Culture of Moscow Rus' in the XIV - XVI centuries. How much has this icon seen! The prince stopped and pitched his tent

In recent years, religion has ceased to be a pariah in our society. Both people of the older generation and young people are increasingly turning to the source from which our ancestors drew spiritual strength. Spirituality, faith, and asceticism are of great interest to students. And this is natural, because religion is part of the culture of the people, a significant milestone in our history.

One of the most important tasks of education at present is the development by children of the spiritual values accumulated by humanity. Our children are the heirs of a rich culture dating back more than a thousand years. And today, raising a citizen and patriot who loves his homeland is impossible without a deep knowledge of the spiritual wealth of his homeland. One example of spiritual knowledge could be icons, miraculous icons. Knowledge about them is immensely important.

A miraculous icon is an iconographic image in the Orthodox Church, revered as a source of miracles of various kinds - most often healing, help in war, in case of fire. The source of miraculous actions, according to the Church, is the grace of God acting through the icon. The Orthodox Church venerates about 1,000 icons that have become famous in this way.

The eight miraculous icons of the Mother of God are most revered in Russia: Vladimir, Kazan, Tikhvin, Smolensk, Pochaev, Don, Iverskaya (Moscow) and “Znamenie” (Novgorod). Three of them - Vladimir, Tikhvin and Smolensk - are among the oldest in the world; according to legend, they were written by the holy apostle and evangelist Luke.

These icons are glorified by a variety of miracles and signs. And yet they gained deep popular love precisely during wars and enemy invasions. These were icons-protectors, icons-guardians of the Russian Land. They were lifted onto the fortress walls during the enemy's assault on the city, they were carried around the camp before the battle, and they were carried into battle with them. This was the case on the Kulikovo Field and at Stalingrad.

Until now, Orthodox people believe that icons stand guard over our land.

The Tikhvin icon protects and blesses the northern borders. Iveron icon – southern. Pochaevskaya and Smolenskaya fence the Russian Land from the west. In the east, the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God shines with rays of grace, enclosing Russian lands, to the ends of the earth. And in the center shines the image of the Mother of God of Vladimir, written according to legend by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Saint ate
Family.

Savior of Rus' Mother of God of Vladimir

Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God

This miraculous icon is one of the main shrines of the Russian land. Defender of Moscow, where she has been for more than six centuries, and of all of Russia. How much has this shrine seen! The foundation of a new Russian state - first Vladimir-Suzdal, then Moscow. The invasion of conquerors in different centuries - Tamerlane, Napoleon, Hitler...

In 1131, the icon was sent to Rus' from Constantinople and placed in the Maiden Monastery of Vyshgorod. One of the remarkable monuments of ancient Russian literature - “The Tale of the Miracles of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God” - tells about its transfer from Vyshgorod to Vladimir by the holy noble prince Andrei Bogolyubsky.

12 versts from Vladimir, the harnessed horses of Prince Andrei suddenly stopped. The horses began to be whipped, but they did not move. The princely convoy stopped, they pitched a tent, and the prince fell asleep. In a dream, the Mother of God appeared to him with a scroll in her hands and said: “I don’t want My image to be carried to Rostov, but place it in Vladimir, and in this place, in the name of My Nativity, erect a stone church.” It was in 1159
year.

1395 The hordes of Tamerlane are approaching Moscow. He leads countless hordes into Rus', the cruelty of which is legendary. Muscovites are terrified... The lame commander Timur-Tamerlane intends to suppress any resistance with fire and sword, burn Russian cities, exterminate people or drive them into slavery.

The son of Dmitry Donskoy, Moscow Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich, decided to meet the enemy with his squad on the banks of the Oka, but the forces were catastrophically unequal. The Moscow prince hoped only for God's help. He sent a messenger to Metropolitan Cyprian of Moscow and All Rus', so that he ordered the miraculous image - the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God - to be brought from Vladimir. About 30 thousand Muscovites came out to meet her. They crowded together on the banks of the Neglinka. Everyone who was able to stand on their feet came, and everyone cried, realizing that there was no one to rely on except the Heavenly Intercessor.

When the procession with the icon of the Mother of God appeared, the crowd dropped to their knees. And she exclaimed: “Most Holy Mother of God, save us!” On this day, Tamerlane dozed off in his tent and saw a strange dream: on the top of the mountain stood a Woman in a radiant radiance, surrounded by many warriors. She threateningly ordered the invader to get out of Russia. The warriors surrounding her flew towards the tyrant like lightning. Tamerlane turned to the elders, and they explained that the Wife is the intercessor of the Russian land, the Mother of God.

Source: foma.ru

"Clear. We will not defeat them,” Tamerlane said and deployed his army. Turning to the south, Tamerlane's cavalry went to the Golden Horde. Cities hostile to Rus' were plundered and burned. The Golden Horde ceased to exist.

