Diabetes and oncology. Scientists have discovered the relationship between sugar and cancer! The effect of glucose on cancer cells
According to medical data, the risk of developing cancer is higher in people with diabetes. On the other hand, many medicines for the treatment of oncological pathology can cause pathology of carbohydrate metabolism.
Medical data show that there are many more diabetics among cancer patients than among those who do not have oncological pathologies. At the same time, it has been observed that one in five diabetics develops cancer. All this suggests that there is a link between diabetes and cancer.
Causes of Cancer in Diabetes
Many people diagnosed with diabetes have cancer. For the first time, such a relationship was discussed back in the 50s of the last century. According to many doctors, the use of certain types of synthetic insulin can cause cancer in a patient. However, this statement is currently highly controversial.
To determine the causes of cancer development in diabetes mellitus, risk factors that contribute to the development of insulin resistance and increased blood sugar should be taken into account. First of all it is:
- alcohol;
- smoking;
- age - over forty years;
- poor-quality and irrational nutrition enriched with carbohydrates;
- sedentary lifestyle.
Without a doubt, it can be assumed that the presence of one risk factor for diabetes necessarily leads to the development of cancer in a patient.
In addition, some scientists have the right to argue that with an excess of insulin receptors on the surface of cells in type 2 diabetes, favorable conditions are created for the development of cancer. Such patients are at risk of developing pancreatic cancer, bladder. There is little evidence linking an increased number of insulin receptors and the development of lung and breast cancer.
Be that as it may, one should not assume that cancer will certainly develop with diabetes. This is just an assumption and a warning of doctors. Unfortunately, none of us is immune from such a terrible pathology.
How diabetes affects the course of cancer
Definitely, it does not have a beneficial effect on the tumor. Due to changes in the hormonal background in patients, the risk of malignant degeneration of cells in many organs increases. Women with both cancer and diabetes have insensitive progesterone receptors. And this feature does not have the best effect on hormone therapy and changes the prognosis of the course of cancer and diabetes to a less favorable one.
With diabetes, the type of immunity that does not allow the development of tumors is seriously affected. And its aggressiveness is due to large changes in DNA and mitochondria. Cancer becomes more resistant to chemotherapy. Diabetes mellitus is a factor in the development of diseases of the cardiovascular and excretory systems. They further aggravate the course of cancer.
High blood sugar makes adverse adjustments in the course of cancer of the rectum, liver and prostate. Recent clinical studies show a reduced survival rate for patients with hypernephroma after radical nephrectomy.
The compensated course of diabetes adversely affects the development of a disease such as cancer. Conversely, diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation and cancer is a very dangerous and unfavorable combination in terms of prognosis. That is why it is necessary to control the disease. This is best done with a low-carbohydrate diet, optimal exercise, and, if necessary, insulin injections.
Diabetes and pancreatic cancer
The presence of diabetes is one of the risk factors for developing a pancreatic tumor. It is formed from the glandular cells of the organ and its epithelium. This happens due to the mutation of individual genes: pancreatic cells begin to divide uncontrollably. A cancerous tumor can grow into nearby organs.
Risk factors in pancreatic carcinogenesis are:
- alcohol consumption;
- smoking;
- consumption of food that destroys pancreatic tissue, containing fat and spices;
- pancreatic adenoma;
- cystosis of the pancreas;
- frequent pancreatitis.
The first sign of pancreatic cancer is pain. She says that the nerve endings of the organ are affected by the disease. Due to compression of the pancreatic bile duct by the tumor, the patient develops jaundice. Should be alert:
- yellow tint of the skin, mucous membranes;
- colorless stool;
- dark color of urine;
- skin itching.
With the collapse of the pancreatic tumor and further intoxication of the body, the patient develops apathy, loss of appetite, lethargy, weakness. Body temperature is often subfebrile.
