Characteristics and classification of astringent medicinal plants. Common oak - Quercus robur Oak bark - Cortex Quercus beech family - Fagaceae. Other names: serpentine, cancer necks, bistorta, highlander pharmacy, uneven grass, turtledove, crustaceans, snakes

Diarrhea is a bowel disorder. Leads to
exhaustion, hypovitaminosis, severe
changes in organs.
The reasons:
- Increased intestinal peristalsis;
- Impaired absorption of water in the colon
intestines;
- Selection
large intestinal wall
amount of mucus;
- Excitement, fear (bear disease);
- Sharp or chronic colitis, enteritis;
- Food poisoning;
- Improper nutrition;
- Food allergy.

Antidiarrheals.

These are symptomatic
eliminate
diarrhea
through
braking
intestinal motility and contraction
sphincters
or
weakening
irritant effect on the s / o intestines
content. As a pathogenetic treatment
consider the elimination of dysbacteriosis
intestines.
Funds:
"Astringent" or "Fixing".

Astringents.

Substances capable of coagulating proteins on the surface of c / o. Coagulated
proteins form a film that protects the endings of sensory nerves
from the impact of local damaging factors. astringents,
getting into the intestines, prevent irritation of sensitive endings
nerves, cause a decrease in peristalsis, i.e. have "
fixing effect, while reducing the feeling of pain. These substances
have an anti-inflammatory effect. They have antiseptic
antimicrobial and hemostatic properties. With an excess
astringent in the body, irreversible damage occurs to living
cells - cauterizing effect. Apply\yate in the form of infusions and decoctions (2-6
r / day), after eating. Diarrhea of microbial etiology - for 30-60 minutes. before meals.
Astringent drugs are applicable in dermatology - treatment of superficial
skin lesions is / o.
In diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract.
The MRS containing tannins include: bergenia rhizomes, bark
oak, serpentine rhizomes, rhizomes and roots of burnet, rhizomes
cinquefoil, alder seedlings, bird cherry fruits, blueberry fruits and shoots.

Common oak - Quercus robur Oak bark - Cortex Quercus beech family - Fagaceae

Botanical description

This tree is H = 40 m. Young shoots are olive-brown, then silver-gray, somewhat
shiny - "mirror";
The bark of old branches is dark gray, with deep
cracks. Leaves with short petioles
obovate, pinnately lobed up to 9
blades. Flowers are dioecious.
The fruit is an acorn, naked, brownish-brown, with
cup-shaped or saucer-shaped cupule.
blooms in April-May, bears fruit in September-October.

It grows in the European part of the CIS, in
Crimea, Caucasus.
habitat
Oak ordinary - the main forest-forming
species of deciduous forests. in the north and
in the east of its range, it is often found
in coniferous forests. Widely cultivated.

blank
The bark is harvested during the period of sap flow (April-June). On young trunks and branches do
ring cuts with a knife at S = 30 cm 1 from the other and
then connect them with one or two longitudinal
cuts. In the case when the bark is removed with difficulty,
the incision is struck with wooden sticks.
Security measures
Harvesting is carried out under special permits
leshozes at felling sites and at logging sites.
Drying
The bark is laid out in a thin layer on a cloth or
paper and dried under awnings or on
ventilated attics, stirring daily.
It can be dried in the sun. The raw material dries in 7-10
days. Dried raw material does not bend, but with a crack
breaks.

External signs of raw materials
Solid raw materials - tubular, grooved or narrow strips
bark of different lengths, about 6 mm thick. Outdoor
the surface is shiny, rarely matte, smooth or slightly
wrinkled, with small cracks. Transversely elongated lenticels are noticeable. The inner surface is ribbed.
In the fracture, the outer bark is granular, even, and the inner bark is fibrous, splintery. The bark is yellowish-brown inside
colors. The smell is weak, peculiar, intensifying with
wetting. The taste is strongly astringent.
Shredded raw materials - pieces of bark of various shapes, passing
through a sieve with D= 7 mm.
Powder - yellowish-brown color, passing through a sieve
size 0.5 mm.

Storage.
In a dry, well ventilated area.
Shelf life - 5 years.
Chemical
compound.
Tanning
substances
phenols, flavonoids, etc.

Application.
A decoction is obtained from oak bark, which is applicable
as an astringent for inflammation
diseases of the oral cavity, pharynx, pharynx, larynx,
20% decoction in the treatment of burns.
Medicinal
preparations: "Stomatofit"
and
"Stomatofit
BUT",
applicable
at
bleeding gums and as an auxiliary
remedy for periodontitis.
Side effects
Deterioration of smell with prolonged rinsing
oral cavity.
Contraindications.
Intestinal diseases with a tendency to constipation.

