What is direct reverse word order. Direct and reverse word order in a sentence

Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse word order

In most sentences of the Russian language, there is a usual, straight word order. In direct word order, the given, known, topic precedes the new, unknown, rheme. The direct word order (it is also called objective) is adopted in most stylistically neutral statements, where an extremely accurate, exhaustively objective statement of facts is necessary, for example, in scientific texts, official business documents.

When solving special semantic and stylistic tasks in expressive and emotionally colored statements, reverse (subjective) word order in which the rheme precedes the topic. It is important to note that for the subjective word order, a change in the place of phrasal stress is mandatory, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ falls at the beginning or middle of the sentence: Gloomy and gloomy Sergei Timofeevich. And how can he be different? Joyless were the last, before meeting with Turkina, the years of his life(I SK.). In this sentence, using the subjective word order ( inversions) the court speaker manages to create a psychological characteristic of the client.

The actual division of any sentence is determined by its formal structure, lexical content and semantic organization. For each type of sentence, there is a neutral word order, which involves placing a phrasal stress at the end of the sentence and expressing the semantic division of the sentence into topic and rheme. With a neutral word order, usually grammatical, semantic and actual articulation coincide. Inversion(changing the neutral order of words) is usually a means of actual articulation, in which phrasal stress, falling at the end of a sentence, highlights syntagmas or syntagma that are important in a semantic sense; in this case, the grammatical division of the sentence does not coincide with its semantic and communicative organization. Cases of transferring the place of phrasal stress serve as a stylistic means that highlights a given sentence or statement in the general context as a whole.

The norms of official business style, which also includes legal texts, require a direct word order in a sentence. It obeys some general rules.

The subject in a sentence usually precedes the verb, for example: In relation to Sidorin, the prosecutor opened a criminal case under article 113 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; Semenyuk committed the theft of materials in the amount of 2 thousand rubles. If there are adverbial words at the beginning of the sentence, then the subject is usually placed after the predicate: January 11, 2000 ᴦ. a fire broke out at the warehouse of Rospromtorg; On the fact of theft, a criminal case was opened.

The agreed definition is usually always placed before the word being defined: lenient punishment, grievous bodily harm, dangerous injury. Separate definitions are after the defined words, for example persons under the influence of alcohol; a quarrel that arose while drinking alcohol; a crime under Art. 107 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; pressure deal.

The order of words in constructions with several definitions depends on the morphological nature of these definitions. Definitions expressed by pronouns precede the word being defined and all definitions expressed by other parts of speech: these extreme measures, his careless handling of fire, their unspecified alibi, her outstanding criminal record and etc.

If, with one word being defined, there are two definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives, then the qualitative adjective is used first, then the relative, because. the relative adjective is more closely related to the word it defines: grievous bodily harm, dangerous stab wound, severe craniocerebral injury, new criminal case.

Heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives are arranged based on the logical gradation of concepts assigned to these words: definitions expressing narrower concepts precede definitions denoting broad concepts: Bryansk Regional Court, Moscow City Bar Association, Soviet District Council of People's Deputies.

Inconsistent definitions are in the position after the word being defined: expert opinion, commission on juvenile affairs, collegium on civil cases, investigator for especially important cases.

Complement usually follows the control word: count on justice, resignation, file an accusation, sue. If the sentence has several objects with one control word, then the direct object, ᴛ.ᴇ. an object expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition precedes all other objects: write a letter of resignation, make a statement about what happened. If the sentence contains an indirect object with the meaning of a person, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is expressed by a noun in the dative case, then it is placed before a direct object denoting the subject to which the action is directed: report to the management about the events, inform the police about the impending terrorist attack.

In a sentence, the direct object can be the same as the subject. The means of distinguishing the members of the sentence in this case is the word order: the subject is in the first place, the direct object is in the last, for example: The court applies the law. At the same time, in some cases, ambiguity and ambiguity arise in such constructions. In a sentence Motorcycle hit a bike subject motorbike, expressed in the nominative case of a noun, formally coincides with the direct object bike, expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition, which creates semantic ambiguity. To avoid such ambiguity arising from the formal coincidence of grammatical forms, it is extremely important to change the grammatical construction. In this sentence, it would be appropriate to use a passive phrase: Bicycle hit by motorcyclist.