Diabetes and breast cancer
In modern medicine, there is little evidence that confirms the relationship between diabetes and breast cancer. That is, many studies either confirm it or deny it. Undoubtedly, poor nutrition, alcohol and smoking can cause postmenopausal breast cancer. It turns out that high sugar can provoke carcinogenesis of the tissues of this organ.
Indirectly, high sugar and obesity can also provoke malignant degeneration of the mammary gland. Again, no direct association between fat and breast carcinogenesis has been established. It is possible that subcutaneous fat stimulates the development of oncological processes in the mammary gland, but doctors have yet to find and confirm such a connection.
Impact of Diabetes on Cancer Treatment
Diabetes mellitus very often affects the kidneys. But many drugs used as chemotherapy are excreted through them. Delayed elimination of chemotherapy drugs leads to the fact that the kidneys begin to self-poison. Platinum preparations are especially toxic to the kidneys.
Some drugs used in the treatment of cancer have increased cardiotoxicity. Sugar also makes the heart and blood vessels more vulnerable to such drugs.
In some cases, there is a progressive lesion of the central nervous system. Treatment with chemotherapy contributes to a greater severity of such changes. Doctors have to take risks and reduce dosages to the detriment of the effectiveness of treatment.
With diabetes, the treatment of breast cancer is much more complicated. This is especially true when using Tamoxifen. Some modern drugs require the use of corticosteroid drugs. The use of corticosteroids in breast cancer, as well as in pathologies of other organs, contributes to the formation of steroid diabetes mellitus. Such patients are transferred to insulin or attributed to them increased doses of this hormone.
The presence of diabetes mellitus in a patient puts oncologists in a very difficult position when choosing an anticancer drug. It's connected with:
- a decrease in the level of immune protection under the influence of high blood sugar;
- a drop in the number of leukocytes in the blood;
- other qualitative changes in the blood;
- high risk of developing inflammatory processes;
- more severe course of the postoperative period with a combination of high blood sugar;
- a high probability of bleeding from diseased blood vessels;
- high risk of developing chronic renal failure;
- exacerbation of disorders of all types of metabolism in patients subject to radiation therapy.
All this indicates the importance of choosing the right tactics for the treatment of cancer in combination with diabetes.
The role of a low-carbohydrate diet in the treatment of cancer in diabetes
After years of being told that chemotherapy is the only way to possibly kill cancer, Johns Hopkins is starting to look at alternatives, writes pure-healing.net...
1. Every person has cancer cells in the body. These cancer cells don't show up on standard tests until they've multiplied into the billions. When doctors tell cancer patients that there are no more cancer cells in their bodies after treatment, it simply means that the tests fail to detect cancer cells because they haven't reached a certain number yet.
2. Cancer cells occur 6 to 10 or more times during a person's life.
3. When the human immune system is strong, the cancer cells will be destroyed and the reproduction and formation of tumors is prevented.
4. When a person has cancer, it means that the person is deficient in a number of nutrients. This may be due to genetic, environmental, nutritional or lifestyle factors.
5. To overcome nutritional deficiencies, a change in diet is needed, including supplements that will strengthen the immune system.
6. Chemotherapy poisons fast-growing cancer cells, it also destroys fast-growing healthy cells in the bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, etc., and can damage organs such as the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, etc. .d.
7. Radiation, while destroying cancer cells, also causes burns, scars and damages healthy cells, tissues and organs.
8. Initial treatment with chemotherapy and radiation often reduces tumor size. However, long-term use of chemotherapy and radiation does not lead to additional destruction of the tumor.
9. When the body is burdened with numerous toxins due to chemotherapy and radiation, the immune system is either compromised or destroyed, so the person can be attacked by various types of infections and get complications.
10. Chemotherapy and radiation can cause cancer cells to mutate and become resistant as well as indestructible. Surgery can also cause cancer cells to spread to other places.
11. An effective way to fight cancer is to starve cancer cells, not to feed them the food they need to live.
What do cancer cells eat?
1. Sugar is the main food of cancer cells. Turning off sugar cuts off the most important route of supplying food to cancer cells.
