Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, their features. sacrum, coccyx

Cervical vertebrae,vertebrae cervicales, C I -C VII (Fig. 2.5, 2.6), make up the upper (cervical) section of the spinal column. Of the 7 cervical vertebrae, the top two are significantly different from the others, which is why they are called atypical. The remaining five are built according to general principle(Fig. 2.5).

A characteristic feature of all cervical vertebrae is:

The presence of a hole in the transverse processes, ;

The transverse processes end in tubercles - anterior and posterior;

The anterior tubercle of the VI cervical vertebra is well developed, it is called the carotid tubercle, tuberculum caroticum, it is possible to press the common carotid artery with bleeding;

The articular surfaces of the upper articular processes are turned back and up, the lower articular processes - forward and down;

The spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae are short, forked at the end.

Rice. 2.5. Typical cervical vertebra(view from above).

1 - corpus vertebrae; 2 - processus transversus; 3 - processus articularis superior; 4 - processus spinosus; 5 - foramen processus transversus.

First cervical vertebra - atlas, atlas , differs from the general plan of the structure of free vertebrae (Fig. 2.6a):

It has no body and clippings;

Deprived of the spinous and articular processes;

The atlas consists of anterior and posterior arches, arcus anterior and posterior, connected on the sides by two thickenings - lateral masses, Massae laterales;

On the anterior arch in front is the anterior tubercle, tuberculum anterius. On the inner (rear) surface of the anterior arch there is a recess - a tooth fossa, fovea dentis. It is intended for articulation with the tooth of the II cervical vertebra;

The posterior tubercle is located on the posterior arch of the atlas. tuberculum posterius;

Above and below each lateral mass is the superior and inferior articular fossae. The superior articular fossae connect to the condyles occipital bone, and the lower articular fossae are designed for articulation with the articular surfaces of the II cervical vertebra;

On the upper surface of the posterior arch, a groove of the vertebral artery is visible on both sides, Sulcus a. vertebralis.

Second cervical vertebra, axial, axis , is distinguished by the presence of a tooth - a process extending from the vertebral body (Fig. 2.6b). Andrew Vesalius called this vertebra an epistrophe, i.e. rotational. When turning the head, the atlas, together with the skull, rotates around the tooth. The tooth has an anterior articular surface at the line of articulation with the fossa of the 1st cervical vertebra and a posterior one for articulation with the transverse ligament of the atlas.

seventh cervical vertebra vertebra prominens , has a long undivided spinous process, which is longer and thicker than that of neighboring vertebrae. Its tip is well palpable in a living person, so it is called protruding vertebra(vertebra prominens). It plays the role of a reference point for counting the vertebrae.

Thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae thoracicae, Th 1 -Th 12 (see Figure 2.4), larger than the neck ones. The spinous processes are longer, inclined downwards and superimposed on each other. Also, their location prevents hyperextension of the spinal column. The articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae are located frontally, the articular surface of the upper of them is turned back, the lower - forward. The ends of the transverse processes are thickened, and for articulation with the tubercle, the ribs have a costal fossa, fovea costalis processus transversus. It is absent only on the XI and XII vertebrae.

Characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae is the presence of articular depressions - pits or semi-pits - for the ribs located on the lateral surface of the body, immediately in front of the arc leg. On most vertebrae, there are two costal half-fossae on either side (one in top edge, the other is at the bottom), foveae costales superiores et inferiores. Each such semifossa, connecting with the nearest semifossa of the adjacent vertebra, forms an articular platform for the head of the rib. The exception is vertebra I (it has a full fossa for the 1st rib and a semi-fossa for the II), X (only the upper semi-fossa for the X rib), XI and XII (each has one full fossa for the corresponding rib).

Rice. 2.6. Atypical cervical vertebrae.

a - atlas (top view): 1 - arcus anterior, 2 - massa lateralis; 3 - foramen processus transversus; 4 - processus transversus; 5 - sulcus a. vertebralis; 6 - arcus posterior; 7 - tuberculum posterius; 8 - fovea articularis superior; 9 - tuberculum anterius; 10 - fovea dentis; b - axial vertebra (back view): 1 - dens; 2 - facies articularis superior; 3 - processus spinosus; 4 - processus transversus; 5 - foramen processus transversus.

Lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae lumbales , L 1 -L 5 (Fig. 2.7), have a massive body. The transverse processes are located almost in the frontal plane and represent a rudimentary rib and preserved as a small process behind its base, called the accessory process (paired), processus accessorius. The articular processes are located sagittally, on the upper articular processes there are mastoid processes, processus mammilares.

Rice. 2.7. Lumbar vertebra.

1 - corpus vertebrae; 2 - processus articularis supenor; 3 - processus spinosus; 4 - processus articularis inferior; 5 - processus transversus.

Sacrum, os sacrum, S 1 -S 5 (Fig. 2.8), consists of five sacral vertebrae, vertebrae sacrales, which fuse into one bone in adolescence. In the sacrum, an upper wide section is distinguished - the base, basis ossis sacri; top, apex ossis sacri; anterior concave, pelvic surface, facies pelvina; back convex, rough, facies dorsalis. At the junction of the sacrum with the fifth lumbar vertebra, a protrusion is formed, directed forward - a cape, promontorium.

Four transverse lines are clearly visible on the pelvic surface of the sacrum, lineae transversae, traces of fusion of the bodies of the sacral vertebrae with each other. At the ends of these lines on the right and left there are pelvic sacral openings, foramina sacralia anteriora, s. pelvina. On the convex dorsal surface of the sacrum, dorsal sacral foramina are visible on each side, foramina sacralia posterior, s. dorsalia.

Rice. 2.8. The sacrum and coccyx (a - front view; b - back view).

1 - foramina sacralia pelvina; 2 - lineae transversae; 3 - cornua coccygea; 4 - cornu sacrale; 5 - crista sacralis mediana; 6 - facies auricularis; 7 - crista sacralis lateralis; 8 - tuberositas sacralis; 9 - foramina sacralia dorsalia; 10 - crista sacralis intermedia; 11 - hiatus sacralis.

Five sacral crests were formed by fusion of the processes of the sacral vertebrae. unpaired median sacral ridge, Crista sacralis mediana, are fused spinous processes. Pair intermediate comb, crista sacralis intermedia, is the result of fusion of the articular processes, and the paired lateral sacral crest, Crista sacralis lateralis, was formed during the fusion of the transverse processes.

On the upper lateral parts of the sacrum there are ear-shaped surfaces, facies auricularis, for articulation with the surfaces of the iliac bones of the same name. On each side, between the ear-shaped surface and the lateral crest, there is a sacral tuberosity, tuberositas sacralis to which ligaments and muscles are attached. The vertebral foramina of the fused sacral vertebrae form the sacral canal, canalis sacralis. This canal ends at the bottom of the sacral fissure, Hiatus sacralis. On the sides, the gap is limited by the sacral horns, cornu sacrale, - a rudiment of the articular processes.

Coccyx, os coccyges, Cc 1 -Cc 4-5, is the result of fusion of 3-5 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae, vertebrae coccygeae. The coccyx has the shape of a triangle. Its base is turned up, the top is down and forward. For articulation with the sacrum there are coccygeal horns, cornua coccygea. They have no processes and arcs.

The structure and shape of the vertebrae

The spinal column (columna vertebralis) (Fig. 3, 4) is the real basis of the skeleton, the support of the whole organism. The design of the spinal column allows it, while maintaining flexibility and mobility, to withstand the same load that an 18 times thicker concrete column can withstand.

The spinal column is responsible for maintaining posture, serves as a support for tissues and organs, and also takes part in the formation of the walls of the chest cavity, pelvis and abdominal cavity. Each of the vertebrae that make up spinal column, has a through vertebral foramen (foramen vertebrale) inside (Fig. 8). In the spinal column, the vertebral foramina make up the spinal canal (canalis vertebralis) (Fig. 3), containing spinal cord, which is thus reliably protected from external influences.

In the frontal projection of the spine, two sections are clearly distinguished, differing in wider vertebrae. In general, the mass and size of the vertebrae increase from the top to the bottom: this is necessary to compensate for the increasing load carried by the lower vertebrae.

In addition to the thickening of the vertebrae, the necessary degree of strength and elasticity of the spine is provided by several of its bends lying in the sagittal plane. Four multidirectional bends, alternating in the spine, are arranged in pairs: the bend facing forward (lordosis) corresponds to the bend facing backward (kyphosis). Thus, cervical (lordosis cervicalis) and lumbar (lordosis lumbalis) lordosis correspond to thoracic (kyphosis thoracalis) and sacral (kyphosis sacralis) kyphosis (Fig. 3). Thanks to this design, the spine works like a spring, distributing the load evenly along its entire length.

