Percentage of HIV transmission. The likelihood of contracting HIV. Is it possible to infect a partner with HIV while taking antiretroviral therapy

Despite the huge risk of getting the immunodeficiency virus, many people do not protect themselves during sexual intercourse and lead an unhealthy lifestyle. You can be calm only if you have a permanent partner with whom you want to have a child. In all other cases, you need to be very careful.

The likelihood of contracting HIV from a single unprotected contact. HIV prevention

Despite the huge risk of getting the immunodeficiency virus, many people do not protect themselves during sexual intercourse and lead an unhealthy lifestyle. You can be calm only if you have a permanent partner with whom you want to have a child. In all other cases, you need to be very careful.

The likelihood of contracting HIV from a single unprotected contact

If your partner is a carrier of the HIV virus, then even one unprotected contact with him can have dire consequences. The likelihood of contracting this disease is extremely high. However, the most common infection occurs through blood transfusion and through mother's milk. According to scientific data, the probability of contracting HIV with a single unprotected contact is not so great. But it's definitely not worth the risk. If there are no factors that can increase the risk of contracting HIV during a single sexual intercourse, then the chance of getting infected is only one percent. However, if there are abrasions, inflammation of the mucous membranes, as well as erosion of the cervix or menstruation in a woman, then the risk increases.

By the way, the sex of a person can also be attributed to infection factors. Unprotected sexual intercourse for a woman is much more dangerous than for a man. It depends on the characteristics of the female body. There are many more dangerous viruses in male semen than in female secretions.

Ways of getting HIV

There are several ways to acquire the immunodeficiency virus:

Sexual intercourse. Be sure to use condoms with partners you are unsure about. However, even this does not give a 100% guarantee. Please note that homosexual contacts are considered the most dangerous.

Transmission of the virus through blood. This is especially true for drug addicts who use one injection needle. This route of transmission was the most "famous" in the nineties. Sometimes infection occurs through donated blood. But today you should not worry about this, as modern technologies are able to identify this defect.

Ways of HIV infection can be very different. Do not forget that an infected mother will also infect her child. In this case, the baby can become infected even during childbirth.

The virus can also be transmitted through direct contact of broken skin with body fluids such as semen, breast milk, or vaginal secretions.

Prevention methods

The likelihood of HIV infection is quite high today. Therefore, prevention of HIV infection must be carried out as often as possible.

Great attention, especially to adolescents, is provided by preventive information. The more often this problem is heard, the more people will think about their future. Particular attention should be paid to a healthy lifestyle and the rejection of drugs.

Contraception is a very important and serious preventive measure. A condom can protect an uninfected person from getting infected fluids into the body. Therefore, people prone to finding non-permanent partners should always carry protective equipment with them.

Sterilization is a very important step for an infected woman. After all, very often this ailment can pass to the baby. Therefore, an infected woman is advised to visit a gynecologist.

Emergency prevention

There is always a chance of contracting HIV from a single unprotected contact. With the help of special medicines, you can significantly reduce the risk of the disease. If you have had unprotected sex, go to the hospital immediately. You will be assigned a special examination, according to the results of which the doctor will prescribe you a course of treatment with the use of drugs. However, for such measures to be effective, immediately consult a doctor. This must be done within three days. Otherwise, the medicines may not have the desired effect.

Such treatment is carried out within a month. After that, the examination is repeated. Usually everything works out well, but there are cases with a positive result. Then you will have to take a more detailed blood test. And after that, the doctor will select the treatment that is ideal for your case.

However, you should not hope that even by contacting a doctor in time, you will save yourself from irreparable changes in the body. It is better to take care of security measures in advance. Try to have sexual relations with only one partner in whom you are absolutely sure.

Signs of the disease in women

Very often, the signs of HIV infection in men and women are different, but still the first symptom will be a sharp increase in temperature. At the same time, you will not notice any signs of a cold or other diseases. An elevated temperature is usually observed within ten days. After this period, weakness, cough and migraine will be added to it. In this case, a rash may appear all over the body. Spots can be of a wide variety of colors and shades.

Very often, women lose weight, cases of anorexia are not uncommon. Moreover, each meal can be accompanied by vomiting and nausea. Most women begin to complain of painful menstruation. According to doctors, in the female body, the infection does not develop as quickly as in the male.

HIV: infecting men

The first signs of infection do not appear immediately. Ten days after infection, the entire body may become covered with a rash. In addition, the lymph nodes of the cervical and inguinal region will increase in size. After a while, fatigue, loss of appetite and lack of desire to work will be observed. The likelihood of contracting HIV with a single unprotected contact increases many times if the sexual partner has menstruation or cervical erosion disease.

If you notice similar signs in yourself, immediately go to the hospital. The sooner you do this, the more effective the treatment will be. And don't forget the security measures. Only you control your life, so do it consciously.

The likelihood of contracting HIV through oral sex, on the contrary, is the lowest. This is especially true for men who get blowjobs. The risk of infection in this case tends to zero, although it is theoretically possible. This is due to the very low content of the virus in saliva. For persons performing blowjobs or cunnilingus, the risk is much higher and comparable to traditional sexual intercourse.

In general, with traditional vaginal intercourse, the likelihood of transmission HIV from a woman to a man is 2 times lower than vice versa. The fact is that the urethra of men is less in contact with vaginal secretions than the vagina with sperm. Unfinished intercourse significantly reduces the possibility of infection.

HIV with an unprotected act, the percentage can be seen in the table:

If you do not count anal sex, then carried away by the numbers, you can decide that the probability of getting infected HIV with a single contact is very low. After all, if you focus on these statistics, a man will get infected HIV from a woman only once out of 2500 contacts! In fact, everything is far from being as safe as it seems.

Why you can't rely on statistics

What is the likelihood of getting infected HIV with one contact, in fact, it is impossible to calculate. Statistics CDC represents the average of all collected cases and does not take into account the risk of infection in a particular example.

Yes, there are cases when one of the partners in the family HIV-infected, and the other has not been infected for years, but other, more sad scenarios are known, when infection occurs due to one casual sexual intercourse.

There are many factors that can increase the risk of infection. One of the main ones is the amount of virus in the biological fluids of the body. During the acute period of infection, which develops within 6-12 weeks of infection, the viral load is very high. If average chance of getting infected HIV from a man to a woman does not exceed 1 to 1250, then in the case when a man is sick HIV in the acute stage, the risk rises to 1 in 50. Considering that, on average, the infectiousness of the disease during this period increases by an average of 26 times, it is easy to calculate what is the probability of infection HIV in men who have sex with men. For a passive partner in this case, the risk is simply huge and amounts to 1 to 3.

There are other reasons that can further increase the risks: STD, menstruation, bacterial vaginosis, traumatic sex and other less obvious factors.

The risk of infection can be significantly reduced. So the chance of infection HIV with protected contact, estimated CDC reduced by 80%, and antiretroviral therapy by 96%. Approximately half the risk of unfinished intercourse, when the partner takes out before, as well as circumcision of the foreskin in men.

Thus, any manipulations with numbers do not reflect the real danger from a single unprotected contact and can leave a feeling of false security.

Is it possible to infect a partner HIV while taking antiretroviral therapy

Antiretroviral therapy is currently the only worthy way to fight the epidemic AIDS A. As is known, medicines that would completely cure from HIV- infections, Bye does not exist However, modern drugs can significantly reduce the viral load.

When we talk about transmission risk HIV when taking antiretroviral therapy ( ARV) this is not entirely correct, because therapy can be effective and ineffective, carried out carefully or on a case-by-case basis. It would be more correct to formulate the question whether

What is the risk of contracting HIV?

The degree of risk of contracting HIV varies depending on the type of transmission.

You need to know that the transfusion of infected blood, 1 ml of which contains from 1 to 10 infectious doses of the virus, almost always leads to infection and subsequent development of HIV infection in a person. According to existing estimates, the probability of infection after such a procedure exceeds 90%. The causative agent of AIDS is also transmitted by the introduction of cellular blood components, blood coagulation factors (VIII and IX). It is possible to transmit HIV through various biological fluids of the body, during transplantation of organs and tissues. The literature describes cases of HIV infection during kidney transplantation, as well as artificial insemination with the sperm of infected donors.