Note: Sugar substitutes such as NutraSweet, Equal, etc. made on the basis of aspartame are also harmful. The best natural substitute would be Manuka honey or molasses, but only in very small amounts. Table salt has chemical additives that give it a white color. The best alternatives are Bragg's amino acids or sea salt.
2. Milk causes the body to produce mucus, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer feeds on mucus. By cutting off milk and eating unsweetened soy milk, you are starving cancer cells.
4. A diet of 80% fresh vegetables and juices, whole grains, seeds, nuts, and a small amount of fruit helps the body re-establish an alkaline environment. About 20% of food can be cooked, including beans. Fresh vegetable juices provide the body with live enzymes that are easy to digest and reach cellular levels within 15 minutes to nourish and promote healthy cell growth.
To get the live enzymes needed to build healthy cells, you need to drink fresh vegetable juice and eat some raw vegetables 2 or 3 times a day. Enzymes are destroyed at 104 degrees F (40 degrees C).
Ecology of life. To begin with, imagine that even if a person is not diagnosed with cancer, there are still at least a few cancer cells in his body, freely circulating in the “internal landscape”.
To begin with, imagine that even if a person is not diagnosed with cancer, there are still at least a few cancer cells in his body, freely circulating through the “internal landscape”. The normal immune system of the body with a slightly alkaline environment or having a neutral pH is able to prevent their colonization in tumor masses.
On the other hand, someone who eats a mostly "standard American diet" that includes large amounts of factory-produced meats and junk foods loaded with refined sugar or high fructose corn syrup, which are used to process even unsweetened foods to maintain your cravings for them, by adding refined carbohydrates to refined grain baked goods, literally add fuel to the fire of cancer.
Mainstream oncology ignores the discovery of Otto Warburg, who received the Nobel Prize for it in 1930, known as the "Warburg effect": when normal cells begin to lack oxygen respiration to process glucose and nutrients to produce cellular energy, they become dependent on sugar fermentation, growing without oxygen and becoming malignant.
Oncologists prescribe chemotherapy (IV regimen), while at the same time allowing their patients to eat ice cream and cookies, which are like poison to them. Prescribing and selling these toxic drugs is highly profitable, making it all profitable. Cancer cells absorb sugar about 19 times faster than healthy cells, the researchers report.
Mainstream medicine refuses to acknowledge that diet can cause potential metabolic dysfunction that promotes and sustains cancer, while arguing that the primary cause of cancer is genetic predisposition.
Their arrogance and incredible profits thrive on toxic interventions such as chemotherapy and radiation. If you want to prevent or get rid of cancer, then first of all, watch what you fill your body with. This will give you control over the cancer.
Understandable when it comes to avoiding sodas, sugar-added juices, cakes, candy, and processed foods that use processed grains, but sugar or high fructose corn syrup is added to even unsweetened foods. This is how manufacturers keep you addicted to their product, even if you can't really taste it. Refined sugar is actually addictive, and according to some reports, this addiction is akin to cocaine addiction.
Recent study makes sugar a carcinogen
Further more. The study revealed something that seems to be hidden from the public eye and, of course, is not welcome in the generally accepted system of oncology. It would convulse the food business and the soda business if refined sugar were considered a carcinogen.
One of the 2013-2014 studies was devoted to the relationship of oncogenesis and increased sugar absorption. Interestingly, this study did not cause much of a stir in the healthcare system when it was released to the public.
It is, of course, rich in biochemical details familiar to physicians. So for the time being, let's content ourselves with a brief report for non-specialists about this study, which was conducted in artificially created, and not in natural (animal or human) conditions. Thanks to this method, they were able to conduct experiments and analyze the results under complete control.
Here is the result of this study: increased glucose uptake leads to an early phase of the creation of cancer cells, in turn, when glucose is stopped, cancer cells turn back into normal ones. In other words, sugar promotes both the appearance of cancer cells and the maintenance of existing ones.
