National vaccination calendar changes. With changes and additions from. Immunization schedule for children under three years of age

Today, each developed country has its own specially developed vaccination schedule, according to which adults and children are vaccinated. IN children's calendar Inoculations include infections that are considered the most dangerous, and are most popular in a particular geographic region. For a particular country, such a vaccination schedule is mandatory.

Graft is a weakened infectious agent that is introduced into the body and at the same time required vaccination crumbs for the prevention of various infectious diseases. Vaccinations can be made from the first days of a child's life and in certain time approved by the Ministry of Health. You can find out about such terms from a pediatrician or see the special national vaccination calendar for children under three years old.

Before starting the vaccination, the doctor examines the crumbs, measures the body temperature, evaluates general well-being child. And if there are no health problems, then he is vaccinated. If the child is prone to allergies, then allergy medication should be taken in advance. Everyone can have different reaction for vaccination, but often it consists in elevated temperature, loss of appetite and mild malaise. If the temperature is very high or other complications occur, you should consult a doctor or call ambulance. Vaccination is carried out on a voluntary basis.

Immunization schedule for children under three years of age

• on the first day after birth, the baby is given the hepatitis B vaccine;
• from the third to the seventh day of a child's life, they are vaccinated against tuberculosis;
• in the first and second months of life, they are vaccinated against hepatitis B (it applies to those who arrive at risk);
• in the third month of life, they are re-vaccinated against hepatitis B, polio, whooping cough and diphtheria;
• at 4.5 months, re-vaccination against the last three infections is carried out;
• at six months they make the same vaccines as at 3 months;
• per year - from measles and rubella;
• at 18 and 20 months, the child is revaccinated;
• at two years of age, they are vaccinated against smallpox and pneumococcal disease;
• at 36 months - from hepatitis A, and then from it at 42 months.

Whether or not to vaccinate, adhere to the vaccination schedule for children under three years of age, each parent must decide for themselves. At the same time, it is necessary to clearly understand that no one can be protected from outbreaks of various epidemics that are difficult for the body to cope with. And vaccination allows you to develop immunity against these infections and reduce the likelihood of contracting such diseases.

There are many opinions that a child who has been eating only mother's milk for a year and a half is completely protected from all kinds of diseases. And in fact, breast milk It can increase and strengthen immunity, but this does not mean that it can completely protect your baby from any infectious diseases.

The national calendar of preventive vaccinations is a document that determines the timing and types of vaccinations carried out free of charge on a massive scale.

NATIONAL IMMUNICATION CALENDAR

<1>The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the time of the start of vaccination, 2 dose - one month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to groups risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis B which is carried out according to the scheme 0-1-2-12 (1 dose - at the time of the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - after 12 months from the start of vaccination).

<2>Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis for sparing primary vaccination (BCG-M); in the subjects of the Russian Federation with incidence rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients in the environment of a newborn - a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG).

<3>Vaccination is carried out for children at risk (born to mothers - carriers of HBsAg, patients with viral hepatitis B or who had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, who do not have test results for hepatitis B markers, consume drugs or psychotropic substances, from families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis).

<4>The first and second vaccinations are given with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).

<5>Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of hemophilic infection; with oncohematological diseases and / or receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a long time; children born to mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV infection; children in orphanages).

<6>The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - polio vaccine (inactivated).

<7>The second revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens.

<8>Revaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG).

<9>Vaccination is carried out for children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B, according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the time of the start of vaccination, 2 dose - one month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination).

<10>The interval between the first and second vaccinations must be at least 3 months.

The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations

1. Preventive vaccinations within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations are carried out to citizens in medical organizations if such organizations have a license providing for the performance of works (services) for vaccination (carrying out preventive vaccinations).

3. Vaccination and revaccination within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations are carried out with immunobiological medicinal products for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, according to the instructions for their use.

4. Before the prophylactic vaccination of the person to be vaccinated, or

his legal representative explains the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusing to carry out preventive vaccination, and an informed voluntary consent on medical intervention in accordance with the requirements of article 20 federal law dated November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ "On the basics of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation"<1> .