Exposure to the virus during pregnancy is only slightly inferior to a transfusion of infected blood, with reported rates ranging from 11% to 70%. On average, the risk that an infected woman will transmit HIV to a fetus or newborn is 30-50%.

Sexual intercourse is not the most dangerous way of transmitting HIV in terms of the likelihood of infection. The degree of risk of infection depends on the type of sexual contacts (vaginal, anal, oral, mixed), their number with one or more sexual partners. It has been noted that the likelihood of infection increases due to additional factors, primarily the presence of sexually transmitted diseases in one of the partners, and especially those in which there are all kinds of violations of the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes in the form of ulcers. This is observed, for example, with syphilis, herpes infection, fungal infections, etc. The probability of HIV transmission as a result of one sexual intercourse, according to experts, ranges from 0.1 to 1%. However, due to the large number of sexual acts between healthy and HIV-infected persons, this route of infection dominates the world, as will be discussed below-

The use of non-sterile medical equipment intended for injecting drugs is associated with a slightly higher risk of HIV transmission compared to a single sexual contact with a person infected with HIV (0.5 to 1%). The degree of danger depends on the volume of blood thus transferred.

Exposure to the virus as a result of an accidental needle stick in medical or non-medical settings has the lowest rate of HIV transmission. The chance that an accidental needle stick with an HIV-infected needle will cause an infection is about 0.3%.

Now that the ways of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and its probability in various situations are known, it is time to assess the situation in the world in general and in Ukraine in particular. It should be noted that there are practically no fundamental differences here. In Europe, sexual transmission accounts for 50.2% of all reported AIDS cases, of which 8.9% is heterosexual transmission of HIV, i.e. from a woman to a man or vice versa, and 41.3% - homosexual - from a man to a man.

A characteristic feature of recent times is the constant increase in the percentage of HIV infections as a result of heterosexual contacts.

The proportion of cases of infection with intravenous drug use exceeds 33%, with blood transfusion to recipients and patients with hemophilia is 6.1%, from mother to child - 1.8%.

Of the 66,000 cases of AIDS in Europe, 2,338 cases were registered among children. Of this number, in 913 cases (39.1%), the infection occurred as a result of the transmission of the virus from mother to child, in 551 (23.6%) - during blood transfusion, in 113 (4.8%) - during the treatment of hemophilia. The group with other types of HIV transmission consists of 761 people, the vast majority of whom (712) are children from Romania who were infected through transfusions of untested blood for HIV or through the use of unsterilized medical instruments.

In Ukraine, the sexual route of AIDS infection accounts for about 60% of all cases, of which heterosexual contacts account for 10%, homosexual contacts - 50%.

www.health.gov.ua

Question: What is the likelihood of contracting HIV during sexual intercourse?

What is the likelihood of contracting HIV during intercourse with a carrier?

In the absence of contraceptive measures during sexual intercourse with an HIV carrier, the likelihood of infection is quite high. Nevertheless, this route of infection in frequency ranks third after the transfusion of infected blood and the route of transmission of the disease from a pregnant woman to a fetus. The likelihood of infection is not the same for women and men. From an infected man, a woman becomes infected 2 times more often than a man from an infected woman. If the partners are permanent, then for a woman the risk of infection is 20%, for a man - 11%. With a single sexual contact, the risk of infection is negligible and is approximately 1:100 - 1:1000. You can learn more about the ways of infection, the degree of risk of infection with various types of contacts from the thematic section of our website by clicking on the link: HIV

is it possible to get infected (what percentage of risk if yes) by contact with a positive man, blowjob, but just contact with the head of an unerected penis without secretions and semen / eruption, and if infection occurred, could I infect the child the next day through milk, thanks

It is not possible to calculate the percentage of risk in this situation. In the event that infection has occurred, there is a risk of infection when breastfeeding a child. I recommend that you undergo an examination 1-1.5 months after contact with an infected partner. You can get more detailed information on the question you are interested in in the relevant section of our website by clicking on the following link: HIV, in the website section: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and in the series of articles: Laboratory diagnostics

Whether infection vich is possible or probable. and serious illnesses if sex was 3 times unprotected? What are the infection rates?

The probability of infection in this situation is quite high and is more than 80%, so in such a situation you need to undergo an examination to make sure that there are no such infections. You can get more detailed information on the question you are interested in in the relevant section of our website by clicking on the following link: HIV / You can also get additional information in the next section of our website: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and in a series of articles: Laboratory diagnostics

They took my brain and didn’t find any venereal diseases. Is it possible that none of the diseases was transmitted. But it was HIV and AIDS that were transmitted. He just says that he doesn’t get sick with anything, but I’m very scared. But how do they live with infected husbands and don’t get infected?

Unfortunately, with unprotected sex, the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases is quite high. If such diseases are suspected, it is advisable to take the test again, 2 months after unprotected intercourse. In isolated cases, infection does not occur, but the chances are so small that it is not worth hoping for such an outcome of events. You can get more detailed information on the question you are interested in in the thematic section of our website by clicking on the following link: Sexual infections. You can also get additional information in the following section of our website: Venereal diseases

what is the probability of contracting AIDS? if there was one unprotected sexual contact with a girl who does not have AIDS (at least she says so), should I undergo a medical examination?

If a girl is HIV-infected, then the risk of infection is quite high. It makes sense to take an analysis no earlier than 1.5-2 months after such contact, which makes it possible to detect antibodies in case of infection.

there was one unprotected PA, what is the risk of contagion?

The risk of HIV infection in this situation cannot be ruled out. We recommend that you take a blood test by ELISA 3 months after unprotected sexual contact, which will allow you to judge the presence or absence of infection. Before this time, it makes no sense to conduct a study, since antibodies are produced only after 3 months.

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Is it possible to get HIV after the first contact?

HIV is transmitted by a single contact more often than many people who are interested in this problem think. This disease is progressing worldwide at a tremendous rate. The number of infected people is growing every year, and, according to statistics, HIV infection most often occurs during a single contact with an unverified partner. This situation emerges as a result of surveys of infected people. It turns out that some of the infected cannot always name the names and even the names of random partners with exact certainty. This indicates an immoral lifestyle and inability to keep the situation under control. And in some cases, also about the abuse of alcohol. It is important to know about the likelihood of contracting HIV with a single contact in order to be aware of the dangers of casual relationships and unprotected sex.

Is there a high probability of contracting HIV with a single contact?

The myth that it is impossible to get HIV the first time is just as ridiculous as the statement that it is impossible to get pregnant after the first sex. Of course, you can get an unpleasant diagnosis with one unprotected sex. What is the likelihood of contracting HIV from a single contact with an infected partner?

Experts in the field of medicine, as well as scientists studying the immunodeficiency virus, have come to the conclusion that the chances of getting infected and the chances of not getting infected are approximately equal. In other words, the chance of contracting HIV in 1 contact is approximately fifty percent. The risk of becoming infected is extremely high. It is worth noting that infection occurs in just a few minutes. But after that, the quality of life changes significantly. It also shortens its duration.

HIV infection in one act: the risks of women

Disputes of scientists about whether the risk of HIV infection with a single contact in women and men is the same, continues to this day. Some experts suggest that the risks are approximately equal. Others believe that a woman, as a host partner, is about thirty percent more at risk. If we talk about whether it is possible to become infected with HIV after 1 contact, you should definitely take into account the concomitant factors that significantly increase the risk of infection. In women, this is primarily damage to the vagina or uterus. Erosion is one of them. Open injuries, which often bleed, lead to the fact that the male ejaculate does not just enter the mucous membrane of the internal genital organs, but directly into the bloodstream. In this case, infection is almost guaranteed. Increases risks and menstruation. Non-pathological bleeding leads to the fact that the semen, which contains the immunodeficiency virus in a high concentration in the cells, mixes with the blood. At the same time, some men are perplexed how infection could occur during such periods. Forums and special groups on social media are full of stories about someone getting HIV the first time, despite having unprotected contact with a girl during her period.