Highlander snake (large coil) -
Polygonum bistorta
serpentine rhizomes -
rhizomata Bistortae
Buckwheat family -
Polygonaceae

Botanical description
Perennial herbaceous plant with short, thick,
serpentine curved rhizome and numerous
adnexal
roots.
stems
several
–
erect, glabrous, unbranched, H= 30-150 cm.
basal leaves
With
long winged
petioles, stem leaves alternate, petiolate,
oblong
or
oblong-lanceolate,
With
tubular brown bells without cilia. leaves with
slightly wavy edge, glabrous or slightly pubescent
top, with bottom side- gray, short pubescent.
The flowers are small, often pink, with five-parted
simple perianth, collected at the end of the shoot in
large
oval
or
cylindrical
thick
spike inflorescence. The fruit is a 3-sided nut.
Blooms from late May to July, fruits ripen in July-August.

Geographic distribution
Grows in the forest zone of the European part
CIS, in Western Siberia and the Urals.
habitat
In floodplain meadows, swampy shores
reservoirs, among shrubs, in glades and
edges of damp forests.

blank
In summer after flowering or in spring before stemming begins
dig out the rhizomes with shovels or picks.
Thoroughly clean from the remnants of leaves and thin
roots, washed from the ground.
Security measures.
One copy must be left intact
mountaineer about every 2-5 m of its thickets.
Drying
Dry the rhizomes in the air-shadow way in warm
ventilated areas, dry in good weather
outdoors. They are laid out in a thin layer and
turned over daily throughout the period
drying. Dryers with artificial heating
it is possible to heat the rhizomes to a temperature of 40 ° C.

External signs of raw materials
Whole raw materials - solid,
serpentine
curved, flattened. The break is even.
Rhizome length 3-10 cm, thickness 1.5-2
see Cork color dark, blood-brown; at the break - pinkish or
brownish pink. There is no smell.
The taste is strongly astringent.

Storage
AT
dry
Good
ventilated
room. Shelf life 6 years.
Chemical composition
Tannins, phenolic acids
and their derivatives, starch.

A decoction is obtained from the rhizomes, used as
astringent in acute and chronic diseases
intestines (dysentery, diarrhea, bleeding,
mucosal inflammation). Also applicable in
dental practice for stomatitis,
ginkivitah and other diseases of the oral cavity.
Side effects
Prolonged useThe LP of this plant depresses
secretion of gastric juice and inhibits the development

Contraindications

Bloodworm officinalis -
Sanguisorba officinalis
Rhizomes and roots of burnet -
Rhizomata et radices Sanguisorbae
Rosaceae family - Rosaceae

Botanical description
Perennial plant H= 20-100cm. Rhizome
thick horizontal with numerous
long roots. Steles are hollow, ribbed, in
upper part branched. basal leaves
long-leaved, stem - almost sessile,
all unpaired pinnately compound with 3-25 leaflets.
Leaflets 2.5-6 cm long, oblong-ovate, serrated along the edge, with
upper side dark green, shiny, with
lower - bluish, matte. The flowers are dark red,
bisexual
With
simple
four-parted perianth in dense
heads of peduncles. The fruits are single nuts.

Geographic distribution.
Burnet officinalis grows in
Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far
East, Ural.
habitat
It is found in dry and flood plains.
meadows, in meadow and forb steppes,
sparse forests, in glades, among thickets
bushes, along the banks of swamps and reservoirs. AT
southern Transbaikalia forms burnet
steppes.

blank
Harvest raw materials during the fruiting period (end
August-September). Digging with shovels.
Shake off the roots from the ground, cut off the above-ground
part. The roots are then placed in wicker baskets and
washed in running water. Washed raw materials
lay out for drying on mats, bags.
Cut off the stems to the base of the rhizomes,
cut the latter into pieces up to 20 cm long and
delivered to the place of drying.

Security measures.
Leave 10 sq. m one or two plants.
Drying.
Dry in the sun, under awnings, in rooms with
good ventilation, spreading a thin layer
on paper, stirring occasionally. Better
dry in dryers at C ° = 60. Dried roots
break down.

External signs of raw materials
Whole raw materials - cut into pieces lignified
rhizomes. Length of rhizomes and roots = 0.5-2.6 cm and
0.3-1.5 in series. surface of roots and
roots are smooth. The fracture at the rhizomes is not even, at
roots are even. Color dark brown, almost black
on a break yellowish or brownish-yellowish.
The smell is absent, the taste is astringent.
Crushed raw materials - pieces of roots and rhizomes,
passing through a 7 mm sieve.
Storage.
In a dry, well ventilated area. Term
validity - 5 years.