<1>Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, N 26, Art. 3442; No. 26, Art. 3446; 2013, N 27, art. 3459; No. 27, art. 3477; No. 30, art. 4038; No. 39, Art. 4883; No. 48, art. 6165; No. 52, Art. 6951.

<1> .

6. When changing the timing of vaccination, it is carried out according to the schemes provided for by the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and in accordance with the instructions for the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases. It is allowed to administer vaccines (except vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis) used within the framework of the national immunization calendar, on the same day with different syringes to different parts of the body.

7. Vaccination of children for whom immunoprophylaxis against pneumococcal infection was not started in the first 6 months of life is carried out twice with an interval between vaccinations of at least 2 months.

8. Vaccination of children born to mothers with HIV infection is carried out within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations in accordance with the instructions for the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases. When vaccinating such children, the following are taken into account: the child's HIV status, type of vaccine, indicators immune status, child's age, accompanying illnesses.

9. Revaccination of children against tuberculosis, born to mothers with HIV infection and receiving three-stage chemoprophylaxis of HIV transmission from mother to child (during pregnancy, childbirth and in the neonatal period), is carried out in the maternity hospital with vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis (for sparing primary vaccination). In children with HIV infection, as well as when HIV nucleic acids are detected in children by molecular methods, revaccination against tuberculosis is not carried out.

10. Vaccination with live vaccines within the framework of the national immunization calendar (with the exception of vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis) is carried out for children with HIV infection with the 1st and 2nd immune categories (no immunodeficiency or moderate immunodeficiency).

11. If the diagnosis of HIV infection is excluded, children born to mothers with HIV infection are vaccinated with live vaccines without prior immunological examination.

12. Anatoxins killed and recombinant vaccines as part of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, they are administered to all children born to mothers with HIV infection. For children with HIV infection, these immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases are administered in the absence of severe and severe immunodeficiency.

13. When vaccinating the population, vaccines containing antigens that are relevant to the Russian Federation are used, which make it possible to ensure the maximum effectiveness of immunization.

14. When carrying out vaccination against hepatitis B of children of the first year of life, against influenza of children from 6 months of age studying in general educational institutions, pregnant women, vaccines that do not contain preservatives are used.

EPIDEMIC INDICATIONS CALENDAR OF PREVENTIVE VACATIONS

The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens within the framework of the calendar of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications

1. Preventive vaccinations within the framework of the preventive vaccination calendar according to epidemic indications are carried out for citizens in medical organizations if such organizations have a license providing for the performance of works (services) for vaccination (prophylactic vaccinations).

2. Vaccination is carried out by medical workers who have been trained in the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the organization of vaccination, vaccination techniques, as well as in the provision of medical care in an emergency or urgent form.

3. Vaccination and revaccination within the framework of the preventive vaccination schedule for epidemic indications is carried out with immunobiological medicinal products for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the instructions for their use.

4. Before carrying out preventive vaccination, the person to be vaccinated, or his legal representative, is explained the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusing to carry out preventive vaccination, and informed voluntary consent to medical intervention is issued in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 of the Federal Law of November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ "On the basics of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation".

5. All persons to whom preventive vaccinations, are previously examined by a doctor (paramedic)<*>.

<*>Order of the Ministry of Health and social development of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2012 N 252n "On approval of the Procedure for assigning to the paramedic, midwife the head of a medical organization in organizing the provision of primary health care and emergency medical care of certain functions of the attending physician for the direct provision of medical care to the patient during the period of observation of him and its treatment, including prescription and use of drugs, including narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2012, registration number 23971).

6. Introduction allowed inactivated vaccines on the same day with different syringes in different parts of the body. Interval between vaccinations different infections̆ if they are carried out separately (not on the same day), it should be at least 1 month.

7. Vaccination against poliomyelitis according to epidemic indications is carried out by oral polio vaccine. Indications for vaccination of children with oral polio vaccine according to epidemic indications are the registration of a case of poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus, the isolation of wild poliovirus in human bioassays or from environmental objects. In these cases, vaccination is carried out in accordance with the decision of the chief state sanitary doctor of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which determines the age of children to be vaccinated, the timing, procedure and frequency of its implementation.

Young children are more susceptible to disease. From the first months of a baby's life, adaptation of all internal organs and systems to new conditions. Immunity is just beginning to form, and cannot protect the body from the effects of pathogenic viruses and microorganisms.

