Penicillin antibiotics in tablets titles. Penicillin is the progenitor of modern antibiotics. General properties of penicillins

Mushrooms are the kingdom of living organisms. Mushrooms are different: some of them get into our diet, some cause skin diseases, some are so poisonous that they can lead to death. But mushrooms of the genus Penicillium save millions of human lives from pathogenic bacteria.

Antibiotics of the penicillin series based on this mold (mold is also a fungus) are still used in medicine.

In the 30s of the last century, Alexander Fleming conducted experiments with staphylococci. He studied bacterial infections. After growing a group of these pathogens in a nutrient medium, the scientist noticed that there were areas in the cup that were not surrounded by live bacteria. The investigation showed that the usual green mold, which likes to settle on stale bread, is to blame for these spots. The mold was called Penicillium and, as it turned out, produced a substance that kills staphylococci.

Fleming went deeper into the subject and soon isolated pure penicillin, which became the world's first antibiotic. The principle of action of the drug is as follows: when a bacterial cell divides, each half restores its cell membrane with the help of a special chemical element, peptidoglycan. Penicillin blocks the formation of this element, and the bacterial cell simply "resolves" in the environment.

But difficulties soon arose. Bacteria cells learned to resist the drug - they began to produce an enzyme called "beta-lactamase", which destroys beta-lactams (the basis of penicillin).

The next 10 years there was an invisible war between pathogens that destroy penicillin, and scientists that modify this penicillin. So many modifications of penicillin were born, which now form the entire penicillin series of antibiotics.

The drug for any kind of application spreads rapidly throughout the body, penetrating almost all its parts. Exceptions: cerebrospinal fluid, prostate gland and visual system. In these places, the concentration is very low, under normal conditions it does not exceed 1 percent. With inflammation, a rise of up to 5% is possible.

Antibiotics do not affect the cells of the human body, since the latter do not contain peptidoglycan.

The drug is quickly excreted from the body, after 1-3 hours most of it is excreted through the kidneys.

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All drugs are divided into: natural (short and prolonged action) and semi-synthetic (anti-staphylococcal, broad-spectrum drugs, antipseudomonal).

These drugs obtained directly from the mold. At the moment, most of them are obsolete, as pathogens have become immune to them. In medicine, benzylpenicillin and Bicillin are most often used, which are effective against gram-positive bacteria and cocci, some anaerobic and spirochetes. All these antibiotics are used only in the form of injections into the muscles, since the acidic environment of the stomach quickly destroys them.

Benzylpenicillin in the form of sodium and potassium salts is a short-acting natural antibiotic. Its action stops after 3-4 hours, so frequent repeated injections are necessary.

Trying to eliminate this drawback, pharmacists have created natural long-acting antibiotics: Bicillin and novocaine salt of benzylpenicillin. These drugs are called "depot-forms", because after injection into the muscle they form a "depot" in it, from which the drug is slowly absorbed into the body.

Examples of drugs: benzylpenicillin salt (sodium, potassium or novocaine), Bicillin-1, Bicillin-3, Bicillin-5.

Several decades after receiving penicillin pharmacists were able to isolate its main active ingredient, and the modification process began. Most drugs, after improvement, acquired resistance to the acidic environment of the stomach, and semi-synthetic penicillins began to be produced in tablets.

Isoxazolpenicillins are drugs that are effective against staphylococci. The latter have learned to produce an enzyme that destroys benzylpenicillin, and drugs from this group prevent the production of the enzyme. But you have to pay for the improvement - drugs of this type are less absorbed into the body and have a smaller spectrum of action compared to natural penicillins. Examples of drugs: Oxacillin, Nafcillin.

Aminopenicillins are broad-spectrum drugs. They are inferior to benzylpenicillins in terms of strength in the fight against gram-positive bacteria, but they capture a larger range of infections. Compared to other drugs, they stay in the body longer and better penetrate some of the body's barriers. Examples of drugs: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin. You can often find Ampiox - Ampicillin + Oxacillin.

Carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins antibiotics effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At the moment, they are practically not used, since infections quickly acquire resistance to them. Occasionally, you can find them as part of a comprehensive treatment.

Examples of drugs: Ticarcillin, Piperacillin

Sumamed

Active ingredient: azithromycin.

Indications: Respiratory infections.

Contraindications: intolerance, severe renal failure, children under 6 months of age.

Price: 300-500 rubles.

Oxacillin

Active ingredient: oxacillin.

Indications: infections sensitive to the drug.

Price: 30-60 rubles.

Amoxicillin Sandoz

Indications: respiratory tract infections (including tonsillitis, bronchitis), urinary tract infections, skin infections, other infections.

Contraindications: intolerance, children under 3 years of age.

Price: 150 rubles.

Ampicillin trihydrate

Indications: pneumonia, bronchitis, tonsillitis, other infections.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, liver failure.

Price: 24 rubles.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

Active ingredient: phenoxymethylpenicillin.

Indications: streptococcal diseases, infections of mild and moderate severity.

Price: 7 rubles.

Amoxiclav

Active ingredient: amoxicillin + clavulanic acid.

Indications: infections of the respiratory tract, urinary system, infections in gynecology, other infections sensitive to amoxicillin.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, jaundice, mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia.

Price: 116 rubles.

injections

Bicillin-1

Active ingredient: benzathine benzylpenicillin.

Indications: acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections, erysipelas, syphilis, leishmaniasis.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity.

Price: 15 rubles per injection.

Ospamox

Active ingredient: amoxicillin.

Indications: infections of the lower and upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecological and surgical infections.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, severe gastrointestinal infections, lymphocytic leukemia, mononucleosis.

Price: 65 rubles.

Ampicillin

Active ingredient: ampicillin.

Indications: infections of the respiratory and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, whooping cough.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, impaired renal function, childhood, pregnancy.

Price: 163 rubles.

Benzylpenicillin

Indications: severe infections, congenital syphilis, abscesses, pneumonia, erysipelas, anthrax, tetanus.

Contraindications: intolerance.

Price: 2.8 rubles per injection.

Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt

Active ingredient: benzylpenicillin.

Indications: Similar to benzylpenicillin.

Contraindications: intolerance.

Price: 43 rubles for 10 injections.

For the treatment of children, Amoxiclav, Ospamox, Oxacillin are suitable. But Before using the medicine, you must always consult with your doctor to adjust the dose.

Indications for use

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are prescribed for infections, the type of antibiotics is selected based on the type of infection. It can be various cocci, bacilli, anaerobic bacteria, and so on.

Most often, antibiotics treat infections of the respiratory tract and genitourinary system.

In the case of treating children, you need to follow the instructions of the doctor, who will prescribe the desired antibiotic and adjust the dose.

In case of pregnancy, antibiotics should be used with extreme caution, as they penetrate the fetus. During lactation, it is better to switch to mixtures, as the medicine also penetrates into milk.

For the elderly, there are no special instructions, although the doctor should take into account the condition of the patient's kidneys and liver when prescribing treatment.

The main and often the only contraindication is individual intolerance. It occurs frequently - in about 10% of patients. Additional contraindications depend on the specific antibiotic and are prescribed in the instructions for use.

In case of side effects, you should immediately seek medical help, stop the drug and carry out symptomatic treatment.

Where does penicillin mold grow?

Almost everywhere. This mold includes dozens of subspecies, and each of them has its own habitat. The most notable are the penicillin mold that grows on bread (which also infects apples, causing them to rot quickly) and the mold used in the production of some cheeses.

How to replace penicillin antibiotics?

If the patient is allergic to penicillin, non-penicillin antibiotics can be used. Names of drugs: Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Azithromycin. The most popular option is Erythromycin. But you need to know that Erythromycin often causes dysbacteriosis and indigestion.

Antibiotics from the penicillin series are a strong remedy against infections caused by various bacteria. There are quite a few of them, and treatment must be selected in accordance with the type of pathogen.

They seem harmless to the body due to the fact that the only contraindication is a hypersensitivity reaction, but improper treatment or self-medication can provoke resistance of the pathogen to the antibiotic, and you will have to select another treatment that is more dangerous and less effective.

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Familiar today antibacterial drugs less than a century ago made a real revolution in medicine. Mankind has received a powerful weapon to fight infections that were previously considered fatal.

The first were the antibiotics penicillins, which saved many thousands of lives during the Second World War, and are relevant in modern medical practice. It was with them that the era of antibiotic therapy began and thanks to them all other antimicrobial drugs were obtained.

This section provides a complete list of currently relevant antimicrobial drugs. In addition to the characteristics of the main compounds, all trade names and analogues are given.

The information provided is for informational purposes and is not a guide to action. All appointments are made exclusively by a doctor, and therapy is under his control.

Despite the low toxicity of penicillins, their uncontrolled use leads to serious consequences: the formation of resistance in the pathogen and the transition of the disease to a chronic form that is difficult to cure. It is for this reason that most strains of pathogenic bacteria are resistant to first-generation ABP today.

Use for antibiotic therapy should be exactly the medication that was prescribed by a specialist. Independent attempts to find a cheap analogue and save money can lead to a deterioration in the condition.

For example, the dosage of the active substance in a generic may differ up or down, which will negatively affect the course of treatment.

When you have to replace the medicine due to an acute lack of finances, you need to ask the doctor about it, since only a specialist can choose the best option.

Preparations of the penicillin group belong to the so-called beta-lactams - chemical compounds that have a beta-lactam ring in their formula.

This structural component is of decisive importance in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases: it prevents bacteria from producing a special peptidoglycan biopolymer necessary for building the cell membrane. As a result, the membrane cannot form and the microorganism dies. There is no destructive effect on human and animal cells for the reason that they do not contain peptidoglycan.

Medications based on the waste products of mold fungi are widely used in all areas of medicine due to the following properties:

• High bioavailability - drugs are quickly absorbed and distributed through the tissues. The weakening of the blood-brain barrier during inflammation of the meninges also contributes to the penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid.
• Broad spectrum of antimicrobial action. Unlike first-generation chemicals, modern penicillins are effective against the vast majority of gram-negative and positive bacteria. They are also resistant to penicillinase and the acidic environment of the stomach.
• The lowest toxicity among all ABPs. They are allowed for use even during pregnancy, and the correct intake (as prescribed by the doctor and according to the instructions) almost completely eliminates the development of side effects.

In the process of research and experiments, many medications with different properties were obtained. For example, when belonging to the general series, penicillin and ampicillin are not the same thing. All penicillin antibiotics are well compatible with most other drugs. As for complex therapy with other types of antibacterial drugs, the combined use with bacteriostatics weakens the effectiveness of penicillins.

Careful study of the properties of the first antibiotic showed its imperfection. Despite a fairly wide range of antimicrobial activity and low toxicity, natural penicillin turned out to be sensitive to a special destructive enzyme (penicillinase) produced by some bacteria. In addition, it completely lost its qualities in an acidic gastric environment, therefore it was used exclusively in the form of injections. In search of more effective and stable compounds, various semi-synthetic drugs have been created.

To date, penicillin antibiotics, a complete list of which is given below, are divided into 4 main groups.

Produced by the fungi Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum, benzylpenicillin is an acid in molecular structure. For medical purposes, it combines chemically with sodium or potassium to form salts. The resulting compounds are used to prepare injection solutions that are rapidly absorbed.

The therapeutic effect is noted within 10-15 minutes after administration, but lasts no more than 4 hours, which requires frequent repeated injections into muscle tissue (in special cases, sodium salt can be administered intravenously).

These drugs penetrate well into the lungs and mucous membranes, and to a lesser extent into the cerebrospinal and synovial fluids, myocardium and bones. However, with inflammation of the meninges (meningitis), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier increases, which allows for successful treatment.

To prolong the effect of the drug, natural benzylpenicillin combines with novocaine and other substances. The resulting salts (novocaine, Bicillin-1, 3 and 5) after intramuscular injection form a drug depot at the injection site, from where the active substance enters the blood constantly and at a low speed. This property allows you to reduce the number of injections up to 2 times a day while maintaining the therapeutic effect of potassium and sodium salts.

These drugs are used for long-term antibiotic therapy of chronic rheumatism, syphilis, focal streptococcal infection.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin is another form of benzylpenicillin used to treat mild infections. It differs from those described above in resistance to hydrochloric acid of gastric juice.

This quality allows the drug to be produced in the form of tablets for oral administration (from 4 to 6 times a day). Most pathogenic bacteria are currently resistant to biosynthetic penicillins, except for spirochetes.

See also: Instructions for the use of penicillin in injections and tablets

Natural benzylpenicillin is inactive against strains of staphylococcus that produce penicillinase (this enzyme destroys the beta-lactam ring of the active substance).