It's important not to get confused by the plethora of refined sugars: table sugar or high fructose corn syrup is added to sodas and processed foods, along with natural sugars and fructose for plant foods, no matter how high the glycemic index may be. Fruit juices don't need added sugar, but many do. These are the types of drinks or foods that should be avoided.
But table sugar is refined, and most breads and pastries on the shelves are made from selected grains, which are refined carbohydrates that instantly turn into sugar without providing any nutrients to compensate. Whole foods are also processed to avoid dependence on other ingredients, making it even more profitable to sell natural products.
The researchers suggest that the sugar found in organic foods may not promote the growth of cancer cells, unlike its "colleague" - refined sugar or corn syrup. They explain that human cells absorb left-handed molecules, while cancer cells can only take up right-handed molecules.
Essentially, fruits in their natural state contain left-handed sugars, while GMO fruits are made up of only right-handed sugars. The researchers conclude that the glycemic index is not as important as the source and origin of the fruits and vegetables we eat. An example is carrot juice, which has been successfully used as an alternative to conventional treatment despite its high glycemic index.
Simple advice that is not easy to follow
It couldn't be easier: don't add sugar to food and drinks, avoid all sweets and processed foods, even unsweetened ones - they still contain refined sugar to be addictive for the consumer.
For most, this is much more difficult than it seems. According to spouses, friends and relatives of patients, many are unwilling to make changes in their diet to cure cancer, and despite the fact that they were treated, they still failed - perhaps because of this.
Many patients are likely to just do what their doctors tell them, but eat and drink whatever they want. And some want that same freedom, even if they haven't had chemotherapy or radiation yet. This is especially true among those who use cannabis to get rid of cancer.
Despite all the carcinogenic chemicals that are shrouding our biosphere, there is one area that is still under our control - avoid refined sugar and carbohydrates. published
- and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope. Based on the established type, treatment options are selected. To understand disease prognosis and survival, here are the US open source statistics for 2014 for both types of lung cancer together: New cases (prognosis: 224,210 Predicted deaths: 159,260 Let's take a closer look at both types, specifics and treatment options. "> Lung Cancer 4
- in the US in 2014: New cases: 232,670 Deaths: 40,000 Breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer among women in the US (open sources estimate that 62,570 cases of pre-invasive diseases (in situ, 232,670 new cases of invasive disease, and 40,000 deaths.Thus, less than one in six women diagnosed with breast cancer dies from the disease.In comparison, about 72,330 American women are estimated to die from lung cancer in 2014. Breast Cancer glands in men (yes, yes, there is such a thing. It accounts for 1% of all cases of breast cancer and mortality from this disease. Widespread screening has increased the incidence of breast cancer and changed the characteristics of the detected cancer. Why did it increase? Yes, because the use of modern methods has made it possible to detect incidence of low-risk cancer, precancerous lesions, and ductal cancer in situ (DCIS. Population-based studies in the US and UK show an increase in DCIS and incidence of invasive breast cancer since 1970, this is due to the widespread use of postmenopausal hormone therapy and mammography. In the past decade, women have abstained from the use of postmenopausal hormones and the incidence of breast cancer has declined, but not to the level that can be achieved with the widespread use of mammography. Risk and protective factors Increasing age is the most important risk factor for breast cancer. Other risk factors for breast cancer include the following: Family history o Underlying genetic susceptibility Sexual mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, and other breast cancer susceptibility genes Alcohol consumption Breast tissue density (mammographic) Estrogen (endogenous: o Menstrual history (onset of menses) / late menopause o No history of childbirth o Older age at first child birth History of hormone therapy: o Combination estrogen and progestin (HRT Oral contraception Obesity Lack of exercise Personal history of breast cancer Personal history of proliferative forms of benign breast disease Breast radiation exposure Of all of women with breast cancer, 5% to 10% may have germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.Research has shown that specific mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are more common among women of Jewish descent. Men who carry the BRCA2 mutation also have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Mutations in both the BRCA1 