Orthopedics and traumatology. How are injuries classified? Inspection of the bite site

If the bite is on the tip of the tongue, then it will be enough to press it to the upper palate or cheek, holding it in this position for several seconds until the bleeding stops.

Applying Ice

In addition, applying ice to the bite area will have an antimicrobial effect. If bacteria get into the wound, the ice will create unfavorable conditions for them, since they need a warm environment to reproduce.

It is recommended to wrap the ice in a clean cloth before applying it. To avoid frostbite of the tongue tissue, ice should be applied for no more than a minute, and after a short break, apply it again until the bleeding stops.

Important! For severe tongue wounds, applying ice will reduce the pain somewhat, but may not stop the bleeding. In such cases, you should immediately call an ambulance.

Examination of the bite site

If the bleeding has stopped and the wound looks superficial, you can do without medical help and treat it at home. If the bleeding does not stop or its intensity increases, severe pain is felt, you should seek help from a doctor. In case of intense bleeding, you should call an ambulance.

Tongue biting often occurs when falling or hitting your head. When examining a wound on the tongue, you should also carefully examine the teeth, gums and inner surfaces of the cheeks for damage. If a tooth has been broken or other oral tissue has been damaged, contact your dentist.

Anesthesia

If a child has bitten their tongue, use a pediatric form of pain reliever in an age-appropriate dosage (for example, Paracetamol for children).

Disinfection

Important! Iodine and brilliant green should not be used - these antiseptics can cause a chemical burn to the mucous membrane of the tongue.

Wounds are one of those injuries that are observed most often in people. This is not surprising, since each of us can be injured at any time, in any environment and under any circumstances - at work, on the street, in a summer cottage, at home, at school, etc. According to statistics, these injuries account for one fifth all diagnosable injuries. Both by the volume of the wound and its appearance, the general condition of the edges, as well as the depth of the damage, specialists quite often establish the method of its occurrence, even without testimony from the victim himself. After reading this article, you will learn what exactly this injury is and what it can be depending on the conditions of its occurrence. In addition, you will be able to familiarize yourself with the rules of care for patients with this type of injury.

Definition of the concept
A wound is a violation of the anatomical integrity of the skin and mucous membranes throughout their entire thickness, caused by mechanical action. In some cases, internal organs are also damaged. The distinctive signs of such a disorder are considered to be pain, gaping (divergence of edges) and bleeding. Note that with deep injuries, not only the skin and subcutaneous tissue are damaged, but also bones, ligaments, muscles, nerves, tendons, and sometimes large blood vessels. There is also such a definition in medical practice as combined wounds. In this case, we are talking about wounds that have been subjected to additional exposure to chemical, physical or biological factors. The list of such factors includes microbial contamination, burns, ionizing or hard electromagnetic radiation, frostbite, etc.

A traumatologist is a specialist with a higher medical education who is involved in the treatment and prevention of various types of injuries. To become a traumatologist, a doctor must undergo an additional level of education - internship. In European countries it is also called residency. Internship in traumatology is possible only after obtaining a general medical education. The duration of this stage varies in different countries from 2 to 6 years.

Traumatology is a branch of medicine that studies damage due to injuries ( trauma – translated from Greek literally means damage). The subject of study of traumatology is trauma. In turn, trauma is a violation of the anatomical integrity or function of an organ due to a force acting from the outside. Depending on the type of anatomical structures, tissues and nature of the damage, there are several types of injuries.

Do you know what the abbreviation TBI means? Most likely, yes. You won’t believe it, but according to statistics, these injuries are the most common cause of death for people of both young and middle age. It should also be noted that these injuries are also considered to be one of the most common causes of disability. What is such an injury? What are the reasons for its occurrence? What is the classification of such injuries? What are the symptoms of such an injury? You can find answers to all these, as well as many other questions, by reading this article. Let's start with the main thing - what is TBI? This concept refers to various head injuries, and these injuries can be both serious and minor.

Trauma station ( abbreviated as emergency room) is a place to provide emergency medical care to a person with musculoskeletal injuries and orthopedic diseases. In other words, this is a kind of clinic department that provides emergency care. In turn, the emergency room can be for children or adults, as well as stationary or mobile ( assistance is provided in a specialized vehicle).

