Outstanding people in medicine. The most famous doctors and doctors in history. The development of medicine in ancient China

FAMOUS PERSONS - FORMER DOCTORS

“Only what gets us hard, after the struggle, becomes really expensive. And what just falls into the hands does not give satisfaction.

(physician, writer Archibald J. Cronin "The Citadel").

Many doctors are not ordinary people. Many doctors have various hobbies: write pictures and poems, write stories, etc. And there are many people in the world who studied to be a doctor and even worked as a doctor for some time, but became famous thanks to other qualities and talents. Someone became a famous writer, actor, someone a singer. And I wanted to write about these people. I will not undertake to cover everyone, but I will show you interesting characters from my point of view. There are a lot of works, websites, etc. dedicated to this topic. In the book by S.Ya. Chikina (1999) collected doctors - philosophers, and in the dictionary of the doctor L.F. Zmeeva (1886) doctors - writers. Armenian psychiatrist Minasyan A.M. in 2010, at the State Museum of Folk Art of Armenia, he organized an exhibition of part of his collection entitled "Armenian doctors - workers of Armenian literature." There is a book by Anatoly Zilber: “Doctors are truents. Essays on doctors who became famous outside of medicine”, by the way, A. Zilber is a doctor himself, he is a professor at the Medical Faculty of Petrazavodsk University!

The term "truant doctors" appeared in 1936 (from the English truant - truant). The name became known thanks to the famous British surgeon Lord Berkeley Moinigan (1865 - 1936). During his lecture at the University of Cambridge, he spoke about 61 doctors who became famous outside of medicine - in politics, art, literature, sports, philosophy, calling them truents. I don’t know if he gave them such a definition as a joke or seriously, but the term stuck. Actor, director and producer Alexander Porokhovshchikov- one of these typical "truants" (Fig. 1). He studied at the medical institute for only 2 courses, and then dropped out, but the country later received a bright actor. In general, the term "truants" - truents, I consider not correct, but this term has already been historically fixed.

But the other personalities presented here, unlike the actor A. Porokhovshchikov, received a medical education. By the way, since we are talking about actors, I want to remember the actress Tatiana Drubich(Figure 2). After graduating from the medical faculty of the Moscow Medical Stomatological Institute. N. A. Semashko, she worked as an endocrinologist.

Rice. 1. Actor Alexander Porokhovshchikov (taught 2 courses at a medical institute).

Rice. 2. Actress Tatyana Drubich (she was an endocrinologist).

In 1974 he graduated from the 1st medical institute in Leningrad, the future honored (1996) and people's artist (2001) Alexander Rosenbaum(Fig. 3). After graduating from a medical institute, he worked on an ambulance in Leningrad. In 1980 he completely retired from medicine.

Rice. 3. Alexander Rosenbaum (a therapist by training).

A few years after graduating from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. I. M. Sechenov (1963), also an emergency doctor, worked Grigory Gorin(Figure 4). He is known to us as a satirist, playwright, screenwriter. “The Soviet doctor was and remains the most unique specialist in the world, because only he was able to treat without drugs, operate without instruments, make prosthetics without materials ...” - this is one of his interesting quotes.

well known in Russia Yana Rudkovskaya(Fig. 5) - TV presenter and music producer. Yana Rudkovskaya was born into a military family in Moscow. Almost immediately after her birth, her father was sent to serve in Barnaul, and the family went with him. Ya. Rudkovskaya graduated from the Altai State medical University, by specialty: dermatovenereologist, specialization: hardware and medical cosmetology. After graduating from medical school, she became involved in a business related to beauty salons, and later became a TV presenter and music producer.

Rice. 4. Grigory Gorin - satirist, playwright, screenwriter (former therapist).

Rice. 5. Yana Rudkovskaya TV presenter and music producer (dermatologist by training).

Analyzing our compatriots, we can remind you that medical education was A. Chekhov and M. Bulgakova. In 1925 - 1926 Bulgakov published a series of stories “Notes of a Young Doctor”, which I read as a senior student at a medical institute, and soon I was able to read it. dog's heart", which was previously banned, and became his fan. Since then I have read all of his works. Later, the film "Heart of a Dog" appeared with a brilliant play of actors. A writer Vasily Aksenov in 1956 he graduated from the 1st Leningrad Medical Institute, and for some time worked as a phthisiatrician. Writer Vikenty Veresaev in 1894 he graduated from the medical faculty of Dorpat University and worked as a doctor in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Filmmaker Julius Gusman after graduating from the Baku Medical Institute, he worked as a psychiatrist. Showman, TV presenter, producer Garik Martirosyan graduated from the Yerevan State Medical University, where he received the specialty of a neuropathologist-psychotherapist. Garik worked as a doctor for only three years. And a well-known woman politician Valentina Matvienko graduated from the Leningrad Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute, not a doctor, but an education close to medical, and I wanted to mention her.