For a long time, penicillin was not used to treat staphylococcal infections, until oxacillin was synthesized on its basis in 1957. It inhibits the activity of beta-lactamases of the pathogen, but is ineffective against diseases caused by benzylpenicillin-sensitive strains. This group also includes cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin and others, almost not used in modern medical practice due to increased toxicity.

This includes two subgroups of antimicrobials intended for oral use and having a bactericidal effect against most pathogens (both gram+ and gram-).

Compared with the previous group, these compounds have two significant advantages. Firstly, they are active against a wider range of pathogens, and secondly, they are available in tablet form, which greatly facilitates the use. The disadvantages include sensitivity to beta-lactamase, that is, aminopenicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin) are unsuitable for the treatment of staphylococcal infections.

However, in combination with oxacillin (Ampioks) they become resistant.

The preparations are well absorbed and act for a long time, which reduces the frequency of use to 2-3 times per 24 hours. The main indications for use are meningitis, sinusitis, otitis, infectious diseases of the urinary and upper respiratory tract, enterocolitis and eradication of Helicobacter (causative agent of stomach ulcers). A common side effect of aminopenicillins is a characteristic non-allergic rash that disappears immediately after withdrawal.

They are a separate penicillin series of antibiotics, from the name of which the purpose becomes clear. Antibacterial activity is similar to aminopenicillins (with the exception of Pseudomonas) and is pronounced against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

According to the degree of efficiency are divided into:

• Carboxypenicillins, the clinical significance of which has recently been declining. Carbenicillin, the first of this subgroup, is also effective against ampicillin-resistant Proteus. Currently, almost all strains are resistant to carboxypenicillins.
• Ureidopenicillins are more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and can also be prescribed for inflammation caused by Klebsiella. The most effective are Piperacillin and Azlocillin, of which only the latter remains relevant in medical practice.

To date, the vast majority of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are resistant to carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins. For this reason, their clinical significance is reduced.

The ampicillin group of antibiotics, highly active against most pathogens, is destroyed by penicillinase-forming bacteria. Since the bactericidal action of oxacillin resistant to them is much weaker than that of ampicillin and amoxicillin, combined drugs were synthesized.

In combination with sulbactam, clavulanate and tazobactam, antibiotics receive a second beta-lactam ring and, accordingly, immunity to beta-lactamases. In addition, inhibitors have their own antibacterial effect, enhancing the main active ingredient.

Inhibitor-protected drugs successfully treat severe nosocomial infections, strains of which are resistant to most drugs.

See also: About the modern classification of antibiotics by group of parameters

An extensive spectrum of action and good tolerance by patients made penicillin the optimal treatment for infectious diseases. At the dawn of the era of antimicrobial drugs, benzylpenicillin and its salts were the drugs of choice, but at the moment most pathogens are resistant to them. Nevertheless, modern semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotics in tablets, injections and other dosage forms occupy one of the leading places in antibiotic therapy in various fields of medicine.

Another discoverer noted the special effectiveness of penicillin against pathogens of respiratory diseases, so the drug is most widely used in this area. Almost all of them have a detrimental effect on bacteria that cause sinusitis, meningitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and other diseases of the lower and upper respiratory tract.

Inhibitor-protected agents treat even particularly dangerous and persistent nosocomial infections.

Spirochetes are one of the few microorganisms that have retained susceptibility to benzylpenicillin and its derivatives. Benzylpenicillins are also effective against gonococci, which makes it possible to successfully treat syphilis and gonorrhea with minimal negative effects on the patient's body.

Inflammation of the intestines caused by pathogenic microflora responds well to therapy with acid-resistant drugs.

Of particular importance are aminopenicillins, which are part of the complex eradication of Helicobacter.

In obstetric and gynecological practice, many penicillin preparations from the list are used both to treat bacterial infections of the female reproductive system and to prevent infection in newborns.

Here, penicillin antibiotics also occupy a worthy place: keratitis, abscesses, gonococcal conjunctivitis and other eye diseases are treated with eye drops, ointments and injection solutions.

Diseases of the urinary system, which are of bacterial origin, respond well to therapy only with inhibitor-protected drugs. The remaining subgroups are ineffective, since the strains of pathogens are highly resistant to them.

Penicillins are used in almost all areas of medicine for inflammation caused by pathogenic microorganisms, and not only for treatment. For example, in surgical practice, they are prescribed to prevent postoperative complications.

Treatment with antibacterial medications in general and penicillins in particular should be carried out only on prescription. Despite the minimal toxicity of the drug itself, its improper use seriously harms the body. In order for antibiotic therapy to lead to recovery, you should follow medical recommendations and know the characteristics of the drug.

The scope of application of penicillin and various preparations based on it in medicine is due to the activity of the substance with respect to specific pathogens. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects are manifested in relation to:

• Gram-positive bacteria - gonococci and meningococci;
• Gram-negative - various staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci, diphtheria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anthrax, Proteus;
• Actinomycetes and spirochetes.

Low toxicity and a broad spectrum of action make antibiotics of the penicillin group the best treatment for tonsillitis, pneumonia (both focal and croupous), scarlet fever, diphtheria, meningitis, blood poisoning, septicemia, pleurisy, pyemia, osteomyelitis in acute and chronic forms, septic endocarditis, various purulent infections of the skin, mucous membranes and soft tissues, erysipelas, anthrax, gonorrhea, actinomycosis, syphilis, blennorrhea, as well as eye diseases and ENT diseases.

Strict contraindications include only individual intolerance to benzylpenicillin and other drugs in this group. Also, endolumbar (injection into the spinal cord) administration of drugs to patients with diagnosed epilepsy is not allowed.

During pregnancy, antibiotic therapy with penicillin preparations should be treated with extreme caution. Despite the fact that they have a minimal teratogenic effect, it is worth prescribing tablets and injections only in case of urgent need, assessing the degree of risk to the fetus and the pregnant woman herself.

Since penicillin and its derivatives freely penetrate from the bloodstream into breast milk, it is advisable to refuse breastfeeding for the duration of therapy. The medicine can provoke a severe allergic reaction in the baby even at the first use. To prevent lactation, milk must be expressed regularly.

Among other antibacterial agents, penicillins are favorably distinguished by their low toxicity.

Undesirable effects of use include:

• Allergic reactions. Most often manifested by skin rash, itching, urticaria, fever and swelling. Extremely rarely, in severe cases, anaphylactic shock is possible, requiring the immediate administration of an antidote (adrenaline).
• Dysbacteriosis. Imbalance of the natural microflora leads to digestive disorders (flatulence, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain) and the development of candidiasis. In the latter case, the mucous membranes of the oral cavity (in children) or the vagina are affected.
• neurotoxic reactions. The negative effect of penicillin on the central nervous system is manifested by increased reflex excitability, nausea and vomiting, convulsions, and sometimes coma.

To prevent the development of dysbacteriosis and avoid allergies, timely medical support of the body will help. It is desirable to combine antibiotic therapy with the intake of pre- and probiotics, as well as desensitizers (if sensitivity is increased).

For children, tablets and injections should be prescribed carefully, given the possible negative reaction, and the choice of a particular drug should be approached thoughtfully.

In the first years of life, benzylpenicillin is used in case of sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media. For the treatment of respiratory infections, tonsillitis, bronchitis and sinusitis, the safest antibiotics from the list are selected: Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav.

The body of a child is much more sensitive to drugs than that of an adult. Therefore, you should carefully monitor the condition of the baby (penicillin is excreted slowly and, accumulating, can cause convulsions), as well as take preventive measures. The latter include the use of pre- and probiotics to protect the intestinal microflora, diet and comprehensive strengthening of immunity.

A little theory:

The discovery that made a real revolution in medicine at the beginning of the 20th century was made by accident. I must say that the antibacterial properties of mold fungi were noticed by people in ancient times.

Alexander Fleming - discoverer of penicillin

The Egyptians, for example, even 2500 years ago treated inflamed wounds with compresses from moldy bread, but scientists took up the theoretical side of the issue only in the 19th century. European and Russian researchers and doctors, studying antibiosis (the property of some microorganisms to destroy others), made attempts to derive practical benefits from it.

Alexander Fleming, a British microbiologist, succeeded in this, who in 1928, on September 28, found mold in Petri dishes with staphylococcus colonies. Its spores, which fell on the crops due to the negligence of the laboratory staff, germinated and destroyed the pathogenic bacteria. Interested Fleming carefully studied this phenomenon and isolated a bactericidal substance called penicillin. For many years, the discoverer worked on obtaining a chemically pure stable compound suitable for treating people, but others invented it.

In 1941, Ernst Chain and Howard Flory were able to purify penicillin from impurities and conducted clinical trials with Fleming. The results were so successful that by the year 1943, the United States organized mass production of the drug, which saved many hundreds of thousands of lives during the war. The merits of Fleming, Cheyne and Flory before mankind were appreciated in 1945: the discoverer and developers became Nobel Prize winners.

Subsequently, the initial chemical preparation was constantly improved. This is how modern penicillins appeared, resistant to the acidic environment of the stomach, resistant to penicillinase and more effective in general.

Read a fascinating article: The Inventor of Antibiotics or the History of Mankind's Salvation!

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Antibiotics of the penicillin series are several types of drugs that are divided into groups. In medicine, funds are used to treat various diseases of infectious and bacterial origin. The drugs have a minimum number of contraindications and are still used to treat various patients.

Once Alexander Fleming in his laboratory was engaged in the study of pathogens. He created a nutrient medium and grew staphylococcus aureus. The scientist was not particularly clean, he simply put beakers and cones in the sink and forgot to wash them.

When Fleming needed the dishes again, he found that they were covered with fungus - mold. The scientist decided to test his conjecture and examined one of the containers under a microscope. He noticed that where there is mold, there is no staphylococcus aureus.

Alexander Fleming continued his research, he began to study the effect of mold on pathogenic microorganisms and found that the fungus destroys the membranes of bacteria and leads to their death. The public could not be skeptical about the research.

The discovery helped save many lives. Saved humanity from those diseases that previously caused panic among the population. Naturally, modern medicines have a relative similarity with those drugs that were used at the end of the 19th century. But the essence of medicines, their action has not changed so dramatically.

Penicillin antibiotics were able to revolutionize medicine. But the joy of discovery did not last long. It turned out that pathogenic microorganisms, bacteria can mutate. They mutate and become insensitive to drugs. As a result, penicillin-type antibiotics have undergone significant changes.

For almost the entire 20th century, scientists have been "fighting" against microorganisms and bacteria, trying to create the perfect drug. Efforts were not in vain, but such improvements have led to the fact that antibiotics have changed significantly.

New generation drugs are more expensive, act faster, have a number of contraindications. If we talk about those preparations that were obtained from mold, then they have a number of disadvantages:

• Badly digested. Gastric juice acts on the fungus in a special way, reduces its effectiveness, which undoubtedly affects the result of treatment.
• Penicillin antibiotics are drugs of natural origin, for this reason they do not differ in a wide spectrum of action.
• Medicines are quickly excreted from the body, approximately 3-4 hours after injection.

Important: There are practically no contraindications for such medicines. It is not recommended to take them in the presence of individual intolerance to antibiotics, as well as in the event of an allergic reaction.

Modern antibacterial agents are significantly different from penicillin, which is familiar to many. In addition to the fact that today you can easily buy medicines of this class in tablets, there are a great many varieties of them. Classification, the generally accepted division into groups, will help to understand the preparations.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are conditionally divided into:

1. Natural.
2. Semi-synthetic.

All medicines based on mold are antibiotics of natural origin. Today, such medicines are practically not used in medicine. The reason is that pathogenic microorganisms have become immune to them. That is, the antibiotic does not act on bacteria in the proper way, to achieve the desired result in the treatment is obtained only with the introduction of a high dose of the drug. The means of this group include: Benzylpenicillin and Bicillin.

The drugs are available in the form of a powder for injection. They effectively affect: anaerobic microorganisms, gram-positive bacteria, cocci, etc. since medicines are of natural origin, they cannot boast of a long-term effect, injections are often done every 3-4 hours. This allows not to reduce the concentration of the antibacterial agent in the blood.

Penicillin antibiotics of semi-synthetic origin are the result of modification of preparations made from a mold fungus. Medicines belonging to this group managed to give some properties, first of all, they became insensitive to the acid-base environment. That allowed to produce antibiotics in tablets.

And also there were medicines that acted on staphylococci. This class of drugs is different from natural antibiotics. But the improvements have had a significant impact on the quality of drugs. They are poorly absorbed, have a not so wide sector of action, and have contraindications.

Semi-synthetic drugs can be divided into:

• Isoxazolpenicillins are a group of drugs that act on staphylococci, as an example, the names of the following drugs can be given: Oxacillin, Nafcillin.
• Aminopenicillins - several drugs belong to this group. They differ in a wide sector of action, but are significantly inferior in strength to antibiotics of natural origin. But they can fight a large number of infections. Means from this group remain in the blood longer. Such antibiotics are often used to treat various diseases, for example, 2 very well-known drugs can be given: Ampicillin and Amoxicillin.

Attention! The list of medicines is quite large, they have a number of indications and contraindications. For this reason, before starting antibiotics, you should consult a doctor.

Antibiotics belonging to the penicillin group are prescribed by a doctor. Drugs are recommended to be taken in the presence of:

1. Diseases of an infectious or bacterial nature (pneumonia, meningitis, etc.).
2. Respiratory tract infections.
3. Diseases of the inflammatory and bacterial nature of the genitourinary system (pyelonephritis).
4. Skin diseases of various origins (erysipelas, caused by staphylococcus aureus).
5. Intestinal infections and many other diseases of an infectious, bacterial or inflammatory nature.

Reference: Antibiotics are prescribed for extensive burns and deep wounds, gunshot or stab wounds.

In some cases, taking medication can save a person's life. But you should not prescribe yourself such drugs yourself, as this can lead to the development of addiction.

What are the contraindications for drugs:

• Do not take medication during pregnancy or lactation. Drugs can affect the growth and development of the child. Able to change the quality of milk and its taste characteristics. There are a number of drugs that are conditionally approved for the treatment of pregnant women, but a doctor must prescribe such an antibiotic. Since only a doctor can determine the acceptable dosage and duration of treatment.
• It is not recommended to use antibiotics from the groups of natural and synthetic penicillins for the treatment of children. Drugs in these classes can have a toxic effect on the child's body. For this reason, medications are prescribed with caution, determining the optimal dosage.
• You should not use medications without visible indications. Use drugs for a long period of time.

Direct contraindications for the use of antibiotics:

1. Individual intolerance to drugs of this class.
2. Tendency to allergic reactions of various kinds.

Attention! The main side effect of taking medications is considered prolonged diarrhea and candidiasis. They are due to the fact that drugs affect not only pathogens, but also beneficial microflora.

The penicillin series of antibiotics is characterized by the presence of a small number of contraindications. For this reason, drugs in this class are prescribed very often. They help to quickly cope with the disease and return to a normal rhythm of life.

Medicines of the latest generation have a wide spectrum of action. Such antibiotics do not have to be taken for a long time, they are well absorbed and, with adequate therapy, can “put a person on their feet” in 3–5 days.

The question is which antibiotics are best? can be considered rhetorical. There are a number of drugs that doctors, for one reason or another, prescribe more often than others. In most cases, the names of drugs are well known to the general public. But still it is worth studying the list of drugs:

1. Sumamed is a drug used to treat infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The active ingredient is erythromycin. The drug is not used to treat patients with acute or chronic renal failure, is not prescribed for children under 6 months of age. The main contraindication to the use of Sumamed should still be considered an individual intolerance to the antibiotic.
2. Oxacillin - available in powder form. The powder is diluted, and then the solution is used for intramuscular injections. The main indication for the use of the drug should be considered infections that are sensitive to this drug. Hypersensitivity should be considered a contraindication to the use of Oxacillin.
3. Amoxicillin belongs to a number of synthetic antibiotics. The drug is quite well-known, it is prescribed for sore throat, bronchitis and other respiratory tract infections. Amoxicillin can be taken for pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys) and other diseases of the genitourinary system. The antibiotic is not prescribed to children under 3 years of age. A direct contraindication is also considered intolerance to the drug.
4. Ampicillin - the full name of the drug: Ampicillin trihydrate. An indication for the use of the drug should be considered infectious diseases of the respiratory tract (tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia). The antibiotic is excreted from the body by the kidneys and liver, for this reason Ampicillin is not prescribed to people with acute liver failure. Can be used to treat children.
5. Amoxiclav is a drug that has a combined composition. It belongs to the latest generation of antibiotics. Amoxiclav is used to treat infectious diseases of the respiratory system, the genitourinary system. It is also used in gynecology. A contraindication to the use of the drug should be considered hypersensitivity, jaundice, mononucleosis, etc.

List or list of antibiotics of the penicillin series, which is available in powder form:

1. Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt is an antibiotic of natural origin. Indications for the use of the drug can be considered severe infectious diseases, including congenital syphilis, abscesses of various etiologies, tetanus, anthrax and pneumonia. The medicine has practically no contraindications, but in modern medicine it is used extremely rarely.
2. Ampicillin - used to treat the following infectious diseases: sepsis (blood poisoning), whooping cough, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, bronchitis. Ampicillin is not used to treat children, people with severe renal insufficiency. Pregnancy can also be considered a direct contraindication to the use of this antibiotic.
3. Ospamox is prescribed for the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system, infections of a gynecological and other nature. It is prescribed in the postoperative period, if the risk of developing an inflammatory process is high. The antibiotic is not prescribed for severe infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in the presence of individual intolerance to the drug.

Important: Called an antibiotic, the drug should have an antibacterial effect on the body. All those medicines that affect viruses have nothing to do with antibiotics.

Sumamed - the cost varies from 300 to 500 rubles.

Amoxicillin tablets - the price is about 159 rubles. for packing.

Ampicillin trihydrate - the cost of tablets is 20–30 rubles.

Ampicillin in the form of a powder intended for injection - 170 rubles.

Oxacillin - the average price of the drug varies from 40 to 60 rubles.

Amoxiclav - cost-120 rubles.

Ospamox - the price varies from 65 to 100 rubles.

Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt - 50 rubles.

Benzylpenicillin - 30 rubles.

The penicillin group of drugs has been known to physicians for almost 90 years. These antibacterial agents were the first antibiotics to be discovered and have been used for treatment since the 1940s. Although at that time all penicillins were only natural, while now the number of their varieties and names has increased significantly.

Operating principle

Using antibiotics of the penicillin series, it is possible to stop the production of a substance called peptidoglycan by a bacterial cell, of which it mainly consists. This stops the growth and renewal of the pathogen, which subsequently dies. At the same time, drugs, destroying bacterial cells, have practically no effect on the human body, which contains almost no peptidoglycan.

Over time, the bacteria became resistant to penicillin antibiotics and began to produce beta-lactamase. To combat the changed microorganisms, new drugs called protected penicillins were invented.

Types of drugs and spectrum of activity

The main classification divides penicillin antibiotics into the following groups:

• natural;
• semi-synthetic;
• aminopenicillins with an extended spectrum of action;
• potentiated penicillins, which have the maximum effect on bacteria.

Antibiotics such as benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to simply as penicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, and benzathine benzylpenicillin are among the naturally occurring drugs. Such penicillins affect many Gram-positive and only a small proportion of Gram-negative bacteria.

The semi-synthetic or ampicillin series of antibiotics, whose names are known to many (among them, for example, amoxicillin, which is often treated for bronchitis, oxacillin and carbecillin), is more effective against all types of bacteria. And these drugs are obtained by combining the amino group of 6-aminopenic cillanic acid with various radicals necessary for binding beta-lactamase. Moreover, the first generation of semi-synthetic penicillins is more effective against b-lactamases, but is directed against a limited number of gram-positive bacteria. While penicillins of the II and III generation are characterized by a wider range, although less effective.

The capabilities of aminopenicillins include counteracting gram-positive cocci and a number of gram-negative bacteria. Particularly active against even the most dangerous microorganisms are drugs such as ampicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin.

For potentiated or combined penicillins, developed due to the increasing number of bacteria resistant to them, the presence of a beta-lactam ring is characteristic. It is necessary to bind beta-lactamase and protect the antibiotic itself from being destroyed by these enzymes. Such drugs include, for example, ampicillin/sulbactam or piperacillin/tazobactam.

Application features

Penicillin antibiotics are available in various forms, from syrups to tablets and injections. Moreover, in the latter case, it is a powder that is placed in glass bottles and closed with rubber stoppers with metal caps. It is dissolved and used either for injection intramuscularly or, much less commonly, subcutaneously. There are also powders and granules from which a suspension for oral administration is prepared.

A fairly common form of oral administration of penicillins are tablets. They must be dissolved or washed down (the correct method is indicated in the instructions for the antibiotic). Moreover, as a liquid, it is best to use ordinary water at room temperature, and not, for example, juices or, especially, milk. As a rule, penicillin lozenges contain 5000 IU (action units) of penicillins. And in preparations for oral administration, ED is already 10 times more. Penicillin tablets containing sodium citrate may contain 50 or 100 thousand units.

What is the meaning of different ways of taking medicines? It turns out that some antibiotics of the penicillin series, the names of which indicate their belonging to ureidopenicillins (for example, azlocillin, mezlocillin and piperocillin), and the primary penicillin itself are destroyed by gastric juice. And they should be administered only in the form of injections.

Contraindications

Penicillins should not be used in the following cases:

• in the presence of intolerance to specific drugs or groups known before taking medications;
• with the manifestation of an allergic reaction after the use of penicillin antibiotics.

Side effects

When taking antibiotics belonging to the penicillin group, you should be aware of the main side effects that they can lead to. First of all, these are, of course, various forms of allergies associated with increased sensitivity of the body after the previous intake of drugs. After all, as a rule, the first use of any antibiotic causes side effects much less frequently than repeated use.

In addition, after the start of the course of treatment with penicillins, the appearance of:

• vomiting and nausea;
• neurotoxic reactions;
• convulsions;
• coma;
• urticaria;
• eosinophilia;
• edema.

Sometimes this causes a fever and a rash. And in very rare cases, even anaphylactic shock can be recorded, leading to death (mainly in the elderly). In order to avoid this risk, at the first signs of anaphylaxis, intravenous adrenaline should be administered immediately.

Penicillins can also cause toxic effects. For example, fungal infections such as oral candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis.

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Antibiotics of the penicillin series are still used in medicine.

The discovery of penicillin and its properties

In the 30s of the last century, Alexander Fleming conducted experiments with staphylococci. He studied bacterial infections. After growing a group of these pathogens in a nutrient medium, the scientist noticed that there were areas in the cup that were not surrounded by live bacteria. The investigation showed that the usual green mold, which likes to settle on stale bread, is “guilty” of these spots. The mold was called Penicillium and, as it turned out, produced a substance that kills staphylococci.

Fleming went deeper into this issue and soon isolated pure penicillin, which became the world's first antibiotic. The principle of action of the drug is as follows: when a bacterial cell divides, each half restores its cell membrane with the help of a special chemical element - peptidoglycan. Penicillin blocks the formation of this element, and the bacterial cell simply "resolves" in the environment.

Ask your question to a neurologist for free

Irina Martynova. Graduated from the Voronezh State Medical University. N.N. Burdenko. Clinical intern and neurologist of BUZ VO \"Moscow Polyclinic\".

But difficulties soon arose. Bacterial cells learned to resist the drug - they began to produce an enzyme called beta-lactamase, which destroys beta-lactams (the basis of penicillin).

Expert opinion

Astafiev Igor Valentinovich

Neurologist - City Pokrovskaya Hospital. Education: Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd. Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after A.I. HM. Berbekova, Nalchik.

The next 10 years there was an invisible war between pathogens that destroy penicillin, and scientists that modify this penicillin. So many modifications of penicillin were born, which now form the entire penicillin series of antibiotics.

Pharmacokinetics and principle of action

The drug for any method of application spreads rapidly throughout the body, penetrating almost all its parts. Exceptions: cerebrospinal fluid, prostate gland and visual system. In these places, the concentration is very low, under normal conditions it does not exceed 1%. With inflammation, a rise of up to 5% is possible.

Antibiotics do not affect the cells of the human body, since the latter do not contain peptidoglycan.

The drug is quickly excreted from the body, after 1-3 hours most of it is excreted through the kidneys.

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Classification of antibiotics

All drugs are divided into: natural (short and prolonged action) and semi-synthetic (anti-staphylococcal, broad-spectrum drugs, antipseudomonal).

Natural

These drugs obtained directly from the mold. At the moment, most of them are outdated, as pathogens have developed immunity to them. In medicine, benzylpenicillin and Bicillin are most often used, which are effective against gram-positive bacteria and cocci, some anaerobic bacteria and spirochetes. All these antibiotics are used only in the form of injections into the muscles, since the acidic environment of the stomach quickly destroys them.

Benzylpenicillin in the form of sodium and potassium salts is a short-acting natural antibiotic. Its action stops after 3-4 hours, so frequent repeated injections are necessary.

Trying to eliminate this drawback, pharmacists have created natural long-acting antibiotics: Bicillin and novocaine salt of benzylpenicillin. These drugs are called "depot forms" because after injection into the muscle they form a "depot" in it, from which the drug is slowly absorbed into the body.

Expert opinion

Mitrukhanov Eduard Petrovich

Doctor - neurologist, city polyclinic, Moscow. Education: Russian State Medical University, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd.

Examples of drugs: benzylpenicillin salt (sodium, potassium or novocaine), Bicillin-1, Bicillin-3, Bicillin-5.

Semi-synthetic antibiotics of the penicillin group

Several decades after receiving penicillin pharmacists were able to isolate its main active ingredient, and the modification process began. Most drugs, after improvement, acquired resistance to the acidic environment of the stomach, and semi-synthetic penicillins began to be produced in tablets.

Isoxazolpenicillins are drugs that are effective against staphylococci. The latter have learned to produce an enzyme that destroys benzylpenicillin, and drugs from this group prevent their production of the enzyme. But you have to pay for the improvement - drugs of this type are less absorbed in the body and have a smaller spectrum of action compared to natural penicillins. Examples of drugs: Oxacillin, Nafcillin.

Aminopenicillins are broad-spectrum drugs. Inferior to benzylpenicillins in strength in the fight against gram-positive bacteria, but cover a larger range of infections. Compared to other drugs, they stay in the body longer and better penetrate some of the body's barriers. Examples of drugs: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin. You can often find Ampiox - Ampicillin + Oxacillin.

Carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins antibiotics effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At the moment, they are practically not used, since infections quickly acquire resistance to them. Occasionally, you can find them as part of a comprehensive treatment.

Examples of drugs: Ticarcillin, Piperacillin

List of drugs

Tablets

Sumamed

Active ingredient: azithromycin.

Indications: Respiratory infections.

Contraindications: intolerance, severe renal failure, children under 6 months of age.

Price: 300-500 rubles.

Oxacillin

Active ingredient: oxacillin.

Indications: infections sensitive to the drug.

Price: 30-60 rubles.

Amoxicillin Sandoz

Indications: respiratory tract infections (including tonsillitis, bronchitis), infections of the genitourinary system, skin infections, other infections.

Contraindications: intolerance, children under 3 years of age.

Price: 150 rubles.

Ampicillin trihydrate

Indications: pneumonia, bronchitis, tonsillitis, other infections.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, liver failure.

Price: 24 rubles.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

Active ingredient: phenoxymethylpenicillin.

Indications: streptococcal diseases, infections of mild and moderate severity.

Price: 7 rubles.

Amoxiclav

Active ingredient: amoxicillin + clavulanic acid.

Indications: infections of the respiratory tract, urinary system, infections in gynecology, other infections sensitive to amoxicillin.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, jaundice, mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia.

Price: 116 rubles.

injections

Bicillin-1

Active ingredient: benzathine benzylpenicillin.

Indications: acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections, erysipelas, syphilis, leishmaniasis.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity.

Price: 15 rubles per injection.

Ospamox

Active ingredient: amoxicillin.

Indications: infections of the lower and upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecological and surgical infections.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, severe gastrointestinal infections, lymphocytic leukemia, mononucleosis.

Price: 65 rubles.

Ampicillin

Active ingredient: ampicillin.

Indications: infections of the respiratory and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, whooping cough.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, impaired renal function, childhood, pregnancy.

Price: 163 rubles.

Benzylpenicillin

Indications: severe infections, congenital syphilis, abscesses, pneumonia, erysipelas, anthrax, tetanus.

Contraindications: intolerance.

Price: 2.8 rubles per injection.

Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt

Active ingredient: benzylpenicillin.

Indications: Similar to benzylpenicillin.

Contraindications: intolerance.

Price: 43 rubles for 10 injections.

For the treatment of children, Amoxiclav, Ospamox, Oxacillin are suitable. But Before using the medicine, you must always consult with your doctor to adjust the dose.

Indications for use

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are prescribed for infections, the type of antibiotics is selected based on the type of infection. It can be various cocci, bacilli, anaerobic bacteria, and so on.

Most often, antibiotics treat infections of the respiratory tract and genitourinary system.

Application features

In the case of treating children, you need to follow the instructions of the doctor, who will prescribe the desired antibiotic and adjust the dose.

In case of pregnancy, antibiotics should be used with extreme caution, as they penetrate the fetus. During lactation, it is better to switch to mixtures, as the medicine also penetrates into milk.

For the elderly, there are no special instructions, although the doctor should take into account the condition of the patient's kidneys and liver when prescribing treatment.

Contraindications and side effects

The main and often the only contraindication is individual intolerance. It occurs frequently - in about 10% of patients. Additional contraindications depend on the specific antibiotic and are prescribed in its instructions for use.

List of side effects

• The development of allergies - from itching and fever to anaphylactic shock and coma.
• Instantaneous development of an allergic reaction in response to the introduction of the drug into a vein.
• Dysbacteriosis, candidiasis.

In case of side effects, you should immediately seek medical help, stop the drug and carry out symptomatic treatment.

Antibiotics owe their appearance to the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. More precisely, his carelessness. In September 1928 he returned to his laboratory from a long trip. In the Petri dish forgotten on the table, a moldy area has grown during this time, and a ring of dead microbes has formed around it. It was this phenomenon that the microbiologist noticed and began to investigate.

The mold in the test tube contained a substance that Fleming called penicillin. However, as many as 13 years passed before penicillin was obtained in its pure form, and its action was first tested on humans. Mass production of the new drug began in 1943, at a distillery where whiskey used to be brewed.

To date, there are about several thousand natural and synthetic substances that have an antimicrobial effect. However, the most popular of them are still penicillin drugs.

Any pathogenic microorganism, getting into the blood or tissues, begins to divide and grow. The effectiveness of penicillins is based on their ability to disrupt the formation of bacterial cell walls.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group block special enzymes that are responsible for the synthesis of a protective, peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial shell. It is thanks to this layer that they remain insensitive to aggressive environmental influences.

The result of impaired synthesis is the inability of the shell to withstand the difference between external pressure and pressure inside the cell itself, due to which the microorganism swells and simply breaks.

Penicillins are antibiotics with a bacteriostatic effect, that is, they affect only active microorganisms that are in the stage of division and the formation of new cell membranes.

Classification

According to the chemical classification, penicillin antibiotics belong to β-lactam antibiotics. In their structure, they contain a special beta-lactam ring, which determines their main action. To date, the list of such drugs is quite large.

The first, natural penicillin, despite all its effectiveness, had one significant drawback. He did not have resistance to the enzyme penicillinase, which was produced by almost all microorganisms. Therefore, scientists have created semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Today, antibiotics of the penicillin group include three main types.

natural penicillins

Like many years ago, they are obtained using the fungi Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum. The main representatives of this group today are Benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt, as well as their analogues Bicillins -1, 3 and 5, which are the novocaine salt of penicillin. These drugs are unstable to the aggressive environment of the stomach and therefore are used only in the form of injections.

Benzylpenicillins are distinguished by the rapid onset of the therapeutic effect, which develops literally in 10–15 minutes. However, its duration is quite small, only 4 hours. Bicillin boasts greater stability, thanks to its combination with novocaine, its action lasts for 8 hours.

Another representative on the list of this group, phenoxymethylpenicillin, is resistant to an acidic environment, therefore it is available in tablets and suspensions that can be used by children. However, it also does not differ in the duration of action and can be administered from 4 to 6 times a day.

Natural penicillins are used very rarely today due to the fact that most pathological microorganisms have developed resistance to them.

Semi-synthetic

This penicillin group of antibiotics was obtained using various chemical reactions, adding additional radicals to the main molecule. The slightly modified chemical structure endowed these substances with new properties, such as resistance to penicillinase and a wider spectrum of action.

Semi-synthetic penicillins include:

• Antistaphylococcal, such as Oxacillin obtained in 1957 and still used today and cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, and dicloxacillin, which are not used due to high toxicity.
• Antipseudomonal, a special group of penicillins that was created to fight infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These include Carbenicillin, Piperacillin and Azlocillin. Unfortunately, today these antibiotics are used very rarely, and due to the resistance of microorganisms to them, new drugs are not added to their list.
• Penicillin series of broad-spectrum antibiotics. This group acts on many microorganisms and is resistant to an acidic environment, which means that it is produced not only in injection solutions, but also in tablets and suspensions for children. This includes the most commonly used aminopenicillins, such as Ampicillin, Ampiox, and Amoxicillin. The drugs have a long-term effect and are usually applied 2-3 times a day.

Of the entire group of semi-synthetic drugs, it is the broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotics that are the most popular and are used both in inpatient and outpatient treatment.

inhibitor-protected

In the past, injections of penicillin could cure blood poisoning. Today, most antibiotics are ineffective even for simple infections. The reason for this is resistance, that is, resistance to drugs that microorganisms have acquired. One of its mechanisms is the destruction of antibiotics by the enzyme beta-lactamase.

In order to avoid this, scientists have created a combination of penicillins with special substances - beta-lactamase inhibitors, namely clavulanic acid, sulbactam or tazobactam. Such antibiotics were called protected and today the list of this group is the most extensive.

In addition to protecting penicillins from the damaging effects of beta-lactamases, inhibitors also have their own antimicrobial activity. The most commonly used of this group of antibiotics is Amoxiclav, which is a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, and Ampisid, a combination of ampicillin and sulbactam. Doctors and their analogues are prescribed - drugs Augmentin or Flemoklav. Protected antibiotics are used to treat children and adults, and they are the drugs of first choice in the treatment of infections during pregnancy.

Antibiotics protected by beta-lactamase inhibitors have been successfully used even to treat severe infections resistant to most other drugs.

Application features

Statistics show that antibiotics are the second most commonly used drug after painkillers. According to the analytical company DSM Group, 55.46 million packages were sold in only one quarter of 2016. To date, pharmacies sell approximately 370 different brands of drugs, which are produced by 240 companies.

The entire list of antibiotics, including the penicillin series, refers to strict dispensing drugs. Therefore, you will need a prescription from a doctor to purchase them.

Indications

Indications for the use of penicillins can be any infectious diseases that are sensitive to them. Doctors usually prescribe penicillin antibiotics:

1. In diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria, such as meningococci, which can cause meningitis and gonococci, which provoke the development of gonorrhea.
2. With pathologies that are provoked by gram-negative bacteria, such as pneumococci, staphylococci or streptococci, which are often the causes of infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, genitourinary system and many others.
3. With infections caused by actinomycetes and spirochetes.

The low toxicity that the penicillin group has compared to other antibiotics makes them the most prescribed drugs for the treatment of tonsillitis, pneumonia, various infections of the skin and bone tissue, diseases of the eyes and ENT organs.

Contraindications

This group of antibiotics is relatively safe. In some cases, when the benefits of their use outweigh the risks, they are prescribed even during pregnancy. Especially when non-penicillin antibiotics are ineffective.

They are also used during lactation. However, doctors still advise against breastfeeding while taking antibiotics, as they are able to penetrate into milk and can cause allergies in the baby.

The only absolute contraindication to the use of penicillin preparations is individual intolerance to both the main substance and auxiliary components. For example, Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt is contraindicated in case of allergies to novocaine.

Side effect

Antibiotics are quite aggressive drugs. Even though they do not have any effect on the cells of the human body, there can be unpleasant effects from their use.

Most often it is:

1. Allergic reactions, manifested mainly in the form of itching, redness and rashes. Less commonly, swelling and fever may occur. In some cases, anaphylactic shock may develop.
2. Violation of the balance of the natural microflora, which provokes disorders, abdominal pain, bloating and nausea. In rare cases, candidiasis may develop.
3. A negative effect on the nervous system, the signs of which are irritability, excitability, convulsions can rarely occur.

Treatment rules

To date, of the entire variety of open antibiotics, only 5% are used. The reason for this lies in the development of resistance in microorganisms, which often arises from the misuse of drugs. Antibiotic resistance is already killing 700,000 people every year.

In order for the antibiotic to be as effective as possible and not cause the development of resistance in the future, it must be drunk in the dosage prescribed by the doctor and always the full course!

If your doctor has prescribed you penicillins or any other antibiotics, be sure to follow these rules:

• Strictly observe the time and frequency of taking the drug. Try to drink the medicine at the same time, so you will ensure a constant concentration of the active substance in the blood.
• If the dosage of penicillin is small and the drug needs to be drunk three times a day, then the time between doses should be 8 hours. If the dose prescribed by the doctor is designed to be taken twice a day - up to 12 hours.
• The course of taking the drug can vary from 5 to 14 days and is determined by your diagnosis. Always drink the entire course prescribed by your doctor, even if the symptoms of the disease no longer bother you.
• If you don't feel better within 72 hours, be sure to let your doctor know. Perhaps the drug he chose was not effective enough.
• Do not substitute one antibiotic for another on your own. Do not change the dosage or dosage form. If the doctor prescribed injections, then the pills in your case will not be effective enough.
• Be sure to follow the instructions for admission. There are antibiotics that you need to drink with meals, there are those that you drink immediately after. Drink the drug only with plain, non-carbonated water.
• Avoid alcohol, fatty, smoked and fried foods during antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics are mainly excreted by the liver, so you should not load it additionally during this period.

If penicillin antibiotics are prescribed to a child, then you should be especially careful about taking them. The children's body is much more sensitive to these drugs than an adult, so allergies in babies may occur more often. Penicillins for children are produced, as a rule, in a special dosage form, in the form of suspensions, so you should not give the child pills. Take antibiotics correctly and only as directed by your doctor, when you really need to.

Today, no medical institution can do without an antibiotic. Successful treatment of various diseases is possible only through the appointment of effective antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic today is represented by a wide range of different drugs aimed at the death of the pathogenic environment of a bacterial nature.

The first antibiotic created was penicillin, which defeated some epidemics and deadly diseases in the 20th century. To date, antibiotics of the penicillin group are rarely used in medical practice due to the high sensitivity of patients and the risk of developing allergies.

Antibacterial therapy without the use of penicillin components involves the appointment of alternative drugs of other pharmacological groups. Antibiotics without penicillin in a large assortment are available for the treatment of various diseases in hospital and outpatient practice in children or adults.

Cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antibiotics, which is due to the detrimental effect on many groups of microorganisms, strains and other pathogenic environments. Preparations of the cephalosporin group are available as intramuscular or intravenous injections. Antibiotics of this group are prescribed for the following conditions:

• nephrological diseases (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis);
• focal pneumonia, tonsillitis, acute catarrhal otitis;
• severe urological and gynecological inflammations (for example, cystitis):
• as a therapy for surgical interventions.

Known cephalosporins include Ceforal, Suprax, Pancef. All antibiotics of this series have similar side effects, for example, dyspeptic disorders (stool disorder, skin rashes, nausea). The main advantage of antibiotics is not only the detrimental effect on many strains, but also the possibility of treating children (including the neonatal period). Cephalosporin antibiotics are classified into the following groups:

Antibiotics-cephalosporins include Cefadroxil and Cefalexin, Cefazolin, Cefuroxime.

They are used for inflammatory diseases caused by many anaerobic bacteria, staphylococcal infection, streptococci and others.

Forms of release of the drug are varied: from tablets to solutions for parenteral administration.

Known drugs in this group: Cefuroxime (injections), Cefaclor, Cefuroxime axetil. The drugs are particularly active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The drugs are available both in the form of solutions and in tablet form.

Antibiotics of this series just belong to a wide spectrum of action. The drugs act on almost all microorganisms and are known by the following names:

• Ceftriaxone;
• Ceftazidime;
• Cefoperazone;
• Cefotaxime;
• Cefixime and Ceftibuten.

Release form - injections for intravenous or intramuscular administration. When the drug is administered, it is often mixed with saline or lidocaine solution to reduce pain. The drug and additional components are mixed in one syringe.

The group is represented by only one drug - Cefepime. The pharmaceutical industry produces the drug in the form of a powder, which is diluted just before administration through the parenteral or intramuscular route.

The detrimental effect of the antibiotic is to disrupt the synthesis of the body wall of the microbial unit at the cellular level. The main advantages include the possibility of outpatient treatment, ease of use, use in young children, minimal risks of side effects and complications.

Antibiotics from the group of macrolides are a new generation of drugs, the structure of which is a complete macrocyclic lactone ring. According to the type of molecular-atomic structure, this group received its name. Several types of macrolides are distinguished from the number of carbon atoms in the molecular composition:

• 14, 15-membered;
• 15 members.

Macrolides are particularly active against many gram-positive cocci bacteria, as well as pathogens acting at the cellular level (for example, mycoplasmas, legionella, campylobacter). Macrolides have the least toxicity and are suitable for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs (sinusitis, whooping cough, otitis media of various classifications). The list of macrolide drugs is as follows:

• Erythromycin. The antibiotic, if necessary, is allowed even during pregnancy and lactation, despite the provision of a powerful antibacterial effect.
• Spiramycin. The drug reaches high concentrations in the connective tissue of many organs. It is highly active against bacteria adapted for a number of reasons to 14 and 15-membered macrolides.
• Clarithromycin. The appointment of an antibiotic is advisable when the pathogenic activity of Helicobacter and atypical mycobacteria is activated.
• Roxithromycin and Azithromycin. The drugs are much more easily tolerated by patients than other species from the same group, but their daily dose should be extremely minimized.
• Josamycin. Effective against especially resistant bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Numerous medical studies have confirmed the low likelihood of side effects. The main disadvantage can be considered the rapid development of resistance of various groups of microorganisms, which explains the lack of therapeutic results in some patients.

Antibiotics from the fluoroquinol group do not contain penicillin and its components, but are used to treat the most acute and severe inflammatory diseases.

These include purulent bilateral otitis, severe bilateral pneumonia, pyelonephritis (including chronic forms), salmonellosis, cystitis, dysentery and others.

Fluoroquinols include the following drugs:

• Ofloxacin;
• Levofloxacin;
• Ciprofloxacin.

The very first developments of this group of antibiotics date back to the 20th century. The best-known fluoroquinols can belong to different generations and solve individual clinical problems.

Well-known drugs from this group are Negram and Nevigramone. The basis of antibiotics is nalidixic acid. Drugs have a detrimental effect on the following types of bacteria:

• Proteus and Klebsiella;
• shigella and salmonella.

Antibiotics of this group are characterized by strong permeability, a sufficient number of negative consequences of taking. According to the results of clinical and laboratory studies, the antibiotic confirmed the absolute uselessness in the treatment of gram-positive cocci, some anaerobic microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (including the nosocomial type).

Second-generation antibiotics are derived from a combination of chlorine atoms and quinoline molecules. Hence the name - a group of fluoroquinolones. The list of antibiotics in this group is represented by the following drugs:

• Ciprofloxacin (Ciprinol and Ciprobay). The drug is intended for the treatment of diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, genitourinary system, intestines and organs of the epigastric region. An antibiotic is also prescribed for some severe infectious conditions (generalized sepsis, pulmonary tuberculosis, anthrax, prostatitis).
• Norfloxacin (Nolicin). The drug is effective in the treatment of diseases of the urinary tract, infectious foci in the kidneys, stomach and intestines. Such a directed effect is due to the achievement of the maximum concentration of the active substance in this particular organ.
• Ofloxacin (Tarivid, Ofloxin). It is detrimental to pathogens of chlamydial infections, pneumococci. The drug has less effect on the anaerobic bacterial environment. It often becomes an antibiotic against severe infectious foci on the skin, connective tissue, and articular apparatus.
• Pefloxacin (Abactal). It is used for meningeal infections and other severe pathologies. When studying the preparation, the deepest penetration into the membranes of the bacterial unit was revealed.
• Lomefloxacin (Maksakvin). The antibiotic is practically not used in clinical practice due to the lack of proper effect on anaerobic infections, pneumococcal infections. However, the level of bioavailability of the drug reaches 99%.

Second-generation antibiotics are prescribed for serious surgical situations and are used in patients of any age group. Here the main factor is the risk of death, and not the appearance of any side effects.

The main pharmacological drugs of the 3rd generation include Levofloxacin (otherwise, Tavanic), used for chronic bronchitis, severe bronchial obstruction in other pathologies, anthrax, diseases of the ENT organs.

Moxifloxacin (pharmacol. Avelox), known for its inhibitory effect on staphylococcal microorganisms, is reasonably ranked as the 4th generation. Avelox is the only drug that is effective against non-spore-forming anaerobic microorganisms.

Antibiotics of various groups have special indications, indications, as well as contraindications for use. In connection with the uncontrolled use of antibiotics without penicillin and others, a law was passed on prescription dispensing from pharmacy chains.

Such introductions are very necessary for medicine due to the resistance of many pathogenic environments to modern antibiotics. Penicillins have not been widely used in medical practice for more than 25 years, so it can be assumed that this group of drugs will effectively affect new types of bacterial microflora.

We figured out what broad-spectrum antibiotics are and how they work in various infectious pathologies. Now it's time to get to know the most prominent representatives of various ASSD groups.

Let's start with the popular broad-spectrum antibiotics of the penicillin series.

The drug belongs to the class of semi-synthetic antibiotics of the penicillin series with a wide spectrum of activity of the 3rd generation. With its help, many infectious pathologies of the ENT organs, skin, biliary tract, bacterial diseases of the respiratory, genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems are treated. It is used in combination with other AMPs and for the treatment of inflammatory pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract caused by a bacterial infection (the infamous Helicobacter pylori).

The active substance is amoxicillin.

Like other penicillins, Amoxicillin has a pronounced bactericidal effect, destroying the cell wall of bacteria. It has such an effect on gram-positive (streptococci, staphylococci, clostridia, most of the corynobacteria, eubacteria, anthrax and erysipelas) and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. However, the drug remains ineffective against strains capable of producing penicillase (aka beta-lactamase), so in some cases (for example, in osteomyelitis) it is used in conjunction with clavulanic acid, which protects Amoxicillin from destruction.

The drug is considered acid-resistant, so it is taken orally. At the same time, it is quickly absorbed in the intestine and distributed through the tissues and body fluids, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. After 1-2 hours, the maximum concentration of AMP in the blood plasma can be observed. With normal functioning of the kidneys, the half-life of the drug will be from 1 to 1.5 hours, otherwise the process may take up to 7-20 hours.

The drug is excreted from the body mainly through the kidneys (about 60%), some of it in its original form is removed with bile.

Amoxicillin is allowed for use during pregnancy, since the toxic effects of penicillins are weak. However, doctors prefer to turn to antibiotic help only if the disease threatens the life of the expectant mother.

The ability of the antibiotic to penetrate into liquids, including breast milk, requires the transfer of the baby to milk formulas for the period of treatment with the drug.

Due to the fact that penicillins are generally relatively safe, there are very few contraindications to the use of the drug. It is not prescribed for hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, with intolerance to penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as with infectious pathologies such as mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia.

First of all, Amoxicillin is famous for the possibility of developing allergic reactions of varying severity, ranging from rashes and itching on the skin to anaphylactic shock and Quincke's edema.

The drug passes along the gastrointestinal tract, so it can cause unpleasant reactions from the digestive system. Most often it is nausea and diarrhea. Rarely, colitis and thrush can develop.

The liver not taking the drug may respond with an increase in liver enzymes. Rarely, hepatitis or jaundice develops.

The drug rarely causes headache and insomnia, as well as a change in the composition of urine (the appearance of salt crystals) and blood.

The drug can be found on sale in the form of tablets, capsules and granules for the preparation of a suspension. It can be taken regardless of food intake with an interval of 8 hours (with kidney pathologies -12 hours). A single dose, depending on age, ranges from 125 to 500 mg (for babies under 2 years old - 20 mg per kg).

An overdose can occur when the permissible doses of the drug are exceeded, but usually it is accompanied only by the appearance of more pronounced side effects. Therapy consists in washing the stomach and taking sorbents; in severe cases, they resort to hemodialysis.

Amoxicillin has a negative effect on the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

Simultaneous administration of the drug with probenecid, allopurinol, anticoagulants, antacids, antibiotics with a bacteriostatic effect is undesirable.

The shelf life of the drug of any form of release is 3 years. The suspension prepared from granules can be stored no more than 2 weeks.

Combined preparation of the penicillin series of a new generation. Representative of protected penicillins. It contains 2 active ingredients: the antibiotic amoxicillin and the penicillase inhibitor clavuonic acid, which has a slight antimicrobial effect.

The drug has a pronounced bactericidal effect. Effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including strains resistant to unprotected beta-lactams.

Both active substances are quickly absorbed and penetrate into all environments of the body. Their maximum concentration is noted an hour after administration. The elimination half-life ranges from 60 to 80 minutes.

Amoxicillin is excreted unchanged, and clavuonic acid is metabolized in the liver. The latter is excreted with the help of the kidneys, like amoxicillin. However, a small part of its metabolites can be found in faeces and exhaled air.

For vital indications, use during pregnancy is allowed. When breastfeeding, it should be borne in mind that both components of the drug are able to penetrate into breast milk.

The drug is not used for violations of liver function, especially associated with the intake of any of the active substances, which is noted in the anamnesis. Do not prescribe Amoxiclav and with hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, as well as if reactions of intolerance to beta-lactams have been noted in the past. Infectious mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia are also contraindications for this drug.

Side effects of the drug are identical to those observed while taking Amoxicillin. They affect no more than 5% of patients. The most common symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, various allergic reactions, vaginal candidiasis (thrush).

I take the drug in the form of tablets, regardless of the meal. Tablets are dissolved in water or chewed with water in the amount of ½ cup.

Usually a single dose of the drug is 1 tablet. The interval between doses is 8 or 12 hours, depending on the weight of the tablet (325 or 625 mg) and the severity of the pathology. Children under 12 years of age are given the drug in the form of a suspension (10 mg per kg per 1 dose).

In case of an overdose of the drug, life-threatening symptoms are not observed. Usually everything is limited to pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness, sleep disturbances.

Therapy: gastric lavage plus sorbents or hemodialysis (blood purification).

It is undesirable to take the drug simultaneously with anticoagulants, diuretics, NVPS, allopurinol, phenylbutazone, methotriexate, disulfiram, probenecid due to the development of side effects.

Concurrent use with antacids, glucosamine, laxatives, rifampicin, sulfonamides and bacteriostatic antibiotics reduces the effectiveness of the drug. He himself reduces the effectiveness of contraceptives.

Store the drug at room temperature away from sources of moisture and light. Keep away from children.

The shelf life of the drug, subject to the above requirements, will be 2 years.

As for the drug "Augmentin", it is a complete analogue of "Amoxiclav" with the same indications and method of application.

Now let's move on to the no less popular group of broad-spectrum antibiotics - cephalosporins.

Among antibiotics of the 3rd generation of cephalosporins, it is a big favorite among therapists and pulmonologists, especially when it comes to severe pathologies that are prone to complications. This is a drug with a pronounced bactericidal effect, the active substance of which is ceftriaxone sodium.

The antibiotic is active against a huge list of pathogenic microorganisms, including many hemolytic streptococci, which are considered the most dangerous pathogens. Most strains producing enzymes against penicillins and cephalosporins remain sensitive to it.

In this regard, the drug is indicated for many pathologies of the abdominal organs, infections affecting the musculoskeletal, genitourinary and respiratory systems. With its help, sepsis and meningitis, infectious pathologies in debilitated patients are treated, infections are prevented before and after operations.

The pharmacokinetic properties of the drug are highly dependent on the administered dose. Only the half-life remains constant (8 hours). The maximum concentration of the drug in the blood when administered intramuscularly is observed after 2-3 hours.

Ceftriaxone penetrates well into various body media and maintains a concentration sufficient to kill most bacteria during the day. It is metabolized in the intestine with the formation of inactive substances, excreted in equal amounts with urine and bile.

The drug is used in cases where there is a real threat to the life of the expectant mother. Breastfeeding during treatment with the drug should be abandoned. Such restrictions are due to the fact that ceftriaxone is able to pass through the placental barrier and penetrate into breast milk.

The drug is not prescribed for severe pathologies of the liver and kidneys with violations of their functions, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract affecting the intestines, especially if they are associated with the use of AMP, with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins. In pediatrics, they are not used to treat newborns diagnosed with hyperbilirubinemia, in gynecology - in the first semester of pregnancy.

The frequency of occurrence of undesirable effects while taking the drug does not exceed 2%. Most often, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, reversible changes in the composition of the blood, skin allergic reactions are noted.

Less commonly, headache, fainting, fever, severe allergic reactions, candidiasis. Occasionally, inflammation may occur at the injection site, pain during intramuscular administration is removed with lidocaine, administered in the same syringe with ceftriaxone.

It is mandatory to conduct a test for the tolerance of ceftriaxone and lidocaine.

The drug can be administered intramuscularly and intravenously (injections and infusions). With i / m administration, the drug is diluted in a 1% solution of lidocaine, with i / v: in case of injections, water for injection is used, for droppers - one of the solutions (saline, solutions of glucose, levulose, dextran in glucose, water for injection).

The usual dosage for patients over 12 years of age is 1 or 2 g of ceftriaxone powder (1 or 2 vials). For children, the drug is administered at the rate of 20-80 mg per kg of body weight, taking into account the age of the patient.

With an overdose of the drug, neurotoxic effects and increased side effects are observed, up to convulsions and confusion. Treatment is carried out in a hospital.

Empirically, antagonism between ceftriaxone and chloramphenicol was noted. Physical incompatibility is also observed with aminoglycosides, therefore, in combination therapy, the drugs are administered separately.

The drug is not mixed with solutions containing calcium (solutions of Hartmann, Ringer, etc.). Co-administration of ceftriaxone with vancomycin, fluconazole, or amsacrine is not recommended.

Vials with the drug should be stored at room temperature, protected from light and moisture. The finished solution can be stored for 6 hours, and at a temperature of about 5 ° C, it retains its properties for a day. Keep away from children.

The shelf life of the antibiotic in powder is 2 years.

One of the 3rd generation cephalosporins, showing, like others, a good bactericidal effect. The active substance is cefotaxime.

It is used for the same pathologies as the previous drug, has found wide application in the treatment of infectious diseases of the nervous system, with blood poisoning (septicemia) by bacterial elements. Intended for parenteral administration only.

Active against many, but not all bacterial pathogens.

The maximum concentration of cefutaxime in the blood is observed already after half an hour, and the bactericidal effect lasts 12 hours. The half-life ranges from 1 to 1.5 hours.

Has good penetrating power. In the process of metabolism, it forms an active metabolite, which is excreted in the bile. The main part of the drug in its original form is excreted in the urine.

The drug is forbidden to use during pregnancy (at any time) and breastfeeding.

Do not prescribe with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins and during pregnancy. In case of intolerance to lidocaine, the drug should not be administered intramuscularly. Do not make intramuscular injections and children under 2 and a half years.

The drug can cause both mild skin reactions (redness and itching) and severe allergic reactions (Quincke's edema, bronchospasm, and in some cases anaphylactic shock).

Some patients note pain in the epigastrium, stool disorders, dyspeptic symptoms. There are slight changes in the functioning of the liver and kidneys, as well as in laboratory blood parameters. Sometimes patients complain of fever, inflammation at the injection site (phlebitis), deterioration due to the development of superinfection (re-infection with a modified bacterial infection).

After testing for sensitivity to cefotaxime and lidocaine, the drug is prescribed at a dosage of 1 g (1 bottle of powder) every 12 hours. In severe infectious lesions, the drug is administered 2 g every 6-8 hours. The dose for newborns and premature babies is 50-100 mg per kg of body weight. The dosage is also calculated for children older than 1 month. Babies up to 1 month are prescribed 75-150 mg / kg per day.

For intravenous injections, the drug is diluted in water for injection, for drip (within an hour) - in saline.

An overdose of the drug can cause damage to the brain structures (encephalopathy), which is considered reversible with appropriate professional treatment.

It is undesirable to use the drug simultaneously with other types of antibiotics (in the same syringe). Aminoglycosides and diuretics can increase the toxic effect of the antibiotic on the kidneys, so combination therapy should be carried out with the control of the state of the organ.

Store at a temperature not exceeding 25 ° C in a dry, darkened room. The finished solution can be stored at room temperature for up to 6 hours, at a temperature of 2 to 8 ° C - no more than 12 hours.

The drug in the original packaging can be stored for up to 2 years.

This drug also belongs to the 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics. It is intended for parenteral administration for the same indications as the 2 drugs described above from the same group. The active substance, cefoperazone, has a noticeable bactericidal effect.

Despite being highly effective against many important pathogens, many bacteria that produce beta-lactamase remain antibiotic resistant to it, i.e. remain insensitive.

With a single administration of the drug, a high content of the active substance in body fluids, such as blood, urine and bile, is already noted. The half-life of the drug does not depend on the route of administration and is 2 hours. It is excreted in the urine and bile, and in the bile its concentration remains higher. Does not accumulate in the body. Re-introduction of cefoperazone is also allowed.

It is allowed to use the drug during pregnancy, but without special need it should not be used. An insignificant part of cefoperazone passes into breast milk, and yet breastfeeding during the period of treatment with Hepacef should be limited.

Other contraindications to the use, in addition to intolerance to cephalosporin antibiotics, the drug was not found.

Skin and allergic reactions to the drug occur infrequently and are mainly associated with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins and penicillins.

There may also be symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, decreased stools, jaundice, arrhythmias, increased blood pressure (in rare cases, cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest), exacerbation of tooth and gum sensitivity, anxiety, etc. Superinfection may develop.

After a skin test for cefoperazone and lidocaine, the drug can be administered both intravenously and intramuscularly.

The usual adult daily dosage ranges from 2 to 4, which corresponds to 2-4 vials of the drug. The maximum dose is 8 g. The drug should be administered every 12 hours, evenly distributing the daily dose.

In some cases, the drug was administered in large doses (up to 16 g per day) with an interval of 8 hours, which did not have a negative effect on the patient's body.

The daily dose for a child, starting from the neonatal period, is 50-200 mg per kg of body weight. Maximum 12 g per day.

With intramuscular administration, the drug is diluted with lidocaine, with intravenous administration - with water for injection, saline solution, glucose solution, Ringer's solution and other solutions containing the above liquids.

The drug does not have acute toxic effects. It is possible to increase side effects, the appearance of convulsions and other neurological reactions due to the drug getting into the cerebrospinal fluid. In severe cases (for example, with renal failure), treatment can be carried out through hemodialysis.

Do not administer the drug simultaneously with aminoglycosides.

At the time of treatment with the drug, it is necessary to limit the use of alcohol-containing drinks and solutions.

The drug retains its properties for 2 years from the date of issue.

Antibiotics from the group of fluoroquinolones help doctors with severe infectious pathologies.

A popular budget antibiotic from the fluoroquinolone group, which is available in the form of tablets, solutions and ointments. It has a bactericidal effect against many anaerobes, chlamydia, mycoplasma.

It has a wide range of indications for use: infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eyes, urinary and reproductive systems, abdominal organs. It is also used in the treatment of infectious pathologies of the skin and the musculoskeletal system, as well as for prophylactic purposes in patients with weakened immunity.

In pediatrics, it is used to treat a complicated course of diseases, if there is a real risk to the patient's life that exceeds the risk of developing joint pathologies during treatment with the drug.

When taken orally, the drug is rapidly absorbed into the blood in the initial section of the intestine and penetrates into various tissues, fluids and cells of the body. The maximum concentration of the drug in the blood plasma is observed after 1-2 hours.

Partially metabolized with the release of inactive metabolites with antimicrobial activity. The excretion of the drug is carried out mainly by the kidneys and intestines.

The drug is not used at any stage of pregnancy due to the risk of cartilage damage in newborns. For the same reason, it is worth abandoning breastfeeding for the period of drug therapy, since ciprofloxacin freely penetrates into breast milk.

The drug is not used to treat pregnant and lactating women. Oral forms of the drug are not used in people with a deficiency of gluose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and patients under 18 years of age.

Prohibited drug therapy in patients with hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones.

The drug is usually well tolerated by patients. Only in some cases, various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract can be observed, including bleeding in the stomach and intestines, headaches, sleep disturbances, tinnitus, and other unpleasant symptoms. Rare cases of arrhythmias and hypertension have been reported. Allergic reactions are also very rare.

Can provoke the development of candidiasis and dysbacteriosis.

Orally and intravenously (stream or drip), the drug is used 2 times a day. In the first case, a single dose is from 250 to 750 mg, in the second - from 200 to 400 mg. The course of treatment is from 7 to 28 days.

Local treatment of the eye with drops: drip every 1-4 hours, 1-2 drops in each eye. Suitable for adults and children from 1 year old.

Symptoms of an overdose of the drug when taken orally indicate an increase in its toxic effect: headache and dizziness, tremors in the limbs, weakness, convulsions, the appearance of hallucinations, etc. In large doses, it leads to impaired renal function.

Treatment: gastric lavage, taking antacids and emetics, drinking plenty of fluids (acidified liquid).

Beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, clindomycin and metronidazole enhance the effect of the drug.

It is not recommended to take ciprofloxacin concomitantly with sucralfate, bismuth preparations, antacids, vitamin and mineral supplements, caffeine, cyclosporine, oral anticoagulants, tizanidine, aminophylline and theophylline.

The shelf life of the drug should not exceed 3 years.

Ciprolet is another popular drug from the fluoroquinolone group, belonging to the category of broad-spectrum antibiotics. This drug is an inexpensive analogue of the drug Ciprofloxacin with the same active ingredient. It has indications for use and release forms similar to the above-named drug.

The popularity of antibiotics of the next group - macrolides - is caused by the low toxicity of these drugs and relative hypoallergenicity. Unlike the above groups of AMPs, they have the ability to inhibit the reproduction of a bacterial infection, but do not completely destroy the bacteria.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic, beloved by doctors, which belongs to the group of macrolides. It is commercially available in the form of tablets and capsules. But there are also forms of the drug in the form of a powder for the preparation of an oral suspension and a lyophilisate for the preparation of injection solutions. The active substance is azithromycin. It has a bacteriostatic effect.

The drug is active against most anaerobic bacteria, chlamydia, mycoplasma, etc. It is used mainly for the treatment of infections of the respiratory and ENT organs, as well as for infectious pathologies of the skin and muscle tissue, STDs, gastrointestinal diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori..

The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is observed 2-3 hours after its administration. In tissues, the content of the drug is ten times higher than in liquids. Excreted from the body for a long time. The elimination half-life can be from 2 to 4 days.

It is excreted mainly with bile and a little with urine.

According to experiments with animals, azithromycin does not have a negative effect on the fetus. And yet, in the treatment of people, the drug should be used only in extreme cases due to the lack of information regarding the human body.

The concentration of azithromycin in breast milk is not clinically significant. But the decision to breastfeed during the period of drug therapy should be well considered.

The drug is not prescribed for hypersensitivity to azithromycin and other macrolysis, including ketolides, as well as for renal or hepatic insufficiency.

Adverse reactions during the administration of the drug are observed in only 1% of patients. These can be dyspeptic phenomena, stool disorders, loss of appetite, development of gastritis. Sometimes allergic reactions, including angioedema, are noted. May cause inflammation of the kidneys or thrush. Sometimes medication is accompanied by pain in the heart, headaches, drowsiness, sleep disturbances.

Tablets, capsules and suspension should be taken once every 24 hours. In this case, the last 2 forms are taken either an hour before meals, or 2 hours after it. You do not need to chew the tablets.

A single adult dose of the drug is 500 mg or 1 g, depending on the pathology. Therapeutic course - 3-5 days. The dosage for a child is calculated based on the age and weight of a small patient. Children under 3 years of age are given the drug in the form of a suspension.

The use of lyophysilate implies a 2-stage process for preparing a treatment solution. First, the drug is diluted with water for injection and shaken, then saline, dextrose solution or Ringer's solution are added. The drug is administered only intravenously as a slow infusion (3 hours). The daily dose is usually 500 mg.

An overdose of the drug manifests itself in the form of the appearance of side effects of the drug. Treatment is symptomatic.

Do not use simultaneously with ergot preparations due to the development of strong toxic effects.

Lincosamines and antacids can weaken the effect of the drug, while tetracyclines and chloramphenicol can increase it.

It is undesirable to take the drug simultaneously with drugs such as heparin, warfarin, ergotamine and its derivatives, cycloseryl, methylprednisolone, felodipine. Indirect anticoagulants and agents subject to microsomal oxidation increase the toxicity of azithromycin.

It is necessary to store the drug in a dry room with a temperature regime within 15 -25 degrees. Keep away from children.

The shelf life of capsules and tablets is 3 years, powder for oral administration and lyophysilate - 2 years. The suspension prepared from powder is stored no more than 5 days.

Studying the description of various broad-spectrum antibiotics, it is easy to see that not all of them are used to treat children. The danger of developing toxic effects and allergic reactions makes doctors and parents of the baby think a thousand times before offering the child this or that antibiotic.

It is clear that if possible it would be better to refuse to take such strong drugs. However, this is not always possible. And here you already have to choose from the whole variety of AMPs those that will help the baby cope with the disease without causing much harm to his body.

Such relatively safe drugs can be found in almost any of the groups of antibiotics. For young children, forms of preparations are provided in the form of a suspension.

The appointment of drugs with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity in pediatrics is practiced when it is not possible to quickly identify the causative agent of the disease, while the disease is actively gaining momentum and carries an obvious danger to the child.

The choice of an effective antibiotic is carried out according to the following principle: the drug must be sufficiently active in relation to the alleged causative agent of the disease in the minimum effective doses and have a release form appropriate for the age of the child. The frequency of taking such antibiotics should not exceed 4 times a day (for newborns - 2 times a day).

The instructions for the drug should also indicate how to calculate the effective dose of the drug for a child of the appropriate age and weight.

The following drugs meet these requirements:

• Penicillin group - amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin and some drugs based on them: Augmentin, Flemoxin, Amoxil, Amoxiclav, etc.
• Cephalosporin group - ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefazolin, cefamandol, ceftibuten, cefipime, cefoperazone and some drugs based on them: Zinnat, Cedex, Vinex, Suprax, Azaran, etc.
• Aminoglycosides based on streptomycin and gentamicin
• Carbapenems - Imipenem and Moropenem
• Macrolides - Clarithromycin, Klacid, Sumamed, Macropen, etc.

You can learn about the possibilities of using the drug in childhood from the instructions that come with any medicines. However, this is not a reason to prescribe antimicrobials to your child on your own or change doctor's prescriptions at your own discretion.

Frequent sore throats, bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis media, various colds in childhood do not surprise either doctors or parents for a long time. And taking antibiotics for these diseases is not uncommon, because babies do not yet have a sense of self-preservation, and they continue to actively move and communicate even during illness, which causes various complications and the addition of other types of infection.

It must be understood that the mild course of the above pathologies does not require the use of antibiotics with either a wide or a narrow spectrum of action. They are prescribed during the transition of the disease to a more severe stage, for example, with purulent tonsillitis. In viral infections, antibiotics are prescribed only if a bacterial infection is attached to them, which manifests itself in the form of various serious complications of SARS. In the allergic form of bronchitis, the use of AMP is inappropriate.

Doctors' prescriptions for various pathologies of the respiratory and ENT organs may also differ.

For example, with angina, doctors prefer drugs from the macrolide groups (Sumamed or Klacid), which are given to babies in the form of a suspension. Treatment of complicated purulent tonsillitis is carried out mainly with Ceftriaxone (most often in the form of intramuscular injections). Of the cephalosporins, Zinnat suspension can be used for oral administration.

With bronchitis, penicillins (Flemoxin, Amoxil, etc.) and oral cephalosporins (Supraks, Cedex) often become the drugs of choice. With complicated pathologies, they again resort to the help of Ceftriaxone.

With complications of acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections, protected penicillins (usually Augmentin or Amoxiclav) and macrolides (Sumamed, Macropen, etc.) are indicated.

Usually, antibiotics intended for the treatment of children have a pleasant taste (often raspberry or orange), so there are no particular problems with taking them. But be that as it may, before offering the baby a medicine, you need to find out at what age it is possible to take it and what side effects you may encounter during drug therapy.

Taking penicillins and cephalosporins can cause allergic reactions in a child. In this case, antihistamines Suprastin or Tavegil will help.

Many broad-spectrum antibiotics can lead to the development of dysbacteriosis and vaginal candidiasis in girls. To improve digestion and normalize the microflora of the body, such safe medicines as probiotics will help: Linex, Hilak forte, Probifor, Atsilakt, etc. The same measures will help maintain and even strengthen the baby's immunity.

Penicillins are a group of antibiotics produced by molds of the genus Penicillium. They are active against bactericidal action on gram-positive as well as some gram-negative microorganisms. The antibiotics of the penicillin series include not only natural compounds, but also semi-synthetic ones.

1. Large range of effective dosages.
2. Low toxic effects on the body.
3. Wide spectrum of action.
4. Cross-allergy to other types of penicillins.
5. Rapid absorption and distribution in the body.
6. Good penetration into tissues, body fluids.
7. Accelerated achievement of therapeutic concentration.
8. Rapid elimination from the body.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group, due to their low toxicity, are the most well tolerated bactericidal drugs. Undesirable side effects occur only if hypersensitivity or allergy to penicillin occurs. Unfortunately, such reactions are observed in a significant number of people (up to 10%) and apply not only to drugs, but also to any other products and cosmetics containing an antibiotic. An allergy to penicillin is possible when any, even the smallest dose of the drug enters the body. Therefore, in case of hypersensitivity and allergic reactions, it is necessary to select antibiotics without penicillin and analogues of drugs that do not contain penicillin.

Antibiotics of the penicillin series are available in tablets:

1. Penicillin-ecmolin lozenges.
2. Penicillin-ecmolin tablets for oral administration.
3. Penicillin tablets with sodium citrate.

Powder is also used for solution preparation and injection.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group have the following types:

1. Natural penicillins - obtained from the environment in which penicillin mushrooms are grown.
2. Biosynthetic penicillins - obtained through biological synthesis.
3. Semi-synthetic penicillins - are obtained on the basis of an acid isolated from natural penicillins (penicillin-based antibiotics).

The antibiotic penicillin has a fairly wide spectrum of action and has a detrimental effect on the bacteria that caused the onset of the disease:

• infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract;
• infections of the gastrointestinal tract;
• urinary tract infections;
• venereal diseases;
• ophthalmic procedures.

Despite good tolerance, antibiotics from the penicillin group can have the following side effects on the body:

1. Allergic reactions and hypersensitivity:

• dermatitis;
• skin rash;
• swelling of the mucous membranes;
• damage to the organs of the digestive system;
• arthritis;
• bronchospasm;
• anaphylactic shock;
• swelling of the brain;
• arthralgia.

2. Toxic reactions:

• nausea;
• diarrhea;
• stomatitis;
• glossitis;
• muscle necrosis;
• oral and vaginal candidiasis;
• development of superinfection;
• intestinal dysbacteriosis;
• thrombophlebitis.

3. Neurotoxic reactions:

4. Specific reactions:

• local infiltrate;
• complications of the vascular system (one and Nicolau syndromes).

Until now, penicillin treatment is one of the most effective means of combating infectious diseases. But his appointment must be carried out by a doctor in accordance with the tests and allergic tests.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group include a large number of natural and synthetic representatives. They are drugs that are used in the treatment of most infectious diseases caused by various types of bacteria. Their progenitor is penicillin, which was first isolated from a mold by the English microbiologist A. Fleming in the last century.

All representatives of this group contain a β-lactam ring in the molecule, which determines their antibacterial activity. They have a bactericidal effect - they lead to the death of bacteria, due to a violation of the synthesis of its cell wall. This leads to the fact that sodium ions and other compounds freely penetrate into the bacterial cell and cause metabolic disturbance in it, followed by death. This group of drugs is the safest of all antibiotics and has practically no negative effect on the human body, which makes it possible to use some drugs for the treatment of pregnant, lactating women and young children.

Depending on the method of preparation, the structure of the molecule, and the spectrum of activity, several main types of penicillins are distinguished, which include:

natural compounds.

Semi-synthetic analogs with a wide spectrum of activity.

Antistaphylococcal agents.

Antipseudomonal antibiotics.

inhibitor-protected compounds.

Combined drugs.

Each representative of this group of drugs has a certain spectrum in relation to the main types of pathogenic (pathogenic) bacteria.

The very first type of antibiotics, which is obtained naturally, is isolated from a mold fungus. Despite its prescription, this type of medicinal antimicrobial agents does not lose its relevance today. The representative is benzylpenicillin, which is the most active against staphylococci, streptococci, is safe for the body and inexpensive to produce antibiotic. The only drawback of such a drug is that an increasing number of bacteria have acquired resistance to it in the course of their evolution.

Today, bacteria are known that, in addition to resistance to antibiotics, have a certain dependence on antibiotics; their normal vital activity is impossible in the absence of such drugs.

This is the most common type of antibiotics that are used in almost all areas of medicine, in particular for the treatment of surgical pathology, ENT diseases, infectious processes of the respiratory and digestive systems. They are also safe for the human body, so they can be used to treat pregnant and lactating women, as well as children from birth. The main representatives are amoxicillin, ampicillin.

The main representative is oxacillin. The main feature is that its molecule is not destroyed by the action of staphylococcal penicillinase enzymes, so it is used in case of ineffectiveness of other drugs. Unfortunately, due to irrational antibiotic therapy, an increasing number of strains of staphylococci are resistant to these drugs.

These drugs include carboxypenicillin and ureidopenicillin. They are active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is the most common causative agent of nosocomial purulent infections in surgical hospitals. Today, these drugs are used only in the case of laboratory confirmation of the sensitivity of the pathogen to them. This is due to the emergence of an increasing number of resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Most bacteria, in the course of the struggle for survival, have gained the ability to produce the enzyme β-lactamase,
which destroys the β-lactam ring of the antibiotic molecule. In order to prevent the destruction of the β-lactam ring, synthetic derivatives were developed, in the molecule of which a chemical compound was added that inhibits (suppresses) β-lactamases. Such compounds are clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam. This made it possible to significantly expand the range of activities.

To expand the spectrum of activity and prevent the development of resistance in bacteria, preparations have been developed that contain a combination of representatives of several types of penicillins.

To date, penicillins and their synthetic analogues remain the main drugs for the treatment of various infectious pathologies. With their proper use, taking into account the recommendations of rational antibiotic therapy. they allow you to completely destroy the pathogenic microorganism that led to the development of the pathological process.

Pharmachologic effect: A broad-spectrum antibiotic from the group of semi-synthetic penicillins for parenteral administration. It acts bactericidal (breaks the synthesis of the cell wall of microorganisms). Active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

Indications: Bacterial infections caused by susceptible microflora (including severe mixed aerobic-anaerobic infections): sepsis, peritonitis, infections of the pelvic organs, urinary and biliary tract, pneumonia, pleural empyema, colienteritis, me.

Pharmachologic effect:

Indications:

Pharmachologic effect: Semi-synthetic penicillin, has a bactericidal effect, has a wide spectrum of action. Violates the synthesis of peptidoglycan (supporting polymer of the cell wall) during the period of division and growth, causes lysis of bacteria. Active against aerobic Gram-positive.

Indications: Bacterial infections caused by susceptible pathogens: infections of the respiratory tract (bronchitis, pneumonia) and upper respiratory tract (sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute otitis media), genitourinary system (pyelonephritis, pyelitis, cystitis, urethritis, gonorrhea, endometritis.

Pharmachologic effect: Semi-synthetic penicillin, has a bactericidal effect, has a wide spectrum of action. Violates the synthesis of peptidoglycan (supporting polymer of the cell wall) during the period of division and growth, causes lysis of bacteria. Active against aerobic Gram-positive.

Indications: Bacterial infections caused by susceptible pathogens: infections of the respiratory tract (bronchitis, pneumonia) and upper respiratory tract (sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute otitis media), genitourinary system (pyelonephritis, pyelitis, cystitis, urethritis, gonorrhea, endometritis.

Pharmachologic effect:

Indications:

Pharmachologic effect: Semi-synthetic penicillin, broad spectrum, bactericidal. Acid resistant. Suppresses the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Active against gram-positive (alpha- and beta-hemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus.

Indications: Bacterial infections caused by susceptible pathogens: respiratory tract and ENT organs (sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess), kidney and urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis, pyelitis, cystitis, urethritis).

Pharmachologic effect: Broad-spectrum antibiotic for parenteral use. It acts bactericidal (blocks transpeptidase, disrupts the synthesis of peptidoglycan of the cell wall, causes lysis of microorganisms). It has a wide spectrum of activity, is active in relation to.

Indications: Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the lower respiratory tract (acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, pleural empyema), oral cavity, ENT organs; abdominal cavity (peritonitis, cholangitis, gallbladder empyema, hepatobiliary and intraperitoneal.

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Antibiotics of the penicillin series are several types of drugs that are divided into groups. In medicine, funds are used to treat various diseases of infectious and bacterial origin. The drugs have a minimum number of contraindications and are still used to treat various patients.

Once Alexander Fleming in his laboratory was engaged in the study of pathogens. He created a nutrient medium and grew staphylococcus aureus. The scientist was not particularly clean, he simply put beakers and cones in the sink and forgot to wash them.

When Fleming needed the dishes again, he found that they were covered with fungus - mold. The scientist decided to test his conjecture and examined one of the containers under a microscope. He noticed that where there is mold, there is no staphylococcus aureus.

Alexander Fleming continued his research, he began to study the effect of mold on pathogenic microorganisms and found that the fungus destroys the membranes of bacteria and leads to their death. The public could not be skeptical about the research.

The discovery helped save many lives. Saved humanity from those diseases that previously caused panic among the population. Naturally, modern medicines have a relative similarity with those drugs that were used at the end of the 19th century. But the essence of medicines, their action has not changed so dramatically.

Penicillin antibiotics were able to revolutionize medicine. But the joy of discovery did not last long. It turned out that pathogenic microorganisms, bacteria can mutate. They mutate and become insensitive to drugs. As a result, penicillin-type antibiotics have undergone significant changes.

For almost the entire 20th century, scientists have been "fighting" against microorganisms and bacteria, trying to create the perfect drug. Efforts were not in vain, but such improvements have led to the fact that antibiotics have changed significantly.

New generation drugs are more expensive, act faster, have a number of contraindications. If we talk about those preparations that were obtained from mold, then they have a number of disadvantages:

• Badly digested. Gastric juice acts on the fungus in a special way, reduces its effectiveness, which undoubtedly affects the result of treatment.
• Penicillin antibiotics are drugs of natural origin, for this reason they do not differ in a wide spectrum of action.
• Medicines are quickly excreted from the body, approximately 3-4 hours after injection.

Important: There are practically no contraindications for such medicines. It is not recommended to take them in the presence of individual intolerance to antibiotics, as well as in the event of an allergic reaction.

Modern antibacterial agents are significantly different from penicillin, which is familiar to many. In addition to the fact that today you can easily buy medicines of this class in tablets, there are a great many varieties of them. Classification, the generally accepted division into groups, will help to understand the preparations.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are conditionally divided into:

1. Natural.
2. Semi-synthetic.

All medicines based on mold are antibiotics of natural origin. Today, such medicines are practically not used in medicine. The reason is that pathogenic microorganisms have become immune to them. That is, the antibiotic does not act on bacteria in the proper way, to achieve the desired result in the treatment is obtained only with the introduction of a high dose of the drug. The means of this group include: Benzylpenicillin and Bicillin.

The drugs are available in the form of a powder for injection. They effectively affect: anaerobic microorganisms, gram-positive bacteria, cocci, etc. since medicines are of natural origin, they cannot boast of a long-term effect, injections are often done every 3-4 hours. This allows not to reduce the concentration of the antibacterial agent in the blood.

Penicillin antibiotics of semi-synthetic origin are the result of modification of preparations made from a mold fungus. Medicines belonging to this group managed to give some properties, first of all, they became insensitive to the acid-base environment. That allowed to produce antibiotics in tablets.

And also there were medicines that acted on staphylococci. This class of drugs is different from natural antibiotics. But the improvements have had a significant impact on the quality of drugs. They are poorly absorbed, have a not so wide sector of action, and have contraindications.

Semi-synthetic drugs can be divided into:

• Isoxazolpenicillins are a group of drugs that act on staphylococci, as an example, the names of the following drugs can be given: Oxacillin, Nafcillin.
• Aminopenicillins - several drugs belong to this group. They differ in a wide sector of action, but are significantly inferior in strength to antibiotics of natural origin. But they can fight a large number of infections. Means from this group remain in the blood longer. Such antibiotics are often used to treat various diseases, for example, 2 very well-known drugs can be given: Ampicillin and Amoxicillin.

Attention! The list of medicines is quite large, they have a number of indications and contraindications. For this reason, before starting antibiotics, you should consult a doctor.

Antibiotics belonging to the penicillin group are prescribed by a doctor. Drugs are recommended to be taken in the presence of:

1. Diseases of an infectious or bacterial nature (pneumonia, meningitis, etc.).
2. Respiratory tract infections.
3. Diseases of the inflammatory and bacterial nature of the genitourinary system (pyelonephritis).
4. Skin diseases of various origins (erysipelas, caused by staphylococcus aureus).
5. Intestinal infections and many other diseases of an infectious, bacterial or inflammatory nature.

Reference: Antibiotics are prescribed for extensive burns and deep wounds, gunshot or stab wounds.

In some cases, taking medication can save a person's life. But you should not prescribe yourself such drugs yourself, as this can lead to the development of addiction.

What are the contraindications for drugs:

• Do not take medication during pregnancy or lactation. Drugs can affect the growth and development of the child. Able to change the quality of milk and its taste characteristics. There are a number of drugs that are conditionally approved for the treatment of pregnant women, but a doctor must prescribe such an antibiotic. Since only a doctor can determine the acceptable dosage and duration of treatment.
• It is not recommended to use antibiotics from the groups of natural and synthetic penicillins for the treatment of children. Drugs in these classes can have a toxic effect on the child's body. For this reason, medications are prescribed with caution, determining the optimal dosage.
• You should not use medications without visible indications. Use drugs for a long period of time.

Direct contraindications for the use of antibiotics:

1. Individual intolerance to drugs of this class.
2. Tendency to allergic reactions of various kinds.

Attention! The main side effect of taking medications is considered prolonged diarrhea and candidiasis. They are due to the fact that drugs affect not only pathogens, but also beneficial microflora.

The penicillin series of antibiotics is characterized by the presence of a small number of contraindications. For this reason, drugs in this class are prescribed very often. They help to quickly cope with the disease and return to a normal rhythm of life.

Medicines of the latest generation have a wide spectrum of action. Such antibiotics do not have to be taken for a long time, they are well absorbed and, with adequate therapy, can “put a person on their feet” in 3–5 days.

The question is which antibiotics are best? can be considered rhetorical. There are a number of drugs that doctors, for one reason or another, prescribe more often than others. In most cases, the names of drugs are well known to the general public. But still it is worth studying the list of drugs:

1. Sumamed is a drug used to treat infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The active ingredient is erythromycin. The drug is not used to treat patients with acute or chronic renal failure, is not prescribed for children under 6 months of age. The main contraindication to the use of Sumamed should still be considered an individual intolerance to the antibiotic.
2. Oxacillin - available in powder form. The powder is diluted, and then the solution is used for intramuscular injections. The main indication for the use of the drug should be considered infections that are sensitive to this drug. Hypersensitivity should be considered a contraindication to the use of Oxacillin.
3. Amoxicillin belongs to a number of synthetic antibiotics. The drug is quite well-known, it is prescribed for sore throat, bronchitis and other respiratory tract infections. Amoxicillin can be taken for pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys) and other diseases of the genitourinary system. The antibiotic is not prescribed to children under 3 years of age. A direct contraindication is also considered intolerance to the drug.
4. Ampicillin - the full name of the drug: Ampicillin trihydrate. An indication for the use of the drug should be considered infectious diseases of the respiratory tract (tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia). The antibiotic is excreted from the body by the kidneys and liver, for this reason Ampicillin is not prescribed to people with acute liver failure. Can be used to treat children.
5. Amoxiclav is a drug that has a combined composition. It belongs to the latest generation of antibiotics. Amoxiclav is used to treat infectious diseases of the respiratory system, the genitourinary system. It is also used in gynecology. A contraindication to the use of the drug should be considered hypersensitivity, jaundice, mononucleosis, etc.

List or list of antibiotics of the penicillin series, which is available in powder form:

1. Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt is an antibiotic of natural origin. Indications for the use of the drug can be considered severe infectious diseases, including congenital syphilis, abscesses of various etiologies, tetanus, anthrax and pneumonia. The medicine has practically no contraindications, but in modern medicine it is used extremely rarely.
2. Ampicillin - used to treat the following infectious diseases: sepsis (blood poisoning), whooping cough, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, bronchitis. Ampicillin is not used to treat children, people with severe renal insufficiency. Pregnancy can also be considered a direct contraindication to the use of this antibiotic.
3. Ospamox is prescribed for the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system, infections of a gynecological and other nature. It is prescribed in the postoperative period, if the risk of developing an inflammatory process is high. The antibiotic is not prescribed for severe infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in the presence of individual intolerance to the drug.

Important: Called an antibiotic, the drug should have an antibacterial effect on the body. All those medicines that affect viruses have nothing to do with antibiotics.

Sumamed - the cost varies from 300 to 500 rubles.

Amoxicillin tablets - the price is about 159 rubles. for packing.

Ampicillin trihydrate - the cost of tablets is 20–30 rubles.

Ampicillin in the form of a powder intended for injection - 170 rubles.

Oxacillin - the average price of the drug varies from 40 to 60 rubles.

Amoxiclav - cost-120 rubles.

Ospamox - the price varies from 65 to 100 rubles.

Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt - 50 rubles.

Benzylpenicillin - 30 rubles.