How many calls?
In total, there are 32-34 vertebrae in the spinal column, separated intervertebral discs and several differing in their device.

In the structure of a single vertebra, the vertebral body (corpus vertebrae) and the vertebral arch (arcus vertebrae), which closes the vertebral foramen (foramen vertebrae), are distinguished. On the arch of the vertebrae are processes various shapes and appointments: paired upper and lower articular processes (processus articularis superior and processus articularis inferior), paired transverse (processus transversus) and one spinous (processus spinosus) process, protruding from the arch of the vertebra back. The base of the arc has the so-called vertebral notches (incisura vertebralis) - upper (incisura vertebralis superior) and lower (incisura vertebralis inferior). Intervertebral foramen (foramen intervertebrale), formed by cuts of two adjacent vertebrae, open access to the spinal canal on the left and right (Fig. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9).

In accordance with the location and structural features in the spinal column, five types of vertebrae are distinguished: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 3-5 coccygeal (Fig. 4).

The cervical vertebra (vertebra cervicalis) differs from others in that it has holes in the transverse processes. The vertebral foramen, formed by the arch of the cervical vertebra, is large, almost triangular in shape. The body of the cervical vertebra (with the exception of the I cervical vertebra, which has no body) is relatively small, oval in shape and elongated in the transverse direction.

At the first cervical vertebra, or atlas (atlas) (Fig. 5), the body is absent; its lateral masses (massae laterales) are connected by two arcs - anterior (arcus anterior) and posterior (arcus posterior). The upper and lower planes of the lateral masses have articular surfaces (upper and lower), through which the I cervical vertebra is connected, respectively, with the skull and the II cervical vertebra.

In turn, the second cervical vertebra (Fig. 6) is distinguished by the presence on the body of a massive process, the so-called tooth (dens axis), which by origin is part of the body of the first cervical vertebra. The tooth of the II cervical vertebra is the axis around which the head rotates along with the atlas, therefore the II cervical vertebra is called axial (axis).

On the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, rudimentary costal processes (processus costalis) can be found, which are especially developed in the VI cervical vertebra. The VI cervical vertebra is also called protruding (vertebra prominens), since its spinous process is noticeably longer than that of neighboring vertebrae.

The thoracic vertebra (vertebra thoracica) (Fig. 8) is distinguished by a large, compared with the cervical, body and an almost round vertebral foramen. The thoracic vertebrae have a costal fossa (fovea costalis processus transversus) on their transverse process, which serves to connect with the tubercle of the rib. On the lateral surfaces of the body of the thoracic vertebrae there are also upper (fovea costalis superior) and lower (fovea costalis inferior) costal pits, which include the head of the rib.

The lumbar vertebrae (vertebra lumbalis) (Fig. 9) are distinguished by strictly horizontally directed spinous processes with small gaps between them, as well as a very massive bean-shaped body. Compared with the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar vertebrae have a relatively small oval vertebral foramen.

The sacral vertebrae exist separately until the age of 18-25 years, after which they fuse with each other, forming a single bone - the sacrum (os sacrum) (Fig. 10, 43). The sacrum has the shape of a triangle with its apex down; it distinguishes the base (basis ossis sacri) (Fig. 10, 42), the top (apex ossis sacri) (Fig. 10) and the lateral parts (pars lateralis), as well as the anterior pelvic (facies pelvica) and back (facies dorsalis) surfaces. Inside the sacrum passes the sacral canal (canalis sacralis) (Fig. 10). The base of the sacrum articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebrae, and the apex with the coccyx.

The lateral parts of the sacrum are formed by fused transverse processes and vestiges of the ribs of the sacral vertebrae. The upper sections of the lateral surface of the lateral parts have articular ear-shaped surfaces (facies auricularis) (Fig. 10), through which the sacrum articulates with the pelvic bones.

The anterior pelvic surface of the sacrum is concave, with noticeable traces of fusion of the vertebrae (they look like transverse lines), forms back wall pelvic cavity.

Four lines marking the places of fusion of the sacral vertebrae end on both sides with the anterior sacral foramina (foramina sacralia anteriora) (Fig. 10).