The circumstances of the mode of action, measure and degree, purpose, place and time usually come before the predicate. Circumstances of place, time and purpose are usually determinants, ᴛ.ᴇ. free distributors of the entire sentence, in this regard, they most often occupy the preposition (stand at the beginning of the sentence), and if the sentence has a tense clause, then it usually precedes everything else: November 2, 2002 ᴦ. near the store on the street. Uritsky committed the theft of alcoholic beverages in the amount of 5037 rubles; March 30, 1999 the defendant Gulyaev died suddenly.

We emphasize once again that it is extremely important to strictly observe the rules of word order in a sentence in book speech, especially in official business texts, since violations of the direct word order contradict the basic requirements for such texts - strict objectivity, accuracy and clarity of content.

In colloquial speech, journalistic and literary texts, the reverse (subjective) word order can be used, in which the rheme precedes the topic. Changing the usual, direct word order in a sentence in order to create expressively meaningful contexts is commonly called inversion. Inversion is an important rhetorical device, a means of expressive syntax used in fiction (prose and poetry) and journalism.

As a means of speech expressiveness, inversion is also used in judicial oratory. The brilliant Russian lawyer F.N. Plevako skillfully used the technique of inversion in his speeches: “ Russia had to endure many troubles, many trials during its more than a thousand-year existence ... Russia endured everything, overcame everything”; “The last day has come. She was preparing for something terrible.”. The preposition of the complement in these sentences contributes to the accentuation of a part of the statement.

The most common case of inversion is the postposition of the agreed definition. Most often, its agreed definition is placed after the word being defined in colloquial speech; the tendency to colloquialism explains many cases of inversion in judicial oratory, for example She saved up this money for years with her labor. Or: Kitelev / drunk in a frenzy / started a fight(See: Ivakina N. N. S. 237).

A means of strong semantic highlighting of a circumstance is to put it at the beginning of a sentence: She was worried like a mental patient; working in the laundry, he asks every minute if Lukerya has come, if she has seen the drowned woman. Almost unconsciously, under the heavy yoke of an oppressive thought, she betrays herself.(A.F. Koni).

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, inversion (reverse word order) has rich stylistic possibilities, is an effective means of speech expressiveness of a statement.

Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse word order - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse word order" 2017, 2018.

QUESTION 1. Direct and reverse word order in a sentence (inversion).

Grammatical syntactic norms regulate the correct construction of phrases, sentences, text.

In the texts of the official business style, there are often constructions that cause difficulties in the preparation of documents (sentences with prepositions, sentences with variants of the connection between the subject and the predicate, sentences containing participial and adverbial phrases, etc.).

RULE 1:

The correctness of speech is largely determined by the order of words in a sentence.

Word order, i.e. the syntactic sequence of the components of a sentence is relatively free in Russian. There are direct (objective) and reverse word order or inversion (inverse word order).

Inversion in logic - reversal of meaning, replacement of "white" by "black".

Inversion in literature (from lat. inversio - turning over, rearranging)- violation of the usual order of words in a sentence.

Inversion (dramaturgy) is a dramatic technique that demonstrates the outcome of the conflict at the beginning of the play.

In direct word order, the given precedes the new: Petrov's testimony was verified.

With inversion, a different arrangement of parts is possible:

Hydrogen peroxide stain test positive

The inversion word order is used for the purpose of emotional, semantic highlighting of any part of the sentence.

RULE 2 Direct word order

But it must be remembered that the last word in the sentence is stressed (carrying a semantic load), therefore, in order to avoid ambiguity and ambiguity in the text, normative inversion is used only in artistic and journalistic speech.

The norm of the modern Russian literary language of official business style is direct word order, which obeys a few general rules:

1. The subject usually comes first (in preposition): Judicial debate was resumed.

If adverbial words are at the beginning of a sentence, a predicate may be in preposition:Traces from the tread of a Volga car were found on a country road.

2. For secondary members of the sentence, the following placement within the phrase is recommended: agreed words precede the core word, and controlled ones follow it: He gave his (agreeable word) car (core word) to a neighbor (controlled word).

3. Agreed definitions are usually placed before the word being defined: material values; civil marriage;

4. Separate definitions are placed after the word being defined: a quarrel that arose earlier; evidence available in the case;

5. Addition, as a rule, follows the management: sign the application; execute the decision.

In this way, the direct word order in Russian implies the following of the predicate after the subject, the definition before the word being defined, the main members of the sentence before the secondary ones.

AT from a direct word order, for example: A lone sail turns white in the blue fog of the sea ...
and here is the familiar inversion: A lonely sail turns white in the fog of the blue sea ...