Application, medicines.
From rhizomes and roots, burnet is obtained
decoction and liquid extract, which are used
as astringents for diarrhea, sometimes in
as a hemostatic agent
uterine bleeding.
Side effects
Long-term use leads to inhibition of secretion
gastric juice and inhibition of development
normal microflora in the intestine.
Contraindications
Violation motor function intestines.

Lachatka erect -
Potentilla erecta
Potentilla rhizomes -
Rhizomata Tormentillae
Rosaceae family

Botanical description
perennial
height
15-50
cm.
Rhizome
woody thick, 2-7 cm long and 1-3 cm in
thickness, with numerous thin accessory
roots.
stems
numerous,
branched.
Stem leaves alternate, ternate, with 2
large
foliate
stipules.
Leaflets of a compound leaf are oblong, along the edge
coarse-toothed. Flowers in rare cymoid
inflorescences on long stalks. Perianth
four-membered. A bowl with a bowl. Whisk of
four petals yellow color. Stamens 15-20 and
Moreover, there are many pestles. The fruit is a polynut.
Blooms from June to September. The fruits ripen in July-September.

Geographic distribution
Grows in the European part of the CIS,
in the Urals, western Siberia, in the mountain forest regions of the Caucasus.
habitat
Prefers light forests, forest
clearings, edges, clearings, on the outskirts
swamps.
Chooses sour. Poor humus
moist soils.

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During the flowering period, plants are dug
rhizomes with roots, free from sod and
earth. Cut off stems and roots.
Security measures.
It is necessary to leave a fruiting specimen for 12 sq.m of its thickets.
Drying
In dryers at a temperature not exceeding 60 ° C, on
open
air
or
in
closed
ventilated
premises,
scattering
thin layer on the shelves.

External signs of raw materials
Whole s. - rhizomes 2-9 cm long, thick
0.5 cm, straight or curved, indefinite
forms, hard, heavy, pitted
traces of cut roots. Color
rhizomes outside from yellowish to
reddish brown. The smell is weak, fragrant.
The taste is strongly astringent.
Crushed s. - pieces of rhizomes of various shapes
size 1-8 mm.

Storage
Dry, well ventilated
room. Shelf life - 4 years.
Chemical composition
Tanning
substances
starch,
resinous substances.

Application, medicines.
Decoction as astringent and anti-inflammatory
drugs are used orally for diseases
gastrointestinal
tract
(enteritis,
enterocolitis, etc.) and externally in the form of rinses with
inflammatory processes in the oral cavity
(stomatitis, gingivitis), and in the form of lotions - with
burns and weeping eczema.
Side effects
Inhibition of gastric acid secretion and suppression
development of normal microflora in the intestine.
Contraindications
Violation of the motor function of the intestine.

Medicinal
raw material,
enveloping
action

Roots
marshmallow - Radices Althaeae
Marshmallow officinalis - Althaea
officinalis L.
Marshmallow Armenian - Althaea
armeniaca Ten.
Malvaceae family - Malvaceae.

Botanical description. Marshmallow officinalis - perennial
herbaceous plant 60-150 cm high with a short
branched rhizome, large woody main
root and numerous fleshy lateral roots
(Fig. 9.1). Stems pubescent, with alternate rounded kidney-shaped lower ones, rounded or ovate,
slightly lobed medium and whole
oblong-ovate upper leaves, weakly above,
densely pubescent below. The edge of the leaves is uneven
town-toothed. Flowers are collected several in axils
upper and middle leaves, forming a racemose inflorescence.
The flowers are five-membered, with a whitish or pinkish corolla of
obovate petals and double calyx.
The subchalice is formed by 8-12 free leaflets.
Numerous stamens, fused with filaments into a tube.
The fruit is a discoid schizocarp, which breaks down when
ripening into kidney-shaped dark brown fruitlets. Such a fruit
often called a kalachik.
Flowering from June to September, fruiting in September-October.

Geographic distribution. Both types of Altea
grow in the middle and southern strip of the European part
CIS, Caucasus, Central Asia. Marshmallow officinalis;
also found in southern regions Western Siberia.
Plants are cultivated in a number of specialized
farms.
Habitat. They are found in meadows, in floodplains, among
thickets of bushes, along the shores of lakes and irrigation
channels.
blank. Dig up the roots of marshmallow in the fall (after
drying of the stems) or in early spring with shovels or
plows. Shake off the ground, cut and discard
the upper thickened part of the rhizome, lignified
roots and small branches of lateral roots. Selected
non-lignified roots are folded into piles and dried
in the air 2-3 days. Then the raw material is prepared for drying:
cut into pieces up to 30-35 cm long, and thick fleshy
the roots, in addition, are split lengthwise into 2-4 parts. For
obtaining "purified marshmallow root" from its dried
roots with a sharp knife remove the upper cork part
bark.

