The structure of a bacterial fungal plant cell. Differences in the structure and function of the cell. Dimensions and structure

These structures, despite the unity of origin, have significant differences.

General plan of cell structure

Considering cells, it is necessary first of all to recall the basic laws of their development and structure. They have common structural features, and consist of surface structures, cytoplasm and permanent structures - organelles. As a result of vital activity, organic substances, which are called inclusions, are deposited in them in reserve. New cells arise as a result of the division of maternal ones. During this process, two or more young structures can be formed from one initial structure, which are an exact genetic copy of the original ones. Cells that have the same structural features and functions are combined into tissues. It is from these structures that the formation of organs and their systems occurs.

Comparison of plant and animal cells: table

On the table you can easily see all the similarities and differences in the cells of both categories.

Main differences

Comparison of plant and animal cells indicates a number of differences in the features of their structure, and hence the processes of life. So, despite the unity of the general plan, their surface apparatus is different. chemical composition. Cellulose, which is part of the cell wall of plants, gives them a permanent shape. Animal glycocalyx, on the contrary, is a thin elastic layer. However, the most important fundamental difference of these cells and the organisms they form is the way they feed. Plants have green plastids called chloroplasts in their cytoplasm. On their inner surface, a complex chemical reaction water transformation and carbon dioxide into monosaccharides. This process is only possible if sunlight and is called photosynthesis. by-product reaction is oxygen.

conclusions

So, we compared the plant and animal cells, their similarities and differences. Common are the building plan, chemical processes and composition, division and genetic code. At the same time, plant and animal cells fundamentally differ in the way they nourish the organisms they form.

The role of every living organism in wildlife is very great. Bacteria, despite their tiny size and limited set of functions, are of great importance in the life of every other kingdom, whether it be plants, fungi, animals or viruses. Their main difference is the absence of a nucleus in the cell, but there is also great amount signs by which these organisms are divided into separate groups.

Dimensions and structure

Bacterial and plant, the purpose of which is to perform a single function - to provide assistance in movement in a liquid environment. Despite the same name, these elements have a significant difference. It lies in the structure and size.

The difference between bacteria and the plant kingdom given feature can be presented in the following table:

Similarities and differences between other organisms

The detailed difference between bacteria and all plants, fungi and animals can be seen in the table below:

Based on the presented data, we can conclude that fungi, animals, plants have a significant difference from the primitive form of life, which is expressed not only in their structure and structure, but also in the functions performed and methods of reproduction on our planet. In addition, a huge number of processes occurring in the cells of other living organisms,. For prokaryotes, the need for the presence of ascorbic acid for normal life, while fungi and other kingdoms (except viruses) need it constantly.

If we compare bacteria with viruses, they have a huge difference between them. The main one is the size of microorganisms. If the former can reach approximately 5000 nanometers or 5 µm ( major representatives group), then the dimensions of viruses vary from only 20 to 400 nanometers, so they can only be seen with a modern microscope.

• Cell membrane.
• Polysaccharide or peptidoglycan wall.
• Freely existing RNA/DNA.
• Ribosomes.

Among plants, animals and fungi, there are unicellular organisms, but most of them are multicellular. Their cells are characterized by the presence of a nucleus.

General features of the structure of nuclear cells

Outside, all nuclear cells are covered with the thinnest membrane that protects the internal contents of the cells, connects them with each other and with the external environment.

The most important organelle of all cells of plants, animals and fungi is the nucleus. It is usually located in the center of the cell and contains one or more nucleoli. The nucleus contains chromosomes - special bodies that become visible only during nuclear division. They store hereditary information.

An obligatory part of the cells of plants, animals and fungi is a colorless semi-liquid cytoplasm. It fills the space between the membrane and the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, in addition to the nucleus, there are other organelles, as well as spare nutrients. Common features in the structure of nuclear cells they speak of kinship and unity of their origin.

Differences between plant, animal and fungal cells

Despite the similarities, the cells of plants, animals and fungi have significant differences.

In the cells of plants and fungi, a dense shell consisting of carbohydrates is located on top of the membrane. In plants, it is built from cellulose, and in most fungi, it is built from chitin. An animal cell has only a cell membrane. She does not have a hard shell.

A distinctive feature of plant cells is the presence in the cytoplasm special entities- plastid. In cells, plastids are green. In other plant cells, plastids may be colorless, yellow, orange, or red (fruit cells). Green plastids are chloroplasts (from the Greek Chloros - green). There are so many of them that it is difficult to find the nucleus. Green color Chloroplasts are given a pigment - chlorophyll. With the help of chlorophyll, plant cells capture the energy of sunlight and form organic substances.

Animals feed on ready-made organic substances created by plants. That is why plastids are absent in their cells.

Cells, like animal cells, do not have plastids. At the same time, they have some features that bring them closer to plant cells. So, in the cytoplasm of fungal and plant cells there are vacuoles - transparent vesicles filled with cell sap.

Nuclear cells differ in inclusions - reserve nutrients. Starch is stored in plant cells, while glycogen is stored in animal and fungal cells.

According to the difference in and some other features, nuclear organisms are divided into three kingdoms: Plants, Animals and Fungi.