Sexually transmitted diseases in women also increase the risk of infection. Their owners have to deal with problems such as ulcers and erosions on the internal and external genital organs. And their presence increases the risk of getting HIV after one time, or rather, unprotected contact. In addition, immunity in women with sexually transmitted diseases is significantly reduced, which also increases the chances of getting the immunodeficiency virus.

HIV at 1 contact: Risks for men

In men, the chances of becoming infected after one time are still somewhat less. However, this information should not be taken as a challenge to fate. Representatives of the stronger sex, if possible, should minimize the risks of infection through casual contacts, and it is better to completely eliminate them. The percentage of HIV infection with a single contact in men is still high. This is despite the fact that male sperm contains more cells of the immunodeficiency virus than in the secret secreted by the vagina. Therefore, in cases where the receiving partner is a woman, the risks increase significantly. However, men who have intercourse with a woman without using barrier contraception also have an increased likelihood of contracting AIDS (infecting HIV) with a single contact if the infected partner is menstruating, has erosions or other injuries, and also has concomitant sexually transmitted diseases. way.

Many men are also interested in the question of what is the likelihood of contracting HIV in one contact with an infected partner, if coitus interruptus is used as contraception. The risks in this case are high for both men and women. Indeed, the secretory fluid secreted from the vagina also contains virus cells. And in the sperm that is released during sexual contact until the moment the introductory partner receives an orgasm, they are also present. Therefore, interrupted sexual intercourse should not be considered as a reliable protection against the immunodeficiency virus.

What types of sex can get you AIDS the first time?

The likelihood of getting HIV after one sexual intercourse is high when it comes to traditional sex. And what about other ways of intercourse. The answer to this question is also of interest to many.

Scientists have found that anal sex without a condom increases the risk of infection. The fact is that the mucous membrane of the anus and anus is covered with microcracks and ulcers. Even if this is the very first sex in this way. The point here is not only penetration into the rectum, but also malnutrition, hemorrhoids, constipation, proctitis and other similar problems. Getting on the surface covered with cracks and other damage, the sperm quickly penetrates into the blood, where HIV cells begin to show activity. Therefore, HIV with a single sexual contact, through anal sex, is transmitted very often.

It is worth noting that intercourse in this way is most often practiced by representatives of sexual minorities. Among gay men, the immunodeficiency virus is most common. Cases when, after one sexual intercourse, a homosexual became infected with HIV is not uncommon.

Oral sex also poses a risk in terms of transmission of the immunodeficiency virus. But if we compare it with the threat of infection during anal or traditional intercourse, then the risks in this case are minimal. At the same time, the risk of oral HIV infection in the receiving partner during a single sexual intercourse increases significantly if there are damages in the oral cavity. They can occur as a result of trauma, tooth extraction or loss, as well as gum disease.

Knowing whether it is possible to contract HIV and AIDS the first time is not enough. It is extremely important to observe safety measures to eliminate this risk. You should not succumb to impulses of passion and practice sexual intercourse without the use of barrier contraception. You should always remember that a condom reduces the possibility of infection by ninety-eight percent. Therefore, it is almost impossible to get HIV as a result of one sexual intercourse using a condom.

www.zppp.saharniy-diabet.com

The likelihood of contracting HIV from a single unprotected contact

To understand what is the probability of contracting HIV with a single unprotected contact, it is necessary to understand how the human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted and how it is not transmitted. You should be aware that there are three main routes of HIV transmission.

First, through the blood. This can happen during transfusion therapy, when drugs or drugs are administered with a syringe used by a sick person. Also, when the wound surface comes into contact, infection occurs in 100% of cases.

Secondly, the sexual route of infection. This method is the most common. The likelihood of contracting HIV from a single unprotected contact depends on many factors. Using a condom greatly minimizes the risk of transmission. According to the study, it became known that the virus can seep through the latex. The risk increases if thin, low-quality products are used.

It is also important to know that a woman is at risk 3 times more than a man, since the absorptive surface of the vagina is greater than that of the penis. The risk increases when semen enters the vagina, in the presence of injuries (including cervical erosion), during menstrual bleeding, in the presence of a concomitant sexually transmitted disease.

Oral sexual contact can lead to infection if there is a violation of the integrity of the oral mucosa or seminal fluid has entered the mouth.

Anal sex is the most dangerous option, as it is almost always associated with the formation of microcracks in the anus and rectum. Therefore, the probability of contracting HIV even with a single such unprotected contact is very high.

Thirdly, during pregnancy and childbirth. Moreover, if an infected mother receives appropriate treatment and is under constant medical supervision, the risk of infection of the baby is reduced to 1%. In 20 cases out of 100 during lactation, the virus is transmitted from mother to child, therefore, in the case of a positive analysis, artificial feeding is recommended.

According to the average statistical data, in percentage terms, the picture of the ways of spreading HIV is as follows:

On the forum you can find information that causes reassurance that one episode of vaginal intercourse does not lead to infection. This is a rather dangerous myth.

The chance of contracting HIV with a single unprotected contact is the same as with several. It all depends not on the multiplicity, but on the type of sex, gender and the presence of aggravating factors. For example, the entry of infected sperm into the vagina during menstruation significantly increases the risks. Therefore, the use of a condom is mandatory, and in the case of an unprotected casual relationship, post-exposure prophylaxis and consultation with a specialist are necessary.

HIV risk and factors that increase this likelihood

The risk of contracting HIV depends on many factors, and primarily on the route of transmission. The lowest probability of infection in healthcare workers (less than 0.01%). Subject to all safety rules, even direct contact with patients does not pose a potential threat.

The largest percentage of infections persist during unprotected intercourse. Moreover, a woman is at risk 3 times more than her partner. This is due to physiological characteristics, since a large number of viruses enter the body along with sperm through the surface of the vagina. The risk of HIV infection increases during defloration, in the presence of microtraumas on the skin and genital mucosa, as well as the presence of cervical erosion. Significantly increases the possibility of penetration of the virus into the body with concomitant diseases of PPP, as these ailments cause inflammation of the mucous membrane of the genital organs, sores and other damage.

A huge number of lymphocytes are ejected into the tissue, including t-4, which is a target for immunodeficiency viruses. After contact with an HIV-infected person, after 10 hours, a person becomes a source and distributor of viruses. Diagnosis becomes effective at least three months after a suspicious contact, repeated tests must be taken after 6 and 12 months after it. The second highest risk of contracting AIDS or HIV infection is an injection with a contaminated needle. This usually happens during infusion therapy or during drug administration.

The likelihood of HIV infection in men

The probability of HIV infection in men during traditional sexual intercourse is several times lower than in women. If infection did occur, then after a few weeks, after the virus enters the body, there is a deterioration in well-being, which resembles the symptoms of a cold.

Subfebrile condition appears, pain and sore throat, enlargement and inflammation of the inguinal and axillary lymph nodes. Then the infection goes into a latent stage for several months or years. The duration of this period depends on the lifestyle and the state of the patient's immune system. During the latent stage, acute respiratory infections may become more frequent, fungal infections may become aggravated, small skin lesions can fester and do not heal for a long time. Such signs should serve as a reason to see a doctor.

The first signs of the disease in women:

1. An unreasonable, sharp increase in temperature up to 40 degrees, which does not go astray for a week or more.
2. Headache, asthenia, excessive sweating, lymphopathy.
3. Decrease or lack of appetite, dyspepsia.
4. Violation of the menstrual cycle, pain during menstruation, abundant mucous vaginal discharge.

Despite the fact that the probability of contracting HIV infection in men is slightly lower than in women, both should be aware of the methods of preventing this dangerous disease. Planned pharmacoprophylaxis is recommended for persons with a negative HIV status, but associated with an increased risk of infection (homosexuals who do not have a permanent partner; sex workers).