Security measures. Althea roots should be harvested
selectively, leaving up to 30% of the plants of each
thickets to ensure its recovery after
blanks. Subject to the rules of harvesting Althea thickets
are restored in 3-4 years, after which they
reworks are possible.
Drying. Immediately after processing, the raw materials are dried, laying out
its loose, thin layer on nets or on stretched
cloths. Drying is best done with artificial
heating in ventilated rooms or in
special dryers at heating temperature
dehydrated material 45-50 °C and good
ventilation. Drying marshmallow roots in air usually does not
desired results, since its raw materials containing
a lot of starch, quickly rots and becomes moldy. However, in
southern regions under favorable weather conditions
drying can be carried out in open sunny places. At
this raw material should be protected from rain and dew by covering
him for the night. Well dried roots when bent with
break with a bang. After drying, the raw material is inspected
and remove from it parts that have deteriorated during drying, as well as
all kinds of impurities.

External signs of raw materials. Whole raw materials - roots,
free from cork, almost cylindrical or
split lengthwise into 2-4 parts, slightly tapering towards
end, 10-35 long and up to 2 cm thick. Root surface
longitudinally striated with exfoliating long,
soft bast fibers and fine dots- traces
fallen off or cut thin roots. Break in the center
granular-rough, fibrous outside. root color
outside and at the break white, yellowish-white (marshmallow
medicinal) or grayish (Marshmallow Armenian). Smell
weak, idiosyncratic. The taste is sweetish with a sensation
mucous.
Crushed raw materials - pieces of roots various shapes,
passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
Powder of white, yellowish-white or grayish color,
passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.310 mm.

premises. Marshmallow roots are hygroscopic and damp easily.
The shelf life of raw materials is 3 years.
Chemical composition. Mucus (up to 35%), starch (up to 37%),
sucrose, pectins and fatty oil.
Application, medicines. marshmallow roots
used as an expectorant, emollient,
anti-inflammatory and enveloping agent in the form
powder, infusion, dry extract and syrup and as part of breast
fees for acute and chronic respiratory diseases
pathways, as well as in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Althea root powder is part of the drug tonsilgon,
with antiseptic, anti-inflammatory,
antiviral and immunostimulatory activity.
Side effects. Practically absent. Possible
increased blood glucose levels and diarrhea.
Contraindications. Chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus.

seeds
linen - Semina Lini
(Semina Lini usitatissimi)
Linen
ordinary (flax
cultural) - Linum
usitatissimum L.
Flax family - Linaceae.

Botanical description. annual herbaceous
plant with a thin cylindrical stem. Leaves
alternate, narrow-lanceolate, sessile, covered with wax
raid. Flowers with a blue corolla, collected in
inflorescence - gyrus. The fruit is a globular capsule with 10
seeds.
Distinguish: fiber flax - single stems,
erect, not branching from the base, height 70150 cm; flax-curly - stems branch from the base,
height 32-50 cm; flax-mezheumok - stems occupy
intermediate position in height, branching
starts from the middle of the stem. less common
creeping, or candelabra, flax - stems
numerous and creeping on the soil, only to
during the flowering period, their tops rise and
grow vertically.
Blooms in June-July. The fruits ripen in July-August.

Geographic distribution. Linen wide
cultivated in many countries from subtropical
to northern latitudes as fibrous (long flax) and oilseed (curly flax) raw materials
plants. Fiber flax is grown in
non-chernozem regions of Russia, Belarus, on
Ukraine and in the Baltic States, curly flax and flax-witted - in the Volga region, the steppe regions of Ukraine, on
North Caucasus, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and
Central Asia.
Preparation, drying. The collection of flax seeds is carried out in the phase
its technical maturity. Flax is pulled out, tied up
in sheaves, dried, then threshed. For
obtaining one seed of flax-mezheumok and flax-curly
harvested with reapers or combines.