In the emergency room, victims with injuries of the musculoskeletal system are provided with emergency traumatological care, after which the patient is redirected either to a traumatologist-orthopedist at the place of residence, or, if there are medical indications for hospitalization in a specialized department of traumatology and orthopedics. Prevention of tetanus and rabies is mandatory in the emergency room.

The most important thing, according to textbooks on surgery, is to understand in time that this particular injury has occurred - a fracture of the femoral neck. There are several symptoms that can help determine the presence of such a fracture. The first is the occurrence of pain, which is concentrated in the groin area. However, this pain is not very severe and the victim may not think that he has suffered a fracture. But when trying to move the injured limb, the pain increases sharply. There is also an increase in pain if you try to lightly tap the heel of the leg that has been fractured. The second symptom is external rotation, that is, the limb subject to fracture turns outward. This becomes especially noticeable in the location of the foot. The third symptom is that the limb becomes shorter, or rather its length does not change in principle, but there is a relative shortening of its length in relation to the other leg by approximately 20-40 mm. This phenomenon is due to the fact that during a fracture, the muscles, contracting, seem to pull the broken limb closer to the pelvic area. The fourth symptom is the so-called “stuck” heel. When trying to support the injured limb, the heel will constantly crawl along the surface on which the victim is lying, although other simple movements may well be feasible. In rare cases, such fractures occur, after which the injured person is able to move independently for quite a long time. But such cases are extremely rare. The signs of a fracture in these cases are similar to those described above, but the pain is not so pronounced, which allows the person to move.

The femur bone is the largest tubular bone in humans. It consists of a body and two ends (epiphyses), one of which is connected to the pelvic bone with the help of a head located at its end. The other end of the femur is an extension consisting of two parts (condyle) that form a connecting base with the tibia and the knee joint. The hip joint in surgery refers to simple (cup-shaped) joints, that is, formed by a head and a socket. In the middle of the joint there is a ligament, which is a kind of ball, inside of which there are blood vessels and nerves. There are three types of femoral neck fractures - fractures of the neck, head and greater trochanter. Naturally, they are completely different in severity and pain, but the methods of caring for all of them are almost the same. If the bone damage occurs in the area above the joint of the pelvis to the thigh, then such a fracture is called medial or middle. It is intra-articular. If the injury occurred in the area under the joint where the pelvis attaches to the thigh, then such a fracture in domestic surgery is called lateral (side), or trochanteric. Such fractures are extra-articular. Most often, fractures, both medial and lateral, occur in older people. Most often this happens during falls. Moreover, the impact force does not have to be large, since the bones of older people are susceptible to senile osteoporosis, which of course significantly reduces their strength.

During the rehabilitation period, people who have suffered an injury such as a hip fracture experience a number of difficulties. One of them is constant pain in the groin area and injured limb. This pain, not necessarily severe, entails certain inconveniences and psychological discomfort. Another problem is urinary incontinence in some patients in the first days after a fracture event. However, with proper care, this problem can be resolved quite quickly, unless, of course, the person suffers from genitourinary dysfunction at all. Another unpleasant difficulty is the appearance of bedsores on the sacrum and on the heel of the injured limb. For this reason, these areas must be treated appropriately all the time while the patient is in a motionless lying position. The most effective way to prevent bedsores is to change the position of the patient. But unfortunately, this is associated with turning onto the uninjured side, which entails severe pain. Therefore, surgery recommends not turning the patient over, but changing the linen in bed as often as possible and using special powders and ointments that reduce the degree of moisture at the point of contact of the patient’s sacrum with the bed. Massage has a very positive effect. It prevents blood stagnation in the vessels of the injured limb, which can also cause increased pain. In addition, most patients who spend a long time in a horizontal position suffer from intestinal atony, which causes constipation. For this reason, it is recommended to consume foods that have a laxative effect.