Prevention is aimed at preventing the development of HIV infection and is the daily use of antiviral drugs. To increase effectiveness, the method should be used in combination with condoms. For this purpose, combinations of 2 or 3 antiviral agents are used, namely fusion, reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors.

Emergency prophylaxis is a short course of antiviral drug use after unprotected sexual contact with or suspected HIV infection, or exposure to contaminated blood, semen, or medical equipment. Prevention must begin within 12 hours after intercourse. A delay of 24 hours is allowed, but no later than 72 hours. The minimum preventive course is 28 days.

What is the probability of contracting AIDS after one sexual intercourse?

My girlfriend (I say right away - not me) had the following situation: she slept with her MCH for the first time and, as luck would have it, the condom broke (as it turned out, due to the fact that he continued to make reciprocating movements after how it ended). MCH she has a dubious past (recently released, in his youth he used drugs. But he assured that he was not sick with anything). Just in case, she went to the doctor the next day to consult. The doctor has punched this MCH on a database and has found out. that he has long been registered for hepatitis and AIDS. The girlfriend was in shock, but the MCH denied everything and assured that this was a false diagnosis. She persuaded him to retake the tests, he agreed, but on the day when it was necessary to take the results he disappeared without a trace, he ignored the phone calls. They refuse to disclose the results of his tests to her, but everything is clear. Through what time it makes sense to hand over analyses? Are there any primary symptoms and when can they appear?

yes. AIDS may appear in 3 months-1 year or later. Moral - do not sleep with goats.

if sperm or lubrication did not get into it - about 10% chance of disease

I don't envy her

this is how lucky

but I think it's more likely.

the probability of vicha is about 10 percent, if, as he wrote 2, he did not finish in her. hepatitis.. what hepatitis?? Hepatitis C - there is a probability of about 3 percent, provided that she did not have any wounds, cracks, contact with blood in general .. if there was, then the probability of all diseases greatly increases

the incubation period for hepatitis C is up to 2 months, for hepatitis B - up to 8 months, for HIVA - half a year (but in 90% of cases the result is accurate after 4 months). it is advisable for her to take tests only after 4 months at least

AIDS with a normal act 1 percent. With anal 10. I don’t know about hepatitis

where did you get such fantastic data?

If there is erosion or there were cracks, I think there is a high probability. She should have contacted an anti-AIDS center from the very beginning, there should be such centers in every city, I heard that in such cases some kind of preventive treatment is carried out. Ah, what a possibility. But what a mudlan guy, huh.

sunny, do not have the right to disclose other people's tests and illnesses. even in hospitals now everything is designated by codes. Although humanly, if you explain, they could give.

But there is probably another doctor, not the one who punched through the database of that ***. She only sedatives drink and go to church. Order a magpie for a healthy one, what else to advise. And yet, by the way, to consult about preventive treatment in the AIDS center. Write a statement to the police. Although they may not accept, she is still healthy. Tell everyone the name and surname of this ***, his signs, ring up on the Internet.

HIV after one time

HIV The human immunodeficiency virus that causes HIV infection, a disease whose last stage is known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The virus is transmitted through direct contact of mucous membranes (if there are microdamages on them) or blood with HIV-containing blood, semen, vaginal secretions, pre-seminal fluid and breast milk. In the course of HIV infection, new strains (varieties) of the virus arise in the same person, which differ in their rate of reproduction and ability to infect.

The spread of HIV infection is associated with:

5. with unprotected sex;
6. use of virus-infected syringes, needles and other medical and paramedical instruments (especially by injecting drug users);
7. transmission of the virus from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

In developed countries, the mandatory testing of donated blood has greatly reduced the possibility of transmission of the virus when it is used.

HIV primarily infects cells of the immune system (CD4+ T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells) and some other cell types. HIV-infected CD4+ T-lymphocytes gradually die. Their death is mainly due to three factors.

8. Direct destruction of cells by the virus
9. programmed cell death
10. Killing of infected cells by CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Gradually, the subpopulation of CD4+ T-lymphocytes decreases, as a result of which cellular immunity decreases, and when the critical level of the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes is reached, the body becomes susceptible to opportunistic (opportunistic) infections.

Early treatment with antiretroviral drugs (HAART) stops the progression of HIV infection and reduces the risk of developing AIDS to 0.8-1.7%. However, antiretroviral drugs are widely available only in developed and some developing (Brazil) countries due to their high cost.

The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that between 1981 and 2006, 25 million people died from HIV and AIDS-related illnesses. Thus, the HIV pandemic is one of the most devastating epidemics in the history of mankind (however, the rate of development of the incidence of AIDS in the 21st century turned out to be much lower than according to forecasts developed at the end of the 20th century). In 2006, for example, HIV infection caused about 2.9 million deaths. By the beginning of 2007, about 40 million people worldwide (0.66% of the world's population) were HIV carriers. Two-thirds of the total number of people living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa. In the countries hardest hit by the HIV and AIDS pandemic, the epidemic is hindering economic growth and increasing poverty.

HIV is believed to have originated in monkeys in sub-Saharan Africa and was transmitted to humans in the late 19th or early 20th century. The first scientific article that recognized the features of opportunistic (opportunistic) infections illustrating AIDS was published in 1981.

Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in West and Central Africa and were transmitted (a process known as zoonosis) from monkeys to humans. HIV-1 originated in southern Cameroon through the evolution of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(cpz)), which infects wild chimpanzees (HIV-1 is derived from the SIV(cpz) subspecies endemic in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes troglodytes). The closest relative of HIV-2 is SIV(smm), a virus of dark brown mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), narrow-nosed monkeys from West Africa (from southern Senegal to western Ivory Coast). However, some broad-nosed monkeys, such as night monkeys, are resistant to HIV-1, possibly due to a genomic fusion of two viral resistance genes. HIV-1 is believed to have jumped the species barrier at least three times and spawned three groups of viruses: M, N, and O.

There is evidence that those people who participate in the hunt, either as game hunters or meat suppliers in western and central Africa, commonly acquire simian immunodeficiency virus. However, SIV is a weak virus and is usually suppressed by the human immune system within a week of infection. It is believed that multiple person-to-person transmissions of the virus in rapid succession are needed to give the virus time to mutate into HIV. In addition, due to the relatively low rate of person-to-person transmission, SIV can only spread to a population in the presence of one or more risky transmission channels that are believed to have been absent in Africa prior to the 20th century.

The proposed high-risk transmission channels that have allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout society depend on the estimated timing of the animal-to-human transition. Genetic studies indicate that the last common ancestor of HIV-1 group M dates from around 1910. Proponents of this date attribute HIV infection to the advent of colonialism and the growth of large colonial African cities, which led to social changes, including a higher degree of promiscuity, the spread of prostitution, and the concomitant appearance of genital ulcers (such as syphilis) with a high frequency in the population of nascent colonial cities. There is evidence that the rate of HIV transmission during vaginal intercourse, which is quite low under normal conditions, can be increased by dozens if not hundreds of times if one of the partners suffers from an STD in the presence of genital ulcers. The prevalence of such diseases in the colonial cities of the early 1900s can be judged by the following figures: in 1928, at least 45% of the inhabitants of eastern Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) were prostitutes, and in 1933, about 15% of all residents of the same city were infected with a form of syphilis.

An alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa in the post-World War II years, such as the use of unsterile reusable syringes in mass vaccinations, injections of antibiotics and antimalarials, were the beginning that allowed the virus to adapt to people and spread.

The first documented case of HIV infection in a human body dates back to 1959. The virus may have been present in the United States as early as 1966, but the vast majority of HIV cases identified outside sub-Saharan Africa can be traced back to one unidentified person who contracted HIV in Haiti and then carried the infection to the US around 1969.

