It's time for a vaccination. National vaccination calendar. Calendar of vaccinations for children, prophylactic and epidemiological. Where and how to get vaccinated

What does the national vaccination calendar look like in Belarus?

More detailed information about this can be found in the Decree of the Ministry of Health of Belarus No. 42 dated May 17, 2018.

In particular, since last year, vaccinations have been given free of charge against 12 diseases, and vaccination is carried out at certain stages of life:

How to prepare for vaccination

Proper preparation for vaccination, especially in the first months of life, will help to endure the injection, if not painlessly, then at least with the least health consequences.

• Before vaccination, it is necessary to undergo an examination by a pediatrician and obtain permission for vaccination. Without it, they have no right to give an injection
• If the child has an allergy to the components of the vaccine, it is necessary to inform the doctor about this - he can give a medical exemption or prescribe additional tests, expert advice
• A couple of days before vaccination, new foods should not be introduced into the baby's diet - this is especially true for breast-fed children. High chance of allergic reactions
• If allergic reactions have occurred in the past, it makes sense to give the child antihistamines even before the vaccine is administered, but only after consulting a doctor

What to do after vaccination

Immediately after the injection, which most children perceive painfully, you need to calm the baby, try to rock him and follow the reaction.

Within 30-40 minutes after the introduction of the vaccine, you should not leave the walls of the clinic - in rare cases, the child has an acute allergic reaction that needs to be eliminated right there, and you just need to calm down.

After vaccination, the temperature may rise slightly, the injection site may swell a little - in this case, parents do not need to worry. You can take an antipyretic for children, put the child to bed early, even with you next to you - sometimes this helps to overcome stress better than medicine.

What not to do:

• Do not wet the injection site during the day
• It is better to do without evening bathing, just wipe the baby's skin with napkins
• No need to visit, meet new people
• The injection site does not need to be lubricated with anything or make a tight bandage.
• Do not introduce new foods into the diet within 3-4 days after vaccination

What do we have to do:

• Walk outdoors, especially in good weather. In extreme cases, go to the balcony
• Wear loose clothing that does not irritate the skin
• Monitor the injection site for a few more days and in case of sudden changes or an increase in temperature, call the doctor

What reactions to vaccination are considered normal:

• high fever (occurs in every 10 children)
• redness, swelling, swelling of the injection site
• after vaccination against measles and rubella, cough, sore throat and even a runny nose are often. How the body reacts to the introduction of the vaccine - taking an antipyretic usually relieves all symptoms

But if the child is unwell for several days, the temperature does not go astray, weakness is observed and the condition only worsens - it is better to consult a doctor.

When not to vaccinate

A certain percentage of parents are afraid of vaccinations and try, if not to avoid them, then at least postpone them for a while. But there are not so many absolute contraindications for vaccination.

Vaccinations are usually not given to people with infectious diseases or who have just had an illness. Also, children with exacerbation of chronic diseases are temporarily exempted from vaccination. In itself, such a disease is not a reason for a medical withdrawal - in any case, consultation of a pediatrician and a narrow specialist who leads the child is necessary.

If a child has a severe allergy to the components of the vaccine, the doctor may prescribe antihistamines or postpone the vaccination.

Then, when the baby recovers, all vaccinations can be done individually.

4 Vaccine Questions From Anxious Parents

1. When will meningococcal vaccinations be started in Belarus?

The Ministry of Health also noted: “Due to the extremely low incidence of meningococcal infection in the Republic of Belarus, vaccination against it is not provided for in the National calendar of preventive vaccinations and the List of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications”.

Therefore, vaccination will be done on a paid basis.

2. After the introduction of the vaccine, will the child definitely not get sick?

Unfortunately, no one can give an absolute guarantee - nevertheless, after mass vaccination, the percentage of cases is significantly reduced. Thus, since 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized Belarus as a country free from poliomyelitis. And since 2011, not a single case of diphtheria has been registered in the country.

3. What are the consequences after refusing to be vaccinated?

None. Parents have the right to refuse scheduled vaccinations - there are no fines or legal consequences for this in Belarus. In other countries, anti-vaxxers are actively fighting. For example, in the United States, unvaccinated children are educated at home, in Italy such children are not allowed in kindergartens, and in France there are heavy fines for refusing to be vaccinated.

4. Is it true that after vaccination you can become autistic?

Only ignorant people can ask this question: autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy and organic lesions of the central nervous system have nothing to do with vaccination. Sometimes genetic mutations are “guilty” of this, it can also be the consequences of birth trauma - but not vaccination.

If you want to get a doctor's advice about vaccination or get a vaccination on a paid basis, please refer to our directory of medical centers.

From user's logJulia

CALENDAR of preventive vaccinations in Belarus

*Abbreviations:

HBV - against viral hepatitis B,

BCG - against tuberculosis (http://www.happydoctor.ru/info/96),

BCG-M - a vaccine against tuberculosis with a reduced antigen content,

DPT - adsorbed (whole cell) pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine,

AaDTP - adsorbed (acellular) pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine,

ADS - adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid,

ADS-M - adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid with a reduced content of antigens,

IPV - inactivated polio vaccine,

OPV - oral (live) polio vaccine,

MMR - combined vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella (trivaccine),

AC - tetanus toxoid.

www.baby.ru

Immunization calendar in Belarus

Available:For all

Currently, Belarus is vaccinating against 12 infections: hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, pneumococcal and hemophilic infections and influenza. The National Immunization Schedule indicates the minimum intervals between vaccinations. These intervals cannot be shortened, but can be extended if necessary. Preventive vaccination calendar in Minsk and the Republic of Belarus