External signs of raw materials. Whole raw seeds oblate, egg-shaped,
pointed at one end and rounded at the other,
unequal, up to 6 mm long, up to 3 mm thick.
The surface of the seeds is smooth, shiny, with a light yellow, clearly visible seed scar (loupe
10x). Seed color from light yellow to
dark brown. There is no smell. Taste
slimy oily.
Storage. Dry, well ventilated
rooms in a special pantry for fruit and
seeds. Shelf life - 3 years.
Chemical composition. Mucus (up to 10%), fatty
oil (30-55%), protein, cyanogenic glycosides,
lignans, phenolic acids

Application, medicines. from seeds
a drying fatty oil is obtained, which
used as a mild laxative for spastic
constipation, externally - for burns and for cooking
liquid ointments. A mixture of ethyl esters of fatty acids
linseed oil is the drug linetol,
used as an anti-sclerotic agent,
externally - as a wound healing agent for burns, radiation
lesions. Linetol is part of aerosol
drugs vinizol, levovinizol, tegralezol,
livian, lifusol. Registered in Russia
the following foreign drugs, which contain
polyunsaturated fatty acids of linseed oil:
Essentiale, lipostabil, essaven gel. Flax seeds
used orally in the form of mucus as an enveloping and
emollient, externally - for poultices.
Side effects. Decrease in blood viscosity.
Contraindications. Acute dysfunction
intestines, increased pain in cholecystitis.

Medicinal
raw material,
annoying
action.

Leaves
eucalyptus
- Folia Eucalypti viminalis
Eucalyptus rod-shaped Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.
Myrtle family Myrtaceae.

Botanical description. Evergreen tree up to 50
m tall, characterized by heterophilia
(diversity) (Fig. 6.6). Young (juvenile)
leaves opposite, sessile, oblong-ovate;
old (cyanide) - petiolate, lanceolate,
sickle curved. Flowers in axillary umbels.
The fruit is a box.
Eucalyptus rod-shaped - the most frost-resistant
a species of eucalyptus that easily tolerates long
lowering the temperature to -12 °C.
Geographic distribution. motherland
eucalyptus rod - Australia.
areas of culture. Cultivated in the Black Sea
coast of the Caucasus, mainly in Abkhazia and
Adjara.
blank. Leaves are harvested in autumn and winter
period. Thin branches 70-80 cm long are cut
secateurs and delivered to the place of drying.
Security measures. Usually cut no more
50% of the lower part of the crown.

Drying. Before drying, the leaves are separated from the branches.
Air-dry or use
heat drying at a temperature not exceeding 40 °C.
External signs of raw materials. Whole Raw Material - Blend
two types of leaves. Old - petiolate from
narrowly lanceolate to sickle-curved, with
pointed tip, dense, 4-27 long and
0.5-5 cm wide. Young leaves are sessile or
short-petiolate, oblong-ovate, with
heart-shaped base and pointed apex,
less dense, 3.5-11 long, 0.7-4 cm wide.
Leaves glabrous, with entire or wavy margins,
transmitted light shows numerous essential oil receptacles in the form of dots. leaf color
light green or grayish green, sometimes with
bluish bloom. The smell is fragrant. The taste is spicy.
Crushed raw materials - pieces of leaves of various
forms passing through a sieve with holes
5 mm in diameter.

Storage. Raw materials are stored in dry, well-ventilated
indoors as essential oil, separately from other types
raw materials. The essential oil content is checked annually.
Chemical composition. An essential oil that contains
cineol, pinene, myrtenol, etc. Also contains tannins
substances, phenolic aldehydes (euglobal).
Application, medicines. Eucalyptus
rod-shaped is used in the form of decoctions, tinctures and essential
oils. Eucalyptus leaf preparations have a pronounced
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and
immunostimulating action. The oil is used for
inhalations, rinses, as a distraction for neuralgia,
rheumatism, as an antitussive. It is included in
the composition of the preparations pectusin, eucatol, ingacamf, efkamon,
inhalipt. Chlorophyllipt is used to treat
burns and trophic ulcers, cervical erosion. from leaves and
eucalyptus shoots receive the drug evkalimin antimicrobial and antiviral agent. eucalyptus leaves
are part of the Elekasol collection (antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent),
are used in homeopathy and in the manufacture of dietary supplements.

kidneys
pines - Gemmae Pini
(Turiones Pini)
Scotch pine - Pinus
sylvestris L.
Pine family Pinaceae.

