VAT is charged on the amount of products sold in the transaction. Postings for the sale of goods and services. Typical accounting entries for VAT: tax accounting

Accounting entries for VAT accounting (with examples)

In this article, we will look at how VAT is accounted for in accounting and VAT entries reflected in accounting. Also here you will find an example of accounting for VAT on purchased and sold goods with transactions (calculation and reimbursement of value added tax).

To record calculations for value added tax, account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” is used. To account for VAT, a separate subaccount 68.VAT is opened, on the credit of which tax is accrued for payment to the budget, the debit reflects the payment of the tax, as well as the amount of tax sent for reimbursement from the budget.

How is VAT accounted for on account 68? What VAT accounting entries should an accountant make?

Accounting entries for VAT accounting

An organization in the course of its activities faces value added tax in the following cases: when selling goods and products to customers (providing services, performing work) and purchasing goods (work, services) from a supplier.

In the first case, when selling a product, the organization is obliged to charge a tax on its value and pay it to the budget. VAT accrual is reflected in the following entry:

• If account 90 “Sales” is used to record sales transactions, then the entry for VAT calculation has the form D90/3 K68.VAT.
• If account 91 “Other income and expenses” is used to record sales transactions, then the posting reflecting the accrual of tax takes the form D91/2 K68.VAT.

That is, accrued VAT payable to the budget is collected on the credit of account 68.

In the second case, when purchasing goods, the organization has the right to send VAT for reimbursement from the budget (deduction); in this case, the tax is allocated from the total amount of the purchase and is accounted for separately on account 19 “Value added tax on acquired values” by posting D19 K60. After which VAT is sent for deduction, the transaction looks like D68.VAT K19.

As you can see, VAT for reimbursement from the budget is collected in the debit of account 68.

The final amount of tax that must be paid to the budget is determined as the difference between the credit and debit of account 68. If the credit turnover is greater than the debit turnover, then the organization must pay VAT to the budget; if the credit turnover is less than the debit turnover, then the state remains indebted organizations.

Example of VAT accounting:

The organization bought the goods from the supplier for 14,750 rubles. (in view of VAT).

After which I sold it completely for 23,600 rubles. (in view of VAT).

A VAT rate of 18% applies to this product.

How is accounting carried out in this case, what accounting entries for VAT need to be made (accrual and refund)?

Accounting for VAT refunds submitted by the supplier when purchasing goods:

The purchased goods are accounted for in account 41. When purchasing goods from a supplier, the organization receives documents, including an invoice, in which the amount of value added tax is allocated. If an organization is not exempt from paying VAT, then it has the right to separate VAT from the amount and send it for deduction; in this case, goods are included in the receipt at cost without taking into account tax.

That is, having received the goods and documents from the supplier, the organization breaks the cost indicated in the documents (14,750 rubles) into two components: VAT (2,250 rubles), which is taken into account by posting D19 K60, and the cost of goods without VAT (12,500 rubles), the accounting of which is reflected by posting D41 K60. Next, the organization uses its right to recover VAT from the budget and sends it for deduction by posting D68.VAT K19.

Once again, I would like to note that an organization can make the last posting only on the basis of an invoice. If the supplier does not present an invoice, then it will not be possible to reimburse this VAT.

Accounting for VAT on the sale of goods:

Next, the organization sells the goods. Since the sale of goods is a normal activity of the enterprise, account 90 is used to reflect sales transactions. Postings for accounting for sales transactions:

D90/2 K41– written off cost of goods (12500)

D62 K90/1– the amount of proceeds from the sale is reflected including VAT (23600)

D90/3 K68.VAT– VAT accrual on sales (3600).

Based on the results of the sale, you can identify the financial result on account 90, which will be determined as the difference between credit and debit turnover, for our example we have the financial result profit = 23600 - 12500 - 3600 = 7500 rubles.

VAT transactions must be reflected accordingly in accounting and tax accounting. In this article we will tell you how to correctly reflect operations for calculating value added tax, and also understand some of the features of VAT accounting.

Accounting for VAT in accounting: basic rules

Calculations for payments to the relevant budgets should be reflected in a special accounting account 68. In terms of calculations for the value added tax liability (VAT), a separate sub-account “VAT” is created for account 68.