The posterior (dorsal) surface of the sacrum, which also has 4 pairs of posterior sacral foramens (foramina sacralia dorsalia) (Fig. 10), is uneven and convex, with a vertical crest running through the center. This median sacral crest (crista sacralis mediana) (Fig. 10) is a trace of fusion of the spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae. To the left and to the right of it are intermediate sacral crests (crista sacralis intermedia) (Fig. 10), formed by the fusion of the articular processes of the sacral vertebrae. The fused transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae form a paired lateral sacral crest (crista sacralis lateralis).

The paired intermediate sacral crest ends at the top with the usual superior articular processes of the 1st sacral vertebra, and below with the modified inferior articular processes of the 5th sacral vertebra. These processes, the so-called sacral horns (cornua sacralia) (Fig. 10), serve to articulate the sacrum with the coccyx. The sacral horns limit the sacral fissure (hiatus sacralis) (Fig. 10) - the exit of the sacral canal.

The coccyx (os coccygis) (Fig. 11, 42) consists of 3-5 underdeveloped vertebrae (vertebrae coccygeae) (Fig. 11), having (with the exception of I) the shape of oval bone bodies, finally ossifying in a relatively late age. The body of the 1st coccygeal vertebra has outgrowths directed to the sides (Fig. 11), which are vestiges of the transverse processes; at the top of this vertebra are modified upper articular processes - the coccygeal horns (cornua coccygea) (Fig. 11), which are connected to the sacral horns. By origin, the coccyx is a rudiment of the caudal skeleton.

Displacement is a deformity of a vertebra, in which the discs deviate forward or backward relative to the rest of the vertebrae. Deformation vertebrates disks leads to a decrease in the diameter of the spinal canal and development dangerous diseases, such as kidney failure, bronchial asthma, ulcers and others.

This disease is very common in humans. different ages and different kind classes.

Displacement of the vertebrae of the thoracic spine - hereinafter referred to as SPHOP.

Displacement of the vertebrae can lead to spinal deformity and the appearance of various diseases.

STEP 0. Causes of bias

Vertebral deformities can occur various reasons. Usually, the displacement of the vertebral discs is formed during a long process, which can last for months or even years. The most common causes and factors contributing to the development of this disease:

• General weakness of the muscles of the back and spine (both congenital and acquired).
• Pathologies of the thoracic region, such as osteochondrosis and osteoarthritis, scoliosis, protrusions and intervertebral hernias.
• Destruction bone tissue spine.
• Injury to the spine due to a fall on the back.
• Excessive exercise and heavy lifting on a regular basis.
• Surgical intervention in diseases of the spine.
• Deformation of the articular tissues of the vertebrae under the influence of increased physical activity.
• Violation of the structure of the spine due to tumors.
• Deformation of the vertebral axis during pregnancy, during gestation. It usually appears only after childbirth.
• Postoperative complications
• Weakening of the back caused by age-related phenomena in the body.

Regardless of the factors in the development of the disease, the main concomitant symptom is back pain and discomfort in the spine. If pain occurs, you should immediately contact a specialist.

STEP 1. Compare the symptoms of deformity

This violation for a long time may be ignored. Pathology of the vertebrae of the thoracic region very often proceeds without obvious severe symptoms. The brightness of painful sensations in this pathology directly depends on the nature of the displacement of the spinal disc. The displacement of the l5 vertebra forward by 5 mm can be difficult to feel and recognize how dangerous this disease is. Pain in this disease may coincide with temporary sensations after physical exertion.

With a stronger displacement, pain increases. Sometimes signs diseases appear later months or even year, since receiving injury.

As a rule, when 5, 6 vertebrae are displaced, the back hurts and stiffness of actions is felt. Deformity of other vertebrae causes similar symptoms. Variable pain indicates an unstable nature of the displacement. Pain may radiate to the lower back and intercostal space. There are pains in the chest and limbs.

Diagram of the location of the thoracic vertebrae

With displacements of the first degree, the pains are insignificant, but they increase with increased physical activity. With second-degree deformity, pain becomes chronic. The destruction of discs of the third degree entails a significant violation of the mechanical functions of a person. The fourth and fifth degree, means a strong curvature and prolapse of the vertebra, damage to the nerve endings and disruption of the internal organs.

In cases of pinching nerve root spinal cord pain can acquire a "burning" acute character. Pain is aggravated during moments of physical exertion, as well as after a long stay in a sitting position.

