Norm of water consumption per person. Water consumption per person per day: useful information for residents of apartment buildings and private houses

Legislative initiatives are pushing a person to install water meters. But not all residents of the country agree with this.

Someone does not want to deal with installation and verification, it is more profitable for someone to pay according to tariffs. However, the rate of water consumption per person per month, set by the tariff, is much higher than the actual consumption.

Average water consumption per person per month

The volume of water consumption on average per person can vary greatly.

It depends on several factors:

• climatic zone of residence;
• seasons and peak periods;
• technical equipment of housing;
• serviceability of devices and compliance with their requirements;
• people's personal preferences.

So, in the southern regions, more water is used than in the northern ones, the same applies to summer time.

Availability of dishwasher washing machine increases water consumption in many ways, while the two-button flush tank helps save up to 20 percent of water resources. The flow of devices increases the cost of water by 15-30 percent.

On average, it has been established that each Russian spends about 6 cubic meters cold water and 3 hot per month.

Water discharge standards per person

In the receipts received monthly by residents, there is such a column - drainage. The standards for it are set separately by each region and on average range from 130 to 360 liters per day.

They are calculated depending on the region of residence and the degree of improvement of housing.

If the apartment does not have a meter, the calculation takes place in accordance with the standards for wastewater multiplied by the approved tariff. The latter may change periodically, so the total amount in the receipt may also change. This usually happens once a year during the summer months.

If a common house meter is installed in the house, then the calculation is made according to its indications. So, tenants who have their own metering devices pay for them. And those who do not have such devices pay for the remaining water disposal, taking into account the number of people registered in the apartments.

Hot water consumption per person per month

In our country, there are water consumption standards that apply to service users who have not installed meters.

So, for hot water, they are 3 cubic meters per month, or 100 liters per day per person.

If more people are registered in the apartment, then the water rate increases in proportion to their number.

The rate of consumption of cold water per person per month

Cold water is also charged in accordance with the standards established by regulatory enactments.

The average consumption in Russia is 6 cubic meters per month or 200 liters per day.

This includes the entire volume that 1 person consumes:

• for food and drink needs;
• hygiene procedures;
• operation of household appliances and cleaning;
• other expenses.

Tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Moscow

Since the standard calculation of cold water and hot water in different regions is different, Moscow residents use water in accordance with the standards established by the Order of the Department economic policy and development of the city of Moscow and the Decree of the Government of Moscow "On the Approval of Prices, Rates and Tariffs for Housing and Communal Services for the Population".

The established standard volumes for the month are:

• 4.7 cubic meters of hot water;
• 6.9 cubic meters of cold water;
• 11.7 cubic meters of water disposal.

Muscovites pay for a given amount of consumption according to the established tariffs:

• RUB 173.02 for 1 cu. m hot water;
• 35.4 rubles for 1 cu. m cold;
• RUB 21.9 for 1 cu. m of drainage.

This rate is set per person. When living in an apartment of 2 or more people, it is multiplied by the corresponding number.

How much can you save when installing water meters

The established consumption rates in apartments without a meter, as a rule, do not correspond to the real needs of people. They are greatly overpriced.

This is partly due to compensation for water losses that occur during accidents and neglect of their duties. After all, when water is drained from the heating system, or a pipe flows on the street for several days, the loss of the resource is very large, and the residents have to pay for them at the expense of the volumes laid down in the norms.

Real consumption is 2-4 times less. Even if a person does not save water, his needs fit well into 4 cubes of cold and 3 cubes of hot.

But usually, having installed a metering device, people begin to be more attentive to resource consumption and try to avoid unnecessary expenses. This results in significant savings.

So, if hot water costs 150 rubles per 1 cubic meter, the owner will pay not 450 rubles per month, but one and a half or even two times less (about 180 rubles), the savings will be about 300 rubles.

For a family of 3, the savings will be about 900 rubles. Summing up the consumption of cold water according to the standards, you get a tangible amount for the family budget.

Calculation of payment for the consumption of water resources can occur according to the meter or according to the standards. As we found out, the first method is much more profitable for homeowners.

Water consumption- the use of water resources to meet the needs of the population, the domestic sector, industry and Agriculture, necessarily involving the intake of water from water bodies. In a narrow sense, water consumption is understood as

There are two main categories of water consumption:

1. household and drinking and communal - water consumption to meet drinking, domestic and watering needs;
2. industrial or technical - water consumption for technological needs of the industrial, energy and transport sectors, firefighting needs, etc. By type, there is a distinction between returnable or circulating water consumption, which consists in the repeated use of water, and non-returnable water consumption, in which water is used once.

The history of organized water consumption has several thousand years - the period of existence of developed human civilizations. The first structures for centralized water supply and water consumption of the population appeared around 3300 BC. e. in present-day Iran. Later, engineering water supply networks appeared in Egypt, Jerusalem, and also in Ancient Rome, where 2 million inhabitants were provided with water supply and about 1 million m 3 of water / day, or about 500 l / day per person. In Russia, the first water supply systems built in the 17th century. in Moscow and Kyiv, supplied only individual buildings - the Moscow Kremlin and the Kyiv Theological Seminary. However, already in the XX century. centralized water supply systems were available on the territory of 215 large and large cities of Russia. However, these engineering systems could not provide adequate water supply, and the volume of water consumption in most cities was 20–50 l/day per person. Only in Moscow and St. Petersburg did this figure reach 100–150 l/day. The value of specific daily water consumption per capita in the modern world ranges from 30–80 l/person. in countryside up to 200–600 l/person in cities, 20–250 times higher than primary physiological needs human, constituting ~ 2.5 l / day.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, due to the multiple increase in the population and the growth of living standards due to technical, economic and social progress, the value of world water consumption began to increase sharply. In 1900–1950 water consumption of the world's population has tripled, and from 1950 to 2000. – already seven times. To date, the dynamics of growth in water consumption is such that every 8–10 years the world's demand for water doubles.