1. HBV - hepatitis B vaccine
2. HAV - hepatitis A vaccine
3. BCG - tuberculosis vaccine
4. BCG-M - reduced antigen tuberculosis vaccine
5. DTP - adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine
6. AaDTP - acellular adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine
7. ADS - adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid
8. AD-M - adsorbed diphtheria toxoid with a reduced content of antigens
9. ADS-M - adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid with a reduced content of antigens
10. IPV - inactivated polio vaccine
11. ZKV - live measles vaccine
12. ZhPV - live mumps vaccine
13. Trivaccine - a complex vaccine against measles, rubella, mumps
14. Hib - vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae (Hib)

www.baby.ru

Schedule of preventive vaccinations for children

Preventive vaccinations allow you to avoid many diseases, sometimes quite dangerous. For example, with the help of vaccination, it was possible to completely defeat smallpox, significantly reduce the incidence of poliomyelitis, tetanus and other dangerous infections.

In order to make it more convenient for parents, vaccinations for young children are carried out according to the schedule. Vaccines against certain diseases are combined, which allows you to get vaccinated against several diseases at once in one vaccination.

Parents and the local pediatrician should monitor compliance with the vaccination schedule. It is their close cooperation that will allow the child to grow up healthy.

Importance and necessity of vaccination

The importance of vaccination, both for the individual and for the population as a whole, is difficult to overestimate. Thanks to vaccinations, most people do not encounter or get sick in a mild form with whooping cough, measles and diphtheria, which can be fatal, and more formidable "adult" infections - smallpox, polio, tetanus, plague.

The effectiveness of vaccination is based on the fact that the components of the pathogen or the pathogen itself are introduced into the body in the form in which it cannot cause disease.

The immune system of the body produces antibodies to the pathogen and, when confronted with a non-vaccinated (“wild”) microorganism, responds with a full-fledged immune response.

The importance of vaccination for the population is even higher. When conditions are created in which the majority of people are vaccinated against a particular disease, each single case of the disease does not become the cause of an epidemic.

The number of unvaccinated people in a population is referred to by epidemiologists as the “fire rate”. If it is low, then the likelihood of contact between two unvaccinated people and infection of one from the other is low, so cases of the disease remain isolated. If the fire percentage rises, then the risk of an epidemic, and sometimes a pandemic, also grows with it.

Features and conditions of vaccination

Vaccination requires a certain procedure. Firstly, vaccination is given only in medical institutions, and only medical workers who have the appropriate certificates that they have the right to work with vaccinations in pediatrics.

The drugs used for vaccination must be certified and approved for use in Russia, and parents have the right to demand all the necessary documents.

Secondly, vaccinations must be carried out strictly according to the schedule, it is possible to deviate from it only after consulting a doctor. If the vaccination involves revaccination, then it is necessary to observe the interval between the first and subsequent injections of the vaccine.

It is possible to postpone vaccination dates only if there are relative indications for vaccinations - for example, an acute illness. The fact that the child cannot receive the vaccine on time is noted in his developmental history.

It is important to remember that only healthy children are vaccinated. If the child is sick, vaccination is postponed if there are absolute contraindications - this is noted in the development history. Before giving a referral for vaccination, the district pediatrician will prescribe blood and urine tests, and immediately before vaccination, the doctor will measure the temperature of the child.

The entire vaccination process is carefully documented - the history of development indicates the permission or contraindications for vaccination, absolute contraindications with the conclusion of the immunological commission, the date of vaccination, the drug used, the name of the medical worker who carried out the vaccination.

Cold treatment during pregnancy
- you can read about it in our publication on the site.

You can read about how to determine the sex of an unborn child in this article.

From here you will learn how to properly introduce complementary foods into your baby's diet.

Schedule of preventive vaccinations for children under one year old

At this age, the child receives the most important vaccinations of his life against most dangerous infections. Some of them cause strong immunity for life, some will have to be repeated already in adulthood, and others, like the flu shot, are done every year. At this age, it is very important to keep the calendar accurate to the day.

• the first day (in the hospital) - hepatitis B;
• 3-5 days (in the maternity hospital) - tuberculosis;
• 1 month - hepatitis B (second vaccination);
• 2 months - pneumococcal infection;
• 3 months - DTP (whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus), poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection;
• 4.5 months - pneumococcus, DTP, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection (all - revaccination);
• 6 months - hepatitis B, DPT, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection (revaccination);
• 12 months - measles, rubella, mumps.

The flu vaccine is not included in the list of mandatory, but it can be given to a child from six months of age. The immunity lasts for a year.

Immunity from hepatitis B after vaccination is maintained for about 20 years, so it has to be repeated by adults. The remaining vaccinations, which are given up to a year, give lifelong immunity, with the exception of rare exceptions.

According to epidemic indications, from 1.5 months they are vaccinated against rotavirus infection, from 9 months - meningococcus, from 12 - hepatitis A. These vaccinations are also not included in the national calendar.

What vaccinations should be given to children after a year to 3 years

Between a year and three is another important period in vaccinating a child. But the setting of many vaccinations at this time is very dependent on the previous one, which is why exact adherence to the schedule is so important in the first year. During these two years, the following vaccinations are given:

• 15 months - pneumococcus (revaccination);
• 18 months - DTP, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection (revaccination);
• 20 months - polio.

Additional vaccination against pneumococcus is carried out after 2 years.

Of those vaccinations that are not included in the national calendar, but can be delivered according to epidemic indications - influenza, hepatitis A and B, meningococcal infection, tick-borne encephalitis, chicken pox. All of them are allowed from 12 months or earlier.