In the absence of the necessary treatment, pain increases over time, and the deformities become irreversible. With deformation of the vertebrae of the thoracic region, problems with gastrointestinal tract such as: gastritis, ulcer, heartburn and others. Over time, a person's posture is bent, and the gait changes.

In the absence of timely treatment, the spinal canal begins to narrow, which can later lead to complete or partial paralysis.

Symptoms and pain in vertebral department do not appear immediately. Try to respond in a timely manner to any pain in the back and spine.

STEP 2. How to diagnose the disease

To diagnose the deformation of the vertebrae of the thoracic region, as well as osteochondrosis with displacement, intracranial hematoma with displacement and trauma to the coccyx, can only be done by a doctor. Diagnosis of diseases and injuries of the spine requires integrated approach. The doctor who conducts the examination knows how to determine the reflex reactions of the muscles of the back and tendons, the sensitivity of the skin, probes the painful areas.

To diagnose the disease, you should contact your doctor

A person with this pathology needs to undergo an MRI of the damaged section, a tomography of the spinal column, an X-ray of the spine during flexion and extension, which can only be done in a clinic. When diagnosing the disease, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of an intervertebral hernia or tumor. If the diagnosis is confirmed, the type of displacement must also be determined.

Disease classification

There are three types of vertebral displacement:

• Compression. Accompanied by compression of the displaced vertebra.
• Staircase. Deformation of the disks, shaped like stairs. As a rule, stair displacement is age-related.
• wedge-shaped. Occurs due to spinal injury. On the x-ray has a wedge shape.

Depending on the severity of this disease and the size of the deviation, five degrees of displacement of the thoracic vertebrae are distinguished:

• A vertebral displacement of 25% of the norm is classified as grade 1.
• Deviation up to 50% refers to displacements of the 2nd degree.
• 3rd degree corresponds to 75%.
• 4th degree means 100% deviation from the norm.
• Grade 5 means complete separation of the deformed vertebra from the neighboring one with additional sagging.

Step 3: Understand the Risks and Consequences of Bias

With proper diagnosis and timely treatment deformities of the thoracic vertebrae, forecast, usually - positive.

However, this disease imposes a number of unpleasant restrictions even after a successful recovery. Physical loads should be limited, while supporting permanent physical activity and lead healthy Lifestyle. Given disease spine can provoke appearance diseases of the stomach, intestines and other internal organs, as well as contribute to the appearance of neuralgic disorders. In many cases, there is muscle pain in the intercostal space, weakening abdominal muscles. Against the background of the displacement of the discs of the spine, more specific disorders can also appear, for example, diseases of the kidneys, gallbladder and genitourinary system.

In total, a person has 24 vertebrae. 12 of them are in the thoracic region. The deformation of each individual vertebra entails various diseases. It is not always possible to immediately understand why the displacement of the spinal disc is dangerous and how to correct the situation in a particular case, since this pathology very difficult to treat and has many manifestations.

• Damage to the 1st vertebra causes the appearance bronchial asthma, shortness of breath, severe cough and pain in the limbs.
• Displacement of the 2nd vertebra can contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases.
• Damage to the 3rd vertebra contributes to the development of bronchitis, pleurisy and pneumonia.
• Deformity of the 4th vertebra causes jaundice and gallbladder disease.
• With the destruction of the 5th thoracic vertebra, liver dysfunction, arthritis and anemia are observed.
• 6th - 7th - problems with the gastrointestinal tract.
• With the displacement of the 8th thoracic vertebra, there is a decrease immune properties organism.
• Damage to the 9th vertebra causes kidney problems.
• Destruction of the 10th thoracic vertebra is accompanied by general weakness and fatigue organism.
• Deformity 11th - can cause various diseases skin.
• 12th thoracic vertebra - rheumatism, acute pain in the abdomen and even infertility.

Considering all the above complications, we can say that the displacement of the vertebral discs is extremely unpleasant disease, disrupting the work of the whole organism and imposing serious restrictions on a person's lifestyle.

STEP 4. Treat the bias

The effectiveness of the treatment of this disease greatly depends on how timely the disease was detected. The earlier therapy begins, the higher the chances of a successful outcome of treatment.

Therapeutic massage will help relieve pain and restore the position of a displaced vertebra

Symptoms and treatment of disc deformity in each case are individual. First turn need eliminate root cause diseases, as well as reduce painful spasms and discomfort.