And how are things with them? There are also many celebrities here, and from ancient times. The doctors were: Saint Luke the Evangelist, Nicolaus Copernicus, Nostradamus, Luigi Galvani, Francois Rabelais, Friedrich Schiller.

Rice. 6. J. Swift's book about Gulliver's travels.

So Francois Rabelais in 1530, while retaining the title of priest, entered the medical faculty of the University of Montpellier, and after graduation he worked as a doctor. And we know him better as the author of the work "Gargantua and Pantagruel" (1533).

In 1726 - 1727. J. Swift's travel book published Gulliver. The full title of this work is "Travels to some remote countries of the world in four parts: a work by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships." In English : "Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships" ( rice. 6). And this is perhaps the most famous work in Russia about famous person, who was a doctor by training, but did not work for him. Lamuel Gulliver studied for three years at Cambridge and four more years as a surgeon. Travel became his life's hobby and although he got a job as a ship's surgeon on board the ship, he failed to apply his knowledge and skills, but became very famous thanks to J. Swift. Let's remember the famous writers of former doctors.

Louis Boussinard(French writer) was born in Escrenn (France) in 1847. He studied in Paris and received a medical degree. During the Franco-Prussian War he was drafted into the army and served as a regimental doctor, was wounded. After the war, Boussenard briefly worked as a doctor and then took up literature.

Stanislav Lem(Polish science fiction writer). After graduating from high school, he studied medicine at Lviv University. During the German occupation in World War II, he worked as an auto mechanic and was in the ranks of the resistance. In 1946, Lem was repatriated from the territory that became part of the USSR to Krakow and began to study medicine at the Jagiellonian University. After graduation, Stanislav Lem refused to take state exams, not wanting to become a military doctor. Instead of a diploma, he was given a document that completed the course of study. But we got a very interesting science fiction. In 1948-1950, Lem worked as a junior assistant in the anatomical theater at the university. He began to write stories in order to have additional earnings. And then the writer's work became the main one for him. As a student, I enjoyed reading his works, which I liked very much.

Kobo Abe (Japanese writer) in 1943 entered the medical faculty of Tokyo Imperial University. In 1948, Abe graduated, but did not pass State exam and did not qualify for medical treatment. It is believed that he did it on purpose. Who knows, maybe if he passed the exam and became a doctor, he would be an obscure doctor, not a world-famous writer.

Speaking of foreign medical writers, I would like to dwell on Archibald Joseph Cronin (Fig. 7), whose quotation from the book is placed in the epigraph of this article. The Scottish writer Cronin graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1919 with a Bachelor of Science in Surgery (ChB). In the same year he traveled to India as a ship's surgeon. The Citadel is one of his best works.

Rice. 7. Archibald Cronin writer (surgeon by training).

However, foreign truents were not only writers, but also famous politicians and even revolutionaries. Jean-Paul Marat, known to us simply as Marat, is a French politician of the era of the Great French Revolution, a radical journalist, one of the leaders of the Jacobins. By education, he was a doctor. The death of a revolutionary and a former doctor is entertaining. Marat suffered some skin disease With severe itching, apparently psoriasis*. In order to somehow reduce the unbearable itching, he constantly took baths with cold water. On July 13, 1793, noblewoman Charlotte Corday offered him a list of "enemies of the people". He took it while in the bathroom. While Marat wrote down their names, Charlotte stabbed him with a dagger. The artist Jacques Louis David depicted him murdered in the bathroom (Fig. 8).

Speaking of revolutionaries former doctors, it is necessary to recall the Che Guevara. The site hosted my article “Who are you, Comandante Che? - about this ambiguous person who was a dermatologist by education (he even worked in a leper colony for some time) and a surgeon.