Now, in the place where Muscovites were waiting for the icon (at the place of the meeting, that is, the meeting), stands the Sretensky Monastery. Its current rector is Bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church, Bishop of Yegoryevsk, vicar of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus', manager of the Western Vicariate of the city of Moscow Tikhon (Shevkunov) - confessor of Vladimir Putin.

Tikhon (Shevkunov), Vladimir Putin, Patriarch Kirill

The Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was the source of many miraculous signs. It is impossible to list here all the miracles and name all the icons. There are a great many images of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God throughout Russia, and many of them are venerable or miraculous.

Smolensk Icon - Shrine of Western Rus'

Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God

In Greece, the icon became famous for many miracles, and the image came to Russia in 1046: the Greek emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, marrying his daughter, Princess Anna, to the Chernigov prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich, blessed her with this icon on her journey. That is why the Smolensk icon is called “Hodegetria” (“Guide Book”).

According to legend, the Smolensk Icon was also painted by the Apostle Luke. This is a blessing given by the Mother of God to Western Rus'. It was from the west that enemies often came to Russia, and the Smolensk icon always stood guard over the Russian land. The Smolensk Mother of God is the inspirer of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812.

The Smolensk Mother of God was traditionally approached with simple everyday requests: for healing from illnesses, for peace in the family, for help in difficult situations. As the first intercessor before God. Only the rescue of Smolensk from the hordes of Batu Khan and the dramatic events of 1812 were associated with military themes.

During the days of the Patriotic War, the miraculous image was brought from Smolensk to Kutuzov. The field marshal prayed in front of her with tears. And on the day of the Battle of Borodino, the Smolensk Icon, together with the Vladimir and Iverskaya, was carried around the White City, Kitai-gorod and the Kremlin, and then carried around the military camp on the Borodino field and prayers were served in front of it.

Prayer service before the Battle of Borodino.

After the victory over Bonaparte, the icon was returned to Smolensk, to the Assumption Cathedral. And during the occupation of the city by the Nazis in 1941, the ancient icon disappeared. Now in its place there is a miraculous list (copy) of the Smolensk image, dating back to 1602.

Kazan icon and great wars

The Kazan Icon of the Mother of God is one of the most revered icons of the Russian Orthodox Church. Before her they pray for the salvation of Russia during hostilities, for the soldiers. According to good tradition, parents bless their children with it when they get married. The Kazan Mother of God of Russia helped twice.

The first time this happened was during the Time of Troubles. A detachment of militias that came to Minin and Pozharsky from Kazan brought with them a list of the Kazan image. This icon has seen battles, and miracles have been performed from it. A decisive battle for Moscow was coming. It was necessary to take a well-fortified and stubbornly defended city and repel the large army of the Lithuanian hetman Chodkiewicz.

Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, reproduction of the painting, Moskvitin Philip Aleksandrovich

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky did not want to destroy Moscow, and the entire militia prayed in front of the icon, asking to save the city. The prayers were heard: on October 22, 1612, the Russians, calling on the Queen of Heaven for help, launched an attack and took Kitay-Gorod, where the Kazan Icon entered along with the army. The Polish garrisons capitulated. On October 25, the militia entered the Moscow Kremlin to the ringing of bells, with the Kazan icon in front of the army.

The second time the Kazan Mother of God came to the aid of Russia was in 1941, at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Orthodox Christians all over the world then prayed for the salvation of Russia.

Metropolitan Elijah of the Lebanese Mountains went down into a stone dungeon and spent several days without sleep or food in front of the icon of the Mother of God. After three days of vigil, the Queen of Heaven appeared to him. This is what she said: “Let them take out the miraculous icon of the Mother of God and carry it around the city.”

Everything Madonna said was conveyed to Stalin. On his secret order, a plane with the Kazan Icon on board flew over Moscow three times. At three o'clock in the morning on December 5, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive. On December 9, Tikhvin was released.

The defeat of the Germans near Moscow is a true miracle, revealed by the prayers and intercession of the Mother of God. Unprecedented frosts struck, the likes of which had not been seen for 140 years. The Germans fled in panic. Many people suffered from frostbite: more than 14 thousand people had to have their limbs amputated.

The miraculous icon was sent to Stalingrad, where prayers and memorial services were continuously served before it. The victory at Stalingrad was a turning point in the entire Second World War.

Almost everywhere during the war, the names of the Holy Defenders of the Russian Land - Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy - were painted on tanks and airplanes.