Although the main structural elements most cells are similar, there are some differences in the structure of the cells of representatives of various Kingdoms of wildlife.

plant cells:

• contain specific to them plastids- chloroplasts, leukoplasts and chromoplasts;
• surrounded by dense cell wallfrom cellulose;
• have vacuoles with cell sap.

Vacuole

The shell of this vacuole is called tonoplast, and its contents are cell sap.

plastids are plant cell organelles that have double membrane structure (like mitochondria). Like mitochondria, plastids contain their own DNA molecules. Therefore, they are also able to reproduce independently, regardless of cell division.

Depending on the color, plastids are divided into leukoplasts, chloroplasts and chromoplasts.
Leucoplasts are colorless and are usually found in dark parts of plants (for example, in potato tubers). They accumulate starch. In the light, the green pigment chlorophyll is formed in the leukoplasts, so the potato tubers turn green.

Chloroplasts - green plastids that are found in the cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes (plants). Usually in one cell of a plant leaf there are from 20 to 100 chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and photosynthesis process(i.e., the conversion of the energy of sunlight into the energy of macroergic bonds of ATP and the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide of the air due to this energy).
Under the outer smooth membrane of the chloroplast is a folded inner membrane. Between the folds of the inner membrane of the chloroplast are stacks ( grains) flat membrane sacs ( thylakoids). Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll, which has a special chemical structure, which allows him to capture light quanta.

Pay attention!

Chlorophyll is needed to convert light energy into the chemical energy of ATP.

In inner space chloroplasts between the grains, carbohydrates are synthesized, for which ATP energy is consumed.

Chromoplasts contain pigments of red, orange, violet, yellow flowers. These plastids are especially numerous in the cells of flower petals and fruit membranes.

The main storage substance of plant cells is starch.

At animalscells no dense cell walls. They are surrounded cell membrane through which metabolism takes place environment. Outside their plasma membrane is located glycocalyx.

Glycocalyx- supramembranous complex, characteristic of animal cells, taking part in the formation of contacts between cells.

Also in animal cells there are no large vacoles, but in them have centrioles (in the cell center) and lysosomes.

Lysosomes, having the ability to actively digest nutrients, participate in the removal of dying parts of cells, whole cells and organs in the process of life.

Sometimes lysosomes destroy the very cell in which they were formed.

Example:

So, for example, lysosomes gradually digest all the cells of the tail of a tadpole when it turns into a frog. Thus, nutrients are not lost, but are spent on the formation of new organs in the frog.

Organelles of movement. Many animal cells are capable of movement, for example, ciliates slipper, green euglena, spermatozoa of multicellular animals. Some of these organisms move with the help of special organelles of movement - cilia and flagella, which are formed by the same microtubules as the centrioles of the cell center. The movement of flagella and cilia is caused by sliding of microtubules relative to each other, causing these organelles to bend. At the base of each cilium or flagellum lies a basal body, which strengthens them in the cytoplasm of the cell. The work of flagella and cilia consumes the energy of ATP.

Highly for a long time ancient scientists mistakenly classified fungi in the same group as plants. And this was done only because of their external similarity. After all, mushrooms, like plants, cannot move. And at first glance, they do not look like animals at all. However, once the scientists were able to examine the cells, they found that the fungal cell was similar in many ways to the animal cell. Therefore, these living organisms are no longer classified as plants. However, they cannot be attributed to animals either, since the fungal cell, in addition to similarities, also has a number of differences from the animal. In this regard, fungi were identified as a separate kingdom. Thus, in nature there are five kingdoms of living organisms: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and viruses.

The main features of the mushroom cell

Fungi are eukaryotes. These are living organisms whose cells contain a nucleus. It is necessary in order to protect the genetic information recorded on DNA. Eukaryotes, in addition to fungi, are animals and plants.

In addition, a vacuole may be present in the old cell of the fungus. All of the above organelles perform their functions. Let's look at them in a short table.

Unlike plants, fungal cells do not contain plastids. In plants, these organelles are responsible for photosynthesis (chloroplasts) and petal color (chromoplasts). Fungi also differ from plants in that in their case only old cage has a vacuole. Plant cells, on the other hand, possess this organelle throughout their entire life cycle.

Mushroom kernel

Since they are eukaryotes, each of their cells contains a nucleus. It is designed to protect the genetic information recorded on DNA, as well as to coordinate all processes occurring in the cell.

This structure has a nuclear membrane, in which there are special pores consisting of special proteins - nucleoprions. Thanks to the pores, the nucleus can exchange substances with the cytoplasm.

The environment that is inside the membrane is called karyoplasm. It contains DNA in the form of chromosomes.

Unlike plants and animals, whose cells usually contain one nucleus (an exception may be, for example, multinucleated cells muscle tissue or non-nuclear platelets), a fungal cell often has not one, but two or more nuclei.

Conclusion - a variety of mushrooms

So, when we have already figured out how the cell of these organisms is arranged, let's briefly consider their varieties.

Multicellular fungi, depending on the structure, are divided into the following classes: basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, oomycetes, zygomycetes and chytridiomycetes.