For pain relief and inflammation relief used painkillers such as Denebol and Artrozan, and drugs anti-inflammatory actions such as ibuprofen and diclofenac. At extreme exacerbations apply painkillers blockade with help novocaine.

Data on the drugs used are summarized in the table:

For the vertebrae of the damaged area, physiotherapy and other procedures are used:

• Restoring the position of a displaced vertebra using manual therapy methods.
• Traction of the spine aimed at putting a displaced vertebra in place.
• Pain-relieving acupuncture in painful areas to relieve spasms and muscle tension(acupuncture).
• Therapeutic massage that promotes recovery muscle tone, which has a general strengthening effect and analgesic effect.
• Recovery exercises for the back and therapeutic physical education.

Watch the video on how to put the vertebrae in place

Surgical intervention produced only in the most extreme cases. During surgery, stabilizing implants are implanted into the spine in order to restore the damaged vertebra and adjacent parts of the spine.

Preventive actions

Prevention of spinal pathologies should be given increased attention if there have been previous back injuries or any deformities of the spinal column. Any pathology associated with the spine can give relapses.

To strengthen the muscles of the back, you can additionally perform simple gymnastic exercises.

In order to avoid destruction of the vertebrae in the thoracic region, people with back problems are advised to:

• Limit time spent in a vertical (standing) position. Minimize physical exercise on the back in a standing position. If you still need to carry weights, try to distribute the load evenly. When lifting weights, always make sure to keep your back straight, transferring the load from the back to the muscles of the legs as much as possible.
• Try not to make sudden movements.
• During periods of exacerbation of back problems, it is necessary to limit physical activity.
• To correct incorrect posture, it is recommended to use supporting orthopedic corsets.
• To strengthen spinal muscles supporting the spine, it is recommended to engage in physiotherapy exercises and regularly perform gymnastic exercises for the spine.
• Periodically it is necessary to drink a course of vitamins and mineral complexes, which include useful elements for the spine (eg calcium).

conclusions

Diseases of the spine are extremely Negative consequences on human health and quality of life. Treatment of any pathologies of the spine should be given maximum attention. You can't ignore back pain. At the first symptoms and manifestations of diseases of the spine, consult a doctor immediately.

The spine is the supporting axis of the human skeleton. It has physiological S-shaped curves and provides the body with a wide range of motion. Despite its mobility and flexibility, the spinal column is able to withstand significant loads. This is largely due to its unique structure.

The spinal column, consisting of 32-34 bones located one above the other, is divided into 5 sections. Upper cervical region includes 7 vertebrae. Followed by thoracic region spine, which is made up of 12 vertebrae. There are 5 vertebrae in the lumbar and sacral region, as well as 3-5 in the coccygeal.

The structure of the spinal column in the thoracic region

The thoracic spine normally forms a physiological kyphosis, the convex side of which is directed backwards.

Important: The increasing load on the spinal column is compensated by an increase in the size and massiveness of the vertebrae from the top of the spine down.

The motor capabilities of the thoracic region are less than others. This is due to the small thickness intervertebral discs and a significant number of synovial connections between the spine and ribs. In addition, the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are longer than in other departments. We recommend that you read in addition to this article.

The anatomical features of the thoracic vertebrae are due to its participation in the formation of the chest. 12 pairs of ribs are attached to the vertebrae of the thoracic region, partially retaining mobility. With their other ends, 10 pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum through cartilage.

General structure of the thoracic vertebrae

The vertebrae are short, spongy bones. In their structure, 2 layers are distinguished. Outside is a denser layer. Inside is a light, less dense substance of bone trabeculae. The cells between the trabeculae contain red bone marrow.

Each vertebra has a hole inside. The vertebrae, located one above the other, with their through holes form a canal in which the spinal cord is located.

In the structure of each vertebra, a body and an arc are distinguished, forming a hole for placement bone marrow. There are 7 processes of various shapes on the arc. Articular processes (facets) are arranged in pairs above and below. Below, in addition to the articular, there are 2 transverse processes. The seventh unpaired vertebra with its spine is turned backward from the arc. Directed frontally articular processes of the arc form the joints between the vertebrae.