Of course, getting a medical education in itself does not mean that this person will be good, decent and positive. There are examples of this in history. The most striking example, from my point of view, of a bad person with medical education, is the President of Haiti Francois Duvalier(François Duvalier) (1907-1971), also known as "Papa Doc" (Fig. 9). He was President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. In 1932 he graduated from the medical faculty of the University of Haiti. In 1939 he married a nurse, Simone Ovide.

Rice. 8. "Death of Marat" (Jacques Louis David, 1793).

Figure 9. Haiti Francois Duvalier, President of Haiti 1957 - 1971, dictator (medical by training).

He suffered from schizophrenia, a paranoid form and was the dictator of his country. He said that he was a voodoo sorcerer and came out of the world of the Dead. By order of Duvalier, all black-haired dogs in the country were killed. He terrorized the population of his country. Six times they tried to kill a politician, but he died own death. The character is, to put it mildly, negative, but with a medical education.

There are a lot of trues. I think you also remember many such personalities. You can write about them in the discussion section of this article. All the best to you and most importantly creative success!

___________

When copying the material or part of it, a link to the author and the site are required!

You can read other informative and humorous articles by Voronov I.A. on the pages of our website:

A man of extraordinary talent and versatile interests, Nikolai Amosov went down in history as an excellent cardiac surgeon, who was the first in Russia to operate on a heart defect. The treatment of heart diseases has become a leading direction in his wide surgical activities and scientific research. While still working as an electrician, he felt a craving for the improvement and invention of mechanisms. Subsequently, ingenuity was widely embodied in medical activities Amosov. He created a number of new methods surgical treatment heart defects and original models of heart-lung machines. In particular, he owns the invention and introduction into practice of a reliable and universal heart-lung artificial circulation apparatus. Nikolai Mikhailovich Amosov was the first to carry out prosthetics mitral valve hearts, and international level he pioneered the use of prosthetic heart valves with antithrombotic properties.

In addition to his work in the direction of cardiac surgery, Amosov gave impetus to the extensive use surgical methods treatment and lung diseases. He himself developed several methods of lung surgery for tuberculosis. Studying this problem, he greatly reduced the possibility of tuberculosis and improved the quality of treatment for this disease. He boldly operated on both surgical and oncological disorders of the lungs, esophagus and stomach. Thoracic surgery was very little developed in the country and Nikolai Amosov, having taken up the study of the problem, continued its development. As a practicing surgeon, he personally saved thousands of lives, sometimes operating in critical situations and the most difficult conditions. Being a well-known surgeon, Amosov organized the first Department of Thoracic Surgery in the Union, where doctors could improve their skills, as well as the Department of Biological Cybernetics. For six years he headed the Kyiv Research Institute cardiovascular surgery, has always associated the future of medicine with the achievements of biology, chemistry, physics and cybernetics. He compared a person with a complex system that follows certain programs that determine the level of health and the failure of which, under the influence of environmental factors, leads to disease. That's why main task medicine saw in the artificial regulation of the body according to the program. Thoughts on creating an “artificial mind” also visited him. Nikolai Amosov perfectly combined his work with social activities, being a member of numerous societies and associations of surgeons.

Amosov is also known as an author who left to posterity works describing his research and life stages of becoming a surgeon. He wrote about four hundred scientific papers, including twenty monographs on diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lungs. Nikolai Amosov lived up to 88 years and confirmed by personal example that life expectancy and excellent health directly depend on a person’s energy and manifestation of his creative potential.

Since ancient times, the attitude towards people skilled in medicine has been positive, they were respected, revered and even feared. The "proto-doctors" who acted in antiquity were ranked among the most worthy representatives of society. One of the oldest physicians of antiquity known to us was Skar, whose remains were found not so long ago near Cairo. Scar did surgery, everything necessary tools surrounded him in a burial that was 4200 years old.

Next in the gallery of ancient physicians is Hippocrates, who in our mind is firmly associated with the doctor's oath. Hippocrates has become a product of the era, highest point development of the Hellenic world. He led his family tree from a descendant of Asclepius, among whom healers prevailed. And among them were seven Hippocrates. Known to us, was Hippocrates II the Great of Kos. It is from his writings that we learn about the development of ancient medicine, which has absorbed the wisdom and practice of many centuries. One of the most famous aphorisms Hippocrates is “the opposite is cured by the opposite” (Latin contraria contrariis curantur).