After three years, the number of vaccinations decreases significantly. From three to six years - a kind of break in vaccination. During this period, you can be vaccinated against influenza, hepatitis A and B, meningococcal infection and tick-borne encephalitis, as well as chicken pox, if the child has not had it before.

At 6 years of age, repeated vaccinations against measles and mumps are given, along with them - a rubella vaccine. From 6 to 7 years of age, the child should receive repeated vaccinations against tuberculosis, diphtheria and tetanus.

The last compulsory vaccination for a schoolchild is at the age of 14, a second vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria and polio. The rest of the vaccinations can be done at any age, from which they are allowed, if for some reason the child did not receive this vaccination on time, or there are epidemic indications for re-vaccination.

Schedule for children in Belarus

In Belarus, the vaccination schedule is very similar to the Russian one, but has its own characteristics. For example, the hepatitis B vaccine is administered in the first 12 hours of life, and not just on the first day, the DTP vaccine is administered at 3, 4, 5 and 18 months, and the interval between its first injections is not 1.5 months, but one. The same applies to poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenzae.

In Belarus, a stricter adherence to the vaccination schedule is adopted than in Russia, and the only reason to refuse vaccination can be a medical challenge, and extremely rarely - the desire of parents. This allows us to maintain a favorable epidemiological situation, unchanged for many years.

Ukraine, unlike Belarus, seeks to take into account the wishes of parents, so refusal to vaccinate is considered a good reason not to carry out prevention.

The epidemiological situation remains quite favorable, according to experts, this situation will continue for at least another 15 years. However, the vaccination calendar in Ukraine is also accepted and is observed quite strictly.

In the first month of life, the vaccination schedule coincides with the Russian or Belarusian, but the first DPT vaccination at 2 months, then at 4, 6 and 18. The difference in the interval at which the first three injections should occur is caused by the high reactogenicity of the DPT vaccine, but for it effectiveness, it is necessary to maintain a strictly defined concentration of the drug in the blood.

Possible reactions of the body and causes of complications

The most common reaction to a vaccine is an allergy. It can have a different severity, from mild discomfort to anaphylactic shock. It occurs due to the fact that the vaccine interferes with the activity of the immune system.

The frequency of allergic manifestations depends on the drug, but occurs in one case per 100,000 vaccinated people or less. This is much lower than the chance of death or disability from many of the diseases that vaccines prevent.

Parents have the right to refuse to vaccinate their child in writing, even if there are no medical contraindications. In many children's institutions, this entails a negative reaction from teachers, which in many respects has good reasons.

The epidemiological danger directly depends on the number of people susceptible to infection in the population, and the likelihood that one of them will become infected from another. Vaccination reduces this chance to the minimum possible.

If there are many unvaccinated people in the population, then if one of them becomes ill, there is a high probability that another will become infected from one unvaccinated person. In addition, unvaccinated people get sick much more severely and with a risk of complications.

Additional information about vaccinations from Dr. Komarovsky is in the next video.

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Should I be afraid of vaccinations? 10 Popular Vaccine Myths

For many years, there has been controversy regarding vaccination. The amount of negative information is off scale, parents are confused, intimidated, and no matter how many experts try to dot the i's, explaining the need to be vaccinated, there are still skeptics who are trying to convince us otherwise.

We asked the pediatrician, director of the Dobry Doktor company Alexander Dechko to sort out the most popular myths about vaccination.

Vaccines cause various diseases: autism, cerebral palsy, cancer

There has long been a misconception, unsubstantiated rumors that people who have been vaccinated are more likely to suffer from both autism and cancer. In the first place, vaccines were attributed to autism. Today, there is such a direction as evidence-based medicine, which clearly proved that there is no statistically proven relationship between the use of vaccines and the development of autism, cerebral palsy or cancer.

Some diseases are almost never found, so you don't need to be vaccinated against them.

To date, there is not a single vaccination in the National Vaccination Calendar of the Republic of Belarus that would be useless or superfluous. All the diseases that our children are vaccinated against exist, the causative agents of these diseases circulate in nature. It must be remembered that the number of diseases is small precisely because the human population uses vaccines. As soon as we stop vaccinating, an increase in the incidence is immediately felt. An example is the situation in Ukraine, where last year, due to hostilities, the vaccination campaign was practically a failure, and as a result, cases of polio and other so-called preventable infections were recorded. We can recall the cases of measles imported from Europe - as soon as attention to vaccination was weakened, the incidence immediately increased.

The vaccine itself can cause disease

This myth stems from the fact that so-called live vaccines were previously used. The live virus contained in them, when it enters the body, really causes a mild disease, immunity is formed, and the person no longer gets sick.

Today, live virus vaccines are practically not used, and it can be said with confidence that the use of modern vaccines is not accompanied by the occurrence of the diseases against which we are vaccinated.

For example, from this year in the Republic of Belarus, even the polio vaccine will be used only inactivated and only in the form of injections.

Better to get sick than get vaccinated

The diseases that we vaccinate children against are so serious that it is simply incorrect to compare possible post-vaccination reactions and possible complications from the disease. Well, how can you say that it is better to get sick with diphtheria, when the lethality from it before the moment the vaccine was introduced was 50%? Disability due to polio ranged from 70 to 90%! Why take the risk?

An exception in this matter is vaccination against chickenpox (it is not included in the National Immunization Schedule). Postponed chicken pox leaves behind lifelong immunity, immunity after vaccination, according to various sources, lasts 20-25 years.

But the chickenpox vaccine is not for everyone. It is used in weakened children, in people who have had certain diseases, in cancer patients, etc.