Botanical description. evergreen monoecious
tree up to 40 m high. The trunk is covered with reddish-brown
exfoliating bark. The needles are bluish-green, needle-shaped,
grows in pairs, smooth, hard, spiky, with
convex on the outside, flat on the inside
(Fig. 9.12). Male cones are located at the base
young shoots of the current year, female - at the ends
shoots. Cones solitary or 2-3, ovate-conical, gray. Seeds are winged, arranged along
two in the axils of the seed scales.
Geographic distribution. Pine
common grows in forest and forest-steppe
zones of the European part of Russia, Siberia.
Habitat. Prefers sandy and podzolic
soils in forest, forest-steppe regions.
blank. Pine buds are harvested at the end of winter or
in early spring, before the start of intensive growth. kidneys
harvested from young felled trees in the plots
thinning. Cut off crowns with knives (tops
shoots) with the remains of stems no more than 3 mm.

Security measures. When harvesting kidneys, do not
branches are allowed.
Drying. Pine buds are dried in rooms with good
ventilation, spreading them out in a layer 3-4 cm thick.
Kidneys should not be dried in dryers, as
slight heating, the resin of the kidneys melts and
while the covering scales diverge.
External signs of raw materials. Whole raw materials - kidneys,
single or several pieces in whorls,
surrounding the larger central kidney, without
stem or with the remainder of the stem not longer than 3 mm.
The surface of the kidneys is covered with dry, spiral
located lanceolate, pointed
fringed scales glued together
protruding resin. Kidney length 1-4 cm.
The color is pinkish-brown on the outside, green or
brown. The smell is fragrant, resinous. Taste
bitter.

Storage. Raw materials are stored as essential oil, in
cool, dry, well-ventilated areas,
separately from other raw materials. Shelf life - 3 years.
Chemical composition. Essential oil (in its composition
monocyclic - limonene - and bicyclic - pinene terpenes), tannins, bitter glycosides, resin.
Application, medicines. pine buds
used as a decoction as an expectorant and
disinfectant for diseases of the upper
respiratory tract. Pine buds are prescribed in the complex
with other medicinal plants in the form of fees,
externally - for inhalation. Scotch pine oil
is part of the drug pinosol, which is used
in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases
mucous membranes of the nose, nasopharynx, trachea and bronchi.
Side effects. Allergic reactions are possible
nausea and vomiting. Contraindications. Nephritis, nephrosis.

Badyaga
(river sponge)
- Spongilla lacustris

Description. Badyaga, or river sponge, belongs to the class of sponges
with a skeleton of silica. Badyaga - coelenterates
animals that live in rivers and ponds. In a living state
are yellow-brown or olive-greenish dichotomously branching mucous masses.
Reach a length of 40 cm.
bases of willow trunks and other trees immersed in
water. The badyagi skeleton consists of a looped network of needles
silica bound together by organic matter
- spongin.
Spreading. Lives on the territory of the CIS in rivers,
predominantly flat.
Getting raw materials. Badyaga is harvested in the summer. Pulled from
water, it has the appearance of a slimy mass with an unpleasant odor.
It is washed and dried in the sun.
The raw material is very light, porous and brittle
pieces of various shapes and sizes, easily crumbling
when squeezing. On their surface, small
holes. The color is gray-green or gray-yellowish. smell
no. Sponge dust causes inflammation of the mucous membranes
eyes and nose.

External signs of raw materials. Light, porous, fine or
large-mesh fragile pieces of various shapes and sizes,
crumbles easily when rubbed with fingers
a feeling of roughness from silica needles. Color
greenish-gray, peculiar smell, conditioned
slightest irritation of the nasal mucosa
pieces of needles.
blank. Sponges after collection should be well washed from
silt, twigs, shells, sand and dried in the sun.
Chemical composition. The badyagi skeleton consists of a looped network
silica needles. The needles are clothed with the shapeless
plasma membrane of the cells that produced them in due time.
Application, medicines. From badyagi powder
make an ointment used for bruising and
radiculitis. Tiny needles inserted into the skin
cause heat and redness in it. In case of hitting needles
the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose are the last to be injured
(great annoyance)
Side effects. allergic reactions, elevated
bleeding.
Contraindications. Increased sensitivity.

Mustard seeds - Semina sinapis
Sarepta mustard - Brassica juncea
(L.) Czern. (= Sinapis juncea L.)
Sem. cruciferous - Brassicaceae
(Cruciferae)

Botanical characteristic. Annual
herbaceous plant with a branched stem
up to 150 cm high. Leaves alternate, glabrous;
lower - lyre-shaped, dissected or
separate; medium - lanceolate, along the edge
notched; upper - solid,
elliptical shape. Inflorescence - brush. flowers
small, golden yellow, typical for
cruciferous buildings. Fruits -
cylindrical naked pods with subulate
spout deviated from the stem. Seeds almost
spherical, about 1 mm in diameter, sulfur-gray, brown or light yellow (in
depending on the variety), clearly cellular. blooms in
May - June, fruits ripen in June - July.