The amount of water consumption of the population is determined by a number of factors, including the size of the population, the level of development and the state of housing and communal services, the culture of water consumption, and the climatic conditions of the location of the facility. The value of industrial water consumption, in turn, depends on the structure and capacity of the industrial enterprise, technical features and characteristics of the technologies used.

In general, the country's water consumption is determined by the general level of its development - in developed countries, agriculture accounts for up to 50% of water consumption, industry - up to 40%, and household needs - about 10%. However, the world average water consumption by agriculture reaches 70-80%, and in developing countries even more.

According to the data for 2012 in Russia, the main part of the extracted water (60.2%) is used in industry; 15.8% - in agriculture and for household and drinking needs, including for irrigation - 13.7%. The rest is 10.3% for other needs. In 2011, the total water withdrawal from natural water bodies increased by 1.5% compared to 2010 and amounted to 77640.85 million m 3, which is ~2% of the country's water resources.

Domestic and drinking water consumption

It implies the consumption of water for cooking, washing dishes, for drinking needs, for hygiene purposes, for laundry and wet cleaning. The main waste of water in everyday life falls on the work of the toilet (35%) and personal hygiene procedures (bathing, showering and washing) - 32%. Laundry uses 12% of water, washing dishes 10%, drinking and cooking 3%, and other expenses, including caring for pets and watering flowers, 8%. The World Health Organization has set a water consumption rate of 450 l/day per capita. However, the average daily water consumption in the EU countries, thanks to high level household culture of the population and the high cost of water supply services, significantly below this norm. So, in the UK - 140 liters, in Germany - 130 liters, in the USA a little more - about 200 liters / day per person.

An analysis of Eurostat data indicates that at the end of the first decade of the 21st century. the maximum value of water consumption from centralized water supply networks in the EU countries varied from 76 to 31 m 3 /person. in year. This calculation is based on the total population of specific countries. For estimates based on urban population, the figures given will be higher.

AT Russian Federation The volume of communal water consumption over the past 20 years has been steadily declining. In 2012, they were 47–49 m3/year, or 129–134 l/day, throughout the country as a whole. per person, and in cities - 64–66 m 3 / year, or 175–181 l / day. for one citizen.

As of 2012, 67.7% of the population of the Russian Federation were provided with centralized water supply, the remaining 32.3% - with non-centralized water supply or imported water. Water consumption from centralized water supply systems tends to decrease by 4–6% annually. The share of groundwater in the total balance of domestic and drinking water supply is ~45%, which is much lower than in most European countries, although groundwater, due to the better protection of groundwater sources from pollution, can be more efficiently used for public water supply. More than 60% of cities and urban-type settlements satisfy their drinking water needs using groundwater, about 20% of them have mixed water supply sources. In rural areas, the share groundwater in household and drinking water supply reaches 80%.

Technical water consumption

None exist technological process which would do without water. So, for the smelting of one ton of pig iron and converting it into steel and rolled products, 50 150 m 3 of water is consumed, for the production of one ton of copper - 500 m 3, for the production of one ton of synthetic rubber and chemical fibers - from 2 to 5 thousand m 3 of water . The most water-intensive sectors are thermal power engineering, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, petrochemical, chemical and pulp and paper industries. The vast majority of industries use only fresh water; the latest industries (semiconductor production, nuclear technology, polymer materials etc.) requires high purity water. Water consumption for industrial needs in total around the world increased more than 60 times, reaching 1900 km 3 in 2000, while in 1900 only 30 km 3 was consumed, in 1950 - 190 km 3, in 1970 - 510 km 3.

In Russia, as in most European countries, the most water-intensive sector of the economy is industry, which accounts for more than half of the total volume of total water intake from natural sources. Together, modern industrial enterprises and thermal power plants in Russia consume such an amount of water that is comparable to the total annual flow of the Yenisei and Lena.

The specific value of water consumption for production needs in all sectors of the Russian economy decreased from 71% in 1970 to 53% in the mid-1990s. However, as the industrial complex was restored, this figure began to grow, reaching 60.2% by 2012.

Stabilization of water consumption by industry is associated with the active commissioning of circulating and re-sequential water supply capacities, as well as the general global trend towards the introduction of water-saving technologies. With recycled consumption, when the waste water after treatment is reused in production, the water consumption is sharply reduced, for example, a thermal plant with direct-flow water consumption consumes 1.5 km 3 / year, with reverse water - 0.12 km 3 / year, i.e. 13 times less. However, the use of water in circulating water supply systems is not enough: in Russia, water makes 3-4 turns, while in the USA - 7-8 turns.

Agriculture

Since the seventies of the last century, the amount of water consumption for irrigation and water supply in Russia has changed significantly. In the early 1970s the share of water used for these needs was 15% of the total water consumption, in the early 1980s. – 23%. In the future, with the introduction of water-saving technologies, and later due to sharp decline area of ​​irrigated (from 4.8 to 2.5 million ha) and irrigated (from 6.2 to 4.3 million ha) lands, this indicator decreased by 2012 to 13.2%

In developed countries, there is a transition to water-saving technologies in agriculture, the so-called drip irrigation.

Some facts about water

• Water covers more than 70% of the world's population, but only 3% fresh water.
• Most natural fresh water is in ice form; less than 1% is readily available for human consumption. This means that less than 0.007% of the water on earth is ready to drink.
• More than 1.4 billion people do not have access to clean, safe water worldwide.
• The gap between water supply and demand is constantly growing, expected to reach 40% by 2030.
• By 2025, one third of the world's population will depend on water scarcity.
• By 2050, more than 70% of the world's population will live in cities.
• In many developing countries, the percentage of water losses is over 30%, reaching even 80% in some extreme cases.
• More than 32 billion cubic meters of drinking water is leaking water from urban water systems around the world, only 10% of the leak is visible, the rest of the leaks quietly and silently disappear underground.