gene and BRCA2 also create an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer or other primary cancers. Once BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have been identified, it is desirable for other family members to get genetic counseling and testing. Protective factors and measures to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer include the following: Estrogen use (especially after a hysterectomy Establishing an exercise habit Early pregnancy Breastfeeding Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) Aromatase inhibitors or inactivators Reduced risk of mastectomy Reduced risk of oophorectomy or removal Ovarian Ovarian Screening Clinical trials have found that screening asymptomatic women with mammography, with or without clinical breast examination, reduces breast cancer mortality. Stage of the disease Choice of therapy The following tests and procedures are used to diagnose breast cancer: Mammography Ultrasound Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, if clinically indicated Biopsy Contralateral breast cancer Pathologically, breast cancer can be multicenter and bilateral defeat. Bilateral disease is somewhat more common in patients with infiltrating focal carcinoma. For 10 years after diagnosis, the risk of primary breast cancer in the contralateral breast ranges from 3% to 10%, although endocrine therapy may reduce this risk. The development of second breast cancer is associated with an increased risk of long-term recurrence. In the case when the BRCA1 / BRCA2 gene mutation was diagnosed before the age of 40, the risk of second breast cancer in the next 25 years reaches almost 50%. Patients diagnosed with breast cancer should have bilateral mammography at the time of diagnosis to rule out synchronous disease. The role of MRI in screening for contralateral breast cancer and monitoring women treated with breast preservation therapy continues to evolve. Because an increased detection rate on mammography of possible disease has been demonstrated, the selective use of MRI for adjunctive screening is occurring more frequently, despite the absence of randomized controlled data. Because only 25% of MRI-positive findings represent malignancy, pathologic confirmation is recommended prior to initiating treatment. Whether this increase in the rate of disease detection will lead to improved treatment outcomes is unknown. Prognostic factors Breast cancer is usually treated with various combinations of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. Conclusions and selection of therapy may be influenced by the following clinical and pathological features (based on conventional histology and immunohistochemistry): Patient's climacteric status. Disease stage. Grade of the primary tumor. Tumor status depending on the status of estrogen receptors (ER and progesterone receptors (PR. Histological types). Breast cancer is classified into different histological types, some of which are of prognostic value.For example, favorable histological types include colloidal, medullary, and tubular cancer.The use of molecular profiling in breast cancer includes the following: ER and PR status testing. HER2/Neu status Based on these results, breast cancer is classified as: Hormone receptor positive HER2 positive Triple negative (ER, PR and HER2/Neu negative Although some rare inherited mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose to the development of breast cancer in carriers of the mutation, however, prognostic data on carriers of the BRCA1 /BRCA2 mutation are contradictory; these women are simply at greater risk of developing second breast cancer. But it is not certain that this can happen. Hormone Replacement Therapy After careful consideration, patients with severe symptoms may be treated with hormone replacement therapy. Follow-up The frequency of follow-up and the appropriateness of screening after completion of primary treatment for stage I, stage II, or stage III breast cancer remain controversial. Evidence from randomized trials shows that periodic follow-up with bone scans, liver ultrasound, chest x-rays, and blood tests for liver function does not improve survival or quality of life at all compared to routine physical exams. Even when these tests allow early detection of recurrence of the disease, this does not affect the survival of patients. Based on these data, limited follow-up and annual mammography for asymptomatic patients treated for stage I to III breast cancer may be an acceptable follow-up. More information in the articles: "> Mammary cancer5