Inversion- Unusual word order. This is one of the visual means of the language.
Inversion helps to highlight the most important word, as well as the stylistic and emotional coloring of speech.

Tasks:

Very often poets and writers use inversions in their works.

Exercise 1.

Let us turn to an excerpt from the story of L. N. Tolstoy “Prisoner of the Caucasus”.

There was once a strong thunderstorm, and the rain poured for an hour like a bucket. And all the rivers were clouded; where the ford was, there the water went three arshins, the stones were turned over. Streams flow everywhere, the rumble is in the mountains.
That's how the storm passed, everywhere in the village streams run. Zhilin begged the owner for a knife, cut out a roller, planks, feathered the wheel, and attached dolls to the wheel at both ends.

All sentences begin with different members of the sentence (1 - verb-predicate, 2 - conjunction, 3 - adverb-adverb, 4 - demonstrative pronoun-adverb, 5 - noun-subject).

All sentences are constructed in different ways (1 - compound, 2 - complex with different types of connection, 3 - complex non-union, 4 - complex, 5 - simple with homogeneous predicates).

The words are in an unusual order.

Note that the predicate comes before the subject, the definition after the word being defined. This is not typical for the Russian language.

Exercise: Find such examples in the text.

(answer: There was a thunderstorm, the rivers were cloudy, a thunderstorm passed, a strong thunderstorm).

Task 2.

Swap the subject and predicate to get the author's text.

The forest drops your crimson attire,
Frostrebrite withered field,
The day will glimpse, as if involuntarily,
And over the edge disappear district mountains.

The forest drops its crimson dress,
The withered field is silvered by frost,
The day will pass, as if involuntarily,
And hide behind the edge of the surrounding mountains.

Reverse word order in interrogation protocol.

Sometimes observed inversion(reverse word order) control and controlled words, mainly verb-predicate and object, for example:

Interviewed in the case, the accused Spiridonov pleaded not guilty.

The combination "guilty of myself" often has additions (for example, guilty of murder), but even then, as a rule, it is placed before the predicate. This is due to the fact that the verb-predicate (not) recognized is often used with a homogeneous verb, indicating an additional action of the testifier.

For example, Savina pleaded guilty to stealing household appliances and said during interrogation that ...

Reverse word order should be avoided in cases where the phrase "guilty myself" has many dependent words. In such sentences, the predicate is so far removed from the subject that the reader is forced to return to the beginning of the phrase in order to understand its meaning.

For example: Badma-Khalgaev admitted that he was guilty of giving a bribe in the amount of 120,000 rubles to Ivanov for illegally enrolling a student in a university and fully confirmed the above circumstances. This sentence can be modified by replacing the chain of dependent words with a subordinate clause. The order of the words in the sentence will change. Badma-Khagaev pleaded guilty to giving a bribe in the amount of 120,000 rubles to Ivanov for illegal admission to the university, and fully confirmed the above circumstances. The reverse word order is justified in those cases where the meaning expressed by the addition is more important than the meaning of the predicate: when it is necessary to emphasize not so much that the accused pleaded guilty, but rather what acts he confessed to.

RULE 3: Subject-verb connection

When formalizing official business texts, there are often difficulties in using sentences containing variants of the connection between the subject and the predicate. You must remember the following rules:

1. With a masculine noun naming a profession, position, title, but denoting a woman, the predicate in official business speech is put in the masculine form: A competent lawyer should help in resolving this issue;

2. With a subject expressed by the combination of a common noun + a proper noun, the predicate is consistent with the latter: Petrova's lawyer should help resolve this issue;

3. If the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination ("a lot", "a lot", "several", etc.), the predicate can be used in the singular and in the plural: Seven people are registered at the place of residence.

4. If time, space, measure, weight are indicated, or the clarifying words "only", "total", "only" the predicate is used in the singular: two days have passed; There were only ten people in the house.

QUESTION 2. The main difficulties in the use of participial and participle constructions in Russian.

A prerequisite for the use of participial phrases is that two actions, one of which is expressed by a verb-predicate, and the other by a participle, must be carried out by the same person (or refer to the same person).

An error in the use of the adverbial turnover was made in the following sentence: After working for only two months, he had complications with the head of the shop. It would be correct to say: After working for only two months, he ruined relations with the foreman.

1. The construction of a participial turnover is also possible in an impersonal sentence, if the predicate contains an indefinite form of the verb, with which the participle corresponds.

Considering the facts of the caseneed to make a fair decision.