Distribution and habitat. Like a wild
plant mustard sarepta is found in the southernmost
regions of the European part of Russia, in particular in the Nizhny
Volga region. The plant is widely cultivated as a spring
drought-resistant culture in the Lower Volga region and on
North Caucasus, as well as in Belarus, Ukraine,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. Mustard got its name from
Sarepta (now one of the districts of Volgograd). Since
pre-revolutionary times it was a kind of center
culture and processing of mustard for oil and mustard plasters.
The plant runs wild easily, and is currently feral
Sarepta mustard can be found as a ruderal
plant in many regions of Russia, mainly in
settlements, in wastelands, along roads, less often as weed
in crops, in vegetable gardens, in orchards.
blank. Seeds are harvested when the lower
pods. Plants are mowed, dried, threshed.
The seeds are separated.

External signs. Seeds almost spherical, 1-1.8
mm in diameter (black mustard is often less than 1
mm). Seed color reddish-brown, dark brown or black-brown, sometimes yellow with bluish
raid. Seed surface reticulate
(noticeable under a magnifying glass). Seeds become mucilaginous in water; taste
characteristic, pungent. When rubbing the seeds with warm
water has a characteristic mustard odor (the smell of
allyl isothiocyanate).
Chemical composition. In the seeds of Sarepta mustard
contains glucosinolates (thioglycosides). Chief of
them - glycoside sinigrin, which is
allyl isothiocyanate double ester with bisulfate
potassium and glucose (up to 1.4%).
Storage. Raw materials are stored in warehouses in bags, in dry
place. Shelf life 2 years.

Medicines.
Mustard plasters, sheets of paper measuring 8 × 12.5 cm (fat-free
powder applied to a sheet of paper). Local irritant,
distraction.
Efkamon, ointment (component - mustard essential oil).
Application. Seeds serve as an industrial raw material for the production of
edible mustard oil. The latter is obtained by
pressing from previously collapsed seeds, that is, more or
less freed from the seed coat using peeling
roller machines. The remaining pulp is
pharmaceutical raw materials. After grinding into a fine powder
it is used to make mustard plasters. Cake authenticity
set according to the burning taste and formation when rubbed
cake powder with warm water characteristic essential oil, vapor
which is highly irritating to mucous membranes.
Mustard plasters - pieces of paper coated (using rubber glue)
layer mustard powder. Mustard plasters are typical
a distraction in inflammatory processes and rheumatism.
Mustard plasters moistened with warm water are applied to the skin and left
before the advent obvious signs her irritation (redness, feeling
burning sensation), usually occurring after 5-15 minutes. Mustard plasters are irreplaceable
with bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, myositis, neuritis,
radiculitis, rheumatism and many other diseases, especially
cold character. Mustard oil - component
multicomponent ointment "Efkamon", which is used for
arthritis, polyarthritis, myositis, lumbago, rheumatism, migraine and
other diseases.

(Associate Professor Ivanova N.I.)

Astringents protect sensitive nerve endings mucous membranes, skin from exposure to irritating agents. Subdivided into organic substances (tannin and other tannins plant origin) and inorganic origin (metal salts). Binders from vegetable raw materials have low toxicity, have a weaker effect than inorganic ones. The latter cause an astringent effect only at a certain concentration (no more than 2%), with increasing concentration, the effect turns into an irritant, cauterizing and necrotizing effect.

Mechanism of action astringents: in contact with tissue proteins of mucous membranes or damaged skin, they precipitate proteins with the formation of a film of dense reversible albuminates. This dense protein film protects the sensitive nerve endings of the tissue from the effects of irritating agents. Pain sensitivity is reduced or eliminated. The film, shrinking, occupies a smaller surface and mechanically compresses the vessels. The walls of capillaries thicken, their lumen narrows, exudation decreases, bleeding from small vessels stops. The activity of enzymes in tissues decreases, the formation of inflammatory mediators slows down. There is an anti-inflammatory effect. Astringents have an antimicrobial effect: a dense protein film protects tissues from the penetration of microorganisms, and denaturation of protein structures of microbes leads to a disruption in the metabolism of microbial cells and a bacteriostatic effect. To obtain a pronounced anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action it is necessary to use the drugs of this group repeatedly during the day (every 2-3 hours).