- , ureters, and proximal urethra are lined with a specialized mucous membrane called transitional epithelium (also called urothelium. Most cancers that form in the bladder, renal pelvis, ureters, and proximal urethra are transitional cell carcinomas (also called urothelial carcinomas, derived from transitional epithelium Transitional cell bladder cancer can be low-grade or high-grade: Low-grade bladder cancer often recurs in the bladder after treatment, but rarely invades the muscular walls of the bladder or spreads to other parts of the body Patients rarely die from bladder cancer High-grade bladder cancer usually recurs in the bladder and also has a strong tendency to invade the muscular walls of the bladder and spread to other parts of the body High-grade bladder cancer is viewed as more aggressive than low-grade bladder cancer and is much more more likely to result in death. Almost all deaths from bladder cancer are the result of highly malignant cancers. Bladder cancer is also divided into muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive disease, based on invasion of the muscle lining (also referred to as the detrusor, which is located deep in the muscular wall of the bladder. Muscle-invasive disease is much more likely to spread to other parts of the body and is usually treated with either removal of the bladder or treatment of the bladder with radiation and chemotherapy.As noted above, high-grade cancers are much more likely to be muscle-invasive cancers than low-grade cancers.Thus, muscle invasive cancer is generally viewed as more aggressive than non-muscle invasive cancer Non-muscle invasive disease can often be treated by removing the tumor using a transurethral approach and sometimes chemotherapy or other procedures in which a drug is injected into the urinary tract. bladder with a catheter to help fight cancer. Cancer can occur in the bladder in conditions of chronic inflammation, such as a bladder infection caused by the parasite haematobium Schistosoma, or as a result of squamous metaplasia; The incidence of squamous cell bladder cancer is higher in chronically inflammatory conditions than otherwise. In addition to transitional carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and sarcoma can form in the bladder. In the United States, transitional cell carcinomas constitute the vast majority (over 90% of bladder cancers). However, a significant number of transitional carcinomas have areas of squamous or other differentiation. Carcinogenesis and Risk Factors There is strong evidence for the effect of carcinogens on the occurrence and development of bladder cancer. The most common risk factor for developing bladder cancer is cigarette smoking.It is estimated that up to half of all bladder cancers are caused by smoking and that smoking increases the risk of developing bladder cancer in two to four times the baseline risk.Smokers with less functional polymorphism N-acetyltransferase-2 (known as a slow acetylator) have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer compared to other smokers, apparently due to a reduced ability to detoxify carcinogens. Some occupational exposures have also been associated with bladder cancer, and higher rates of bladder cancer have been reported due to textile dyes and rubber in the tire industry; among artists; workers of leather processing industries; shoemakers; and aluminium-, iron- and steelworkers. Specific chemicals associated with bladder carcinogenesis include beta-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, and benzidine. While these chemicals are now generally banned in Western countries, many other chemicals that are still in use are also suspected of triggering bladder cancer. Exposure to the chemotherapy agent cyclophosphamide has also been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. Chronic urinary tract infections and infections caused by the parasite S. haematobium are also associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, and often squamous cell carcinoma. Chronic inflammation is believed to play a key role in the process of carcinogenesis under these conditions. Clinical features Bladder cancer usually presents with simple or microscopic hematuria. Less commonly, patients may complain of frequent urination, nocturia, and dysuria, symptoms that are more common in patients with carcinoma. Patients with urothelial cancer of the upper urinary tract may experience pain due to tumor obstruction. It is important to note that urothelial carcinoma is often multifocal, necessitating examination of the entire urothelium if a tumor is found. In patients with bladder cancer, imaging of the upper urinary tract is essential for diagnosis and follow-up. This can be achieved with ureteroscopy, retrograde pyelogram in cystoscopy, intravenous pyelogram, or computed tomography (CT urogram). In addition, patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract are at high risk of developing bladder cancer; these patients need periodic cystoscopy and observation of the opposite upper urinary tract Diagnosis When bladder cancer is suspected, the most useful diagnostic test is cystoscopy Radiological examination such as computed tomography or ultrasound is not sensitive enough to be useful in detecting bladder cancer Cystoscopy may be performed in the urology If cancer is found during cystoscopy, the patient is usually scheduled for a bimanual examination under anesthesia and a repeat cystoscopy in the operating room so that transurethral resection of the tumor and/or biopsy can be performed.Survival In patients who die from bladder cancer , almost always there are metastases from the bladder