Recognizing non-fulfillment of labor duties as “repeated”, several factors should be taken into account that enable the employer to comprehensively analyze the violations committed by the employee and make the right, informed decision.

2. The adverbial turnover should not be used if the action expressed by the predicate and the action expressed by the gerund belong to different persons or if the impersonal sentence has a logical subject expressed in the indirect case:

Coming out of the entrance, a strong wind hit him in the face.

After considering the circumstances of the case, a fair decision was made.

REPEAT MATERIAL:

The formation of adverbial revolutions and their isolation

Participles (germs with dependent words) and single gerunds are always isolated, regardless of the location of the main verb:

Upon reviewing the submitted document, he was forced to testify truthfully.

At the bus station, they boarded bus number 5 and, getting off at the bus stop "Institute", went along Kurortnaya Street to the beach.

worrying he began his story.

REMEMBER : if the adverbial turnover refers to one of the homogeneous predicates connected by the union AND, a comma before the union

And not set:

He stopped and looking around, remembered.

Do not separate:

* Single words silently, sitting, lying, standing, joking, not looking, because they are similar in meaning to adverbs:

He listened in silence.

* Participle turns represented by phraseological units:

He ran headlong across the road.

Tasks

Exercise 1. In the sentences taken from the work of A.F. Koni "Moral principles in the criminal process", place the missing punctuation marks. Find adverbial phrases, comment on the rules for their isolation using the example of these sentences.

1. Judicial statutes, creating the prosecutor-prosecutor and pointing out to him his task, also outlined moral requirements that facilitate and elevate his task, taking away its formal callousness and soulless diligence from the execution.

2. Although, under the dominance of the search, investigative process, the judiciary itself collects evidence, but having collected them, it does not give the judge the right to freely compare and compare them guided by inner conviction, but indicates to him a ready-made immutable measure for this.

3. Sometimes, without thinking deeply into the meaning of the judicial activity of jurors, they want to see in them representatives of public opinion in this case.

4. That is why the law, protecting the freedom of opinion of jurors, establishes strict rules about the secrecy of their deliberations.

5. The legislator, guided by moral and social ideals, the needs of the state and the goals of community life, derives one typical concept from a number of similar everyday phenomena, which he calls a crime, imposing a punishment defined within its extreme boundaries.

Task 2.

Set up punctuation marks. Comment on their setting.

The pilots of TU 134 informed the "ensemble" that there would not be enough fuel to reach London. Having started a short tantrum, the family nevertheless agreed to refuel in Finland. Convinced of the futility of repeated attempts to break into the cockpit, the Ovechkins demonstrated the seriousness of their intentions. Wanting to psychologically influence the crew members, they shot one of the stewardesses from a sawed-off shotgun. Following such a course that not only the uninitiated, but even an experienced pilot without a navigator did not immediately understand where he was (in the USSR or already in the country of Suomi), the plane began to descend over the Gulf of Finland. Landing TU 154 on a narrow fighter strip not adapted for aircraft of this class was successful.

Task 3.

Answer the question whether sentences with adverbial phrases are constructed correctly. Make the necessary corrections.

1. Arriving at the crime scene, it was very dark, only after three hours it began to get light. 2. Having received a new task, the employees of the department faced new difficulties. 3. Taking into account the comments, reducing the volume, making tables, the article was recommended for publication. 4. While in prison, his mother often visited him. 5. Having become acquainted with this case, new, hitherto unknown facts open up before me. 5. Arriving home, consciousness left him. 6. Arriving in Paris, he was invited to the embassy. 7. Doctors told him: "Without restoring your health, you will not be able to seriously engage in sports."

Task 2.

Restore the original text by making a synonymous replacement of subordinate clauses with separate definitions. Explain punctuation marks.

Sample:Peter sits on a rearing horse, which has stopped at full gallop at the edge of a cliff. // Peter sits on a rearing horse that has stopped at full gallop at the edge of a cliff.

The equestrian monument to Peter I in St. Petersburg was made by the French sculptor Etienne Maurice Falconet, who was invited to Russia by Catherine II. The name "The Bronze Horseman" was assigned to the monument thanks to the poem of the same name by A.S. Pushkin.

On August 7, 1782, on Senate Square, to the sound of cannon fire, a canvas cover was pulled off from the Bronze Horseman.