Features of the articulation of the thoracic vertebrae with the ribs

The thoracic vertebrae differ from the vertebrae of other departments by the presence of costal pits located on their body. With the help of semi-pits located above and below, the vertebrae form joints with thickened posterior ends of the ribs. The articulations with the tubercles of the ribs are also carried out through the pits on the corresponding vertebrae, except for XI and XII.

Differences in the structure of the thoracic vertebrae

• The most notable is the first thoracic vertebra. Its structure is distinguished by the fact that on the upper surface of its body there is a complete articular fossa, with the help of the bark it articulates with the head of the 1st rib. On the lower surface of the body there is a semi-fovea for its connection with the head of the second rib.
• The X vertebra has only one semifossa dorsally.
• On the body of the XI and XII vertebrae there is only one complete articular fossa.

Important: If there are diseases in the structure of the thoracic spine associated with the occurrence of even small formations, a pinched spinal cord may be observed. This is due to the fact that the spinal canal formed by the through holes of the vertebrae of the thoracic region, unlike others, is narrower.

In order to avoid the development of diseases in the region of the thoracic spine, it is necessary to identify them in a timely manner. pathological process and eliminate dysfunctions.

The spinal column consists of vertebrae assembled in an S-shaped structure, which ensures the musculoskeletal function of the entire skeleton.

The structure of a human vertebra is both simple and complex, so what parts it consists of and what function it performs will be discussed below.

The spine is the main part of the human skeleton, ideally adapted to perform support function. Due to its unique structure and cushioning capabilities, the spine is able to distribute the load not only along its entire length, but also on other parts of the skeleton.

The spine consists of 32-33 vertebrae assembled into a mobile structure, inside which is the spinal cord, as well as nerve endings. Intervertebral discs are located between the vertebrae, thanks to which the spine has flexibility and mobility, and its bone parts do not touch each other.

Thanks to the structure of the spine ideally created by nature, it is able to ensure the normal functioning of a person. He is responsible for:

• creation reliable support when moving;
• proper functioning of organs;
• combining muscle and bone tissues into one system;
• protection of the spinal cord and vertebral artery.

The flexibility of the spine is developed individually for everyone, and depends, first of all, on genetic predisposition as well as the type of human activity.

The spinal column is a skeleton for attaching muscle tissues, which in turn are a protective layer for it, as they take on external mechanical influences.

Departments of the spine

The spine is divided into five sections.

Table number 1. The structure of the vertebrae. Characteristics and functions of departments.

The structure of the vertebra

The vertebra is the main component of the spinal column.

In the center of each vertebrae there is a small opening called the spinal canal. It is reserved for the spinal cord and vertebral artery. They run through the entire spine. The connection of the spinal cord with the organs and limbs of the body is achieved through nerve endings.

Basically, the structure of the vertebrae is the same. Only fused areas and a couple of vertebrae, designed to perform certain functions, differ.

The vertebra consists of the following elements:

• body;
• legs (on both sides of the body);
• spinal canal;
• articular processes (two);
• transverse processes (two);
• spinous process.

The vertebral body is located in front, and the processes are behind. The latter are the link between the back and the muscles. The flexibility of the spine is developed individually for everyone, and it depends, first of all, on the genetics of a person, and only then - on the level of development.

The vertebra, due to its shape, ideally protects both the spinal cord and the nerves extending from it.

The spine is under the protection of the muscles. Due to their density and location, a layer is formed like a shell. Rib cage and organs protect the spine from the front.

This structure of the vertebra was not chosen by nature by chance. It allows you to maintain the health and safety of the spine. In addition, this shape helps keep the vertebrae strong for a long time.

Vertebrae of various departments

The cervical vertebra is small in size and elongated across the shape. In its transverse processes there is a relatively large triangular opening formed by the vertebral arch.

Thoracic vertebra. In his body, large in size, there is a round hole. There is a costal fossa on the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra. The connection of a vertebra with a rib is its main function. There are two more pits on the sides of the vertebra - the lower and the upper, but they are costal.

The lumbar vertebra has a large bean-shaped body. The spinous processes are located horizontally. There are small gaps between them. The spinal canal of the lumbar vertebra is relatively small.

The sacral vertebra. As a separate vertebra, it exists until about 25 years old, then it fuses with others. As a result, one bone is formed - the sacrum, which has a triangular shape, the top of which is turned down. This vertebra has a small free space reserved for spinal canal. The fused vertebrae do not stop performing their functions. The first vertebra of this department connects the sacrum with the fifth lumbar vertebra. The apex is the fifth vertebra. It connects the sacrum and the coccyx. The remaining three vertebrae form the surfaces of the pelvis: anterior, posterior and lateral.