From my point of view, the use of the varicella vaccine is justified in relation to children from puberty. Everyone knows that small children, as a rule, in the bulk endure chickenpox quite easily, but the older the child becomes, the more severe the disease. My opinion is this: if a child has not had chickenpox before the age of 10-11, then it makes sense to get vaccinated against it. It is also advisable to vaccinate parents who did not have chickenpox in childhood, but were in contact with sick children. In such a situation, it makes sense to get vaccinated within 72 hours.

Vaccination weakens the body and "spoils" the immune system

Vaccination leads to the formation of immunity against the microorganism against which this vaccine is designed. The vaccine does not have any other effects on the immune system. The vaccine leads to an increase, and in no case to a weakening of immunity.

The side effects of vaccines are more dangerous than the disease itself.

Any vaccine can have both so-called post-vaccination reactions and complications. Complications occur in about one thousandth of a percent of all vaccinated children.

As for post-vaccination reactions (fever, redness and induration at the injection site), they are completely harmless, do not harm the body, have no consequences and usually disappear within 72 hours.

If the child is healthy, the vaccine is of high quality and the vaccination is carried out technically correctly, then the number of complications tends to zero.

The flu is generally not a serious illness. Why get vaccinated?

You can give figures: in Europe, about three thousand people die from the flu every year. Each person can decide for himself how serious the disease is, which leads to such a serious mortality in Western European countries with a high level of quality of life and prosperity.

Annual flu vaccination is the only preventive measure that really helps.

To date, the effectiveness of influenza vaccination is very high - it is more than 90%.

The vaccination campaign in our republic has already begun, there are vaccines available, which means that it is not worth delaying visiting a medical institution. The rise in the incidence of influenza occurs, as a rule, at the end of January - the beginning of February, it should be vaccinated before the end of December.

The vaccine begins to "work" within two to three weeks after vaccination, its effect lasts for a year. Some people think that you don't need to get vaccinated against the flu every year. This is not true! The virus mutates, revaccination is required.

Everyone is recommended to get vaccinated against the flu. As for the risk group, traditionally it includes infants; elderly people; people with chronic diseases, as well as people who have a large number of contacts due to their professional employment (teachers, doctors, etc.)

Influenza vaccination is contraindicated for the following: the child is less than six months old; any disease in the acute period; the presence of an allergic reaction to the constituent parts of the vaccine (the influenza virus is cultivated on a chicken egg embryo, respectively, an allergy to chicken egg proteins is a contraindication to vaccination); as well as the presence of allergic reactions to this vaccine in history.

The child may not meet with an infection, but complications after the vaccine will certainly arise.

We return to mathematics again: complications occur with a frequency of no more than one thousandth of a percent. Therefore, the likelihood of complications is extremely low.

Before the introduction of routine immunization, infectious diseases were the main cause of childhood death, and epidemics occurred quite often. Vaccination has radically changed the situation.

The Ministry of Health approved the national calendar of preventive vaccinations. The corresponding decree of the Ministry No. 42 was signed on May 17, 2018 and has already entered into force.

About which vaccinations and against which infections were included in the national calendar - tells the epidemiologist of the city center for hygiene and epidemiology Dina Novitskaya:

– The new calendar establishes vaccinations against:
- viral hepatitis B - in the first 12 hours of life, as well as children aged 2, 3, 4 months;
- tuberculosis - on the 3rd-5th day of life;
- pneumococcal infection - for children aged 2, 4 and 12 months with immunodeficiency conditions, recurrent acute purulent otitis media, pneumonia, diabetes mellitus;
- diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hemophilic infection - for children aged 2, 3, 4 months;
- hemophilic infection - for children under 5 years old in the presence of certain conditions;
- diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough - children under 18 months;
- poliomyelitis - children aged 2, 3, 4 months and 7 years;
- measles, mumps, rubella - for children aged 12 months and 6 years;
- diphtheria and tetanus - at the age of 6, 16, 26 years and every subsequent 10 years until the age of 66 years;
- influenza - for children aged 6 months to 3 years, children over 3 years old and adults with chronic diseases, adults over 65 years old, pregnant women, health workers, pharmacists and some other categories of people.

What if the patient refuses to be vaccinated?

– The doctor is obliged to explain the consequences of refusal. But if he nevertheless followed, then a corresponding entry is made in the medical documents with the signatures of the patient and the doctor.

- Recent outbreaks of measles in Ukraine, isolated cases in Belarus ... Is this a reason for vaccination for epidemiological indications?

- The new document also approved a list of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications. They mean the presence of a person in contact with an infectious patient, the risk of infection in the course of professional activities, being in an unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological situation in their country or traveling to the territory of other states with a risk of infection, as well as some other circumstances.

There are also contraindications for vaccinations. How to understand that they will not harm the body?

- Preventive vaccination in our country is carried out taking into account indications and contraindications for carrying out, in strict accordance with the instructions attached to the vaccine. Before the prophylactic vaccination, an examination by a specialist doctor is mandatory, and after the introduction of an immunobiological preparation, the patient must be observed for 30 minutes.

- Does the flu vaccine help to cope with the most widespread infection?

– Influenza is the only infection that causes annual mass epidemics worldwide. The reason for this is largely the constant mutation of the virus. The mass immunization of the population in the pre-epidemic period with an annual change in the strain composition of vaccines helps to effectively counter the inevitable annual rise in the incidence of ARI and influenza.

– How did the last flu vaccination protect us? Has the number of patients decreased?