According to the credit of account 68, the accounting records should reflect the amounts of tax liabilities accrued, that is, subject to transfer to the appropriate budget of Russia. And the debit of this account records the amounts of payments made, that is, taxes paid. Also in the debit of the account. 68 should reflect the amounts reimbursed from the budget.

In addition to the account 68, to reflect accounting entries for input VAT, special account 19 “VAT on acquired values” is used. Input tax is generated when purchasing goods, products, works and services, the cost of which already includes these tax obligations. Consequently, the debit of account 19 reflects the amount of tax liabilities of the DS, taken into account in the purchase price. And then the tax liability is presented as a deduction from the budget and is credited in correspondence with account 68.

For example, Vesna LLC purchased materials in the amount of 100,000 rubles, including BUT DS 10,000 rubles. At the same time, Vesna LLC sold products worth 200,000 rubles. A tax of 20% is charged - 40,000 rubles.

Records compiled:

Then the accountant checks the turnover on account 68.

According to the conditions of our example, Vesna LLC accrued 40,000 rubles to the non-accounting insurance company in the reporting period, and claimed 10,000 rubles for deduction. Consequently, only 30,000 rubles (40,000 - 10,000) are subject to payment to the budget.

Let us consider the rules for reflecting these tax obligations in more detail.

We reflect VAT when purchasing assets

To carry out its activities, the company needs to purchase works, products, services and raw materials (fuels and lubricants, utilities, building materials, household goods, etc.). The cost of some material assets already includes tax obligations under the VA; therefore, in order to avoid multiple taxation of goods, the buyer has the right to deduct VAT by posting the transaction in accounting.

Typical accounting entries:

Please note that the cases in which VAT should be restored are strictly regulated in clauses 1-4, 6 of clause 3 Article 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The legislation does not provide for reservations or exceptions.

Accounting for VAT on sales: postings

The activities of any commercial company are aimed at obtaining economic benefits - profit. To achieve this key goal, the company sells manufactured products, performs any work or provides services.

Sales and sales operations must include value added tax in their cost. However, there are exceptions: .

Typical accounting entries.

Sales of goods occur as often as purchases. The event takes place in accordance with the signed supply agreement, and the reflection of the operation itself is similar to the acquisition of valuables.

The task of accounting when shipping goods is to show the transfer of ownership from the seller to the buyer. It is at the moment of transfer of the goods, that is, its shipment, that the owner changes. just as it can be done by two methods:

1. shipment of the goods is the first event, and after it payment is made within the period specified in the contract;
2. shipment of goods follows prepayment, that is, the buyer first transfers money for the goods, and only then picks it up. In this case, the moment of payment may occur much earlier than the shipment itself, because of this the supplier develops receivables.

In the second case, the manufacturer of the goods will be able to repay his debt only by transferring the goods, unlike the first, where, on the contrary, accounts payable arise and the buyer must repay them.

Postings for shipment of goods or products to the buyer

How is the shipment of goods reflected if payment is made later?

How is the shipment of goods reflected when the buyer prepays

VAT accounting covers a large layer of operations that reflect the interaction of business units with each other and the budget. Accounting records accompanying the company's activities streamline and structure all transactions performed with this tax. Let's talk about reflecting in accounting the most common situations related to VAT - accrual, deduction, write-off, restoration, offset, etc.

Accounts where taxes are taken into account

Taking into account VAT, the accountant operates two accounts:

• Account 19, combining the amounts of “input” tax, i.e., accrued on acquired assets or services, but not yet reimbursed from the budget;
• Account 68 with the corresponding VAT sub-account, which reflects all tax transactions. On the credit side of the account, the accrual of tax is taken into account; on the debit side, the amount of VAT paid and reimbursed from the budget is taken into account. VAT reimbursement is reflected in the accounting entry D/t 68 K/t 19.

VAT mechanism

Tax is charged on all transactions within the main and non-operating activities of the company. With the entry “VAT accrued on sales” (entry D/t 90 K/t 68), the accountant records the amount of tax payable to the budget, and the entry D/t 91 K/t 68 reflects the VAT that the company must pay when performing other transactions, generating income.