Tannin - Tanninum

Light yellow powder, soluble in water, alcohol, etc. chemical structure is gallotannic acid. It is obtained from ink nuts (growths on young shoots of Asia Minor oak, skumpii, etc.). Used as an astringent and local anti-inflammatory agent. For rinsing, a 1-2% aqueous solution is used, for gingivitis, stomatitis - 2% aqueous or glycerin solutions. Tannin precipitates some alkaloids, glycosides and salts heavy metals, therefore, 0.5% aqueous solution is used for gastric lavage in acute poisoning. With fresh burns, you can lubricate the skin with 5% water or alcohol solution of tannin. At skin diseases 5-10% ointment is used.

Release form: powder.

The most widely used as astringents are oak bark, St. John's wort, serpentine rhizome, sage leaves, blueberries, alder cones, chamomile. Infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts are prepared from them.

Oak bark - Cortex Quercus

It is used in the form of an aqueous decoction (1:10) for rinsing with gingivitis, stomatitis and other inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx.

Release form: crushed raw materials in cardboard boxes of 100 g.

St. John's wort - Herba Hyperici

It is applied topically as a tincture to lubricate the gums and rinse the mouth with gingivitis, stomatitis, orally as a decoction as an astringent for colitis.

Release form: in cardboard boxes of 100.0; in the form of briquettes; tincture in vials of 25-100 ml.

Blueberry fruits - Fructus myrtilli

Release form: in cardboard boxes of 100.0.

Grass succession - Herba Bidentis

Contains tannins, polysaccharides. It is used as an infusion in children's practice with diathesis, less often inside as a diuretic and diaphoretic for colds.

Release form: crushed raw materials in cardboard boxes of 100 g; in the form of briquettes.

sage leaves - Folia Salviae officinales

Contains essential oil and tannins. It is used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the form of an infusion for rinsing the mouth with gingivitis, stomatitis.

Release form: cardboard boxes of 100.0.

From the leaves of sage, the medicinal preparation salvin ( Salvinum). It has an astringent, local anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect against gram-positive flora. Applied topically for chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, catarrhal and ulcerative necrotic gingivitis, stomatitis, periodontal disease. Assign in the form of 0.1-0.25% alcohol solution, prepared ex tempore, for lubrication, irrigation, applications, wetting turundas introduced into gum pockets and etc.

Release form: bottles with 1% alcohol solution of 10 ml.

Chamomile flowers - Flores Chamomillae

The active principles of chamomile flowers have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, regenerating, antispasmodic effects. Applied as an infusion (1 tablespoon per glass of boiling water) inside and in enemas for intestinal cramps, flatulence, diarrhea.

As an astringent, it is prescribed externally for rinsing, lotions, baths.

Release form: cardboard boxes of 100.0; in the form of briquettes.

Chamomile flower extract is included in the preparations rotokan (Rotocanum), romazulon (Romasulon), which have a local anti-inflammatory, deodorizing effect. Used in dentistry for rinsing, washing, applications in inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa ( aphthous stomatitis, periodontal disease, ulcerative necrotic gingivostomatitis). The astringent effect is inherent in many plants: angelica root, knotweed grass, grass and roots of celandine, leaves and unripe fruits of walnut, juniper fruits, leaves and fruits of common chestnut, etc.

Of the inorganic binders, metal salts are used, standing on the left in the Schmideberg row (see Antiseptics). In contact with the surfaces of the body, they form dense albuminates. They have anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic effects. In inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, 0.25-0.5% aqueous solutions of lead acetate can be used ( Plumbi acetas), 0.5-1% solutions of aluminum-potassium alum ( Alumen) for rinsing, washes, lotions and douches.

Alum is also used for cauterization in trachoma and as a hemostatic agent for cuts (during shaving) in the form of pencils ( Stylus haemostaticus)

Bismuth nitrate basic - Vismuthi subnitras

It has astringent and bacteriostatic effect. The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of bismuth compounds is associated with the blockade of thiol enzymes in the microbial cell, which leads to disruption of tissue respiration in it.

Bismuth subnitrate is used orally for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer, enteritis, colitis) at 0.25-0.5 g 3-4 r / d; externally in the form of powder, ointment (5-10%) for inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes.

Release form: powder, tablets of 0.25 and 0.5; ointment 10% on vaseline. For external use, other bismuth compounds are also used: xeroform ( xeroformium) in powders, ointments, liniments (3-10%); dermatol ( Dermatolum) in powders, ointments (10%).

Bismuth nitrate is the main part of the complex tablets “Vikalin”, “Vikair”, and bismuth subcitrate is part of the tablets “De-Nol” and “Tribimol”, which are used to treat gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer and hyperacid gastritis(See the section “Means affecting the function of the digestive organs”).

Zinc sulfate and silver nitrate (see Antimicrobials)

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