– In our city, from 2009 to 2017, influenza vaccination coverage rates increased from 11.4% to 40.2%. During this time, the incidence of influenza and other respiratory infections among the vaccinated population decreased from 16% to 5%, while the incidence of SARS among the unvaccinated in different years ranged from 21% to 39%. The last vaccination campaign in the city was carried out in September-November 2017. Vaccination coverage was 40.2% of the population (more than 27,000 people). From December 2017 to April 2018, the period of a seasonal increase in the incidence, 16,470 residents of the city fell ill with acute respiratory infections, including 1,403 cases (5% in the structure of this group) in the group vaccinated against influenza, 15,066 cases of ARI were detected among the unvaccinated ( 37% of the unvaccinated). Evaluation of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination showed that the risk of influenza and ARI in unvaccinated individuals is more than seven times higher than in vaccinated individuals.

– What would you advise the townspeople with the onset of the epidemiological season?

- When the warm summer ends and autumn comes, everyone should think about how to protect themselves and their loved ones from the flu and other respiratory infections. The effectiveness of vaccinations has been reliably proven, both in general and specifically in our territory. Therefore, epidemiologists urge the public to get vaccinated against influenza in order to be protected from the disease and its adverse effects.

Questions asked Lilia ALEKHNOVICH

Although grafting at the level of an idea was born in China back in the ΙΙΙ c. AD, it is considered the main medical breakthrough of the 19th century. Indeed, at first, immunization against the then scourge of humanity, smallpox, was approached quite barbarously - they simply transferred smallpox pus through an incision to a healthy person. And only the French chemist Louis Pasteur proposed a new, at the same time more gentle and more progressive method, which was brilliantly proven in 1885. Then Pasteur vaccinated against rabies the shepherd Joseph Meister, who was bitten by a rabid dog - and he remained alive. Since then, new vaccines against the most dangerous diseases began to appear regularly: 1913 - the debut of vaccination against diphtheria, 1921 - against tuberculosis, 1936 - against tetanus, 1939 - against tick-borne encephalitis, etc. Today, medicine is already firmly in control of infections, practicing vaccines even against cervical cancer, and considering how to deal with its current enemies, say, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, with the same proven approach.

Immunization calendar in Belarus

Today it is fixed by law and includes vaccination against 9 infections: hepatitis B, tuberculosis, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps and rubella. In most regions, since 2008, routine immunization against viral hepatitis A has been underway. In Minsk, vaccinations have also been made against Hib (hemophilic) infection, and since this year, against chicken pox. In addition to the calendar, there is a list of preventive vaccinations - it contains 19 items. They are carried out according to epidemic indications. I must say that our country is not at all a leader in terms of reasons for vaccination. The national calendars of some states also include vaccinations against pneumococcal and meningococcal infections.

What vaccinations to do?

Doctors insist: everything from the national calendar! If, of course, there are no contraindications and medical challenges. After all, each country forms its own calendar for a reason, but taking into account infections that can massively spread in it and proceed especially hard, up to death. The fact is that a fully vaccinated mother passes specific antibodies to her baby through the placenta, which will provide protection only in the first months of life. But already from three to five months, those that protect against diphtheria, tetanus begin to fade, by the year - against measles ... Therefore, it is so important to help the still tender body take up all-round defense.

As for adults, in addition to scheduled revaccinations (say, diphtheria and tetanus are vaccinated once every 10 years), you should definitely think about vaccination against ...

• Yellow fever if you are heading to regions of Africa and Latin America, which are 20 degrees above and below the equator. Let's say Brazil and Kenya. Everyone who travels there must have an international medical certificate of appropriate vaccination, which is valid for 10 years. In Belarus, it can be done at the 19th Minsk polyclinic, and at least 10 days before the trip. Vaccines have also been invented for other quarantine infections - plague and cholera, but they are extremely rare.
• Hepatitis A. This is if your plans include Egypt, Turkey, Crimea, Bulgaria, Israel or Algeria, where the chance of getting "jaundice" is much higher. Such a vaccination is done 7 - 14 days before the trip, then it gives protection for 1 - 1.5 years. If after 6 - 12 months the vaccination is repeated, then immunity will be developed for 10 - 20 years in advance.
• Hepatitis B - if you travel for more than a month to Thailand, China and other countries in Southeast Asia, where there is a high probability of becoming infected in medical institutions. There is a “quick” vaccine that will form immunity in a month.
• Tick-borne encephalitis. Such vaccination is highly desirable for lovers of extreme rafting on the rivers of the Far East and is not always necessary if you are just planning to go on a tour of urban Europe. As a rule, they are grafted in autumn, in two stages, with an interval of 5-7 months. There is a more “quick” vaccination, when you can go on a trip in a month. And finally, the "emergency option" - the introduction of immunoglobulin 3 - 4 days before the trip. But if the vaccine provides protection for a year, then immunoglobulin - only for a month.

In addition, employees of forest management organizations are vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis in the territories of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park, the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve and other places potentially dangerous in terms of the spread of infection. From rabies - workers for catching and keeping neglected animals, as well as slaughterhouses, veterinarians, hunters, foresters, taxidermists, etc.

Vaccinations for children in Belarus

Preventive vaccination schedules may vary slightly across the country, so we present the one that operates in Minsk. It includes vaccinations for both children under one year old and those who are older.

Newborns in the first 12 hours of life- VGV-1

Newborns on 3-5 days of life - BCG (BCG-M)

1 month- VGV-2

3 months - DTP-1 (AaDTP), IPV-1, Hib-1

4 months - DTP-2 (AaDTP), IPV-2, Hib-2

5 months - DTP-3 (AaDTP), IPV-3, VGV-3, Hib-3

12 months - trivaccine (or ZhIV, ZhPV, rubella vaccine)

18 months- DTP-4 (AaDTP), OPV-4, VGA-1, Hib-4

2 years- OPV-5, VGA-2

6 years - DTP, trivaccine (or ZhKV, ZhPV, rubella vaccine)

Before entering school- VGA 1-2*

7 years- OPV-6, BCG

11 years- AD-M

13 years old- VGV 1-3*

14 years- BCG**

16 years and every 10 years up to and including 66 years- ADS-M, (AD-M, AS)

* not previously vaccinated against this infection.