Reasonably conducted sports activities and physical exercises, supervised by an experienced specialist, usually do not cause side effects. Compliance with safety precautions and moderation in strength exercises provide a fairly high guarantee of safety when playing sports. Negative consequences usually appear due to the following circumstances

In cases of spinal injury, fractures of the trunk or vertebral arches occur. Injuries mainly occur in the anterior region of the spine, due to which its length is shortened (the so-called compression fracture). This type of fracture most often occurs, for example, during ice conditions. Elderly people are most susceptible to this, and a serious fall accompanied by a severe bruise may not occur. It may well be enough that the person simply sat down poorly. Compression fractures often occur in people whose blood is not sufficiently saturated with calcium, which may be associated with joint disease (rheumatism), long-term use of hormonal medications, which greatly reduces the elasticity of bones in general.

As a result of car accidents, most often there is a fracture of not just one, but several parts of the spine. This process is accompanied by the occurrence of incredible pain, which in no way decreases with any position of the body. However, in rare cases, the felt consequences of such an injury may be minor and go unnoticed by the victim. An injury that results in a vertebral arch fracture is a much more serious problem. Very often this happens in car accidents. It is most likely to occur in a frontal impact, which involves a sharp forward tilt of the head. In this case, a lot of pressure falls on the cervical vertebrae. A similar situation occurs when a car is hit in the rear, which causes a strong swing of the head back.

Today, the seats of most cars are equipped with devices that are designed to reduce these damages to a minimum. However, in many cars, only the front seats are equipped with such head restraints, which increases the risk of injury to people sitting in the rear. Injuries to the cervical spine are accompanied by serious pain in the neck and may also be accompanied by pain and numbness in the arms. As a result of such injuries, it is very likely that the vertebrae will be displaced relative to each other. In more serious cases, such displacement can lead to damage to the spinal cord, which, in turn, can lead to complete paralysis of the legs. This type of fracture is one of the most dangerous for humans.

If such a tragedy does occur, the person must be hospitalized immediately, but very carefully so as not to cause even greater damage to the spinal cord. Trying to lift an unconscious person injured in a car accident on your own is not recommended. This procedure must be carried out by specialists with the necessary qualifications and appropriate equipment. During recovery from such an injury, absolute immobility is necessary, which is provided by the cast.

A bone fracture is a loss of bone homogeneity due to an immediate external force that can cause mechanical destruction of bone tissue. With incomplete destruction, either a crack, a fracture, or a perforated defect in the bone tissue appears. In children, so-called subperiosteal fractures quite often occur. This happens because the child’s skeleton is not yet sufficiently formed. In this case, the fracture occurs at the base of the bone, while the periosteum allows the broken parts to remain in the same place. A fracture of a healthy adult bone is called traumatic. A pathological fracture is a fracture that occurs as a result of a change in the structure of the bone due to a pathological effect, such as osteoporosis, when the bone becomes softer than necessary and, therefore, more susceptible to fractures. Bone fractures are divided into two types: open and closed. When a closed fracture occurs, the victim’s skin is not damaged, that is, the broken bone does not damage the skin from the inside. With an open fracture, on the contrary, the broken bone protrudes onto the surface of the body, damaging muscle tissue and skin. Bones can be damaged in two ways: direct, when damage occurs exactly where external irritation occurred, and indirect, respectively, when a fracture or crack appears far from the point of direct irritation. Based on the nature of the impact that led to the occurrence of a fracture, they are divided into four categories: flexion, extension, compression and torsion. If you suspect a fracture, you should urgently consult a specialist. To more accurately establish the truth, the patient must undergo an x-ray. It is this that allows you to determine the severity of the damage and present a future treatment regimen. Once the necessary procedures are completed, another x-ray should be taken to ensure that the treatment is moving in the desired direction. After approximately two weeks from the time of injury, an x-ray is taken again, because during this period there is a high probability of displacement of parts of the broken bone. The final x-ray, which allows us to fully determine the degree of success of the treatment, is taken after the plaster is removed. The timing of plaster removal varies depending on which bone was fractured.