When purchasing a product, the purchasing company has the right to reimburse from the budget the amount of tax indicated in the invoice by making the following entries:

D/t 19 K/t 60 - VAT on the purchased goods;

D/t 68 K/t 19 - tax is presented for deduction after the values ​​are accepted for accounting. This algorithm allows you to reduce the amount of accrued VAT due to the “input” tax.

Thus, the accrued VAT is accumulated in the credit account. 68, and the reimbursable one is in debit. The difference between debit and credit turnover, calculated at the end of the reporting quarter, is the result that the accountant focuses on when filling out a tax return. If prevails:

• credit turnover - it is necessary to transfer the difference to the budget;
• debit - the amount of the difference is subject to reimbursement from the budget.

Accounting entries for VAT: valuables purchased

Tax on purchases is taken into account using the following entries:

So, VAT can be reimbursed from the budget only when purchasing assets/services that will be used in transactions subject to VAT. Otherwise (when the property will be used in non-taxable transactions), the amount of tax on these assets is written off as production costs (by analogy with accounting for companies that do not pay VAT).

Attribution of VAT to other expenses, in common parlance - write-off of VAT (entry D/t 91 K/t 19) is carried out both in cases of impossibility of obtaining an invoice, and in case of non-production expenses incurred on business trips (for example, for additional services specified in railway tickets), writing off accounts payable, gratuitous transfer of property, expiration of the three-year period allotted for tax refund, etc.

VAT on sales: postings

The sale of assets is accompanied by the accrual of VAT on the debit of account 90/3, on receipts from non-operating transactions - 91/2. Typical transactions for the sale of goods and other transactions with VAT will be as follows:

VAT on reduction of sales value: postings

Often, disputes arise between counterparties after the shipment of goods regarding the value of the assets being sold. Any party can be vulnerable in such a situation, but more often this applies to the supplier. If he agrees to the price change, a sales adjustment is made. Let's consider the option of reducing the price of a product due to additional delivery.

Example:

An agreement was concluded between the two companies for the supply of products in the amount of 100 units for the amount of 500,000 rubles. + VAT 90,000 rub. The price of one product is 5000 rubles. + VAT 900 rub., cost price 3000 rub. After shipment, the supplier additionally supplied 8 products under the additional agreement. The sales adjustment in supplier accounting will be as follows:

Operations			Sum
Sales proceeds
VAT on revenue
The cost of goods sold is written off (3000 x 100)
The cost of products shipped additionally has been written off (3000 x 8)
VAT charged on additional supply (5000 x 8 / 118 x 18)
Payment received
A permanent income tax liability has been created

Calculation of penalties for VAT: postings

It happens that the Federal Tax Service imposes VAT penalties on companies. These amounts are reflected in the debit of the account. 99 in correspondence with account. 68, i.e. The entry for accrual of penalties will be as follows:

D/t 99 K/t 68 for the amount of the penalty.

Payment of the penalty is recorded as follows: D/t 68 K/t 51.

VAT accounting when returning goods

Failed acquisitions are also reflected in accounting, but they are recorded depending on the reasons for the return.

• If the goods turned out to be defective, and this was discovered after posting, VAT is reflected by postings like this:

• if the product is of appropriate quality:

Accounting entries for VAT: examples

The company purchased goods in the amount of 767,000 rubles. (including VAT 117,000 rubles), and then sold the goods on the terms of 50% prepayment in the amount of 1,180,000 rubles. (including VAT RUB 180,000). The balance of goods in the amount of 118,000 rubles. (including VAT of 18,000 rubles) was sold at retail for activities subject to UTII, and VAT on it was restored. The second portion of the advance was transferred a month later.

Value added tax is a serious item for an accountant working in the main tax regime. Perhaps only two taxes cause a huge number of tax disputes - income tax and VAT. If land, transport, and subsoil use must be paid by enterprises operating in certain types of activities or owning certain types of property, then these two taxes - profit and VAT - must be paid by all commercial organizations on OSNO, regardless of the form of ownership, existing availability of property or type of activity. Everything about accrual accounting is one of the most important and sometimes time-consuming responsibilities of an accountant on an independent balance sheet. Large organizations very often hire a separate staff unit to conduct these operations.