** persons from risk groups.

HBV- Hepatitis B vaccine.

CAA- Hepatitis A vaccine.

BCG- Tuberculosis vaccine.

BCG-M- vaccine against tuberculosis with a reduced content of antigen.

DPT- adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

AaDPC- acellular adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

ADS- adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid.

AD-M- adsorbed diphtheria toxoid with a reduced content of antigens.

ADS-M- adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid with a reduced content of antigens.

AC- tetanus toxoid.

OPV- oral live polio vaccine.

IPV- inactivated polio vaccine.

ZhKV- live measles vaccine.

YHV- live mumps vaccine.

Trivaccine- a complex vaccine against measles, rubella, mumps.

Hib- Vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae (Hib infection).

Vaccination at 3 months

There are three of them - a three-in-one vaccine, simultaneously against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, against poliomyelitis and against Haemophilus influenzae. If compared with the general schedule, it turns out that the vaccine at 3 months is not at all a “super-shock”, as many young parents believe, but it is certainly necessary in order to consistently form the immunity that the child needs. However, the opinion that vaccination is “too early” is just as unfounded. For example, hepatitis B vaccination is given within the first 12 hours of birth, and this is not our know-how, but the experience of the USA and Europe.

Chickenpox and DTP vaccine

Vaccination against chickenpox began this year, free of charge and in all children's clinics. In just three months, more than 3,000 children were vaccinated, which significantly reduced the risk of spreading the infection, the rise of which was noted last year. In general, this virus is easily transmitted by airborne droplets and is extremely contagious: out of 100 people in contact with a patient with chickenpox, 85-99 will get sick. Moreover, in 5-6 percent of cases, complications arise, up to pneumonia, acute otitis media, and even sometimes meningoencephalitis. Babies under one year are especially at risk, but even over the age of 15, chickenpox is often difficult to tolerate. The figure speaks for itself: every month, an average of 10 people are hospitalized in Minsk due to chickenpox. The peak season is from December to May.

As for the actual vaccination against chickenpox, it has been used in the world for more than 30 years. Somewhere - in risk groups, somewhere (in Canada, Germany, Australia, etc.) it is included in the national calendar. Until recently, two vaccines against chickenpox, Belgian and Japanese, were registered in Belarus. Children from one to 13 years of age are immunized once, over 13 - twice with an interval of 6-10 weeks. The duration of protection is at least 20 years, the guarantee that you will not get sick is up to 94 percent.

The DTP vaccine has two variants - whole cell and acellular. The second one is being practiced in Minsk. The name itself is an abbreviation of the initial letters of the diseases against which protection is given: whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus. Do not think that these are the threats of bygone days. In the 1990s, there was a spike in diphtheria in the country, precisely because too many refused to be immunized. And the lethal consequences of tetanus are recorded by physicians almost every year. No one is immune from this, because the pathogen lives in the soil.

Influenza vaccination in Minsk

The campaign has already ended. In total, doctors set themselves the goal of vaccinating 35 percent of Minsk residents (673,000 people). A year ago, there were 505 thousand of them, and at some enterprises over 40 percent of the staff were vaccinated against influenza. By the way, it was also analyzed there how effective and economically feasible it is. It turned out that, for example, an increase in the number of people vaccinated against influenza at the Belarusfilm National Film Studio up to 35 percent resulted in a decrease in the incidence by more than 10 percent. Experts have even calculated the total figures: for every dollar invested in the vaccination campaign - 11.2 dollars of effect. Last year, more than 49,000 cases of influenza and more than 60,000 acute respiratory infections were prevented in Minsk in this way.

Chinese or French flu vaccine?

Natalya Gribkova, head of the laboratory of influenza and influenza-like diseases of the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, does not consider this issue of principle: “They are of the same level, they do not differ at all in quality. Chinese - yes, somewhat cheaper, but if production does not meet the requirements of WHO, the country will simply be deprived of the right to produce a vaccine. Another question is that WHO experts have changed the composition of the vaccine for Belarusians. Usually we have three influenza viruses circulating: two viruses of group A and one of group B, and last year microbiologists identified another group B. So there are already 4 components in the current vaccine. For free vaccination, the Fluvaxin vaccine (China) is used, for paid vaccination, Vaxigrip (France), Grippol Plus (Russia), Influvak (Netherlands). The cost of the procedure is from 70 to 127 thousand rubles, depending on the type.

Flu shots for children

Kindergarten pupils and schoolchildren are included in the so-called risk group, so their flu vaccination is highly desirable. After all, the children's team, where millions of microbes revolve, is fertile ground for an epidemic. Everyone is vaccinated for free, on the spot. However, with the consent of the parents (written or oral - this is at the discretion of the administration of the educational institution). Children under three years of age are given half the dose, older children are given the full dose. If a five-year-old child is brought in who has not previously had the flu and has not been vaccinated, he is given two full vaccinations with an interval of a month.

Vaccinations: pros and cons

Galina Chervonskaya, with her best-selling book Merciless Immunization, which denounces vaccinations as almost the worst enemies of civilization, of course, has a group of supporters. At one time there were so many of them that in Moscow they recognized: we are losing the fight against opponents of vaccinations! Then they began to understand, fact by fact. As a result, our doctors came to the conclusion that Chervonskaya's monograph does not contain scientific information, only chaotically pulled facts and the negative that exists in any case. Yes, the facts that opponents of vaccination rely on once took place, but now there are other vaccines, other approaches. And it's almost an axiom: vaccinology is the most life-saving science. No other medical discipline owes humanity the saving of so many lives, millions upon millions. For example, over the past 50 years, more than 2 million cases of measles have been prevented in Belarus with the help of a single tool - vaccination. Meanwhile, hundreds of thousands of people around the world are still dying from measles. The experience of countries that tried to refuse vaccination is sad. As soon as Japan canceled the whooping cough vaccine, there was a surge, it came to deaths. The same thing happened with vaccination against mumps - serous meningitis began.