Peter sits on a rearing horse, which has stopped at full gallop at the edge of a cliff. The horse is still on the move. The majestic landing of the rider, the gesture of his hand, which is stretched out towards the sea - all this speaks of a mighty will. The snake, which the horse trampled under its hooves, reminds of the defeated enemies of Russia. It symbolizes envy and intrigues of enemies. The pedestal of the monument was a granite rock, which was processed in the form of a sea wave. This stone block weighs about one hundred thousand pounds. Here, in St. Petersburg, to the building of the Winter Palace, she was brought from afar, putting on wooden skids that were upholstered in iron. The delivery of such a stone block in those days was an unparalleled technical achievement.

QUESTION 3. The use of homogeneous members of the proposal in the design of official business texts. Types of management.

Tasks

Exercise 1.

Pay attention to speech stamps in professional legal vocabulary and follow the nature of the errors in their use.

1. “The same acts committed repeatedly (how?) or by a person (by whom?) who previously committed rape”; “the same acts committed on a large scale (how?) or by a person (by whom?) Previously convicted” - heterogeneous disparate concepts, different members of the sentence.

2. "On the basis and in execution"; "on time and in order"; "in the amount, on time and in order"; "on the grounds and in order"; "in order and on the grounds"; “on conditions and within” - words that are not homogeneous members are connected by a coordinative connection; their grammatical form is different: “on the basis” - in the prepositional case; "in execution" - in the accusative case; "in time" - in the plural, in the accusative case; "okay" - in the singular, in the prepositional case etc.

Exercise 1.

In these combinations, synonymous words require the use of different cases. Transform the proposed options, make sentences with them.

to admire, bow down (courage)

despise, neglect (danger)

To be fond of, to love, to be interested in, to study (music)

Resent, be angry, be angry (disgraceful)

To be afraid, to be afraid (necessity)

To be, dissatisfied, disappointed (review)

reprimand, reproach (employee)

Understand, be aware of (need)

Among the errors and shortcomings associated with the use of complex sentences, direct and indirect speech, the most common are the following: incorrect construction of the sentence structure itself, the use of unnecessarily cumbersome structures.

1. One of the most common shortcomings is the clutter of a complex sentence with subordinate clauses.

Wed: The statement of representatives of foreign circles, ignoring the fact that trade relations, which in recent years have been steadily developing and showing a trend of further growth, indicates that someone is still interested in maintaining the atmosphere of the cold war and eliminating the mass desire for friendship that has embraced the peoples of Europe and America, and this cannot but affect the actions of our state, which continues to count on the success of negotiations, although it understands that it will not be easy to achieve progress in such negotiations, but we are used to overcoming difficulties.

2 . In a complex sentence, structures are weighted due to the "stringing" of subordinate clauses: "The sail appeared in the sea as happy news that everything is in order with the fishermen and that the girls will soon be able to hug their parents, who were delayed at sea because there was a strong storm ".

3. The use of the same type of subordinate clauses in sequential submission: "Walking along the shore, I saw two girls who were sitting on an overturned boat, which was lying on the shore with a keel."

4. In some cases, the same situation can be expressed using both complex and complex sentences.

Wed: He entered and we got up; When he came in, we got up.

At the same time, cases of “structural failure” are often observed in speech: a sentence that begins as a complex sentence ends as a complex one, and vice versa. It is unacceptable!

Wed: When Murka was tired of messing with kittens, and she went somewhere to sleep.

The order of the members of the sentence in the sentence - SUBJECT - PREDICT - is usually called in grammar direct word order(the Direct Order of Words). Direct word order is the norm of an affirmative sentence in English:

Walking can be recommended as a good exercise.

Reverse word order

Putting the predicate before the subject is usually called reverse word order or, to use the common term, inversion(the Indirect Order of Words, Inversion).

Distinguish between complete and partial inversion.

At complete inversion the predicate, expressed in one word, is placed before the subject. Cases of complete inversion are few:

Is anyone at home? (as a semantic verb). Has anyone twenty dollars to lend me? (as a semantic verb).

Much more numerous cases partial inversion, i.e. setting the part of the predicate-auxiliary or modal verb, as well as the linking verb before the subject:

Has you received any new emails? Can walking be recommended as a good exercise? Is it cold today?

When forming a question with an auxiliary verb do like: At what time does the sun rise now? - in fact, there is no reverse order of words. The question indicator is an auxiliary verb do; the remaining members of the sentence are placed in the usual order: subject - predicate: Does the sun rise?

