination and foreign particles from entering it. This requires not only correctly applying the dressing, which must be sterile, but also securely fixing it.

Rules for applying an aseptic dressing:

1. Treat wounds with special antiseptic agents, but in no case use water for this purpose.
2. Attach gauze directly to the injury, 5 cm larger than the wound, previously folded in several layers.
3. From above, apply a layer (easily exfoliated), which is two to three centimeters larger than gauze.
4. Tightly fix the dressing with a bandage or medical adhesive tape.

Ideally, it is better to use special dry aseptic dressings. They consist of a layer of hygroscopic material that absorbs blood very well and dries the wound.

To better protect the wound from dirt and infection, additionally glue the cotton-gauze bandage on all sides to the skin with adhesive tape. And then fix everything with a bandage.

When the bandage is completely saturated with blood, it must be carefully replaced with a new one: completely or only the top layer. If this is not possible, for example, due to the lack of another set of sterile dressings, then the wound can be bandaged by first lubricating the soaked bandage with iodine tincture.

Splint dressing

When providing first aid for fractures, the main thing is to ensure the immobility of the injury site, as a result, pain sensations decrease and displacement of bone fragments is prevented in the future.

The main signs of a fracture:

• Severe pain at the site of injury that does not stop for several hours.
• Pain shock.
• With a closed fracture - swelling, edema, deformation of tissues at the site of injury.
• With an open fracture - a wound from which bone fragments protrude.
• Limited movement or their complete absence.

Basic rules for applying bandages for fractures of the limbs:

1. The dressing must be of the immobilization type.
2. In the absence of special tires, you can use improvised things: a stick, a cane, small boards, a ruler, and so on.
3. Keep the victim immobile.
4. To fix the fracture, use two splints wrapped in soft cloth or cotton.
5. Apply tires on the sides of the fracture, they should capture the joints below and above the damage.
6. If the fracture is accompanied by an open wound and profuse bleeding, then:

• a tourniquet is applied above the fracture and wound;
• a bandage is applied to the wound;
• two splints are placed on the sides of the injured limb.

If you apply any type of bandage incorrectly, then instead of providing first aid, you can cause irreparable harm to the health of the victim, which can lead to death.