to other organs. Low-grade bladder cancer rarely grows into the muscular wall of the bladder and rarely metastasizes, so patients with low-grade (stage I bladder cancer) very rarely die from the cancer. However, they may experience multiple recurrences, which must be treated. resections.Almost all deaths from bladder cancer occur among patients with high-grade disease, which has a much greater potential to invade deep into the muscular walls of the bladder and spread to other organs.Approximately 70% to 80% of patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer bladder have superficial bladder tumors (i.e. stage Ta, TIS, or T1. The prognosis of these patients depends largely on the grade of the tumor. Patients with high-grade tumors have a significant risk of dying from cancer, even if it is not muscle-invasive cancer Those patients with high-grade tumors who are diagnosed with superficial, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in most cases have a high chance of being cured, and even in the presence of muscle-invasive disease, sometimes the patient can be cured. Studies have shown that in some patients with distant metastases, oncologists have achieved a long-term complete response after treatment with a combination chemotherapy regimen, although in most of these patients, metastases are limited to their lymph nodes. Secondary Bladder Cancer Bladder cancer tends to recur even if it is non-invasive at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, it is standard practice to conduct surveillance of the urinary tract after a diagnosis of bladder cancer has been made. However, studies have not yet been conducted to assess whether observation affects progression rates, survival, or quality of life; although there are clinical trials to determine the optimal follow-up schedule. Urothelial carcinoma is thought to reflect a so-called field defect in which the cancer is due to genetic mutations that are widely present in the patient's bladder or throughout the urothelium. Thus, people who have had a resected bladder tumor often subsequently have ongoing tumors in the bladder, often in locations other than the primary tumor. Similarly, but less frequently, they may develop tumors in the upper urinary tract (i.e., in the renal pelvis or ureters. An alternative explanation for these patterns of recurrence is that cancer cells that are destroyed when the tumor is resected may be reimplanted in another location in the urothelium.Supporting this second theory, that tumors are more likely to recur below than backward from the initial cancer.Upper tract cancer is more likely to recur in the bladder than bladder cancer is to replicate in the upper urinary tract. The rest in the following articles: "> bladder cancer4
- and an increased risk of metastatic disease. The degree of differentiation (determining the stage of tumor development has an important influence on the natural history of this disease and on the choice of treatment. An increase in cases of endometrial cancer has been found in connection with prolonged, unopposed exposure to estrogen (increased levels. In contrast, combination therapy (estrogen + progesterone prevents the increased risk of endometrial cancer associated with the lack of resistance to the effects of specific estrogen.Getting a diagnosis is not the best time.However, you should be aware - endometrial cancer is a treatable disease.Watch the symptoms and everything will be fine!In some patients, it can play a role endometrial cancer "activator" a prior history of complex hyperplasia with atypia An increase in endometrial cancer has also been found in association with tamoxifen treatment of breast cancer. According to researchers, this is due to the estrogenic effect of tamoxifen on the endometrium. Because of this increase, patients who patients on tamoxifen therapy should be required to undergo regular pelvic examinations and be alert to any abnormal uterine bleeding. Histopathology The spread of malignant endometrial cancer cells depends in part on the degree of cellular differentiation. Well-differentiated tumors tend to limit their spread to the surface of the uterine mucosa; myometrial expansion occurs less frequently. In patients with poorly differentiated tumors, invasion of the myometrium is much more common. Invasion of the myometrium is often a precursor to lymph node involvement and distant metastases, and often depends on the degree of differentiation. Metastasis occurs in the usual way. Spread to the pelvic and para-aortic nodes is common. When distant metastases occur, it most often occurs in: Lungs. Inguinal and supraclavicular nodes. Liver. Bones. Brain. Vagina. Prognostic factors Another factor that is associated with ectopic and nodular tumor spread is the involvement of the capillary-lymphatic space in the histological examination. The three clinical stage I prognostic groupings were made possible by careful operative staging. Patients with a stage 1 tumor involving only the endometrium and no evidence of intraperitoneal disease (i.e. adnexal extension) are at low risk (">Endometrial Cancer 4