What is the human skeleton? The human skeleton is a kind of collection of all the bones of the human body. In medicine, the human skeleton is also called the passive part of the musculoskeletal system. The human skeleton contains more than two hundred individual bones. All of them are connected to each other by ligaments, joints, and other connective tissues. The collection of bones, ligaments, tendons, and so on and so forth is called the musculoskeletal system. Why do we need all this? - you ask. Maybe you don’t need this, we just decided to devote this article to two areas of medicine. Well, so, both of these industries deal with the musculoskeletal system, as well as its damage.

Traumatology has been known since BC. For the first time, a well-known scientist named Hippocrates. In fact, Hippocrates was the very first person to write entire essays on this topic. His writings describe both joints and bone fractures. It is worth noting that even modern specialists in this field use some information from these works. So, for example, in medicine the term “reduction of a dislocation according to the method of Hippocrates” is used.

Celsus Aulus Cornelius- another scientist who made a significant contribution to the development of traumatology. Everything related to fractures and dislocations was studied at the Salerno School, which was located in Southern Italy. Speaking about the history of traumatology, it is impossible not to mention such a doctor as Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. It was this scientist who told the whole world how open fractures can be treated. He also talked about what needs to be done to prevent the infection from “taking over” the limb. The plaster cast is also Pirogov’s merit.

Heinrich Ivanovich Turner- another scientist who first opened an orthopedic clinic. Very significant contributions to the history of traumatology were made by such scientists as: Volkov, Polenova, Sitenko and some others. All of them studied both methods of treatment of various lesions of the musculoskeletal system, as well as their diagnosis and even prevention. The history of this science is not yet completed. Modern specialists are constantly trying, along with promoting a healthy lifestyle, to find new methods of combating fractures, sprains, bruises, and so on and so forth.

First of all, you should not try to orient the injured limb to its natural state. The very first action that needs to be performed is to carefully place the victim in a horizontal position on as flat a surface as possible with his back down. Then it is necessary to apply a tight splint to the affected limb, and simultaneous capture of both the hip and knee joints is necessary. After which the victim must be immediately hospitalized for further examination by an appropriate specialist. Restoring medial (middle) fractures has a number of difficulties. The bone heals slowly due to its anatomical properties, as well as great difficulties in ensuring complete immobility of the patient’s injured limb. Restoration of the damaged bone occurs only after 24 - 32 weeks from the moment of the fracture. This is why elderly people who have been subjected to such trauma as a hip fracture, due to long immobility, develop bedsores, congestive pneumonia and - worst of all - thromboembolism, which becomes the main cause of a large number of deaths. For this reason, when treating elderly patients, methods that involve long periods of immobilization are extremely rarely used. In modern medicine, skeletal stretching and plaster of the hip joint as independent methods of treating a femoral neck fracture are used in surgery only in cases where it is directly about saving the patient’s life in principle. For such fractures, surgical intervention is more effective, in which mechanical fastening of the fractured parts of the femur is performed.

Traumatology specialists provide qualified assistance to victims with various injuries to the musculoskeletal system, patients with the consequences of injuries, arthrosis of the hip and knee joints, valgus deformities of the toes, etc.

Doctors are fluent in all conservative and surgical methods of treating victims with various injuries. In their work, they use both classical techniques and modern ones that meet world standards (osteosynthesis with locking pins, low-contact plates, external fixation devices, endoprosthetics of large joints, therapeutic and diagnostic arthroscopy, etc.). The operating unit is equipped with modern equipment that allows performing high-tech traumatological and orthopedic operations.

Traumatology at hospital No. 71

Traumatology provides qualified assistance for injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system:

In the traumatology department you can get fast and high-quality care for injuries around the clock.

The work uses both classical techniques and modern ones that meet the level of world standards:

• osteosynthesis with locking pins,
• low contact plates,
• external fixation devices,
• endoprosthetics of large joints,
• therapeutic and diagnostic arthroscopy, etc.

Traumatology studies methods of prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries of bones, joints, muscles, ligaments and tendons.

In the area of ​​attention orthopedics is the identification of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system, methods of their diagnosis and treatment.

The main task traumatology And orthopedics - return affected people to a full life as quickly as possible without limiting their work and household activities.

What does an orthopedic traumatologist treat?