The fact that a whole generation has grown up that does not know what a serious infectious disease, say, polio, is fueling the panic of opponents of vaccinations. Medicine has become partly hostage to its own successes. Add here the denseness of the Internet and the psychology of modern parents who are ready to argue with the doctor to the point of hoarseness and do not want to be responsible for their decisions later. Here is an explanation for why there are still disputes between “amateurs” and “professionals”. In fairness, it should be noted that the number of refusals to vaccinate in Minsk is declining, several vaccination centers have already opened, where specialists have taken over the work with the most doubtful parents and their children.

Should I get a flu shot?

In developed countries, this question has not been raised for a long time. Of course do! Incidentally, this is indirectly confirmed by the story of the "swine" flu. Our doctors specially analyzed the situation after the fact: so, of those who died in that epidemic, not a single one was vaccinated ... According to the most conservative estimates, influenza and respiratory diseases in total give from 10 to 53 percent of complications. After all, then a person is overtaken by bronchitis, pneumonia and even strokes with heart attacks. In America, up to 30,000 people a year used to die from the flu. What does "flu" mean? from its consequences.

There is no doubt, there are isolated cases when they get sick even after vaccination, it still does not provide 100% protection. But then the disease proceeds much easier. And yet the fact is that flu vaccination alone will not solve the problem of influenza. Half of the people who often get sick with it and acute respiratory diseases have some kind of abnormality in the immune system. Therefore, they additionally need vitamins, immunostimulating drugs, such as, for example, Eleutherococcus extract or Aralia tincture.

First of all, a flu shot is needed:

• people over 65;
• patients with chronic diseases of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, endocrine systems, kidneys;
• employees of education, trade services and catering, transport and medicine;
• children over 6 months old.

Should the child be vaccinated?

To figure this out, you need to clearly understand a few key points.

1. There are constant contraindications to all vaccines. It:

• complication of the introduction of the previous dose of the drug (anaphylactic shock that developed within 24 hours after vaccination, immediate allergic reactions, encephalitis or encephalopathy, afebrile convulsions);
• primary immunodeficiency, immunosuppression, malignant neoplasms.

2. You have every right to refuse. It used to be that everyone was vaccinated, now the following procedure applies: parents must give their consent for vaccination, and the child must be carefully examined by a doctor (not a paramedic!) And a conclusion should be drawn that there are no contraindications. By the way, in kindergarten, subject to availability, they are required to accept children without vaccinations. Another thing is if the parents are going to send their child to kindergarten at the moment when the group is quarantined, for example, for rubella. If a child is not vaccinated against it, they will not be accepted immediately - primarily because it is he who risks getting sick.

Refusal of prophylactic vaccination is documented in the patient's medical records and signed by him or his legal representative, as well as by a medical worker. If you do not sign, this fact will be certified by the health worker in your card.

3. Any vaccine can give some kind of reaction. The general reaction looks at the temperature: up to 38 ° - this is a weak reaction, from 38 ° to 39.5 ° - moderate, above 39.5 ° - already severe. According to local reactions, seals: up to 5 cm in diameter - a weak reaction, from 5 to 8 cm - medium and more than 8 cm - severe. Most often gives reactions to DTP: rise in temperature, seals, the child may become too restless. But a moderate and severe reaction is more of a casuistry for us.

4. It is necessary to prepare for vaccination.

• Many doctors advise, for example, before the first vaccination with the DTP vaccine, to do a general blood and urine test, and also to obtain permission from a neurologist for vaccination. And if the child has allergic disorders (atopic dermatitis, etc.), discuss the exacerbation prevention scheme with the doctor in advance. Usually this is taking antihistamines for 2 days before vaccination and 2 days after.
• On the day of vaccination, you should not introduce new complementary foods or new types of food. If the child is old enough - never, even as a joke, scare him with vaccination. Ask - tell me honestly: yes, there may be discomfort, but it's only for a few seconds!
• Check with the doctor that the child does not have a fever at the time of the vaccination. At the time of the injection, do not worry - your anxiety is transferred to the child. You can distract him with some game, a song.
• Do not rush to leave the clinic or medical center. Sit for 20-30 minutes near the office. Firstly, it will help to calm down, and secondly, it will allow you to quickly provide assistance in case of an unforeseen reaction to the vaccine.
• Follow the situation, after consulting with your doctor about what to do in this or that case. But never use aspirin. It is contraindicated for children under 16! And do not panic: if there was any reaction, but the vaccination was not made with a live vaccine, then the vaccination with a 99 percent probability has nothing to do with it.

Consequences of the flu shot

When using a good vaccine out of 100 vaccinated children, only 4-8 may develop local reactions in the form of redness, induration or soreness at the injection site, and 1-8 may develop general reactions such as a short-term increase in temperature (up to 37.5 ° C), malaise . However, this situation is temporary.