The human immunodeficiency virus was discovered in 1983 as a result of research into the etiology of AIDS. The first official scientific reports on AIDS were two articles on unusual cases of pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men, published in 1981. In July 1982, the term AIDS was proposed for the first time to refer to a new disease. In September of that year, based on a series of opportunistic infections diagnosed in (1) gay men, (2) drug users, (3) hemophilia A patients, and (4) Haitians, AIDS was first fully defined as a disease. In the period from 1981 to 1984, several papers were published linking the danger of developing AIDS with anal sex or with the influence of drugs. In parallel, work was underway on the hypothesis of the possible infectious nature of AIDS. The human immunodeficiency virus was independently discovered in 1983 in two laboratories:

The results of studies in which a new retrovirus was isolated from patient tissues for the first time were published on May 20, 1983 in the journal Science. These articles reported the discovery of a new virus belonging to the HTLV group of viruses. The researchers hypothesized that the viruses they isolated could cause AIDS.

On May 4, 1984, researchers reported the isolation of the virus, then called HTLV-III, from the lymphocytes of 26 of 72 AIDS patients and 18 of 21 pre-AIDS patients examined. None of the 115 healthy heterosexual individuals in the control group was found to have the virus. The researchers noted that the low percentage of virus shedding in the blood of AIDS patients is caused by a small number of T4 lymphocytes, cells in which HIV is thought to replicate.

In addition, the scientists reported the detection of antibodies to the virus, the identification of previously described in other viruses and previously unknown HTLV-III antigens, and the observation of virus replication in a population of lymphocytes.

In 1986, it was discovered that the viruses discovered in 1983 by French and American researchers were genetically identical. The original names of the viruses were abolished and one common name, HIV, was proposed.

In 2008, Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barre-Sinoussi were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus".

Once in the human body, HIV infects CD4+ lymphocytes, macrophages, and some other cell types. Having penetrated into the cells of these types, the virus begins to actively multiply in them. This ultimately leads to destruction and death of the infected cells. The presence of HIV over time causes a violation of the immune system due to its selective destruction of immunocompetent cells and suppression of their subpopulation. Viruses that leave the cell are introduced into new ones, and the cycle repeats. Gradually, the number of CD4+ lymphocytes decreases so much that the body can no longer resist pathogens of opportunistic infections that are not dangerous or slightly dangerous for healthy people with a normally functioning immune system.

The human immunodeficiency virus belongs to the family of retroviruses ( Retroviridae), a genus of lentiviruses ( Lentivirus). Name Lentivirus comes from the Latin word lente- slow. This name reflects one of the features of the viruses of this group, namely, the slow and uneven rate of development of the infectious process in the macroorganism. Lentiviruses also have a long incubation period.

in the genus Lentivirus the following species are distinguished (according to data for 2008).

The most well studied is HIV.

The human immunodeficiency virus is characterized by a high frequency of genetic changes that occur in the process of self-reproduction. The error rate in HIV is 10?3 - 10?4 errors/(genome * replication cycle), which is several orders of magnitude higher than in eukaryotes. The length of the HIV genome is approximately 10 4 nucleotides. It follows from this that almost every virus differs by at least one nucleotide from its predecessor. In nature, HIV exists in the form of many quasi-species, while being one taxonomic unit. In the process of HIV research, nevertheless, varieties were found that differed significantly from each other in several ways, in particular, by a different genome structure. Varieties of HIV are indicated by Arabic numerals. To date, HIV-1, HIV-2, HIV-3, HIV-4 are known.

The global HIV epidemic is driven primarily by the spread of HIV-1. HIV-2 is predominantly distributed in West Africa. HIV-3 and HIV-4 do not play a significant role in the spread of the epidemic.

In the vast majority of cases, unless otherwise specified, HIV refers to HIV-1.

HIV virions have the form of spherical particles, the diameter of which is about 100-120 nanometers. This is approximately 60 times smaller than the diameter of an erythrocyte.

The capsid of a mature virion has the shape of a truncated cone. Sometimes there are "multinuclear" virions containing 2 or more nucleoids.

The composition of mature virions includes several thousand protein molecules of various types.

Inside the HIV capsid there is a protein-nucleic acid complex: two strands of viral RNA, viral enzymes (reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase) and a protein p7. Proteins are also associated with the capsid. Nef And Vif(7-20 Vif molecules per virion). A protein was found inside the virion (and most likely outside the capsid) VPR. The capsid itself is formed

2,000 copies of viral protein p24. The stoichiometric ratio of p24:gp120 in the virion is 60-100:1 and p24:Pol is about 10-20:1. In addition, HIV-1 (but not HIV-2) capsid binds

200 copies of cellular cyclophilin A, which the virus borrows from the infected cell.

The HIV capsid is surrounded by a matrix membrane

2,000 copies of matrix protein p17. The matrix shell, in turn, is surrounded by a bilayer lipid membrane, which is the outer shell of the virus. It is formed by molecules captured by the virus during its budding from the cell in which it was formed. There are 72 glycoprotein complexes built into the lipid membrane, each of which is formed by three molecules of a transmembrane glycoprotein ( gp41 or TM), serving as the "anchor" of the complex, and three molecules of surface glycoprotein ( gp120 or SU). By using gp120 the virus attaches to the CD4 receptor and co-receptor located on the surface of the cell membrane. gp41 and in particular gp120 are being intensively studied as targets for HIV drug and vaccine development. The lipid membrane of the virus also contains cell membrane proteins, including human leukocyte antigens (HLA) classes I, II and adhesion molecules.

Names and functions of the main structural proteins of HIV-1

The HIV-1 genome and the proteins it encodes

The genetic material of HIV is represented by two unrelated strands of positive-sense (positive-sense, or (+)) RNA. The HIV-1 genome is 9,000 nucleotides long. The ends of the genome are represented by long terminal repeats (LTRs), which control the production of new viruses and can be activated by both viral proteins and infected cell proteins.

The 9 HIV-1 genes code for at least 15 proteins.

The other six genes - tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu (vpx in HIV-2) - encode proteins responsible for the ability of HIV-1 to infect cells and produce new copies of the virus.

HIV-1 replication in vitro possible without the nef, vif, vpr, vpu genes. However, these proteins are required for a complete infection in vivo.

The Gag/p55 precursor polyprotein is synthesized from full-length genomic RNA (which serves as mRNA in this case) by standard cap-dependent translation, but synthesis is also possible using IRES located in the 5'-untranslated region of the mRNA. The localization of individual Gag proteins into which Gag/p55 is cleaved is as follows: p17…p24…p2…p7…p1…p6. (p1 and p2 are junction peptides; other Gag/p55 cleavage products are described above.) Non-protease-cleaved Gag/p55 contains three main domains: a membrane localization domain (M, membrane targeting), an interaction domain (I, interaction), and a "late" domain (L, late). The M domain, located within the p17/MA region, myristylates and directs Gag/p55 to the plasma membrane. Domain I, located within the p7/NC region, is responsible for the intermolecular interactions of individual Gag/p55 monomers. The L domain, also located in the p7/NC region, mediates the budding of daughter virions from the plasma membrane; the p6 region of the Gag/p55 polyprotein is also involved in this process.

Two important functions of the Vpu protein are: 1) degradation (destruction) of the CD4 receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum by attracting ubiquitin ligase complexes, and 2) stimulating the release of daughter virions from the cell, by inactivating the interferon-induced transmembrane protein CD317/BST-2, which received also the name "tetherin" for its ability to suppress the release of newly formed daughter virions by retaining them on the cell surface.

The Vpr protein is essential for virus replication in non-proliferating cells, including macrophages. This protein, along with other cellular and viral promoters, activates the long terminal repeats of the HIV genome. Recently, it was found that the Vpr protein plays an important role in the transfer of the provirus to the nucleus and causes a delay in cell proliferation in the G2 period.

The Vif protein plays an important role in supporting viral replication. Strains lacking this protein do not replicate in CD4 lymphocytes, some T-lymphocyte lines ("inaccessible cells"), and macrophages. These strains are able to penetrate into target cells and start reverse transcription, but the synthesis of proviral DNA remains incomplete.