How did traumatology appear?

The history of traumatology began in ancient times. Greek scientist Hippocrates, who lived 460-377. BC, left behind work devoted to the treatment of injuries, proposed his own methods of reduction and special devices that allow stretching damaged bones in order to prevent deformation of the limbs as a result of improper fusion after.

The origin of orthopedics is considered to be 1741, and the founder of the science is Professor of Medicine Nicolas Andry, who teaches at the University of Paris. It is interesting that at first orthopedics studied only deformities of the musculoskeletal system in children. And only over time, orthopedists began to treat injuries and deformities of the musculoskeletal system in adults.

Some statistics

Traumatology is one of the most popular medical areas. The crazy pace of life, the development of traumatic sports, the abundance of technical equipment at work and at home leads to the fact that every year the number of people who have received various injuries and injuries increases.

The most common types of injuries include the following:

• Domestic injuries (in Russia they make up about 70% of all registered injuries. Most often these are superficial and open wounds, as well).
• Work injuries About 200 thousand people receive it annually. Injuries received when a person falls from a height (spinal injury, injuries to the lower and upper extremities) are common. Less commonly, people suffer from electric shock or contact of toxic chemicals with mucous membranes (in the latter case, eye injury is likely).
• Sports injuries constitute from 2 to 5% of the total number of injuries, with 70% of injuries in artistic gymnastics being injuries to the upper extremities. Over 40% of football players suffer from knee joint injuries, 70% of tennis players suffer from elbow joint injuries.
• 80% of volleyball and basketball players have injuries to their fingers.

Treatment of injuries at the MedicCity clinic

Traumatology at the MedicCity clinic is one of the major areas. We have Moscow workers who will quickly put the victim back on his feet!

The traumatology department has everything necessary to carry out high-quality diagnosis of injuries. We do , . , etc. To clarify the diagnosis, a council consisting of doctors of other specialties can be assembled (the clinic sees doctors from more than 30 specialties).

In the treatment of injuries, we use only modern techniques and materials. For example, lightweight modern polymer plaster, which does not cause allergies, does not restrict movement and allows the patient to take water procedures. We do everything necessary to make it easier for the patient to rehabilitate after an injury!

Injuries, injuries and diseases for which our clinic’s traumatologists and orthopedists provide assistance:

• open and closed joint injuries;
• and other animals;

Consequences of diseases, injuries and hereditary developmental defects:

• deformation of the toes, various types;
• shortening and deformation of the limbs (sometimes as a result of improper fusion of bones after fractures);
• and other curvatures of the spine;
• different kinds ;
• and ankylosis of joints;
• some types

The musculoskeletal system can sometimes be susceptible to fractures, dislocations and sprains. Traumatology deals with the study of such mechanical injuries, their pathogenesis, the impact of exposure on the body, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It became a separate medical field, having separated from surgery.

Treatment of limb injuries was carried out even in ancient times. The great physician Hippocrates even managed to write an entire treatise devoted to the method of reducing dislocations and fractures. He even developed some devices so that fractures could be treated through traction. He used conservative and bloodless methods to eliminate skeletal deformities.

Ancient Egyptian mummies and the remains of ancient Roman warriors are proof that in ancient times, healers could heal fractures and even perform operations on bones. Tools for all these procedures were also found.

Celsus and Galen successfully practiced the treatment of bone deformities at the beginning of our era.

Somewhat later, the medical activity of N.I. Pirogov is associated with the 19th century, who, in addition to other areas, made a colossal contribution to traumatology. He is the creator of the foundations of topographic anatomy, the creator of a cost-saving method of treating fractures resulting from a gunshot wound, in which the limb is preserved despite the development of an infection, and also the inventor of the plaster cast.

In 1924, the first State Traumatology Institute was established on the territory of the USSR. For this purpose, the Physico-Surgical and Orthopedic Institutes were combined, initiated by A.L. Polenov. He separated traumatology from surgery as an independent field. By 1927, under the leadership of Polenov, the first domestic medical manual, “Fundamentals of Practical Traumatology,” was published, in which he spoke in detail about the science of studying injuries.