The vertebra at the coccyx is oval. It hardens late, which compromises the integrity of the coccyx, since at an early age it can be damaged as a result of a blow or injury. At the first coccygeal vertebra, the body is equipped with outgrowths, which are rudiments. At the top of the first vertebra coccygeal department articular processes are located. They are called coccygeal horns. They connect with the horns located in the sacrum.

If you want to know in more detail the structure, and also consider what each vertebra is responsible for, you can read an article about this on our portal.

Features of the structure of certain vertebrae

The atlas consists of anterior and posterior arches joined together by lateral masses. It turns out that the atlas has a ring instead of a body. Branches are absent. Atlas connects the spine and skull thanks to the occipital bone. The lateral thickenings have two articular surfaces. The upper surface is oval, joins the occipital bone. The lower round surface connects to the second cervical vertebra.

The second cervical vertebra (axis or epistrophy) has a large process that resembles a tooth in shape. This offshoot is part of Atlanta. This tooth- axis. Atlas and the head revolve around it. That is why the epistrophy is called axial.

Due to the joint functioning of the first two vertebrae, a person is able to move his head in various parties without experiencing problems.

The sixth cervical vertebra is distinguished by costal processes, which are considered vestigial. It is called protruding because its spinous process is longer than that of other vertebrae.

If you want to learn more and also consider the functions of bends, you can read an article about this on our portal.

Diagnosis of diseases of the spine

Vertebrology - modern direction medicine, which focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of the spine.

Previously, this was done by a neuropathologist, and if the case was severe, then an orthopedist. AT modern medicine this is done by doctors trained in the field of spinal pathologies.

Today's medicine provides doctors with numerous opportunities for diagnosing diseases of the spine and treating them. Among them, minimally invasive methods are popular, because with minimal intervention in the body, a greater result is achieved.

In vertebrology, diagnostic methods that are able to produce results in the form of images or other types of visualization are of decisive importance. Formerly a doctor could only order x-rays.

There are now many more options that can provide accurate results. These include:

• CT scan;
• myelography;
• electroneurography;
• electromyography.

Moreover, today medical practice vertebrologists often use a map of segmental innervation. It allows you to associate the cause and symptoms with which vertebra is affected and which organs it is associated with.

Table No. 2. Map of segmental innervation

Anatomy in Chinese

Even several thousand years before mankind invented radiography, Chinese doctors already knew about the connection between the internal organs of a person and the spine.

Based on the theory of acupuncture, the main knowledge that we received from the ancient Chinese is the knowledge of bioactive points that have a direct effect on the internal organs. These points are located near the spine.

Depending on the localization of pain, we can talk about the disease itself. To get rid of it, you need to act on the sore point. This can be achieved with hands (massage) or various means(for example, special needles).

Video - Acupuncture

The ideas of Chinese physicians of that time about the connection between internal organs and vertebrae are completely similar to the map of segmental innervation, which modern doctors have.

Moreover, Chinese scientists in ancient times came to the conclusion that emotions affect physical state. They were able to create a system for identifying diseases based on emotions. The main emphasis is on which emotional component harms a particular organ.

Table No. 3. Chinese health map.

Modern medicine on a scientific basis fully confirms all the knowledge that the Chinese scientists of ancient times shared with us.

Treatment

There are many options for the treatment of the spine, which are carried out in stationary conditions. However, besides them, there is a simple and affordable way of healing - this is oriental massage. Everyone can master it and do it at home.

According to Chinese tradition, bioactive points in humans are located not far from the above vertebrae (see table No. 2). The distance is two fingers.

At a distance of four fingers are the points where, according to Chinese doctors, destructive emotions accumulate. Walking along the entire length of the spine with just the tips of your fingers, the massage therapist improves the functioning of the whole organism.

Movements are done gently along the spine. You need to move from top point way down.

The main rule of massage. A person who is being massaged should enjoy the process and not experience pain. If pain occurs when you press on any point, then you need to ease the pressure.

A simple massage, when performed correctly, can improve the condition of the human body. But the main thing is to get rid of the causes that cause negative emotions. After all, they are usually the root cause of all problems.

Video - Oriental massage Yumeiho