The Nef protein has several functions. It suppresses the expression of CD4 and HLA class I and II molecules on the surface of infected cells, and thereby allows the virus to elude attack by cytotoxic CD8 T-lymphocytes and from recognition by CD4 lymphocytes. The Nef protein can also inhibit the activation of T-lymphocytes by binding to various proteins that are components of intracellular signal transduction systems.

In HIV-infected rhesus monkey monkeys, active virus replication and disease progression are possible only if the nef gene is intact. Deletions of the nef gene were found in HIV strains isolated from a group of Australians with a long-term non-progressive course of infection. However, some of them developed signs of infection progression over time, including a decrease in the number of CD4 lymphocytes. Thus, although deletions of the nef gene may slow down the replication of the virus, they are not a guarantee against AIDS.

Tat and Rev regulatory proteins accumulate in the nucleus and bind to certain regions of the viral RNA: the first with a transactivated regulatory element (TAR) in the region of long terminal repeats, the second with a Rev-sensitive regulatory element (RRE) in the region of the env gene. The Tat protein activates transcription of the promoter region of long terminal repeats and is required for virus replication in almost all cell cultures. The Tat protein requires a cellular cofactor, cyclin T1. The Tat and Rev proteins stimulate transcription of proviral DNA into RNA, RNA elongation, and transport of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and are required for translation. The Rev protein also ensures the transport of virus components from the nucleus and switching the synthesis of regulatory proteins to the synthesis of structural ones.

HIV infection is a viral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. The last stage of the disease is AIDS.

The period from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus to the development of AIDS lasts an average of 9-11 years. Statistical data from numerous studies conducted in various countries over a period of more than two decades confirm this conclusion. These figures are valid only for cases where HIV infection is not subjected to any therapy.

Recent data suggest that the main factor in the pathogenesis of HIV is the hyperactivation of the immune system in response to infection. One of the features of pathogenesis is the death of CD4+ T-cells (T-helpers), the concentration of which is slowly but steadily decreasing. The death of HIV-infected CD4+ T-lymphocytes of the central memory has especially significant negative consequences. It also reduces the number of dendritic cells, professional antigen-presenting cells. The reasons for the death of dendritic cells remain unclear.

Some causes of death of helpers:

In addition, under laboratory conditions, in cell cultures, fusion of the membranes of infected and uninfected helpers with the formation of non-viable symplasts was observed.

The main cause of T cell death in HIV infection is programmed cell death (apoptosis). Even at the AIDS stage, the infection rate of CD4+ cells in peripheral blood is 1:1000, which indicates that the virus itself is not able to kill the number of cells that die with HIV infection. Also, such a massive death of T-cells cannot be explained by the cytotoxic effect of other cells.

At the same time, the main place where HIV replication occurs at all stages of HIV infection is the secondary lymphoid tissue. The most intensive HIV replication occurs in the lymphoid tissue associated with the intestine (eng. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, GALT). Infected memory T cells in this tissue are found 10-100, and sometimes almost 1000 times more often than in peripheral blood. This is primarily due to the high content of CD4+CCR5+ T cells in this tissue, which are good targets for HIV infection. For comparison: there are only 11.7% of such cells in the peripheral blood, 7.9% of lymph node tissue, while in the lymphoid tissue associated with the intestine - 69.4%. Severe depletion of CD4 cells due to HIV replication in intestinal lymphoid tissue occurs several weeks after infection and persists through all stages of HIV infection. HIV infection impairs mucosal permeability to substances of microbial origin, such as lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. These substances, entering the bloodstream, are the cause of chronic nonspecific hyperactivation of innate and adaptive immunity.

Therefore, HIV infection is mainly a disease of the intestinal mucosa, and the gastrointestinal tract is the main site of HIV replication. A fundamentally important role in reducing the amount is caused by chronic immune activation of changes in the structure of the lymphoid tissue of the lymph nodes. After migration from the thymus, naive T-lymphocytes form a pool of long-lived cells that circulate between tissues and secondary lymphoid organs. Some of them die due to apoptosis, and some divide from time to time, replenishing the stock of dead cells. At the same time, in all periods of life, the number of cells that appear as a result of division exceeds thymic export. To prevent apoptosis of these cells, at each stage of their development, they need certain survival signals. Such a signal is realized when, during the contact of the T-cell receptor (TCR) with the complex of its own antigen - MHC I (English MHC, major histocompatibility complex - Major histocompatibility complex), the virgin lymphocyte receives stimulation with interleukin-7 (IL-7). Entry of virgin T cells into lymphoid tissue and interaction with cells in the microenvironment that synthesize IL-7 (eg, lymph node stromal cells, dendritic cells) is a critical factor for maintaining the population of virgin T cells. The highly organized structure of the secondary lymphoid tissue is extremely important for the survival of T-cells and the provision of an immune response through the interaction of T-lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. Chronic immune activation and replication of HIV in lymphoid tissue leads to the destruction of this structure, and excessive accumulation of collagen, and ultimately to fibrosis of the lymph nodes. Overproduction of collagen is a side effect of regulatory T cells (Treg) trying to counteract the negative effects of immune activation. Fibroblasts stimulated by cytokines (such as TGF-β1) of regulatory T cells produce collagen, the accumulation of which destroys the structure of lymphoid tissue and deprives virgin T cells of access to a source of IL-7. This leads to the depletion of their supply, as well as to limiting the possibility of its restoration when HIV replication is suppressed on HAART.

The main reservoir of HIV in the body is macrophages and monocytes:

And in the case of HIV, macrophages, whose main task is to remove the infection, actively contribute to the reproduction of the virus.

Also, it should be noted that the innate immune system is not able to effectively recognize the virus and stimulate a timely adequate specific T-cell response during acute HIV infection.

According to some researchers, the immune system does not recognize HIV as a foreign infection, for the reason that 45% of the human genome consists of endogenous retroelements (endogenous retroviruses and retrotransposons). According to these authors, antibodies arising from the reaction to the gp-120 protein only contribute to the intensification of the “infection”, and not its suppression. At the same time, they refer to the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement of the infectivity of the virus. On this basis, they conclude that the human immune system, by its response, only contributes to the reproduction of the virus, so the creation of an HIV vaccine similar to the smallpox vaccine is impossible. It should be noted that this view is not supported by many HIV researchers. In addition, it contradicts the fact that the fundamental possibility of creating an HIV vaccine has been proven. In 2009, a trial of the RV144 vaccine in Thailand showed efficacy in preventing infections.

Stages of the infectious process

The total duration is on average 10 years. During all this time, there is a constant decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the patient's blood, which ultimately becomes the cause of death.

Window period(seroconversion period - before the appearance of detectable antibodies to HIV) - from 2 weeks to 1 year (for people with weakened immune systems from 2 weeks to 6 months).

prodromal period- the stage of primary infection, up to 1 month. Clinical manifestations: subfebrile temperature, urticaria, stomatitis, inflammation of the lymph nodes - they become enlarged, soft and painful (passes under the guise of infectious mononucleosis). The maximum concentration of the virus, antibodies appears only at the very end of the prodromal period.

latent period- 5-10 years, the only manifestation is a persistent enlargement of the lymph nodes (dense, painless) - lymphadenopathy.

PreAIDS- Duration 1-2 years - the beginning of the suppression of cellular immunity. Often recurrent herpes - long-term healing ulceration of the oral mucosa, genital organs, stomatitis. Leukoplakia of the tongue (growth of the papillary layer - "fibrous tongue"). Candidiasis - oral mucosa, genital organs.

terminal stage- AIDS - 1-2 years.

Generalization of opportunistic infections and tumors:

The course of HIV infection is characterized by a prolonged absence of significant symptoms of the disease. The diagnosis of HIV infection is made on the basis of laboratory data: when antibodies to HIV are detected in the blood. Antibodies to HIV during the acute phase, as a rule, are not detected. In the first 3 months after infection, antibodies to HIV are detected in 96-97% of patients, after 6 months. - in the remaining 2-3%, and in later periods - only in 0.5-1% (source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention USA, 2009). In the AIDS stage, a significant decrease in the content of antibodies in the blood is recorded. The first weeks after infection represent the “seronegative window period” when antibodies to HIV are not detected. Therefore, a negative HIV test result during this period does not mean that a person is not infected with HIV and cannot infect others.