In what cases do we charge VAT?

Let's consider the most common cases when there is a need to charge VAT for payment to the budget:

• sale of goods, work, services;
• receipt of advance payment from the customer;
• restoration of VAT in connection with the sale of a previously acquired fixed asset (regardless of whether it was depreciated or not);
• charging VAT on the cost of construction work performed on one’s own.

Now let’s look at each case separately and immediately indicate what VAT entries will be made in this or that case. I will not provide subaccounts for some accounts, because they may be different for different enterprises.

Sales of goods, work, services

Any commercial enterprise uses this operation in its activities, because without selling work, services or goods, it is impossible to obtain the most important result of the activity - profit. Postings for VAT upon sale will be as follows:

• D62 - K90.01 - sold goods, work, service;
• D90 - K68.02 - VAT was charged to the budget. It is calculated by multiplying the sales amount by 18%.

Receipt of advance payment from the customer

As is known, when receiving funds earlier than the date of provision of any services, performance of various works or sale of goods, the seller must charge the amount of VAT due for deduction to the budget from the advance received. In this case, the wiring should be as follows:

• D51 or 50.01 - K62 - money was received from the customer to the current account;
• D76AV - K68.02 - VAT is charged to the budget on the advance amount. It is calculated in this case using the formula 18%/118%. That is, the advance amount must be multiplied by 18 and divided by 118, or vice versa - first divided and then multiplied.

in connection with the sale of a previously acquired fixed asset (regardless of whether it was depreciated or not)

According to Part 2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the sale of a previously purchased fixed asset is considered income, which is subject to VAT. Moreover, in this case, VAT restoration should be done both by enterprises in the general regime and in the simplified tax system in the “income minus expenses” mode. After all, they, too, once upon a time, when purchasing a fixed asset based on an invoice issued by the seller, accepted this VAT as an expense that reduces the taxable base for the single tax. The accounting entries for VAT are as follows:

• D91.02 - K01 - the transaction is reflected at its original cost;
• D02 - K91.01 - the amount of depreciation accrued for this fixed asset has been written off;
• D76 - K91.01 - revenue from the sale of fixed assets accrued;
• D91 - K68.02 - VAT is charged for payment to the budget.

Accrual of VAT on the cost of construction work performed on your own

When carrying out construction work for their own needs on their own (the so-called economic method), enterprises are required to charge VAT on the entire cost of construction and installation work. In this case, the tax is charged at a rate of 18%. The wiring is as follows:

• D19 - K68.02 - VAT is charged for payment to the budget.

But value added tax not only needs to be paid to the budget. It can also be reimbursed - that is, reduce the amount payable to the budget by the amount already paid to the supplier of works, goods, services or fixed assets. In addition, VAT reimbursement occurs when offsetting a previously received advance from the customer, made upon the sale of work, goods, and services to him. In addition, you can reimburse previously paid VAT on the amount of construction work carried out independently. To do this, however, it is necessary to follow a number of rules. But here we are only talking about wiring, so we will return to them. So, let's look at three cases of VAT refund.

VAT offset when purchasing goods, works, services

Postings for VAT for this operation are quite simple:

• D08,10,26,20,23,41 - K60 - goods, works, services received from the supplier;
• D68.02 - K19 - the amount of VAT presented by the supplier when purchasing goods, services or work on the basis of his invoice is accepted for deduction. In this case, a prerequisite for VAT offset is the fact of acceptance of works, goods, services, fixed assets or materials for accounting.

Offset of previously paid VAT upon receipt of an advance

In this case, VAT is accepted for offset in the month in which the previously received advance from the customer is closed with sales to him. The VAT transactions are as follows:

• D62 - K90.01 - reflects the sale of services, goods, work to the customer;
• D68.02 - K76AV - the amount of VAT previously accrued on the advance amount has been accepted for offset.

Reimbursement of VAT from independently carried out construction and installation work (self-employed)

• D68.02 - K19 - the amount of VAT accrued previously on the amount of construction and installation work performed on a self-employed basis is accepted for deduction. A prerequisite for such an offset is the payment of this amount of VAT to the budget.