Another great doctor ancient world was Galen. His talent and skill flourished through a wealth of practice, as he received an excellent education, and then went through the school of rendering medical care gladiators. Subsequently, when the fame of him swept through the Roman Empire, he was appointed archiatrist, life physician, with the first persons of the state. Along with brilliant practical skills, Galena noted deep knowledge in anatomy and physiology, pharmacy. Of particular note is his teaching on circulation, which reflects his talent as an experimenter.

The early Middle Ages consigned to oblivion many of the achievements of the previous period. This is the time of the appearance of the great names of the Eastern world, of which Ibn Sina stands out (real name - Abu Ali al-Hu-sein ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Son, in the Western Latin tradition - Avicenna). During his many years of practice, he treated " the mighty of the world this" and ordinary people. Ibn Sina wrote The Canon of Medicine, which became an encyclopedia of the medical knowledge of the medieval East.

The emergence of great names in Europe dates back to the Renaissance and the late Middle Ages. One of the first in this series should be called Philip Aureol Theophrastus Bombast von Hohenheim, better known as Paracelsus (from the Latin Para-Celsus - “Like Celsus”). Better known as an alchemist, he had a thorough knowledge of anatomy and excellent practical skills in both therapy and surgery. He developed his own classification of diseases, widely used minerals in treatment.

Significant was the contribution to the development of surgery by another representative of medieval medicine, Ambroise Pare (1510-1590). One of his main achievements was the development of the doctrine of the treatment gunshot wounds. He was able to do a lot in surgery, obstetrics, orthopedics: he improved the technique surgical operations, re-described the rotation of the fetus on the leg, applied ligation of vessels instead of twisting and cauterizing them, improved the technique of craniotomy, created new surgical instruments and orthopedic devices. The works created by Pare in the 16th century are still for a long time later actively used by his followers.

New and modern times gave a significant number of bright and original doctors who gained worldwide fame. It is difficult to name at least a few names, so as not to reduce the role of others - G. Boerhaave, D.Zh. Larrey, D. Lister, R. Virchow ... just a few who should be noted among eminent doctors previous centuries.

In Russia, which since the 18th century has become an integral part of the European medical science and practitioners, doctors began to appear who made an undoubted contribution to the development of world medicine. AT this case also very difficult to make a choice.

(1810-1881) became the most famous and prominent scientist and practitioner domestic medicine. A talented surgeon, teacher and public figure, he created topographic anatomy and experimental direction in surgery, became the founder of military field surgery, using the first anesthesia in field conditions. On a par with Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, he is credited with organizing women's care for the wounded in the theater of operations.

Sergei Petrovich Botkin (1832-1889) - an outstanding therapist, one of the founders of the clinic of internal diseases as a scientific discipline in Russia, the first Russian doctor to become a life doctor. Botkin created Russia's largest scientific therapeutic school(one of his students was the first domestic Nobel Prize winner I.P. Pavlov), and became the founder of the functional clinical and experimental direction in domestic medicine.

Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky (1836-1904) - a participant in the wars that Russia waged in the second half of the 19th century, during this period he gained tremendous experience, which allowed the talented surgeon to contribute a lot to the development of military field surgery. With his work, Sklifosovsky put domestic surgery on a qualitatively higher level. high level. He developed a number of operations that now bear his name. In traumatology, he suggested original method osteoplasty - bone joints - "Russian castle", or Sklifosovsky's castle.

In the 20th century, the most famous domestic doctors were representatives of military medicine, which gained vast experience in participating in bloody wars. In this series, N.N. Burdenko, Yu.Yu. Janelidze, M.S. Vovsi, M.N. Akhutina...

Of the doctors who were our contemporaries or continue to be, it is necessary to name S.N. Fedorov, F.G. Uglov, L.M. Roshal. Along with high professionalism and talent, they were and still are distinguished by a clear civic position and active social activity.

There are many medical specialists and those who have become famous in other areas. First of all, this is V.I. Dahl, A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Veresaev, M.A. Bulgakov, V.P. Aksenov, G.I. Gorin, A.A. Kalyagin. They found their calling in culture and art, starting their first steps to fame in medicine.

Little information remains about Margaret herself. As biographers suggest, she was born in 1792-1795. The girl was smart beyond her years, but it was indecent for a girl from a decent family to receive a decent education. Here is such a pun. Therefore, with the help of relatives, Margaret "turned" into James and went to the medical faculty at the University of Edinburgh. It was explained to acquaintances and friends that Margaret and her mother went on a trip around the world. At this time, a girl named James Bury studied medicine. She graduated from the university and returned to London. Here Margaret-James successfully passed the exams of the English Royal College of Surgery. But the brave woman did not stop there. She joined the army and went to South Africa, where she worked as a medical inspector of the colony in Cape Town. All this time she was a practicing surgeon, and became one of the first doctors to make C-section than slept the life of a baby and his mother.