An indirect question in English is constructed as an affirmative sentence: Ask if he can come to see me tomorrow afternoon. I wonder what time it is. In Russian, there is a reverse word order, as well as the presence of a particle in the sentence: Ask if he can come to me tomorrow. Find out if the director has arrived.

Other cases of inversion

The predicate comes before the subject also in the following cases:

In construction there is (are) and with all verbs preceded by a formal there: There is a meeting today. There must be a meeting today.

In exclamatory sentences expressing wishes: Long Live the King!

In conditional sentences beginning with verb forms: were, had, should: Were I in your place, I would act differently. Should the weather keep fine in September, come down to see us in the country.

When repeating an auxiliary or modal verb in sentences like: You are here, so am I.

Note: The subject takes its usual place if it refers to the same subject in both sentences: “You seem to be very pleased with your work,” said my friend to me. “So I am,” I replied.

STYLISTIC USE OF WORD ORDER

Incomplete sentences

Complete sentences in Russian syntax are successfully competed by incomplete ones, which have a clear functional and stylistic fixation and bright expressive coloring. Their use is determined by extralinguistic factors and grammatical nature.

Thus, the appeal to incomplete sentences, which are dialogue replicas, is typical for colloquial and artistic speech. In PS, their use is limited, in other book styles it is impossible. Incomplete sentences - parts of the SSP and SPP are used in book styles, and above all - in the National Assembly. This is due to the desire to avoid the same type of structures: Geometry studies complex (continuous) quantities, and arithmetic studies discrete numbers.

Elliptical sentences act as a powerful means of creating the emotionality of speech. The main scope of their application is colloquial speech and CS. Ellipsis gives dynamism to the description: To the barrier! Back, home, to Russia! Full correlatives with such sentences are significantly inferior to them in expression.

Sentences with missing words that do not carry an informative load are common in the language of newspapers: K Your table, Just for you. Sofa shop.. In such sentences, only the target words of the utterance are indicated, everything else is replenished by the context, the speech situation. Various ellipses used in headings have become a syntactic norm in their structure. They formulate an idea in an extremely concise form, have a functional, stylistic and expressive coloring, attracting the reader's attention. But the fascination with such forms is dangerous because ambiguity and aesthetic inferiority may arise in them.

It is impossible to use elliptical constructions in ODS with its increased requirements for clarity and unambiguity of formulations.

In recent decades, knowledge about the dependence of word order on the semantic structure of a sentence has significantly expanded. A strong impetus to the study of this problem was the doctrine of the actual division of the statement, created in the late 40s by the Czech linguist V. Mathesius.

With actual division, the statement is usually divided into 2 parts: the first contains the previously known - t ema sentences, in the second - what is reported about it, new, - rheme . The combination of theme and rheme is the subject of the message. In direct word order, the topic comes first, the rheme comes second. Thus, the concepts of “direct” and “reverse” word order mean the sequence of arrangement not of sentence members, but of topics and rhemes. Reverse word order is often called inversion.

Inversion- a stylistic device consisting in a deliberate change in the order of words with the aim of emotional, semantic highlighting of any part of the statement.

If the direct word order usually has no stylistic meaning, then the inverse word order is always stylistically significant. Inversion is possible only in expressive speech. In NS and ODS, inversion is usually not used, because word order should emphasize the logical articulation of the text.

For the syntactic structure of the Russian language, the preposition of the subject is most characteristic. Most often it is the topic: Nikolai / took 2 letters. This word order is considered as direct. However, the prepositive subject can also be a rheme: Only chance saved him from falling. This word order is reversed. .

If the predicate comes first, it usually plays the role of a topic: There is / other means. This is typical for interrogative and exclamatory sentences: Will you shoot or not? How good is she now!

Inversion of principal terms is not possible in the following cases:

1) When the subject and direct object are expressed by nouns that have the same form in Im. And Vin. cases: Mother loves daughter. The paddle touched the dress. The truck crashed the bike. Inversion makes such sentences difficult to understand or gives them ambiguity.

2) When the sentence consists of a noun and an adjective agreed with it: Late autumn. When the word order is changed, the predicate turns into a definition.

3) In the so-called. sentences of identity, where both main members are expressed by Him. noun case: Father is a teacher. When inverted, the meaning changes.

four). In prdl, where one main member is expressed by the First case, and the other by the infinitive: Learning well is our mission. The meaning is changing.

Direct, reverse (inverted) types of word order

The problem of direct and reverse types of word order inevitably affects the opposition of objectivity/subjectivity organically connected with it, which leads to the need for their parallel consideration.