It is impossible not to mention the doctors who raised traumatology to the proper level, because without them it would not be as perfect as it is now. These are M.V. Volkov, and N.F. Wegner, and M.I. Sitenko.

One day in the life of such important traumatologists can be seen here:

Classification of injuries

The modern classification of injuries involves their division into:

• Isolated - in which there is one injury in the area;
• Multiple - with several existing injuries in one area;
• Combined - the injuries present are of the same nature, but are located in several places at once;
• Combined - the simultaneous occurrence of several types of injuries in one place (for example, mechanical and radioactive).

Symptoms of traumatological diseases are of two types:

1. Explicit when the injury is visible to the naked eye due to its location on the surface;
2. Hidden, when pain appears with a specific character and intensity.

The main tasks of traumatology include providing emergency or routine medical care to patients with various types of injuries.

To diagnose an external injury, a traumatologist uses a survey method, which allows one to reliably understand the mechanism of injury and the circumstances contributing to it.

Then, the doctor proceeds to a thorough examination and palpation, during which he assesses the condition of the skin around the affected area, its color and temperature, checks sensitivity, the presence of bruises and other defects. Checks all segments of the limb, measures their length, which is compared with a healthy “sample”.

Internal fractures, dislocations, etc. require a more serious approach using radiography, magnetic resonance and computed tomography.

Any treatment is developed in order to save the patient’s life, restore damaged tissues, the integrity of the limbs and return them to functionality.

There are 2 methods of treating trauma pathologies:

1. Therapeutic (conservative);
2. Surgical (operative).

Conservative ones include:

• Various types of plaster casts;
• A hood whose operating principle is based on the presence of constant draft. Under its weight, displacement is eliminated and the normal position of the bone is restored in case of dislocation, fracture or other injury;
• Redressation, during which a bone defect is forcibly corrected. This can be sequential stretching and compression of tissues, or the same actions, only performed simultaneously, in different directions.

There are even more surgical methods for treating bone injuries, and the most common are:

• Osteosynthesis is an operation to connect bone fragments using screws, rods, bolts, plates and other tools;
• Bone transplantation - transplantation of bone material;
• Joint resection;
• Arthroplasty;
• Tendon plasty;
• Lengthening or truncation of tendons and muscles;
• Skin plastic surgery.

Injuries can be in the form of minor bruises or dislocations, or serious fractures, but in the case of any of them, you need to promptly contact a traumatologist, who will restore any damage without consequences.

Modern traumatology has grown to such a level that, regardless of the degree of impairment, the patient will receive any medical assistance. A frequently used development is prosthetics in the form of metal retainers, which are necessary for people to restore joints and their functions. Modern implants have virtually no restrictions on age and other features. Scientists are intensively working on the materials for their manufacture to prevent possible rejection of the prosthesis.

Particular attention is paid to microsurgery in traumatology.

Traumatic diseases

There are various types of traumatological pathologies, which include:

• Various fractures - destruction of the bone (partial or complete) that occurred as a result of mechanical impact on it;
• Dislocations are a functional disruption of articular tissue during mechanical damage;
• Sprains of muscles and ligaments;
• Bruises and stuff.

Each of these injuries can happen at any age and under different circumstances. Most calls to the emergency room occur in winter, when there is ice outside and the risk of dislocations and fractures increases.

The most common traumatic diseases:

• Injury;
• Bone fractures;
• Dislocation;
• Concussion;
• Sprain;
• Spinal fracture;
• Femoral neck fracture;
• Poor posture;
• Spinal injury.

Every person has experienced trauma in their life. They can occur both at home and during work. Various objects and phenomena can damage the body. In order to properly assist an injured person and provide adequate treatment, you initially need to know what types of injuries exist, when and how they occur, and what to do first when they occur.

What is trauma?

Trauma is the impact of the environment or external factors on human tissues and organs or on the entire body in general. The human body responds to this influence with a number of anatomical and physiological changes, accompanied by a local or general reaction. Trauma can affect not only the integrity of organs and tissues, but also their functionality.