The development of mankind is accompanied by an increase in the population of the Earth, as well as growing demands for resources from the economy. One of these resources is fresh water, the shortage of which is quite acutely felt in a number of regions of the Earth. In particular, more than a third of the world's population, that is, more than 2 billion people, does not have permanent access to a drinking resource. It is expected that in 2020 the lack of water will act as one of the obstacles to the further development of mankind. This applies to the greatest extent to developing countries, where:

• Intensive population growth
• High level of industrialization accompanied by pollution environment and water in particular
• Lack of water treatment infrastructure,
• Significant demand for water from the agricultural sector,
• Medium or low level social stability, authoritarian structure of society.

World water resources

The earth is rich in water, because 70% of the Earth's surface is covered with water (approx. 1.4 billion km 3). Nonetheless most of salty water and only about 2.5% of the world's water resources (about 35 million km 3) is fresh water (see Figure World Water Sources, UNESCO, 2003).

Only fresh water can be used for drinking, but 69% of it falls on snow covers (mainly Antarctica and Greenland), approx. 30% (10.5 million km 3) is groundwater, and lakes, artificial lakes and rivers account for less than 0.5% of all fresh water.

In the water cycle, of the total amount of precipitation falling on the Earth, 79% falls on the ocean, 2% on lakes, and only 19% on land. Only 2200 km 3 penetrates into underground reservoirs per year.

Many experts call the "water issue" one of the most serious challenges for humanity in the future. The period 2005-2015 has been declared by the UN General Assembly as the International Decade for Action. Water for life».

Picture. World sources of fresh water: sources of distribution of about 35 million km 3 of fresh water (UNESCO 2003)

According to UN experts, in the 21st century, water will become a more important strategic resource than oil and gas, since the ton clean water in an arid climate, it is already more expensive than oil (the Sahara desert and North Africa, the center of Australia, South Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia).

Globally, about 2/3 of all precipitation returns to the atmosphere. In terms of water resources, Latin America is the richest region, accounting for a third of the world's runoff, followed by Asia with a quarter of the world's runoff. Then come the OECD countries (20%), sub-Saharan Africa and the former Soviet Union, they account for 10%. The most limited water resources are in the countries of the Middle East and North America (1% each).

The countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Tropical/Black Africa) experience the greatest shortage of drinking water.

After several decades of rapid industrialization, large Chinese cities have become among the most environmentally unfavorable.

The construction of the world's largest hydropower complex, the Three Gorges, on the Yangtze River in China, has also led to large-scale environmental issues. In addition to erosion and collapse of the banks, the construction of a dam and a giant reservoir led to silting and, according to Chinese and foreign experts, a dangerous change in the entire ecosystem of the country's largest river.

SOUTH ASIA

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

India is home to 16% of the world's population, despite the fact that only 4% of the planet's fresh water is available there.

The water reserves of India and Pakistan are in inaccessible places - these are the glaciers of the Pamirs and the Himalayas, which cover the mountains at an altitude above 4000 m. But the water shortage in Pakistan is already so high that the government is seriously considering the issue of forcibly melting these glaciers.

The idea is to spray harmless coal dust over them, which will cause the ice to actively melt in the sun. But, most likely, the melted glacier will look like a muddy mudflow, 60% of the water will not reach the valleys, but will be absorbed into the soil near the foot of the mountains, ecological prospects are unclear

CENTRAL (MIDDLE) ASIA

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

central Asia(as defined by UNESCO): Mongolia, Western China, Punjab, Northern India, Northern Pakistan, northeastern Iran, Afghanistan, regions of Asian Russia south of the taiga zone, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

According to the World Resources Institute, fresh water reserves in countries Central Asia(without Tajikistan) and in Kazakhstan per capita is almost 5 times lower than in Russia.

Russia

Over the past ten years in Russia, as in all middle latitudes, temperatures have been rising faster than the average on Earth and in the tropics. By 2050 temperatures will rise by 2-3ºС. One of the consequences of warming will be a redistribution of precipitation. In the south of the Russian Federation will not enough precipitation and there will be problems with drinking water, there may be problems with navigation along certain rivers, the area of ​​permafrost will decrease, soil temperatures will rise, in the northern regions, productivity will increase, although there may be losses due to drought events (Roshydromet).

AMERICA

Mexico

Mexico City is experiencing problems with the supply of drinking water to the population. Demand for bottled water already today exceeds supply, so the country's leadership urges residents to learn how to save water.

The issue of drinking water consumption has been facing the leaders of the capital of Mexico for a long time, since the city, in which almost a quarter of the country lives, is located far from water sources, so today water is extracted from wells at least 150 meters deep. The results of water quality analysis revealed an increased content of permissible concentrations heavy metals and others chemical elements and substances harmful to human health.

Half of the daily water consumed in the US comes from non-renewable underground sources. On the this moment 36 states are on the verge of a major problem, some of them on the verge of a water crisis. Water shortages in California, Arizona, Nevada, Las Vegas.

Water has become a key security strategy and foreign policy priority for the US administration. Currently, the Pentagon and other structures that care about US security have come to the conclusion that in order to maintain the existing military and economic strength of the United States, they must protect not only energy sources, but also water resources.

Peru

In the Peruvian capital of Lima, there is practically no rain, and water is supplied mainly from the Andes lakes, located quite far away. From time to time the water is turned off for several days. There is always a shortage of water. Once a week, water is brought by truck, but it costs the poor ten times more than residents whose houses are connected to central system water supply.

Drinking water consumption

About 1 billion people on Earth do not have access to improved sources of drinking water. Over half of the world's households have running water in their homes or nearby.

8 out of 10 people who do not have access to improved drinking water sources live in rural areas.

884 million people in the world, i.e. almost half of those living in Asia still use unimproved sources of drinking water. Most of them live in sub-Saharan Africa, South, East and Southeast Asia.

Countries where bottled water is the main source of drinking water: Dominican Republic (67% of the urban population drink exclusively bottled water), Lao People's Democratic Republic and Thailand (bottled water is the main source of drinking water for half of the urban population). Also a serious situation in Guatemala, Guinea, Turkey, Yemen.