IN environment there are many pathogens of severe infectious pathologies that can not only undermine health on long years but also lead to death. To protect the child from potential infection, it is necessary to undergo routine immunization in accordance with the vaccination schedule.

Holding routine vaccination helps to prevent the occurrence of serious diseases

How is the vaccination calendar for children compiled?

The vaccination calendar is approved by the Ministry of Health. Every year, a council of specialists, which consists of the country's chief doctors, does a great job of adjusting the vaccination plan.

Taking into account the epidemiological situation, the time frame for immunization is being revised. If necessary, changes are made to the list of permitted injection solutions (vaccines). New ones added in 2017 important vaccinations(for example, from viral hepatitis).

Russian national calendar vaccinations are designed to increase the effectiveness and safety of vaccination. On its basis, it is recommended to immunize the youngest age group population, since babies are more at risk of infection, and weak immunity unable to protect the growing organism properly.

In all medical institutions vaccination is carried out according to the approved schedule, this procedure is free and voluntary. For its implementation, only the written consent of the parents is required.

Vaccinations by age

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The main part of the vaccinations is performed for children under the age of one and a half years, immunization begins from the first month of the child's birth. Vaccination is the introduction of weakened bacteria, after which the production of antibodies-immunoglobulins to the pathology of which they are the causative agents begins.

Vaccination will protect your child from infection by 90%, in case of infection, the disease will proceed in mild form. The risk of complications death, disability) is reduced to zero. Today in Russia, children under 14 are vaccinated against many diseases:

• Tuberculosis is an infection bacterial etiology, the lesion is usually localized in the lungs, extends to all internal systems.
• diphtheria - severe infectious pathology, affects the central nervous system, adrenal glands, lungs, trachea, heart muscle.
• Whooping cough is an infection main feature- paroxysmal cough.
• Viral hepatitis B - the disease affects the liver, later becomes a permanent form, in which cirrhosis of the organ develops.
• Tetanus - with such an infection, the central nervous system suffers, the patient often has convulsions and suffocation.
• Poliomyelitis - the disease is characterized by the formation of paralysis, the development of which cannot be prevented.
• Measles - viral disease, is characterized by the appearance of rashes on the mucous membrane of the throat and nose. Additionally, there are symptoms of poisoning (fever, fever).
• Epidemic parotitis - pathology takes place in acute form, is affected nervous system And salivary glands. In boys, the lesion can go to the testicles, in the future this will lead to infertility.
• Haemophilus influenzae is a dangerous disease; children under 1 year of age are most susceptible to infection. Manifested by purulent meningitis, otitis media, joint damage and of cardio-vascular system pathologies may occur. respiratory tract(pneumonia, bronchitis).
• Rubella - infection with a virus is manifested by a thickening lymph nodes and the appearance of a rash.
• Flu - serious illness, is highly infectious. Characterized by defeat respiratory system, feverish condition of the patient. In neglected forms, it leads to death.

Parents should be responsible for the health of their child, do not miss routine vaccinations, and understand what danger can threaten him without vaccination. If, due to the baby’s well-being or other important circumstances, it is not possible to visit the clinic in a timely manner, then it is necessary to notify the pediatrician about this. Your doctor will schedule your next immunization date.

Babies up to a year

In the first year of a baby's life, a large number of important injections. Some of them are combined so that instead of several you can make one. For example, DTP is a vaccine against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria.

Before vaccination, you should consult a doctor, a specialist should assess the well-being of the child.

Often a medical exemption is required for an indefinite period, or the doctor can develop a personal vaccination schedule. The schedule of vaccinations with the names of vaccines for children from birth to 1 year is indicated in the table:

Children from one to three years old

When the child turns 1 year old, it is no longer required to visit the hospital every month. Parents need to follow the immunization plan so they don't miss anything. What vaccinations and how many stages of vaccination should still be, you can find out from the local pediatrician.

After two years (or one and a half years), the baby will begin to walk in kindergarten, and immunization will be carried out locally at intervals of several months. Parents will only need written consent. The stages of vaccination for children from 1 year to 3 years are listed below:

Schedule of routine vaccinations for children

Modern drugs for injection are easily tolerated at any age. They help the body develop immunity against pathologies that killed thousands of people in the last century.