There is also such a concept as “injury”, which is understood as a set of injuries that are repeated under the same conditions for the same population group over the same time period. This is a statistical indicator that provides an assessment of a particular type of damage in a certain population group. The injury rate allows you to analyze the epidemiology of various types of herbs and select the best options for prevention.

Types of injuries

The classification of injuries is quite diverse; injuries can vary depending on the factor that provoked them and the degree of damage to various tissues.

First, let's look at the main categories of injuries depending on the nature of the damage and the factor that caused them:

• mechanical. They are received from a fall or from an impact, and soft and hard tissues of the body can be damaged to varying degrees;
• thermal. They are obtained when the body is exposed to high and low temperatures. These can be thermal burns (if the body is exposed to high temperatures) or frostbite (if the body is exposed to low temperatures). The second version of thermal damage is more dangerous because it has a latent period when the body gives too weak signals about the existing problem;
• electric. A person can receive such damage from a lightning strike or technical electric current. Thermal energy can cause serious burns;
• chemical. Damage can be caused by organic acids, alkaline compounds, salts of heavy metals;
• radial The body is affected by ionizing radiation or radiation;
• biological. Damage can be caused by various infections, viruses, bacteria, toxins, allergens and poisons;
• psychological. This is a special injury that is quite difficult to classify. It can be obtained during severe and prolonged experiences, as a result of which a painful reaction is observed from the vegetative and mental spheres.

The most extensive type of lesions are mechanical, so we will consider their varieties in more detail.

Mechanical injuries

The classification of injuries resulting from mechanical force is the most extensive:

• operating room It is obtained during surgery;
• random. Most often, a person receives it through his own fault or due to circumstances beyond his control;
• generic Women receive such injuries during childbirth;
• military Receiving damage to the body during combat operations.

There is another classification of damage resulting from exposure to mechanical factors. Such injuries are:

• direct (when a traumatic force is applied to a specific place) and indirect (when damage occurs close to the place where the force was applied);
• multiple and single;
• closed (when the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes is preserved) and open (when the mucous membranes and other organ tissues are torn).

The following types of damage can occur as a result of mechanical injuries:

• abrasions. With such damage, the integrity of the upper skin layer is compromised, and lymphatic or blood vessels may be affected. At first, abrasions have a wet surface, which quickly becomes covered with dried blood and plasma. The crust falls off over time, leaving a lighter area of ​​skin in its place. Complete healing of the abrasion occurs after 1-2 weeks;
• bruise. This type is formed due to rupture of blood vessels. The blood that spills out of them is visible through the superficial layer of skin, which gives the bruise a blue-red hue. The color changes over time, from purplish blue to greenish yellow. The duration of the recovery period for such injuries depends on many criteria and varies from person to person. The speed of healing is affected by the depth, size and location of the bruise;
• With dislocations, the bones in the joints are displaced. More often, dislocations occur in the joints of the upper extremities. Additionally, soft tissue rupture may occur;
• fractures. With such damage, the integrity of the bones is damaged. Additionally, rupture of nearby tissues, damage to blood vessels, muscles and hemorrhage occurs. Fractures can be located inside soft tissues, then they are called closed, but if during a fracture the skin ruptures and the bone fragment comes into contact with the environment, the fracture is open.

Another fairly extensive type of mechanical damage is wounds. They are very dangerous for human health, since when the integrity of the tissue and mucous membranes is damaged, significant blood loss and infection can occur on the wound surface.

Wounds are classified depending on the conditions of their occurrence:

• cut. They are applied with sharp cutting objects, such as knives;
• chopped. They are made into objects with a small cross-section;
• stab-cut;
• torn. Their cause is tissue overstretching;
• bitten. They are left on tissues by the teeth of people and animals;
• chopped. They are the result of exposure to a heavy sharp object, most often an ax;
• crushed. The tissues are not only torn, but also crushed;
• bruised. Inflicted by a blunt object or resulting from a fall on a blunt object;
• firearms. Such wounds are caused by firearms or shrapnel from exploding ammunition;
• scalped. This type of wound is characterized by separation of a certain area of ​​skin;
• poisoned. Wounds into which a toxic substance enters during an injury or bite.