The selection of these oppositions in the category of word order is based on two common traditions in the study of word order - "Greenberg" and "Prague". The first is based on the assumption that every language has a neutral, basic, unmarked word order. Another tradition is associated with the work of Czech linguists and explains the word order by "pragmatic" statuses "theme/rheme"

According to W. Mathesius, the objective word order is one in which the initial part of the sentence is taken as the starting point (the topic of the sentence), and its end is taken as the core of the statement (rheme), in this case, the thought moves from the known to the unknown. In subjective word order, the core comes first, and then the starting point of the sentence.

The definition that LES gives to these oppositions is as follows:

With an objective word order, the arrangement of the members of the sentence corresponds to the movement of thought, the subjective word order expresses the emotions and intentions of the speaker. [Mathesius 1967: 239-246]

Direct word order is such an arrangement of the components of a sentence that is generally accepted, most widely accepted in speech in a given language, in relation to which any other order is perceived as a permutation. With the reverse order of words (inversion), there is a violation of the usual arrangement of the words or phrases that make up the sentence, as a result of which the rearranged component of the sentence is highlighted and attracts attention (LES 1990: 388).

Both oppositions echo each other: if a certain arrangement of words in a sentence corresponds to the movement of thought, then it is generally accepted, and the component that attracts attention as a result of inversion clearly expresses the emotions and intentions of the speaker - inversion is always subjective. The formal expression of these oppositions also coincides: Sie hat keine Tranen (direct objective word order). - Tranen hat sie keine (Bredel) (reverse subjective word order).

Grammarians postulate the SVO order for the modern German language: the predicate has a strictly fixed position, and this feature is one of the main features of the structure of the German sentence (Deutsche Satzstruktur ...) Since some members of the sentence (namely the subject and objects) have a similar character in terms of valence , theoretically any of them can be in the first place in the sentence. Such possibilities of syntactic organization of the sentence give rise to the problem of direct and reverse word order.

How can we call the word order basic if it does not satisfy the needs of speech? After all, almost every sentence fulfills the condition that W. Engel calls consistency with the previous sentence (Anschlu? an den vorhergehenden Text):

Bettina ist gestern in Stuttgart gewesen. Dort hat sie die Staatsgalerie besucht.

Ich komme aus einer gröen Stadt. In dieser Stadt kenne ich mich aus.

The same problem is indicated by V. Jung: “It is a mistake to define the arrangement “subject - personal form of the verb” as “normal”, as opposed to inversion, the arrangement “personal form of the verb - subject”. The place of the nucleus (Kernstellung) is normal in a declarative sentence, i.e. finding a finite verb in the second place. It is preceded by a component that can be either the subject or another member of the sentence"

The current state of linguistics, which has significantly expanded its area of interest, directs the problem of direct, basic word order into a new direction. To be basic means to be natural. Of particular importance for choosing the sequence of words in a sentence are the cognitive processes that occur in the human mind, and hence its cognitive aspect.

Thus, relying on the spatio-temporal order of the external world and taking into account the universal strategy of discourse explains the existence of several natural word orders that can claim the status of a basic one.

Excessive emphasis on only one typology of word order - based on the concepts of subject and object - is not entirely justified. So very witty is the remark about the languages of the Uto-Aztecan family, where the word order follows the model "indefinite - verb - definite": "if the first linguists were native speakers of the O" Odham (Uto-Aztecan family), and if they were inclined to count that all possible languages operate on the basis of the same correspondences between functions and structures as their native language, then English would be regarded as a language with a "free" word order. "And indeed, definite and indefinite noun phrases in German can be in different parts of the sentence:

Der Duden ist ein Nachschlagewerk. - Einem Zigeuner liegt die Musik im

However, to say that the use of the definite and indefinite article in German has nothing to do with word order is unjustified. So, G. Helbig refers definite and indefinite articles to the number of morphological indicators that determine the order of words in German:

Ich schenke dem Kind ein Buch.

Ich schenke das Buch einem Kind.

Er borgt den Studenten Bucher.

Er borgt die Bucher Studenten.

By examples, a noun with a definite article precedes a noun with an indefinite article. It seems that the certainty/indefiniteness expressed by the article echoes the opposition famous/unknown, expressed by the pragmatic categories theme and rheme. So, in the sentence Kinder sind die Menschen, it is the presence of the definite article that makes it possible to recognize the known, that is, the topic of this statement, which in this particular case coincides with the subject, as a result of which the emotionally uncolored version of the sentence is defined as Die Menschen sind Kinder. Thanks to this, it is possible to recognize the true subject-object relationship and translate the sentence as follows: What kind of children are these people, and not Children are people.