Temperature after vaccination

Fever does appear after vaccination in 15-20 percent of children. If this temperature is up to 38.5, then it does not need to be knocked down at all. 39-40? Paracetamol, for example. It is not worth giving it in advance, because it reduces the immune response. Of course, with a high temperature, you need to see a doctor. After all, most often a feverish condition is associated with pneumonia or with some other disease. This must be ruled out by doing a blood test, urine test, etc. Previously, doctors hospitalized children with pathology after vaccination - and in 6 cases out of 10 it turned out that vaccination was not to blame. The reference point, as a rule, is when the temperature rose. After DTP, the thermometer may rise in the first two days. Later means it's not because of the DPT. Conversely, if after the measles vaccination the fever breaks out on the first, second, third, fourth day, then do not blame the vaccination. It can be suspected only if the temperature soared on the fifth or sixth day.

Larisa Krymova.

Starting this year, children in Belarus will receive fewer vaccinations. More precisely, not the vaccinations themselves, but their repetitions (revaccinations). So, tuberculosis will now be vaccinated only at birth. Until now, BCG vaccination was also done at the age of 7 (in risk groups). Vaccination against polio will now be carried out at 3, 4, 5 months and 7 years (and they also did it at one and a half and 2 years). What are these changes?

Revaccination of children at the age of seven did not affect the incidence of tuberculosis

The BCG vaccine, which is used all over the world today, does not prevent the incidence of tuberculosis, but protects against its generalized forms (for example, tuberculous meningitis, which affects the brain and meninges) precisely in childhood, when immunity has not yet been formed, - explained Andrey Astrovko, Deputy Director for Organizational and Methodological Work of the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Pulmonology and Phthisiology. - Revaccination of children from the risk group at the age of seven, which we carried out, did not change the picture of morbidity in any way. Therefore, it has been canceled, as recommended by WHO for countries with a low prevalence of tuberculosis among the child population.

In the diagnosis of tuberculosis, according to the specialist, nothing will change: children at risk up to 7 years old are given a Mantoux test, and from 8 years old to adolescence, diaskintest is given to everyone.

Due to the fact that adolescents began to detect tuberculosis at earlier stages, the incidence in this age segment increased, but decreased at the age of 19-21 years. In general, the incidence of tuberculosis in Belarus is decreasing, - Andrey Astrovko said.

In vaccination against poliomyelitis, the changes are quantitative and qualitative. It will take place in four stages, and the vaccine will be administered only intramuscularly and only inactivated. There will no longer be a live vaccine in drops that dripped directly into the mouth.

The use of oral polio vaccine does not exclude the circulation of vaccine poliovirus. It can cause polio in immunocompromised children. We have not had such cases for many years, but in order to completely eliminate them, we are switching to a fourfold immunization with an inactivated vaccine, - explained Inna Karaban, Deputy Head of the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Prevention of the Ministry of Health.

Adults should be vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus every 10 years

Why are you vaccinated more than once? And how long do they provide immunity?

A full course of prophylactic vaccinations against viral hepatitis B, measles, rubella, mumps creates long-term immunity against these infections for 20 years or more. Natalia Shmeleva, head of the immunoprophylaxis department of the State Institution "Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health". - Preventive vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus provide protection up to 10 years. Therefore, vaccination should be repeated after 16 years every 10 years. If this is not done, protection against infection disappears. And diphtheria and tetanus are diseases with which our body is very difficult to cope on its own. They are extremely difficult, tetanus is usually fatal.

- Why preventive vaccinations are given to children under one year old?

As a rule, the first vaccinations coincide with the disappearance of maternal antibodies from the child's blood, which he received through the placenta. These antibodies remain, as a rule, 3-6 months, and against measles, rubella, mumps - 10 months. Children are vaccinated against infections that are most dangerous in childhood, according to a scheme that allows you to form the most stable immunity.

- What are the serious contraindications to vaccination?

Modern vaccines are safe, and the list of contraindications is quite limited. For vaccines against measles, rubella, mumps, influenza, this is an allergy to egg protein; for pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus vaccines - progressive neurological diseases (for example, epilepsy), anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, urticaria that occurred after the first dose of the vaccine (one case per 10 million vaccinations is recorded).

Often in the practice of Belarusian doctors there are false contraindications, when the doctor, being reinsured, establishes contraindications for vaccination in children with bronchial asthma or chronic pyelonephritis in remission, when there are no objective reasons to postpone vaccination. As a rule, such children in the first place need protection from infections. After all, they have to visit medical institutions much more often than healthy children, and they have a higher risk of contracting one of the vaccine-preventable infections. If a child with bronchial asthma becomes infected with diphtheria, the outcome of the disease will be unpredictable. But vaccination in such children is very easy.

Can parents refuse to vaccinate their child?

Yes. In our country, the provision of medical care (including preventive vaccinations) is carried out with the consent of the patient. From the age of 14, a child can independently decide on vaccination. In accordance with Article 45 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Health Care", parents can refuse medical intervention. The refusal is documented in the medical records and signed by the child's parents. But by refusing to vaccinate their children, they put their health at an unjustified risk.

STAY IN TOUCH!

Free vaccinations for children included in the National vaccination calendar of Belarus:

from diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, mumps, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B, hemophilic and pneumococcal infections (risk group), influenza.

Vaccinations against pneumococcal and hemophilic infections are given free of charge to those who have one of the indications: chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, chronic diseases of the kidneys, heart and lungs, immunodeficiency states, cystic fibrosis.

Vaccinations on a paid basis:

against influenza (vaccines that are purchased for the provision of paid services), papillomavirus infection, chickenpox, pneumococcal and hemophilic infections (for children who are not vaccinated free of charge), as well as vaccination with complex vaccines containing components against diphtheria and whooping cough in one dose , tetanus, poliomyelitis, hepatitis.

Vaccinations that can be done free of charge according to epidemic indications:

against rabies, brucellosis, chicken pox, viral hepatitis A, viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis, whooping cough, measles, rubella, leptospirosis, poliomyelitis, anthrax, tularemia, plague, mumps.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations