What does uppercase and lowercase letters mean. Distinctive features of lowercase characters. See what "Lower Letter" is in other dictionaries

Letterer

Spelling

Capital letters

§ 92. The first word of the text is capitalized, as well as the first word after the period, ellipsis, question mark, and exclamation mark that end the sentence.

Note 1. Usually the first word of each line in poems is capitalized, regardless of the presence or absence of a punctuation mark at the end of the previous line.

Note 2. After an ellipsis, which does not end the sentence, but indicates a break in speech, the first word is written with a lowercase letter, for example: And this week I have ... that ... son died(Chekhov).

Note 3. If a question mark, or an exclamation point, or an ellipsis is after direct speech, and in the following words of the author it is indicated who owns this direct speech, then after the named characters the first word is written with a lowercase letter, for example:

- Yes, he beats nicely! - said Bulba, stopping(Gogol).
- Do you have to live? – Migun asks with a sigh.(M. Gorky).
- The wind would blow now ... - says Sergey(M. Gorky).

Section 93. The first word is written with a capital letter, following the exclamation mark, placed after the appeal or interjection located at the beginning of the sentence, for example: Oh Volga! After many years, I again brought you greetings(Nekrasov). Oh! Wish this night would pass(Chekhov).

Note. The word following an exclamation point after an interjection in the middle of a sentence is capitalized, for example: I still cannot forget two old men of the last century, whom, alas! not anymore(Gogol).

§ 94. The first word after the colon is capitalized:

1. If this is the beginning of direct speech, for example: Pushing me into the kitchen, Boleslav said in a whisper: “This is a man from Paris, with an important assignment, he needs to see Korolenko, so you go, arrange it ...”(M. Gorky).

2. If this is the beginning of a quotation that is an independent sentence, and the first word of the quotation begins a sentence in the quoted text, for example: He opened the book and read: "Pushkin spent the autumn of 1830 in Boldino."

Note. A quotation included in a sentence as a continuation of it is written with a lowercase letter, for example: Once and somewhere it was perfectly said that "the story is an episode from the boundless poem of human destinies." This is very true: yes, the story is a novel broken into pieces, into thousands of parts, a chapter torn out of a novel.(Belinsky).

3. If this is the beginning of individual headings of text, starting with a paragraph and ending with a period (see §).

Section 95. Names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames are written with a capital letter, for example: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov (Andrei Pechersky), Macbeth, Ivan the Terrible, Scipio the Elder, Ivan Koltso, Nightingale the Robber, Richard the Lionheart, Vladimir the Red Sun, Peter the Great (Peter I).

Note 1. Articles and particles with foreign surnames and given names are written with a lowercase letter, for example: d'Artois, van Beethoven, de Valera, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, la Motte, Baudouin de Courtenay, de la Barthe, Abd el Kerim, Ker-ogly, Ismail Bey.

Articles and particles that have merged with surnames, as well as those that are attached to a surname with a hyphen, are written with a capital letter, for example: Lafontaine, Lavoisier, Vancouver, Macdonald, Van Dyck. All surnames beginning with about (attached to the surname with an apostrophe) and with poppy, sen, san , for example: O'Connor, McMahon, Saint-Simon, de Saint-Morand, Saint-Martin.

Note 2. Chinese surnames (they come before names) are written together, regardless of the number of syllables, and begin with a capital letter. In Chinese names (after the surname), the first part begins with an uppercase letter, the second, if any, is written with a lowercase letter and is attached to the first with a hyphen, for example: qiao(surname) guan hua(name), Zhan Hai-fu, Chen Yi.

In the personal surnames and names of Koreans, Vietnamese, Burmese and Indonesians, all parts are capitalized and are not connected with a hyphen, for example: Ho Chi Minh, U Nu, Ko Tun, Aung San, U Nu Mung, Takin Kode Hmeing.

Note 3. Individual names of people that have turned from proper names into common nouns are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Lovelace, Don Juan, philanthropist, mentor.

But if such names of people are only used in a common sense, but have not turned into common nouns, then they are written with a capital letter, for example: Can the Russian land give birth to its own Platos and fast-witted Newtons(Lomonosov); Gogols and Shchedrins are not born every day..

Note 4. Individual names of people used in a contemptuous sense as a generic name are written with a lowercase letter, for example: azefs, quislings.

Note 5. The names of objects and phenomena formed from the names or surnames of people are written with a lowercase letter, for example: ohm, ampere, pendant(physical units), ford(automobile), browning, mauser(types of automatic pistols), french, riding breeches(types of clothes), Napoleon(cake).

Note 6. Names of ranks, titles and positions are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Minister, President, Marshal, Honored Scientist, Academic Secretary, Senator, State Councilor, Pope, King, Shah, Khan, Pasha.

Note 7. Names of higher positions and honorary titles in the USSR - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of the Soviet Union- are written in capital letters.

Section 96. Individual names related to the field of religion and mythology are capitalized, for example: Christ, Buddha, Zeus, Venus, Wotan, Perun, Moloch.

Note. Individual names of mythological creatures that have become common nouns are written with a lower case letter, for example: moloch of imperialism.

Section 97. Individual animal names (nicknames) are capitalized, for example: Emerald, Strider(horses); Pestrianka, Belyanka(cows); Lady, Chestnut, Scatter(dogs); Murka, Gray(cats).

Note. Individual names used as names of animal species are written with a lowercase letter, for example: cow(cow), bear(bear), watchdog(dog).

Section 98. The names of the characters are capitalized in fables, dramatic and other works of art, expressed by names that usually have the meaning of common nouns, for example: Hermit, Bear, Donkey, Cannon, Sails(in Krylov's fables); Goblin, Snow Maiden, Santa Claus(in "The Snow Maiden" by Ostrovsky); Falcon, Already(by M. Gorky); Someone in gray(by L. Andreev).

Section 99. Capitalize adjectives formed from the individual names of people, mythological creatures, etc. (see §§ 95-98):

a) if they are possessive in the full sense of the word (that is, they express the belonging of something to a given person, mythological creature) and contain the suffix -ov(s) or -in (no subsequent suffix -sk- ), for example: Marx's "Capital", Dalev Dictionary, Zeus' Wrath, Liza's work;

b) if they are part of names that are equal in meaning to the “name”, “memory” of such and such, for example: Lomonosov Readings.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from individual names of people are written with a lowercase letter:

a) if they are not in the full sense of the possessive, for example: Pushkin's style, Suvorov's tactics, X-ray room, Adam's apple, Graves' disease, Pasteur station, Sisyphean labor, Aesopian language, Procrustean bed;

b) if they are possessive in the full sense, but contain the suffix -ovsk- (-evsk-) or -insk- , for example: Tolstoy's estate, Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter", Pushkin's apartment.

Note 2. Adverbs formed from individual names of people are always written with a lowercase letter, for example, Pushkin style, Suvorov style.

§ 100. Individual names of astronomical and geographical objects (including the names of states and their administrative and political parts), streets, buildings are written with a capital letter. If these names are composed of two or more words, then all words are written with a capital letter, except for service words and generic names, such as: island, cape, sea, star, bay, constellation, comet, street, square, etc. ., or ordinal designations of the luminaries ( alpha, beta etc.), for example:

Astronomical names: Mars, Capricorn, Northern Crown, the star of Archduke Karl, the constellation Canis Major, alpha Ursa Minor, beta Libra.

Note. The words sun, moon, earth are capitalized when they are used as astronomical names, for example: around sun the following planets are in circulation: Mercury, Venus, Earth(with his companion moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto; rotation period Earth; but: tillage, sunrise.

Geographical administrative-territorial and other names: Pamir, Pyrenees, Dardanelles, North Pole, Tropic of Cancer, New Guinea, Saint Helena, Queen Charlotte Islands, Balearic Islands, Balkan Peninsula, Cape Chelyuskin, Cape of Good Hope, Isthmus of Corinth, Lesser Alps, Rocky Mountains, Main Caucasian Range, Klyuchevskaya hill, Magnetic Mountain, Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Laptev Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, Onega Bay, Lake Ladoga, Big Salt Lake, Lake Baikal, Blue Nile, Belaya River, Moskva River, Volga-Don Canal, Georgian Military Highway, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, West Kazakhstan region, French Equatorial Africa, Novgorod-Seversky, Askania-Nova, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo, Kremlin1, Mokhovaya street, Gorky street, Enthusiasts highway, Komsomolskaya square, Vosstaniya square, Big Stone bridge, Lieutenant Schmidt bridge , Summer Garden, Borovitsky Gates.

In the official names of the Soviet republics and countries of people's democracy, the word republic capitalized, for example: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, People's Republic of China, People's Republic of Bulgaria.

Informal names of states and their parts, figurative names of geographical objects are also written with a capital letter, for example: Soviet Union, Country of Soviets, Soviet Bashkiria, Poltava region, Trans-Urals, Belokamennaya(Moscow).

Nouns that are part of complex proper names and conditionally name an object are written with a capital letter, for example: Golden Horn(bay), Czech Forest(the mountains), Red Village(city), Small bumps(the outside), Big Dipper(constellation).

Note 1. Names of the countries of the world ( north, south, east, west, southeast, northwest etc.) are written with a lowercase letter, for example: the ship headed south and then turned west.

But when they replace territorial names, they are written with a capital letter, for example: languages ​​of the peoples of the North and East.

Note 2. Articles and particles that are at the beginning of foreign geographical names are written with a capital letter and are attached with a hyphen, for example: Los Angeles, English Channel, Le Creusot, De Castries.

Note 3. Functional words that are part of foreign geographical names and are in the middle of a combination are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Boulogne-sur-Mer, Piazza di San Marco.

Note 4. Foreign-language generic names that are part of geographical names are written with a capital letter, with the exception of those that are included in the Russian language, for example: Amu Darya, Rio Negro(although Daria and rio means "river"), but Varanger Fjord, De Long Fjord(word fiord exists in Russian as a geographical term).

Note 5. Place names used in a figurative sense retain capitalization, for example: Munich(meaning "agreement with fascism"), Versailles(meaning "Peace of Versailles"), Sedan(meaning "military defeat").

Note 6. The names of animals, plants, tissues and other objects, as well as phenomena formed from geographical names, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: St. Bernard(dog breed) tsinandali(type of wine) Boston(fabric, dance).

Section 101. Adjectives formed from their own geographical names are capitalized:

a) if they are part of complex geographical names, for example: Belgian Congo, Moscow region;

b) if they are part of complex individual names of people as their nicknames, for example: Dimitry Donskoy, Alexander Nevsky, Peter Amiensky;

c) if they are part of complex names of historical events, institutions, etc., the spelling of which with a capital letter is established below (see § 102).

§ 102. In the names of historical events, epochs and phenomena, as well as historical documents, works of art and other material monuments, the first word is written with a capital letter, as well as proper names included in them.

These include names expressed by:

a) one noun, for example: October, Renaissance, Reformation, Domostroy; the same words can be used as common nouns, and then they are written with a lowercase letter, for example: in the 16th century. reformation touched various aspects of German culture; style Renaissance;

b) a combination of an adjective formed from a proper name with a noun, for example: Petrine reform, Sassanian era, Carolingian dynasty(but: pre-Petrine era, pre-Napoleonic wars), Edict of Nantes, Battle of Poltava, Paris Commune, Erfurt program, Lena massacre, Treaty of Versailles, Venus de Milo, Laurentian Chronicle;

c) any other combination with an initial adjective or numeral, for example: Long Parliament, Time of Troubles, Magna Carta, Hundred Days, Seven Years' War, Third Republic, July Monarchy, Great October Socialist Revolution, Great Patriotic War.

The names of historical events, epochs, etc., which are not proper names, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: paleolith, feudalism, ancient world, crusades, middle ages, second world war.

§ 103. The first word in the names of revolutionary holidays and significant dates is written with a capital letter, for example: May 1st, International Women's Day, New Year's Day, January 9th.

If the initial ordinal number in such a complex name is written as a number, then the following word is written with a capital letter, for example: January 9, May 1.

Note. The names of religious holidays and fasts, as well as days of the week, months, etc., are written with a lowercase letter, for example: christmas, trinity day, Christmas time, carnival, great post, eid al-Adha, thursday, september.

§ 104. In the full names of the orders, all words, except for the words order and degree, are capitalized, for example: Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class, Order of Glory, 2nd class.

Section 105. In the names of the highest party, government, trade union institutions and organizations of the Soviet Union, all the words that make up the name are written with a capital letter, except for service words and the word the consignment:

Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union.
Supreme Soviet of the USSR (RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR and other republics).
Union Council.
Council of Nationalities.
Council of Ministers of the USSR (RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR and other republics).
Supreme Court of the USSR.
All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
Soviet Army and Navy.

Note. All words are also written with a capital letter, except for official ones, which are included in the names of some international organizations: World Peace Council, United Nations, Security Council, Red Cross and Red Crescent Society.

§ 106. In the names of ministries and their main departments, as well as in the names of other central Soviet institutions and organizations (except those indicated in § 105), the first word is written with a capital letter. If they include proper names or names of other institutions and organizations, then these proper names and names are written in the same way as when used independently, for example:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for new technology.
USSR Academy of Sciences.
Main Publishing Department of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR.

In the full official names of Soviet institutions of local importance, higher educational institutions, entertainment enterprises, industrial and trade organizations, etc., the first word and the proper names included in the name are written with a capital letter, for example:

Council of Working People's Deputies.
Yaroslavl Regional Executive Committee of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies.
Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V. I. Lenin.
Kuibyshev State Opera and Ballet Theatre.
Russian folk choir named after Pyatnitsky.
Stalingrad Tractor Plant.

Note. The rule of this paragraph also applies to complex names of international and foreign central public and professional organizations and government agencies, for example: World Federation of Trade Unions, All China Democratic Women's Federation, State Council of the Polish People's Republic, People's Chamber(India).

§ 107. In the official names of political parties, the first word is capitalized if it is not a word the consignment, for example: Polish United Workers' Party, Communist Party of Austria, Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, Union of October 17(but: party of socialist revolutionaries).

Conditional names in the composition of the names of political parties are written with a capital letter, for example: party of earth and will(or "Land and Freedom"), People's Will Party(or "People's Will").

Note. Foreign-language names of political parties are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Kuomintang, Dashnaktsutyun(Armenian counter-revolutionary party), Labor Party.

Section 108. In the names of insignia distinguished by quotation marks, the names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, institutions, enterprises, etc., the first word and the proper names included in them are written with a capital letter, for example: "For labor prowess"(medal), Pravda, Leningradskaya Pravda, Evening Moscow(newspapers), "New world"(magazine), "Russian Truth"(legal document), "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"(poem), "Woe from Wit"(comedy), "The Eve"(novel), "I visited again"(poem), "Prince Igor"(opera), "Hammer and sickle"(factory), "The Path to Communism"(collective farm).

In double compound names, the first word of the second name is also capitalized, for example: "The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls", "The Power of Darkness, or the Claw is stuck - the whole bird is abyss".

§ 109. In the texts of official communications and documents, the spelling of job titles, titles, regulations, etc. with an uppercase or lowercase letter is determined by special departmental instructions.

In special stylistic usage, common nouns can be capitalized, for example: Motherland, Man.

1 Word Kremlin is capitalized when it is the proper name of a city district, for example: Moscow is located in a ring: in the center is the Kremlin, then comes Kitay-gorod etc. But: In Pskov, as in other old Russian cities, there is a Kremlin(here Kremlin- a common noun in the meaning of a fortress).

The keyboards of absolutely all modern laptops and computers are extremely multifunctional. However, due to attempts to save space, almost all keys perform completely different functions and print letters of different alphabets, for this it is necessary to switch the keyboard layout.

You can switch to the Latin font and back to the Cyrillic alphabet by simultaneously pressing the "Alt + Shift" or "Ctrl + Shift" keys, or by using the "Window + Space" keys (depending on the system settings).

If typing is done in capital letters, you need to press the "Caps Lock" key, after which typing will continue in capital letters. To type several uppercase letters in a row, you need to press the "Shift" key.

Switch between lowercase and uppercase letters

While entering text, you periodically have to change the case of letters. Use the Caps Lock key to switch between lowercase (small) and uppercase (capital, large) letters. If the capital letters input mode is enabled, then the signal lamp of the same name is lit in the upper right corner of the keyboard and capital characters are entered. Pressing the Caps Lock key switches to lowercase mode. The signal light goes out and lower case letters are entered.

To temporarily switch between cases, when you need, for example, to enter only one uppercase letter at the beginning of a sentence, you should use another method. Temporary switching is carried out by simultaneously pressing the left or right Shift key and the character key. If the keyboard is configured to operate in uppercase mode, then the described method results in a temporary switch to lowercase mode. Conversely, if the keyboard is set to lowercase mode, it temporarily switches to uppercase mode. Holding down the Shift key allows you to enter an arbitrary number of letters in a different case. However, to enter a large number of letters, it is better to use constant switching using the CapsLock key.

Hello everyone, dear readers and visitors of this resource. In today's short material, I will tell you what the lowercase and uppercase letters are in the password created for your iOS-based mobile gadget: iPhone or iPad.

Lowercase and uppercase letters

Lowercase letters in the iPhone are letters written in lower case, i.e. small letters. For example, the following letters are lowercase, written in lower case: a, b, c.

Capital letters are letters written in upper case, i.e. capital letters. For example, the following letters are all upper case letters: A, B, C.

I hope you understand what lowercase and uppercase letters mean when creating a password for your mobile iOS gadget, be it an iPhone or an iPad.

How to turn on uppercase letters

In order to enable capitalization, you need to do the following:

The security of your Apple account directly depends on the reliability and quality of the password you have created. I think it is not worth reminding how important this is, i.e. a credit card is linked to your Apple account, and its security is paramount. So pay maximum attention to the security and strength of the password. Follow these guidelines:

1. Any password must consist of lowercase, uppercase letters, as well as special characters (for example, the % sign). If this condition is met, it will be almost impossible to crack your password by brute force;
2. The password should not be tied to your data and dates. For example, some people like to make passwords derived from birthdays or birthdays of loved ones. In no case should you do this, because. attackers will first of all pick up passwords of this type;
3. Change your account passwords as often as possible. This simple action will negate all actions aimed at guessing your password before changing it. Do not be lazy, safety is above all, especially since this can be done, literally, in a few minutes;
4. Be sure to use antivirus software. This simple tip, and most importantly, its implementation will help you increase the security level of your password and Apple account. Also, for security reasons, I do not recommend that you save your passwords in the browser.

That's all for me, if you have any questions regarding today's material, then you can ask them in the comments to this post. See you in the next articles.

Russian letters differ from each other not only in style and sound designation, but also in size. Correct spelling follows certain rules. Uppercase and lowercase letters - what every schoolchild knows, especially an elementary school student. But the knowledge gained at school is forgotten very quickly, and adults are unlikely to remember the definitions of these terms.

Uppercase and lowercase letters are two types of graphic icons in writing. Interestingly, the division into such varieties is not in all languages. They are present in Cyrillic, and also in the Greek alphabet, Latin, Armenian. The situation in Georgia is unusual. There are no capital icons (with a specific meaning of use), but certain sections of the text (for example, titles, headings) are typed in large icons. They have small inscriptions, but differ from them in size. In other writing systems, the division into uppercase and lowercase letters does not exist.

For the first acquaintance with them, it is enough to learn a brief information:

• capital - the one that is larger;
• lowercase - one that is smaller in size.

And in order for the information to be remembered better, linger in the head for a long time and not turn into confusion, you need to study the issue deeper, delving into the details.

uppercase

This is a capital, large, beautiful, initial. The letter sign is increased in size compared to the rest. Most often, it is the only one in the line, it is with it that the sentence begins. In elementary school, children with great diligence learn to draw the first alphabetic character - because it should turn out beautiful.

The first official use of capital letters is seen in the 15th century. However, further research showed that people tried to beautifully arrange the initial characters of the name, surname, sentence long before the beginning of the 15th century. Such graphic icons, decorated with ornaments and curlicues, were called drop caps.

Capital letters inThe text is written only in those cases that are confirmed by spelling rules. The most common of them, which are most often encountered in practice, will be indicated below.

Another definition of "capital" is found in elementary school at the stage of teaching writing. It is less common, therefore it does not appear in dictionaries. It is used only to distinguish between the type of writing, the antonym for the word "capital" is "printed". When a teacher asks to write a word, a sentence, a text in cursive, he means lowercase and uppercase letters. And their choice should take place on the basis of the studied rules.

Lowercase

This is a small letter. In a sentence and text, it is much more common than graphic icons of the previous type. This is explained by the fact that small letters are used several times more often in writing - these are the rules of Russian spelling.

All letters that do not fall under the rules for writing capitals are lined up in one line and have the same height, therefore they are called lowercase.

Note! The stress in the term "lowercase" falls not on the first, but on the last syllable, no matter how much one would like to associate its pronunciation with the pronunciation of the word "line".

Useful videos: how to write uppercase small letters?

Main differences

Uppercase and lowercase letters have a number of differences from each other.

They are as follows:

• The size. The capital letter is about 2 times larger than the small one. This is clearly visible when using a notebook sheet in a wide line: a large letter occupies the entire height of the line, and a small letter fits in half of it.
• Writing. The capital letter has much more details and features of the style, which first-grade students are diligently trying to learn. It is much more complicated than small in outline.
• Frequency of use. The capital letter is found in the text much less often than the small one, because its choice must be justified by certain rules.

Having learned for himself the difference between uppercase and small graphic icons, a person stops confusing these two terms with each other.

Examples

An illustrative example of how the styles of both categories look like.

When comparing the graphic icons next to each other, it immediately becomes clear which of them are CAPITAL and which are lowercase.

Capitalization spelling

In Russian, the use of two types of inscription is subject to the rules of the corresponding section of orthography. According to them, the new sentence begins with a capital character, which seems to lead the army of small, ordinary icons. It shows that the previous thought has ended and another has begun, or simply denotes the beginning of a thought. Direct speech, quotations, each new line of the poem begins with the title.

But there are other, more complex rules that explain the spelling of uppercase and lowercase letters:

1. Names, surnames, patronymics of people and adjectives based on them. For example: Andrey Igorevich Yablochkin, Petkin's car.
2. Names of animals and adjectives made from them. For example: Tuzik, Murka, Kesha, Fluff, Tuzikov collar.
3. Geographical objects, places, names (continents, cardinal points, countries, cities, villages, villages, territories, republics, islands, seas, oceans, rivers, lakes). For example: the Black Sea, the Baltic, the Atlantic Ocean, the city of Moscow, the mainland Africa, the village of Yantarny, the Republic of Adygea.
4. Names of firms, companies, shops, enterprises. For example: the Rostvertol plant, the Pyaterochka store, the Belvest shoe company.
5. Names of great historical events, the most important documents (World War I, Peter's era).
6. Names of publications, works of art, dishes (Murzilka magazine, Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper, Moonlight Sonata, painting Barge haulers on the Volga, Caesar salad).
7. Names of ministries, important state organizations (Ministry of Education, City Duma).
8. High positions of great national importance (President, Queen).
9. The first word of the names of holidays and important events (Birthday, Christmas, Easter, Victory Day).
10. The pronoun "you" when special respect is required.
11. Abbreviations - consist entirely of capital icons (KPRF, MLM, SFU).

In all other cases, when the word is not included in the category of proper names, but is a common noun, lowercase are writtenstyles.

Possible difficulties in choosing an option

In Russian, most of the rules are ambiguous and have additional explanations or exceptions.

Important! When the choice of letter size (capital / small) is required to fill out important documents or perform serious tasks, work, it is better to check yourself in dictionaries and reference books.

Possible difficulties in choosing the size of a graphic icon:

1. Proper names of mythical, historical, literary heroes, which began to be used in a generalized, figurative sense, to denote a certain character or way of life of people. The rules for writing such words are ambiguous: some are written with a capital letter (Oblomov, Napoleon, Hamlet), others with a lowercase letter (Donquixote, Judas, Hercules, which have become common nouns). A variant of their use is given in the dictionary.
2. The names of geographical objects and important historical events, used in a generalized (figurative) sense, have the same distinctions and their own spelling features: Sodom (debauchery), Olympus (top), Kamchatka (last places) and Chernobyl, Mecca, Hiroshima.
3. The names of devices, techniques, units of measurement, obtained by the names of their inventors, are written with a lowercase letter. For example: X-ray, volt, pascal and so on.
4. and terms where one of the words is a proper name, as well as adjectives composed of them, do not have a large icon (Achilles' heel, Demyan's ear, x-rays).
5. Adjectives that were composed by the last name and first name of a person using the suffixes -sk, -ovsk, -insk - are written with a lowercase letter (Dalevsky dictionary, Prishvin prose).

Useful video: lowercase Russian letters

Conclusion

In fact, delving into the material taught in the classroom at an educational institution, the pupil and student master the spelling of graphic signs well, understand the differences and features of their use, which means that they do not have serious difficulties in observing this norm.

The main thing is to remember the definitions, to understand some of the difficulties for yourself. And in case of difficulty, do not forget about the possibility of referring to the dictionary.