Drinking water treatment practices vary considerably across countries. In Mongolia, Vietnam, water is almost always boiled, a little less often - in the PDR Lao and Cambodia, even less often - in Uganda and Jamaica. In Guinea, it is filtered through a cloth. And in Jamaica, Guinea, Honduras, Haiti, chlorine or other disinfectants are simply added to the water to clean it.

Households in Africa in rural areas spend an average of 26% of their time just getting water (mostly women) (UK DFID). Every year it takes approx. 40 billion working hours (Cosgrove and Rijsberman, 1998). The Tibetan highlands are still inhabited by people who have to spend up to three hours a day walking to fetch water.

Main drivers of water consumption growth

1. : sanitation improvement

Access to basic water services (drinking water, food production, sanitation, sanitation) remains limited in most developing countries. It is possible that By 2030, more than 5 billion people (67% of the global population) will still lack modern sanitation(OECD, 2008).

About 340 million Africans do not have safe drinking water, and nearly 500 million lack modern sanitation.

The importance of ensuring the purity of the water consumed: several billion people today do not have access to clean water(The World Conference of The Future of Science, 2008, Venice).

80% of diseases in developing countries are related to water, annually causing about 1.7 million deaths.

According to some estimates, every year in developing countries about 3 million people die prematurely from waterborne diseases.

Diarrhea, the leading cause of illness and death, is due in large part to a lack of sanitation and hygiene conditions and because of unsafe drinking water. 5,000 children die of diarrhea every day, i.e. one child every 17 seconds.

In South Africa, 12% of the health care budget goes to treat diarrhea, with more than half of the patients diagnosed with diarrhea in local hospitals every day.

Annually 1.4 million diarrhea deaths could be prevented. Almost 1/10 of the total number of diseases could be prevented by improving water supply, sanitation, hygiene, and water management.

2. Development of agriculture for food production

Water is an essential component of food, and Agriculture- the largest consumer of water: it falls up to 70% of total water consumption(for comparison: 20% of water use is industry, 10% is domestic use). The area of ​​irrigated land has doubled over the past decades, and water withdrawal has tripled.

Without further improvement in water use in agriculture, the need for water in this sector will increase by 70-90% by 2050, and this despite the fact that some countries have already reached the limit in the use of their water resources.

On average, 70% of the fresh water consumed is used by agriculture, 22% by industry, and the remaining 8% is used for household needs. This ratio varies by country income: in low- and middle-income countries, 82% is used for agriculture, 10% for industry, and 8% for domestic use; in high-income countries these figures are 30%, 59% and 11%.

Due to inefficient irrigation systems, especially in developing countries, 60% of the water used for agriculture evaporates or is returned to water bodies.

3. Change in food consumption

In recent years, there have been changes in the lifestyle of people and the way they eat, the consumption of meat and dairy products has increased disproportionately in countries with economies in transition Today, one person in the world consumes on average 2 times more water than in 1900, and this trend will continue in connection with changing consumption habits in emerging economies.

In today's world, 1.4 billion people are deprived of access to clean water, another 864 million do not have the opportunity to receive the nutrition they need on a daily basis. And the situation continues to worsen.

A person needs only 2-4 liters of water per day to drink, but the production of food for one person requires 2000-5000 liters per day.

The question of “how much water people drink” (on average, in developed countries, two to five liters per day) is not as important as “how much water people eat” (some estimates put the figure at 3,000 liters per day in developed countries). ).

For production 1 kg of wheat requires 800 to 4,000 liters of water, 1 kg of beef requires 2,000 to 16,000 liters, 1 kg of rice requires 3450 liters.

Increasing meat consumption in the most developed countries: in 2002, Sweden consumed 76 kg of meat per person, and the US 125 kg per person.

According to some estimates, a Chinese consumer who ate 20 kg of meat in 1985 will eat 50 kg in 2009. This increase in consumption will increase the demand for grain. One kilogram of grain requires 1,000 kg (1,000 liters) of water. This means that an additional 390 km 3 of water per year will be required to meet the demand.

4. Demographic growth

The scarcity of water resources will increase due to population growth. The total number of inhabitants of the planet, which is currently 6.6 billion people, growing by approximately 80 million annually. Hence the growing need for drinking water, which is about 64 billion cubic meters per year.

By 2025, the population of the Earth will exceed 8 billion people. (EPE). 90% of the 3 billion people expected to add world population by 2050 will be in developing countries, many of whom are located in areas where current populations do not have adequate access to clean water and sanitation (UN).

More than 60% of the global population growth that will occur between 2008 and 2100 will be in sub-Saharan Africa (32%) and South Asia (30%), which together will account for 50% of the world's population 2100.

5. Urban population growth

Urbanization will continue - migration to cities, whose inhabitants are much more sensitive to water shortages. In the 20th century, there was a very sharp increase in the urban population (from 220 million to 2.8 billion). In the next few decades, we will witness its unprecedented growth in developing countries.

It is expected that the number of urban dwellers will grow by 1.8 billion people (compared to 2005) and will account for 60% of the total world population (UN). About 95% of this growth will come from developing countries.

According to EPE, by 2025, 5.2 billion people will live in cities. This level of urbanization will require extensive water distribution infrastructure and the collection and treatment of used water, which is not possible without massive investment.

6. Migration

Currently, there are about 192 million migrants in the world (in 2000 there were 176 million). The lack of water in desert and semi-desert regions will cause intensive migration of the population. This is expected to affect 24 to 700 million people. The relationship between water resources and migration is a two-way process: water scarcity leads to migration, and migration in turn contributes to water stress. According to some calculations, in the future, coastal regions, where 15 of the 20 megacities of the world are located, will feel the greatest pressure from the influx of migrants. In the world of the next century, more and more inhabitants will live in vulnerable urban and coastal areas.

7. Climate change

In 2007, the UN Conference on Climate Change, held in Bali, recognized that even minimally predictable climate change in the 21st century, twice the 0.6°C increase since 1900, would be severely devastating. effects.

Scientists agree that global warming will intensify and accelerate global hydrological cycles. In other words, intensification can be expressed in an increase in the rate of evaporation and the amount of precipitation. It is not yet known what impact this will have on water resources, but it is expected that water scarcity will affect its quality and the frequency of extreme situations such as droughts and floods.

Presumably, by 2025, warming will be 1.6ºС compared to the pre-industrial period (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - Groupe d'experts Intergouvernemental sur l'Evolution du Climat).

Now 85% of the world's population lives in the arid part of our planet. In 2030 47% of the world's population will live in areas with high water stress.

Only in Africa by 2020 from 75 to 250 million people could face increased pressure on water resources caused by climate change. Along with the growing demand for water; this may affect the livelihoods of the population and exacerbate water supply problems (IPCC 2007).

The impact of climate warming on water resources: a 1ºC increase in temperature will lead to the complete disappearance of small glaciers in the Andes, which may lead to problems in supplying water to 50 million people; a 2ºC increase in temperature will cause a 20-30% reduction in water resources in "unprotected" regions (southern Africa, the Mediterranean).

Global climate change and strong anthropogenic influence cause the processes of desertification and deforestation.

According to the World Human Development Report 2006, by 2025 the number of people suffering from lack of water will reach 3 billion, whereas today their number is 700 million. This problem will be especially acute in southern Africa, China and India.

8. Growth in consumption. Raising the standard of living

9. Intensification of economic activity

The development of the economy and the service sector will lead to additional growth in water consumption, with most of the responsibility falling on industry, not agriculture (EPE).

10. Growth in energy consumption

According to the calculations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the global demand for electricity should increase by 55% by 2030. Only the share of China and India will be 45%. Developing countries will account for 74%.

It is assumed that the amount of energy generated by hydroelectric power plants for the period from 2004 to 2030. will grow annually by 1.7%. Its overall growth over this period will be 60%.

Dams criticized for serious environmental impact and forced displacement of large numbers of people, many today, however, are seen as Possible Solution the water challenge in the face of declining fossil energy supplies, the need to shift to cleaner energy sources, the need to adapt to different hydrological conditions, and the instability caused by climate change.

11. Biofuel production

Biofuels are being used to meet growing energy needs. However, the widespread production of biofuels further reduces the area under crops for growing plant foods.

Bioethanol production tripled over the period 2000-2007. and amounted to about 77 billion liters in 2008. The largest producers of this type of biofuel are Brazil and the United States - their share in world production is 77%. Production of biodiesel fuel produced from oilseeds for the period from 2000-2007. increased 11 times. 67% of it is produced in the countries of the European Union (OECD-FAO, 2008)

In 2007, 23% of the maize produced in the US was used to produce ethanol, and 54% of the sugarcane crop was used for this purpose in Brazil. 47% vegetable oil, produced in the countries of the European Union, was used for the production of biodiesel fuel.

However, despite the increased use of biofuels, its share in total energy production remains small. In 2008, the share of ethanol in the transportation fuel market was estimated at 4.5% in the USA, 40% in Brazil, and 2.2% in the EU. While biofuels can reduce dependence on fossil energy sources, they can disproportionately great pressure on biodiversity and ecology. The main problem is the need for large amounts of water and fertilizers to ensure the crop. To produce 1 liter of ethanol, 1000 to 4000 liters of water are required. It is assumed that in 2017 the global volume of ethanol production will be 127 billion liters.

About 1/5 of the US maize crop was used in 2006/2007. for ethanol production, replacing about 3% of the country's gasoline fuel (World Development Report 2008, World Bank).

It takes about 2500 liters of water to produce one liter of ethanol. According to World Energy Outlook 2006, biofuel production is increasing by 7% per year. Its production, perhaps, does not create real problems in, where heavy rainfall occurs. A different situation is developing in China, and in the near future in India.

12. Tourism

Tourism has become one of the factors in the growth of water consumption. In Israel, the use of water by hotels along the Jordan River is credited with the drying up of the Dead Sea, where water levels have fallen by 16.4 meters since 1977. Golf tourism, for example, has a huge impact on water withdrawals: eighteen holes can consume over 2.3 million liters of water per day. In the Philippines, the use of water for tourism threatens rice cultivation. Tourists in Grenada (Spain) typically use seven times as much water as locals, and this figure is considered normal for many developing tourist areas.

In Britain, the improvement of sanitation and water purification in the 1880s. contributed to a 15-year increase in life expectancy over the next four decades. (HDR, 2006)

Lack of water and sanitation costs South Africa approximately 5% of the country's GDP annually (UNDP).

Each inhabitant of developed countries uses on average 500-800 liters of water per day (300 m 3 per year); in developing countries, this figure is 60-150 liters per day (20 m 3 per year).

Every year, 443 million school days are missed due to water-related illnesses.

Development of the water market

Water Crisis Management

In the Millennium Declaration adopted by the UN in 2000, the international community committed itself to halve the number of people deprived of access to clean drinking water by 2015 and end the unsustainable use of water resources.

The relationship between poverty and water is clear: the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day is about the same as the number without access to safe drinking water.

Since 2001, water resources have been the main priority Natural Sciences Sector of UNESCO.

The problem of water is one of the most acute, although not the only one, for developing countries.

Benefits of investing in water resources

According to some estimates, Every dollar invested in improving water and sanitation yields between $3 and $34.

The total cost incurred in Africa alone due to lack of access to safe water and lack of sanitation facilities is about $US 28.4 billion per year or about 5% of GDP(WHO, 2006)

A survey of countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region found that groundwater depletion appears to have reduced GDP in some countries (Jordan by 2.1%, Yemen by 1.5% , Egypt - by 1.3%, Tunisia - by 1.2%).

Water storage

Reservoirs provide reliable sources of water for irrigation, water supply and hydropower generation, and for flood control. For developing countries, it is no exception when 70 to 90% of the annual runoff accumulates in reservoirs. However, only 4% of renewable runoff is retained in African countries.

virtual water

All countries import and export water in the form of water equivalents, i.e. in the form of agricultural and industrial goods. The calculation of used water is defined by the concept of "virtual water".

The theory of "virtual water" in 1993 marked the beginning of a new era in determining the policy of agriculture and water resources in regions experiencing water scarcity, and campaigns aimed at saving water resources.

About 80% of virtual water flows are associated with trade in agricultural products. Approximately 16% of the world's water depletion and pollution problems are related to production for export. The prices of goods sold rarely reflect the cost of water use in producing countries.

For example, Mexico imports wheat, maize, and sorghum from the US, which require 7.1 Gm 3 of water to produce in the US. If Mexico produced them at home, it would take 15.6 Gm 3 . The total water savings resulting from the international trade in virtual water in the form of agricultural products is equivalent to 6% of the total volume of water used in agriculture.

Water recycling

Agricultural use of urban wastewater remains limited, except in a few countries with very poor water resources (40% of drainage water is reused in the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip, 15% in Israel and 16% in Egypt).

Water desalination is becoming more and more accessible. It is used mainly for the production of drinking water (24%) and to meet the needs of industry (9%) in countries that have exhausted the limits of their renewable water sources (Saudi Arabia, Israel, Cyprus, etc.).

Water management projects

Approaches to solve the problem of water scarcity:

• Breeding crops that are resistant to drought and saline soils,
• water desalination,
• Water storage.

Today, there are political solutions aimed at reducing water losses, improving water management, and reducing the need for them. Many countries have already adopted laws for the conservation and efficient use of water, however, these reforms have not yet yielded tangible results.

The participants of the Venice Forum (The World Conference of The Future of Science, 2008) invite the leaders of major international organizations and governments of the world's leading countries to start large-scale investments in research related to solving specific problems of developing countries in the field of combating hunger and malnutrition. In particular, they consider it necessary to start as soon as possible a major project to seawater desalination for desert irrigation, first of all, in tropical countries and create a special fund to support agriculture.

The structure of water consumption with a predominance of its agricultural use determines that the search for ways to solve the water shortage should be carried out through the introduction of agricultural technologies that make it possible to make better use of precipitation, reduce irrigation losses and increase field productivity.

It is in agriculture that unproductive water consumption is the highest and it is estimated that about half of it is wasted. This represents 30% of the world's total fresh water resources, which represents a huge savings reserve. There are many ways to help reduce water consumption. Traditional irrigation is inefficient. In developing countries, mainly surface irrigation is used, for which dams are built. This method, simple and cheap, is used, for example, in rice cultivation, but a significant part of the water used (about half) is lost due to infiltration and evaporation.

It is quite easy to achieve savings if you use the drip irrigation method: deliver a small amount of water directly to the plants using tubes laid above the ground (and even better, underground). This method is economical, but its installation is expensive.

Judging by the volume of water losses, the existing water supply and irrigation systems are recognized as extremely inefficient. It is estimated that in the Mediterranean region, water losses in urban water pipes are 25%, and in irrigation canals 20%. By at least, some of these losses can be avoided. Cities such as Tunis (Tunisia) and Rabat (Morocco) have managed to reduce water losses by up to 10%. Water loss management programs are currently being introduced in Bangkok (Thailand) and Manila (Philippines).

With growing shortages, some countries have already begun to include water management strategy into their development plans. In Zambia, this integrated water resources management policy covers all sectors of the economy. The result of this water management, linked to national development plans, was not long in coming, and many donors began to include investments in the water sector in Zambia's overall aid portfolio.

While this experience remains limited, some countries are already using processed wastewater for the needs of agriculture: 40% is reused in the Gaza Strip in the Palestinian Territories, 15% in Israel and 16% in Egypt.

Also used in desert regions seawater desalination method. It is used to obtain drinking and technical water in countries that have reached the limit in the use of renewable water resources (Saudi Arabia, Israel, Cyprus, etc.).

Thanks to the use of modern membrane technology the cost of water desalination has decreased to 50 cents per 1000 liters, but it is still very expensive given the amount of water needed to produce food raw materials. Therefore, desalination is more suitable for the production of drinking water or for use in the food industry, where the added value is quite high. If the cost of desalination can be further reduced, then the severity of water problems could be significantly reduced.

The Desertec Foundation has prepared developments designed to combine desalination plants and thermal plants in one system. solar energy capable of producing cheap electricity on the coast of North Africa and the Middle East. For these zones, considered the driest in the world, such a solution would be a way out of water problems.

development project southeastern regions Anatolia in Turkey(GAP) is a multi-sector socio-economic development plan focused on increasing the incomes of the population in this least developed region of the country. Its total estimated cost is 32 million dollars, 17 million of them by 2008 have already been invested. With the development of irrigation here, per capita income has tripled. Electrification of rural areas and the availability of electricity have reached 90%, literacy of the population has increased, child mortality has decreased, business activity has increased, and the land tenure system has become more equal in irrigated lands. The number of cities with running water has quadrupled. This region has ceased to be one of the least developed in the country.

Australia also changed its policy by implementing a number of measures. Restrictions have been placed on watering gardens, washing cars, filling pools with water, and the like. in the largest cities of the country. In 2008 Sydney introduced dual water supply system - drinking water and purified (technical) for other needs. By 2011, a desalination plant is under construction. Investment in the water sector in Australia has doubled from A$2 billion per year to A$4 billion per year over the past 6 years.

UAE. The Emirates decided to invest more than $20 billion over 8 years in the construction and launch of desalination plants. At the moment, 6 such plants have already been launched, the remaining 5 will be built within the above period of time. Thanks to these plants, it is planned to more than triple the amount of drinking water. The need for investment in the construction of new factories is due to the growing population in the UAE.

Ambitious project planned in UAE Sahara Forest to turn part of the desert into an artificial forest capable of feeding and watering thousands of people by creating vast super greenhouses. The combination of thermal solar power plants and original desalination plants would allow Sahara Forest to literally produce food, fuel, electricity and drinking water which would transform the entire region.

The cost of "Forest of the Sahara" is estimated at 80 million euros for a complex of greenhouses with an area of ​​20 hectares, combined with solar installations with a total capacity of 10 megawatts. "Greening" the world's greatest desert is still a project. But pilot projects built in the image of the Sahara Forest may well appear in the coming years in several places at once: business groups in the UAE, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait have already expressed interest in funding these unusual experiments.

The Lesotho Highlands Water Project is a massive program (since 2002) of building dams and galleries to transport water from the highlands of Lesotho, an inland enclave country South Africa and equal in area to Belgium, to the arid regions of the province of Gauteng, located near Johannesburg.

Ethiopia: Large investment in infrastructure (dam construction, provision of well water to rural areas. Across the country, an increase in the number of tenders for projects to improve access to drinking water, large infrastructure projects (boreholes).

In Pakistan, the government is seriously considering forcibly melting the glaciers of the Pamirs and the Himalayas.

In Iran, rain cloud management projects are being considered.

In 2006, on the outskirts of Lima (Peru), biologists launched a project to create an irrigation system that collects water from fog. Large-scale construction is needed to create the structure for another fog tower project on the coast of Chile.

According to marketing research materials about water (excerpts),

For more detailed information(water prices in different countries peace, etc..

If there are no metering devices in the dwelling, water consumption per person per day is calculated in accordance with the standards established by local administrative authorities. In a similar way, the norms of water disposal are calculated.

Every month, residents of multi-apartment and private houses receive bills for utility bills. In the receipts you can find the column "water disposal".

This concept often means sewage, which is not entirely true. The water used by man, before getting into the sewer pipes, is cleaned and disposed of - this is the water disposal.

Norms are set depending on the region in which the person lives. For example, a resident southern regions pays more for the sewerage service than a northerner.

The degree of improvement of the living quarters also affects:

1. the presence / absence of a bathroom;
2. centralized heating;
3. water heater;
4. devices designed to save, etc.

To date, the norm of water disposal is almost 11.7 cubic meters per person per month. In this case, the temperature of the consumed water does not matter - both hot and cold are taken into account.

This figure can be doubled, but only on condition that the company providing the service presents documents that confirm the need for an increase.

Each resident has the right to request documentary justification, and apply to the court, if there is none. As practice shows, the chance to restore justice is small, but still exists. The judiciary in most cases take the side of public utilities.

Previously, the rules were calculated differently. A common house water meter was installed in an apartment building. At the end of the month, readings were taken. The number of cubic meters spent by residents who have a water meter in the apartment was subtracted from the readings of the common house meter. The resulting figure was distributed among the remaining apartments - this was the norm.

It is not entirely fair to calculate the rate in this way, since the expenditure of resources is uneven - in one apartment, a family consisting of 5 people uses the service, and in another - from 2.

How is the rate of water consumption per person calculated?

To determine how much water a resident of an apartment building approximately consumes, the following factors must be taken into account:

• consumption norms that apply in any region of Russia;
• consumption norms set by local authorities;
• with the same number of people.

It was mentioned above that the standard is set depending on the region where a person lives, respectively, the season also affects the volume of water consumption: in summer - higher, in winter - lower.

If the apartment has serviceable household appliances and plumbing (an economical faucet, a flush tank for a toilet bowl, etc.), a person saves water, respectively, the consumption rate can be reduced.

The flow rate of the consumed liquid, on the contrary, increases when the equipment passes water, the faucet or the toilet bowl is leaking. If this fact is identified and documented by an employee of a housing organization, the consumption rate per person may be increased.

People pay for cold, hot water supply according to the tariffs set by local authorities.

In apartments where metering equipment is not listed, the cost of used water is calculated as follows:

• instead of readings from an apartment water meter, they take average indicators of water consumption in the house (separately for hot and cold water);
• multiply by the tariff for one cubic meter;
• and, if available, the multiplying factor is taken into account.

The multiplying factor, as a rule, is applied to those residents who do not install water consumption meters, although they have such an opportunity. But the state cannot be deceived - water overspending is paid accordingly.

How to calculate how much water residents of a private house consume

Note that it is not easy to calculate how much water a person living in a private house consumes. In addition to the fact that water is used for personal needs ( hygiene procedures, washing, washing dishes, cooking, etc.), the owner needs to water the green spaces adjacent to the house - a garden, a kitchen garden.

Water consumption increases if a private house has a swimming pool and other benefits of civilization.

Noticed:

• if you continuously use water for an hour, then a person will use up about six cubic meters of liquid;
• for watering green spaces adjacent to the house, about two cubic meters of water are required;
• watering the garden, in one hour the summer resident consumes up to four cubes of liquid.

These data are approximate, calculated for houses with standard equipment and conventional engineering networks.

Calculation of water costs in multi-apartment residential buildings

Each person consumes a different amount of water per day. It can be calculated using the formula:

Volume per day per person \u003d the value of the estimated number of inhabitants * the value of specific water consumption / 1000

In addition, there are adjustment factors for residents of cities with larger and smaller populations.

In order not to fill people's heads with unnecessary figures and indicators, a consumption standard has been created, which is taken into account when paying utility bills. When there is no metering device, charges are made based on the number of officially registered residents.

If, for example, a water heater is installed in the apartment, the excess water consumption for this technique is distributed equally among all those registered. Accordingly, the more residents are registered, the higher the payment for water supply and sanitation will be.

Can water costs be reduced?

If the residents of the apartment postpone the installation of water meters, unnecessary expenses are unlikely to be avoided. Standards are set for each house separately, or average water consumption is calculated according to the data of a separate microdistrict.

You can offer every resident of a high-rise building who does not have a water meter not to spend excess water, but it is unlikely that everyone will agree to abide by this rule.

Sometimes people try to prove in court that the introduction of a multiplier is unreasonable, but in practice, few achieve the desired result.

Some residents install special devices that save water. But even such "tricks" do not affect the numbers indicated in the receipt. This is because accruals are made based on the number of people registered in the apartment.

The best way to reduce this expense item is to install a fluid meter. Then you will pay only for those cubic meters that you actually spent. No one will look at the number of registered in the given territory, no one will have to pay for the water used by the neighbor.