For the diagnosis of lesions of the oral mucosa in HIV-infected patients, a working classification was adopted, approved in London in September 1992. All lesions are divided into 3 groups:

Of the 35 million people living with HIV infection, a proportion are alive thanks to antiretroviral therapy. Less than half of the 9.5 million carriers who need antiviral therapy receive the necessary medicines. More than two thirds of people living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemic began here in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The center is considered to be a strip stretching from West Africa to the Indian Ocean. Then HIV spread south. With the exception of countries in Africa, HIV is spreading fastest today in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. From 1999 to 2002, the number of people infected here almost tripled. These regions contained the epidemic until the late 1990s, and then the number of infected people began to increase sharply - mainly due to injection drug users. Significantly below average HIV prevalence in East Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. On a global scale, the epidemic has stabilized: the share of the epidemic in relation to the entire population has not increased, the number of new cases of HIV infection is decreasing (from 3.5 million new cases in 1997 to 2.7 million in 2007).

Epidemiology in Russia

The first case of HIV infection in the USSR was discovered in 1986. From this moment begins the so-called period of the emergence of the epidemic. The first cases of HIV infection among citizens of the USSR, as a rule, occurred as a result of unprotected sexual contacts with African students in the late 70s of the XX century. Further epidemiological measures to study the prevalence of HIV infection in various groups living on the territory of the USSR showed that the highest percentage of infection at that time was among students from African countries, in particular from Ethiopia. The collapse of the USSR led to the collapse of the unified epidemiological service of the USSR, but not the unified epidemiological space. A brief outbreak of HIV infection in the early 1990s among men who have sex with men did not spread further. In general, this period of the epidemic was distinguished by an extremely low level of infection (for the entire USSR less than 1000 detected cases) of the population, short epidemic chains from infecting to infected, sporadic introductions of HIV infection and, as a result, a wide genetic diversity of detected viruses. At that time, in Western countries, the epidemic was already a significant cause of death in the age group from 20 to 40 years.

This prosperous epidemic situation led to complacency in some now independent countries of the former USSR, which was expressed, among other things, in the curtailment of some broad anti-epidemic programs, as inappropriate for the moment and extremely expensive. All this led to the fact that in 1993-95 the epidemiological service of Ukraine was unable to timely localize two outbreaks of HIV infection that occurred among injection drug users (IDUs) in Nikolaev and Odessa. As it turned out later, these outbreaks were independently caused by different viruses belonging to different subtypes of HIV-1. Moreover, the transfer of HIV-positive prisoners from Odessa to Donetsk, where they were released, only contributed to the spread of HIV infection. The marginalization of IDUs and the unwillingness of the authorities to carry out any effective preventive measures among them greatly contributed to the spread of HIV infection. In only two years (1994-95) in Odessa and Nikolaev, several thousand HIV-infected people were identified, in 90% of cases - IDUs. From that moment on, the next stage of the HIV epidemic, the so-called concentrated stage, begins on the territory of the former USSR, which continues to the present (2007). This stage is characterized by the level of HIV infection of 5 percent or more in a certain risk group (in the case of Ukraine and Russia, this is IDUs). In 1995, there was an outbreak of HIV infection among IDUs in Kaliningrad, then successively in Moscow and St. Petersburg, then outbreaks among IDUs followed one after another throughout Russia in the direction from west to east. The direction of the concentrated epidemic and molecular epidemiological analysis have shown that 95% of all studied cases of HIV infection in Russia have their origin in the initial outbreaks in Nikolaev and Odessa. In general, this stage of HIV infection is characterized by the concentration of HIV infection among IDUs, the low genetic diversity of the virus, and the gradual transition of the epidemic from the risk group to other populations.

As of January 1, 2013, 719,445 HIV-infected people were recorded in Russia, including 6,306 thousand children under 14 years of age. Due to the lack of HIV prevention, the number of Russians infected with HIV increased by 69,28 thousand over the year. HIV prevalence rate -infection among adults reached the value

1.1%. In 2006, 19,347 people died from diseases related to HIV and AIDS, including 353 children. As of December 1, 2012, 125 thousand deaths from AIDS were recorded in Russia.

About 60% of HIV infections among Russians occur in 11 out of 86 Russian regions (Irkutsk, Saratov, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Moscow, Orenburg, Samara, Sverdlovsk and Ulyanovsk regions, St. Petersburg and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug).

As of the end of 2012: over the past 5 years, the number of HIV-infected people has doubled. But many people may not know they are sick. According to various estimation methods, the actual number of HIV-infected people can range from 950,000 to 1,300,000 people.

As of the end of 2013, Russia's epidemic has intensified its transition from vulnerable population groups to the general population. Socially adapted people of working age are involved in the epidemic. The maximum incidence of HIV infection was registered among women in the age group of 25-34 years, among men in the age group of 30-34 years. The main routes of infection are:

• 58% - intravenous drug administration with non-sterile instruments
• 40% - heterosexual contact.

Is it possible NOT to get AIDS by sleeping with a sick person once?

Answers

2 0

8 (115661) 8 15 115 6 years

Maybe. There's not a 100% chance.

It is estimated that the average risk of HIV transmission as a result of a single unprotected anal contact for the "receiving" partner is from 0.8% to 3.2% (from 8 to 32 cases per 1,000). With a single vaginal contact, the statistical risk for a woman is from 0.05% to 0.15% (from 5 to 15 cases per 10,000).

For the "accepting" partner, when the second partner is HIV+, - 0.82%;
for the "accepting" partner, when the HIV status of the second partner is unknown, - 0.27%;
for the "introducing" partner - 0.06%.

During unprotected oral sex with a man, the risk for the "receiving" partner is 0.04%. For the "introducing" partner, there is practically no risk, since it comes into contact only with saliva (unless, of course, there is no bleeding or open wounds in the mouth of the "receiving" partner). The low average risk of infection with a single contact is not a reason for complacency. In the study cited above, 9 out of 60, that is, 15% of those infected, received HIV as a result of one or two episodes of unprotected "receiving" anal sex.
Factors that increase the risk of infection through sexual contact

The risk of infection for both partners increases with concomitant sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sexually transmitted diseases are rightly called "virus gateways" because they cause ulcers or inflammation of the genital mucosa. At the same time, a large number of lymphocytes enter the surface of the mucous membrane, especially those that serve as a target for HIV (T-4 lymphocytes). Inflammation also causes changes in the cell membrane, which increases the risk of virus entry.
The probability of infection of a woman from a man during sexual contact is about three times higher than that of a man from a woman. In a woman, during unprotected intercourse, a large amount of the virus contained in the seminal fluid of a man enters the body. The surface area through which the virus can enter is much larger in a woman (vaginal mucosa). In addition, HIV is found in higher concentrations in seminal fluid than in vaginal secretions. The risk for a woman increases with STDs, erosion of the cervix, wounds or inflammation of the mucous membrane, with menstruation, as well as with a rupture of the hymen.
The risk of infection for both men and women increases if the partner has cervical erosion. For a woman - because erosion serves as an "entrance gate" for the virus. For a man - since in an HIV-positive woman, erosion can lead to exfoliation of cells containing the virus from the cervix.
The risk of infection during anal contact is much higher than during vaginal contact, since there is a high probability of injury to the mucous membrane of the anus and rectum, which creates a "gateway" for infection.

1 0

5 (4903) 2 2 7 6 years

it’s possible not to get infected even 10 times, there were cases that people lived for years and didn’t get infected, everything is strictly individual (like walking through a minefield, there are lucky ones, but there are only a few of them)

0 0

6 (5008) 4 22 49 6 years

The chance of contracting AIDS is pure psychosomatics, if you have no reasons for such an infection, you will never get sick at all, due to the lack of suitable conditions for this disease in the body.