Surprisingly, Margaret managed to keep her secret until her death. Margaret Ann Bulkley died on July 25, 1865 in London.

We decided on such a remarkable, in our opinion, day to tell about the great women doctors with world names.

1. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)

America's First Certified Woman Physician. Elizabeth applied to the college of the city of Geneva, which was located near New York. His administration invited the students to vote to find out if they want to see a girl among the students or not. Curiously, the students took this as a prank and voted to accept the girl to college.

So it happened that Elizabeth became the first certified female doctor. In 1853, she opened a dispensary for poor women and children. In 1857 - a hospital for poor women and children. Among other things, Elizabeth became the first woman to receive a British medical registration. It was from Elizabeth Blackwell that the concept of "hygiene" came.

2. Leila Denmark (1898-2012)

Longest practicing doctor in her life. Having started working as a pediatrician in 1931, the woman stopped seeing patients only at the age of 103! In 2001, Danmark was officially recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest practicing physician. At the time of her death, she was one of the five oldest inhabitants of the Earth.

Dr. Danmark always practiced medicine at her home or in her own waiting room. She could see a patient at almost any time of the day. In 1935, the doctor received the Fisher Award for her work in diagnosing, treating, and vaccinating against whooping cough.

Leila Denmark passed away not so long ago - in 2012 at the 114th year of her life.

3. Natalia Bekhtereva (1924-2008)

Our famous compatriot. Natalya Petrovna graduated from the 1st Leningrad Medical Institute. I. P. Pavlova. She strengthened her knowledge and skills in the postgraduate course at the Institute of Physiology of the CNS of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Investigated the human brain in normal and pathological conditions. For the first time in the USSR, she applied the method of long-term implantation of electrodes into the human brain in diagnostic and medicinal purposes. Under her leadership, a new branch of neurology and neurosurgery was created. Since 1990, Bekhtereva has been supervisor Center "Brain" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and since 1992 - the Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

During her life, Dr. Bekhtereva wrote 400 scientific papers, created scientific school numbering big number scientists and doctors.

Natalia Bekhtereva has received many awards and titles. She became a laureate of the International Prize of the Foundation of the Holy All-Praised Apostle Andrew the First-Called with the award of the signs of the Sovereign Eagle Prize and the Order Star, an honorary member of the Czechoslovak Neurophysiological and Neurosurgical Societies named after. Purkinje, etc.

4. Grunya Sukhareva (1891-1981)

Grunya Efimovna Sukhareva - Soviet psychiatrist. Since 1917 she worked in the Kyiv Psychiatric Hospital. She also worked in the psycho-neurological clinic of the Institute for the Protection of Children's and Adolescents' Health. In 1921 she moved to Moscow. Here she organized sanatorium and psycho-neurological medical institutions for children and teenagers. For many years she was engaged in active scientific activity. She developed the evolutionary-biological concept mental illness. She was able to establish patterns in the dynamics of schizophrenia, the impact on it of the severity of the onset and the rate of development of the process. Grunya was the first to identify three types of schizophrenia: continuous sluggish, in the form of seizures and mixed. Sukhareva established patterns of the relationship between the type of flow and the leading psychopathological syndrome studied the age evolution of the manifestations of the disease. Grunya's works on the study of borderline states, oligophrenia, psychopathy in children and adolescents have great value for defectology. Sukhareva created a scientific school of child psychiatrists. For many years, Grunya Efimovna was the scientific director of the psychiatric hospital named after P.P. Kashchenko. Elion moved to a pharmaceutical company, where she made an excellent career - she became the director of scientific work and head of the department of experimental therapy. It was here that she began working on drugs aimed at combating immune diseases and viruses. This amazing woman took the first steps towards creating a cure for cancer: it affects disease-causing cells, while not affecting healthy ones. In 1988, Elion received Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "For the discovery important principles drug therapy."

In addition, Gertrude discovered a number of other medicines: mercaptopurine (antileukemic drug), immunosuppressant azathioprine, allopurinol (used for gout), antimalarial drug pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, acyclovir ( antiviral drug used to treat herpes).