The fact that a deviation from the prescribed word order can give a displaced element markedness (the more pronounced the deviation, the stronger the markedness) is noted in some German grammars.

W. Engel calls such situations selection (Hervorhebung):

Er meldete seinen Freund Dumitru in der Botschaft an.

Er meldete in der Botschaft seinen Freund Dumitru an.

Ich habe das gerne nicht gehabt.

Gerne habe ich das nicht gehabt.

The reverse process is also noted: initially, a rhematic element can be “thematized” due to a shift to the beginning of the sentence (ibid.):

Die Regierung kann mit finanziellen Zuschlussen die Machtverhaltnisse in jedem Land beeinflussen.

Die Regierung kann die Machtverhaltnisse in jedem Land mit finanziellen Zuschlussen beeinflussen.

The shift of any element in the foreground of the sentence causes its strongest emphasis:

Die Drogenkriminalitat konnte man mit der kostenlosen Angabe von Drogen an einen ausgewahlten Personenkreis eindammen.

The following laws can be traced in the location of the main members of the proposal:

1) In an independent sentence, the predicate can be divided into 2 parts, which will stand separately in different parts of the sentence and form a frame construction (brackets in the sentence). In a subordinate clause, both parts of the predicate will stand side by side.

2) In an independent sentence, the subject and predicate stand side by side; in the subordinate clause, on the contrary, where the verbale Rahmen is missing, it will be replaced by separating the subject from the predicate.

According to the location of the final verb, 3 forms of the sentence are distinguished: the second place of the verb (Kernform), the first place of the verb (Stirnform), the last place of the verb (Spannform).

The second place of a verb in a sentence can be found in declarative sentences, in questions, in open subordinate clauses: Er behauptet, der Zug kommt um 8.

First place in the verb clause (Spitzenstellung). The subject follows the predicate.

The first place of the verb in a sentence can be found in interrogative, imperative, exclamatory (Ist das Wetter aber herrlich!), some types of subordinate clauses (in (open subordinate clauses, concessive clauses, subordinate clauses, in den Satzen der Redeeinkleidung, which follow direct speech (Entschuldige! Sagte er), in the main clause that follows the subordinate clause (Als ich auf die Stra?e trat, war es schon dunkel.)

The last place of the verb is expressed through the location of the verb at the end.

Er fragte, ob der Zug um 8 kommt.

The last place of a verb in a sentence is used in subordinate clauses and in "pseudo-subordinate" clauses which, due to their form, function as exclamatory clauses. The subject and predicate are separated from each other.

The use of unusual positions of the verb for the sentence form is acceptable only from the point of view of style. In addition to the above cases, there are others.

In prose, instead of placing the verb in second place, in the following sentence, the same verb will already be in first place.

Denn es regnete. Regnete ununterbrochen. (W. Bochert, Preu?ens Gloria)

For some writers (z. B. L. Feuchtwagner, W. Bochert) this will be a hallmark of style.

As an exception, the initial position of the verb with a separable prefix comes across. The prefix can stand both separately with the verb, and together.

Auf tut sich der weite Zwinger (F. Schiller)

Auf steiget der Mond und wieder sinkt die Sonne. (W. Raabel)

Damage to the position of the subject in the construction of the sentence occurs if the subject from the usual position 1 or 3 of the member in the sentence is transferred to the end. The emphasis is on the subject, which is in the final position as a result of the tension growing at the end of the sentence, which begins to weaken at the end. This is typical only for prose:

Auf dem Pferde dort unter dem Tor der siegreichen Einmarsche und mit Zugen steinern und blitzend ritt die Macht. (H. Mann, der Untertan)

Da fielen auf seine Hande Blumen. (H. Mann, Die kleine Stadt)

compared to simple inversion: Da fielen Blumen auf seine Hande.

Selbst zart, selbst bla?, geduldig, immer lachelnd, immer etwas zerstreut mitten in diem Wirbel von Kopfen und den Wolken von Kohldampf stand sie, seine Tochter; die Tochter des Generals. (B. Kellermann, Der 9. November)

Gegenuber, auf dem Dache gegenuber, wehte im frischen Wind lustig, wie die selbstverstandlichste Sache der Welt; hoch oben - eine blutrote, blutrot leuchtende Flagge! (ebd.)