Classification of injuries by severity

All types of damage can have varying degrees of severity:

1. Easy. As a result of such an injury, no serious disorders occur in the body and the person remains in working condition. This degree includes abrasions, scratches, minor bruises and sprains, and abrasions. Such lesions require medical attention. For minor injuries, moderate physical activity is allowed.
2. Moderate weight. Injuries of this kind lead to significant disturbances in the functioning of the body, and cannot be avoided without medical assistance. A traumatologist can give sick leave for 10-30 days. In this case, physical activity is undesirable.
3. Heavy. This type of damage leads to pronounced disturbances in the functioning of the body. A person may be unable to work for more than a month. In most cases, hospitalization of the victim is required, followed by treatment in a hospital.

Depending on the degree of impact, the following types of injuries are distinguished:

• spicy. When one or another traumatic factor influences;
• chronic. When the same traumatic factor affects the same place;
• microtraumas. When damage occurs at the cellular level.

Classification by damage location

Depending on the location of the injury, injuries are divided into the following types:

• isolated. The damage is localized in one organ or in a segment of the musculoskeletal system;
• multiple. Several injuries occur at once;
• combined or polytraumas. In such a situation, several areas of the body are damaged at once, for example, the head, chest and limbs. Often, when more than 5 zones are injured, a person may experience traumatic shock;
• combined. Such lesions can be inflicted sequentially or at one time, but by different agents, for example, chemical and thermal burns. Often such injuries have a very severe clinical picture and a high mortality rate for victims.

Classification by penetration degree

Depending on how deep the damage has penetrated into the body, it is customary to distinguish the following types of injuries:

• superficial. The damage affects only the skin and skin vessels, resulting in hematomas and abrasions;
• subcutaneous Damage affects tendons, ligaments, muscle fibers, joints and bone tissue;
• cavitary. This is the most severe type of injury from this classification, since they are characterized by damage to internal organs located in the natural cavities of the body.

Spinal injuries

The spine is one of the most important parts of our body, so its injuries are classified as a separate section. The spine can be damaged by falling from a height, during a car accident, doing strength sports, and even by improperly lifting heavy objects. Depending on the cause of spinal injury, there are:

• compression The vertebral body is compressed, cracked or broken. Such an injury can damage not one, but several vertebrae at once;
• damage caused by excessive bending and unbending of the ridge. You can get them not only in a car accident, but also if safety precautions are not followed;
• spinal bruise. This injury is dangerous due to its complications, which can arise if medical assistance is not provided in a timely manner;
• gunshot wound to the spine.

Spinal injuries are also distinguished depending on the affected area. Most often they are diagnosed in the lumbococcygeal region, most rarely in the thoracic region, there are also injuries to the cervical and coccygeal region.

Spine injuries can be open or closed, and with or without spinal cord injury.

What to do in this or that case

Depending on the type of injury, first aid and further treatment will differ, so it is important for the victim to immediately call an ambulance or take him to a doctor immediately after the injury. First aid may be as follows:

• with sprained ligaments. Limit the injured area with a bandage, apply ice over it, and place the area itself above the level of the head;
• with dislocation. The dislocated limb is fixed and ice is applied to it. It is strictly forbidden to adjust it yourself!;
• for bruises. A cold compress is sufficient; in rare cases, a fixing bandage may be needed;
• for fractures. The limb is immobilized as much as possible and ice is applied to it;
• the wounds are first washed with warm running water or hydrogen peroxide, the bleeding stops, and the edges of the wound are coated with iodine. A clean, dry bandage is applied over the top;
• in case of frostbite, you need to warm the victim with dry heat and touch the skin on the affected areas as little as possible;
• for burns, you need to cool the affected area with running cold water, give a painkiller and cover the wound surface with a clean sheet soaked in cool water;
• In case of electric shock, you must initially separate the victim from the action of the current; to do this, you can either turn off the switch or throw the person away with a wooden board or stick. Next, the victim needs to be laid down, covered with a blanket and given a warm drink.

Whatever the injury, in order to prevent the development of complications and negative consequences, you should definitely consult a doctor at the first opportunity.