For information! If in an apartment building most residents water resource“save” special devices, then the rest of the tenants overpay for excess water consumption in excess of the norm. Such rules are established by regional governments.

Legal Ways to Reduce Water Consumption

To save as much water as possible, you must adhere to the following rules.

Install tools to save money. These include:

1. special nozzles for cranes;
2. aerators that are put on shower heads and thus reduce water consumption;
3. two-button drain systems, which are equipped with barrels.

If the house has household appliances or plumbing that allows water to pass through, you need to urgently fix her. This applies to:

• a dishwasher that is out of order and constantly leaking;
• continuously dripping faucets;
• a toilet bowl into which water flows in a thin stream, etc.

It will not be superfluous to acquire modern model washing machine. Such an “assistant”, in addition to high-quality washing, will save. To wash clothes, the machine takes half as much water as the old automatic machines.

Those who want to save money will have to introduce new habits:

• turn off the tap if you do not use water (for example, when you are washing dishes with dishwashing detergent, soaping in the shower, while brushing your teeth, etc.);
• give preference to bathing in the shower, i.e. fill the bath with water in rare cases;
• reduce the time of "water procedures".

Sometimes people do not use the stove at all - they heat the liquid as needed.

Advantages and disadvantages of a water meter

On this issue, people's opinions differ. At first glance, it may seem that the benefits are obvious:

• a tenant of an apartment building will not have to pay for water used by residents of other apartments;
• it becomes possible to independently control the flow of water;
• payment after the fact - if within a day or a month the water is not consumed by a person (for example, the tenant went on vacation), accordingly, nothing needs to be paid;
• there are no increasing coefficients, payment is carried out according to the current tariff.

But sometimes people are unhappy after installing a water meter. This happens if one person is registered in the apartment, but relatives constantly come to him and stay for a long time, that is, in fact, more people live.

The human body consists of water, approximately 60-80 percent. Water is an absolutely essential element for the existence of all organisms on the planet. Without it, delivery of nutrients to the cells is impossible; with its help, the body is cleansed of harmful accumulations, toxins, and toxic substances. Figuratively speaking, this is a fuel and a cleaner in one bottle.

In order for a person to feel normal, to be able to fully live, he needs to drink a certain amount of pure water per day. Our health and longevity directly depend on the correct drinking regimen.

So how much liquid do we need, what is the water consumption per person per day, how much water per month do we need?

Why does the body need water??

Among other things, it performs several essential functions in the body:

Transports the cells they need nutrients, maintains their structure;

Removes toxins;

Provides depreciation of the joints, prevents their destruction;

Helps complete digestion of food;

Improves metabolic processes.

According to doctors, one of the causes of most diseases of the joints, kidneys (in particular, nephrolithiasis), as well as increased dryness skin is a violation of the drinking regime, that is, the norm of water consumption per person throughout the day is not reached. We just don't drink as much as we should.

For any malnutrition, with food and alcohol administration, daily rate water increases. You may have heard that experts advise drinking more water to get rid of toxic substances, toxins and waste products faster.

Our drinking norm per day

Norm per month
WHO specialists have developed general formula, which is used to calculate the individual, daily consumption liquids:

The basis is 30 ml for each kg of body weight. Then the calculation is made individually: for example, using a simple calculation for a person weighing 60 kg, we get 1.8 liters per day. This is the drinking norm. The water norm per person for a month is calculated by multiplying this amount by 30 days. So we get the required water consumption per person per month. For our example, only 54 liters for 30 days (36 one and a half liter bottles) or 55.8 liters for 31 days (37.2 bottles of 1.5 liters each). What is the number of 1.5 l bottles for? With a measuring container it is convenient to control the water you drink per day!

By the way, remember that the given volume includes not only drinking water, but also other liquids that come with food. Water is recommended to drink only clean, bottled or filtered. Thus, out of 36-37 bottles counted, it will be enough to purchase only 30-31. And even you can get by with a few. You can boil and cool water for yourself ... Who then prevents you from adding a drop of lemon juice to it? Who bothers to cut an apple and boil it in 1 liter of water, and then pour it into a bottle already filled with 2 cups of boiled cold water and add a bit of sugar?! In general, if desired, financial costs can be greatly reduced, but drink your liquid rate.

When to Increase Water Intake?

You need to know that the regimen should be increased with increased daily food intake, frequent inclusion of salty, sweet, spicy, fatty foods in the diet. But with a vegetarian diet, the water norm per person decreases.

Be sure to increase the drinking regimen for people taking diuretics, as well as for pregnant women and women who are breastfeeding.

To avoid dehydration, to cool the body, doctors recommend drinking more in hot weather. The same should be done in frosty winters, since at sub-zero temperatures the body loses fluid along with the vapor that is released when breathing through the mouth.

You need to drink more in the presence of some acute and chronic diseases, for example, colds, in order to speed up the elimination of toxins. Heat, vomiting, diarrhea - these conditions require an increase in water intake per day.

The body needs to increase the drinking regime during increased sports loads, hard physical labor, and also after visiting the steam room, sauna. It is recommended to drink more if you have spent several hours in the cabin or work in an air-conditioned room. All these factors contribute to severe dehydration.

It is also recommended to act with a strongly pronounced smell of sweat. According to experts, with sufficient fluid intake, the smell of sweat is practically not noticeable. After all, it is not sweat itself that smells, but toxic microorganisms that are excreted with it and get on the skin, where they begin to multiply intensively. Large numbers increase the risk of developing different kind diseases.

For the same reason, increase drinking regimen if, when you go to the toilet in the morning, your urine emits a very pronounced bad smell She's too yellow.

Finally

The above formula for calculating water consumption per person per day, per month will help you normalize the water regime and, as a result, improve your own well-being. However, do not rush to immediately drink a large amount of liquid. Go to optimal mode gradually, every day, for a week.

Remember that experts recommend drinking water no later than 30 minutes before meals and an hour and a half after. Compliance with this rule improves digestion, as it contributes to the production gastric juice in the optimal concentration necessary for the complete digestion of food. Be healthy!