Andryushka, don’t fool your brain, go to the emergency room with your arm, you’ll sit in line, they will accept you, say that your arm is bothering you and that’s it .. and then they will do the procedures .. if they don’t find anything (and they will make a diagnosis for anyone) they will advise something else a place where you can go, write out a new direction ..
And you will leave these rubles for treatment ... you will pay a penny ..
2nd City still accepts.


It's clear that this is not very pleasant, but why bring it up for general discussion?
There are claims - present them to the company in which she works. Such claims are entirely valid.
But don't make a scapegoat out of a waitress - she's a human after all.


Hepatitis finally can be different. Hepatitis A is quite easy to catch, but it is also treated calmly, B is less common and more difficult, C only through the blood, etc. Don't worry, you'll live, the main thing is to run to the doctor with tests!

Am I alone now with a runny nose and throat? Or are there more?




No, me too. -.- And my girl.

read a book \ listen to music \ watch clips \ watch movies \ watch series \ play games \ chat with friends on the Internet \ wash dishes \ clean the apartment \ work at home \ do what you have been putting off all the time, etc. in general, at the age of 19, it is a shame to ask such questions. time is distributed poorly.

Two woodpeckers will come out, they will gouge each other.

You need to undergo a CT scan and donate blood for biochemistry.
There can be so many causes and cures that a page is not enough to tell.
Starting with a simple bruise and ending with cancer.

If an old and sick woman is from Urlas.lv, then she can tear it off.

from me))) I was called to work today) finally plucked without warning. and I'm sitting here right now without even a pass, without grub until the morning, without mood, WITHOUT HEADPHONES!!! to watch a movie

many skin and infectious diseases

- a dangerous disease that is diagnosed too often and in some countries in terms of distribution has taken the form of an epidemic. Modern medicine can offer the patient supportive therapy in time, but it is much more reasonable to know the rules of HIV prevention in order to avoid infection.

General rules for HIV prevention

Most likely, the general rules for preventing HIV infection are familiar to many people, if not everyone. And yet, it will not be superfluous to recall them - they play a major role in reducing the risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus to zero. These preventive measures include:

1. Sexual intercourse should take place only with the use of a condom. Even if partners decide to live together, but before that they had sex, a condom should become a familiar addition to sex. Of course, in the case of passing the tests and receiving a negative result, this rule of prevention can be ignored, but only if there is a clear confidence in the fidelity of the partner.

Note:during sexual intercourse, only water-based lubricants should be used, because those made on the basis of medical vaseline can lead to the destruction of latex and the condom will not protect against infection.

1. must give up bad habits. But this is the ideal solution to the problem, which, alas, almost never turns out to be realized. Therefore, this category of people in the framework of HIV prevention should use only disposable syringes and needles.
2. If the parents are HIV-positive (or one of the spouses has the human immunodeficiency virus), then pregnancy is possible - this process should be accompanied by an early examination of both men and women, monitoring the health of the expectant mother and fetus by experienced doctors. Often, HIV-positive spouses choose to have their sperm cleaned in order to have a healthy baby. Prevention of HIV with a high probability of transmission of infection from mother to child also consists in taking specific medications throughout the entire period of bearing a child, refusing to breastfeed an already born baby.
3. When carrying out medical manipulations, workers must use disposable instruments, gloves and sterilize all instruments using modern methods.

Post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV

This term refers to a series of activities that need to be carried out in the event of a situation with a high possibility of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Post-exposure prophylaxis should begin within 24-36 hours of the exposure, with a possible maximum of 72 hours. As part of such prevention, it is necessary to take certain medications for 30 days that can stop the development of HIV.

Some features of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis:

Possible side effects from taking medications as part of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis:

• intense;
• disorders of the digestive system - and appearing for no apparent reason;
• constant feeling of fatigue.

Drugs used for post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV:

• Isentress (raltegravir) 400 mg twice daily
• Viread (tenofovir) - 300 mg once a day;
• Emtriva (emtricitabine) 200 mg daily.

These drugs are taken at the same time, the doctor will select an individual combination.

Note:prescribed drugs as part of post-exposure prophylaxis of the human immunodeficiency virus must be taken for 30 days without interruption and dosage reduction. Otherwise, the desired effect will not be provided.

High risks of HIV infection - what to do as part of prevention

Unforeseen situations can happen to every person - someone accidentally stepped on a blood-stained syringe that was lying on the street or in the stairwell, there was an unplanned sexual contact (including violence). And many more are afraid of direct communication with an HIV-positive person, sharing with him the same dishes, the same toilet. In general, there are many such situations - it is stupid to react to each of them with panic and depression, you just need to have reliable information.

If you stepped on a dirty syringe

This situation may, in principle, not bother a person. The fact is that in the external environment, the human immunodeficiency virus is not capable of surviving - it dies quickly enough. But there is always a risk of contracting other complex infectious diseases, so doctors recommend doing an initial HIV test after 6 weeks, and then repeating the examination after 3 months from the moment of possible infection.

Note:no methods of cleaning the injection site are inappropriate in this case. Many begin to apply some kind of stretching bandages, wash the wound with disinfectants - all this will only save you from the inflammatory process, but will not help you protect yourself from viral infections.

If you have had unprotected intercourse

We are talking, of course, about casual sexual contacts and violence. In this case, it is necessary to visit an infectious disease specialist - he will prescribe medications as part of post-exposure prophylaxis. Remember that all appointments of a specialist must be carried out accurately and without self-adjustment.

Be sure to pass an ELISA test 6 weeks after unprotected intercourse. And even if he gave a negative result, it is recommended to undergo a secondary examination after 3 months from the moment of possible infection.

Note:contacting a doctor after unprotected intercourse should occur within 48 hours - only in this case, post-exposure prophylaxis will be appropriate.

If you have to live in the same space with an HIV-positive person

You don't have to worry about this at all! Medicine reliably knows that the human immunodeficiency virus is not transmitted through household items, dishes, bedding and underwear, personal hygiene items (washcloth, soap, toilet paper, and so on). The fact is that HIV is transmitted only through direct contact of the biological materials of a sick person with a healthy one.

Naturally, some care must be taken - for example, if there is an open wound on the skin, then any biological materials from an HIV-positive person must be prevented from entering it.

If the anxiety persists, then it is recommended as a preventive measure to simply take blood tests for HIV every 3 months.

If there was a kiss with an HIV-positive person

Much has been written about the fact that HIV is not transmitted through kissing. Many begin to doubt this and argue their position by the fact that if there are wounds and abrasions on the oral mucosa at the same time in two partners (both healthy and HIV-infected) or caries, it is possible to transmit the human immunodeficiency virus. Doctors, on the other hand, say that this scenario is only possible if two people kiss with open bleeding wounds, and the kisses themselves are long and deep. In addition, in an infected person, the level of the virus in the blood must be simply prohibitive.

Conclusion: kissing with an HIV-positive person does not pose any danger, the disease in this case is not transmitted.

Swimming in pools and open water

Let there be 50 people with the immunodeficiency virus and only one healthy person in them - there will be no infection! The fact is that HIV quickly dies in water, so even small wounds on the skin of an infected person will not lead to infection of others.

Do not forget that unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-positive partner in water is a dangerous situation - you will need to carry out post-exposure prophylaxis.

The human immunodeficiency virus is a dangerous disease and requires close attention from both people and medical workers. Modern medicine can offer preventive measures - in most cases they help even in situations that are potentially dangerous in terms of HIV infection. It is enough just to have information and seek medical help in time.

But you should not panic, become suspicious and be afraid of any incidents. Manicure / pedicure can be done in any beauty salon - HIV is not transmitted through sterile instruments, and the treatment carried out by the masters is quite enough to prevent infection. Doctors say that it is almost impossible to get infected with the human immunodeficiency virus at home, for this you need to try very hard - HIV does not survive in the environment. But reasonable caution must be present - drug addiction, promiscuity must be excluded from life.