The vaccination plan is designed to ensure that the child is protected from the very first months of life from dangerous diseases. It is irresponsible not to comply with it, to refuse vaccination.

Full vaccination schedule for children (+ - vaccination; ++ - revaccination):

Revaccination

One vaccination is not always enough to form a strong immunity to infections / viruses. It is often necessary to repeat the immunization two or three times - this is called a booster. Thanks to subsequent vaccination against the same infection, the body develops immunity to its pathogen.

Until the age of 14, children go through several stages of revaccination. List of vaccinations:

• 6 years - measles / rubella / mumps;
• 7 and 13 - 14 years - diphtheria / whooping cough / tetanus;
• 7 years - tuberculosis;
• annual flu immunization.

Vaccination according to epidemic indications

Immunization according to epidemic indications is carried out in certain regions of the country. Data on the epidemiological situation are analyzed annually, after which a list of unfavorable regions is compiled. In such areas, the following diseases are vaccinated.

BCG - vaccination against tuberculosis. Developed in 1920. It is considered effective against severe tuberculosis, which affects mainly children under 5 years of age ( miliary tuberculosis), but is not very effective against the most common form of tuberculosis that affects adults (focal infiltrative tuberculosis). Overall Efficiency BCG vaccinations is about 85%.

Hepatitis B vaccine- According to the data scientific research, immunity against hepatitis B persists for 22 years, subject to vaccination in infancy. The vaccine is given by injection into the muscle. Basically, the vaccine causes responses at the injection site, which include: redness; a small knot; unpleasant feeling at the injection site when making fast and intense movements.

DPT- vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. All three infectious diseases are serious and potentially dangerous to humans, because, even with the most modern and highly effective antibacterial drugs, the percentage of deaths is very high. DTP is injected into the child's thigh, since even the smallest muscles are well developed on the leg. Post-vaccination reactions or side effects are quite common, in almost 30% of children, but these manifestations are not a pathology or symptoms serious illness. DTP vaccine may cause local and systemic side effects. The locals are the following symptoms : 1. Redness, swelling, induration and soreness at the injection site. 2. Violation of walking due to pain at the injection site - the child, as a rule, cries, "protects" the leg, does not allow touching the sore spot, etc. TO general symptoms side effects DTP vaccines include the following: temperature increase; anxiety; capriciousness; lethargy, long sleep day or night; vomit; diarrhea; appetite disorder.

Polio vaccine - Oral polio vaccine comes in the form of drops and is given by mouth. OPV contains live attenuated viruses and promotes the formation of local immunity in the intestine; it is used, as a rule, in countries where polio infection has not yet been completely eradicated (including Russia and the CIS countries). Within an hour after the introduction of OPV, the child should not be allowed to eat or drink. In about 5% of cases, after a polio vaccination, children may experience short-term diarrhea or allergies. These reactions do not require any treatment and are not dangerous for children.

Vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae- Vaccination is carried out in three doses. In most cases, the Hemophilus influenzae vaccine is well tolerated. That is why it is combined with other vaccines in DTP. To those available for hemophilic vaccination side effects include a reaction at the injection site and an increase in the child's body temperature. According to epidemiological studies, Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) is the cause of up to half of cases purulent meningitis in children under 5 years of age. At the same time, up to 80% of the isolated strains are resistant to traditionally used antibiotics, and the frequency severe complications after past infection reaches 40%.

Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps- a complex, polyvalent vaccination allows you to introduce into the body of a child immunobiological preparation, which will lead to the development of immunity to three infections at once. It is administered to children twice - at 1 year and at 6 years, before entering school. The double administration of the drug is due to the fact that not all children develop immunity after the first injection, so a second is necessary. Children are then revaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella in adolescence- at 15 - 17 years old. Children tolerate the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine well, their body gives a minimum of reactions and maximum protection. After the injection of the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine, reactions appear after 5 - 15 days in 10 - 20% of vaccinated children.

Influenza vaccine - medicinal product from the group of biological preparations, providing the formation of short-term immunity to the influenza virus. It is considered one of the most effective means influenza prevention. Vaccination is carried out annually.