Known fact: in 1942, at the height of the Great Patriotic War, posters were issued with a quote from I.V. Stalin: “Let the courageous image of our great ancestors inspire you in this war.” All posters depicted the Great Orthodox defenders of the Russian land: Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, Mikhail Kutuzov. This was a turning point for the country in terms of the attitude of the authorities towards the church and religion.

Victory Parade in the shadow of Trinity

Some people consider this story with the miraculous Kazan icon during the Second World War to be nothing more than a beautiful legend. However, the war calendar itself testifies in its favor. Here are just a few examples of this:

1. On the day when the Germans celebrated Hitler's birthday in 1941 - April 20, the Russian people celebrated Easter.

2. The day the war began, June 22, coincided with the Week of All Saints who shone in the Russian land. The counteroffensive near Moscow began on the day of memory of St. Alexander Nevsky.

3. Kyiv, the mother of Russian cities, was liberated on November 6, 1943, on the day of the celebration of the icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow.”

Beautiful coincidences? I don’t think so... It’s worth admitting that there certainly were real miracles during wars. And the strength and valor of the Russian soldiers was supported by the prayers of the Orthodox Church and the intercession of the Mother of God.

The task of each of us is to be curious and courteous about the history of our Motherland, to carefully preserve the traditions and culture of our ancestors, to pass on from generation to generation the holiness and spirituality of the Russian people... And why don’t our children learn to see beauty and spiritual wealth in icons, and not just a board and paints...

*The article was prepared based on materials from the “presentation of extracurricular activities on spiritual and moral education held in general educational institutions and Sunday educational groups in the city of Balakovo. Authors: Ivanova E.V., teacher-librarian, Orlova O.M. teacher of Russian language and literature.

Andrei, apparently, then had a mature plan not only to retire to the Suzdal land, but to establish a center in it, from which it would be possible to manage the affairs of Rus'. The chronicle says that his relatives, the boyars Kuchkovs, were in agreement with him. We think that he then had many supporters both in Suzdal and in Kyiv. The first appears from the fact that in the Rostov-Suzdal land they loved him and soon later showed this love by making him a prince by election; the second is evidenced by signs of significant resettlement of residents from Kyiv land to Suzdal; but Andrei, who in this case acted against his father’s will, needed to sanctify his actions in the eyes of the people with some kind of right. Until now, in the minds of Russians, there were two rights for princes - origin and election, but both of these rights became confused and collapsed, especially in southern Rus'. The princes, bypassing any eldership by birth, sought the princely tables, and the election ceased to be the unanimous choice of the entire land and depended on the military crowd - on the squads, so that, in essence, only one more right was retained - the right to be princes in Rus' to persons from the Rurik house ; but which prince should reign where - for that there was no longer any other right except strength and luck. It was necessary to create a new law. Andrey found him; this right was the highest direct blessing of religion.

There was an icon of the Holy Mother of God in the women's monastery in Vyshgorod, brought from Constantinople, painted, as legend says, by St. Luke the Evangelist. They told miracles about her, they said, among other things, that, being placed near the wall, at night she herself moved away from the wall and stood in the middle of the church, seeming to show that she wanted to go to another place. It was clearly impossible to take her, because the residents would not allow it. Andrei planned to kidnap her, transfer her to the Suzdal land, thus bestowing on this land a shrine respected in Rus', and thereby showing that a special blessing of God rests on this land. Having persuaded the priest of the convent Nikolai and deacon Nestor, Andrei took the miraculous icon from the monastery at night and, together with the princess and his accomplices, immediately fled to the Suzdal land. The journey of this icon to the Suzdal land was accompanied by miracles: on its way it performed healings. Already in Andrei’s head was the idea of raising the city of Vladimir higher than the oldest cities of Suzdal and Rostov, but he kept this idea secret for the time being, and therefore Vladimir drove past with the icon and did not leave it where, according to his plan, it should subsequently be . But Andrei did not want to take her to either Suzdal or Rostov, because, according to his calculations, these cities should not have been given primacy. Ten miles from Vladimir, on the way to Suzdal, a miracle happened: the horses suddenly stood under the icon; They harness others harder, and they cannot move the cart from its place. The prince stopped; pitched the tent. The prince fell asleep, and in the morning he announced that the Mother of God appeared to him in a dream with a charter in her hand, and ordered not to take her icon to Rostov, but to place it in Vladimir; on the same place where the vision occurred, build a stone church in the name of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and found a monastery with it. In memory of such a vision, an icon was painted depicting the Mother of God in the form in which she appeared to Andrew with the charter in her hand. Then, on the site of the vision, a village called Bogolyubov was founded. Andrew built a rich stone church there; its utensils and icons were decorated with precious stones and enamel, the pillars and doors shone with gold. There he temporarily placed an icon of St. Mary; in the frame made for her by Andrey, there were fifteen pounds of gold, a lot of pearls, precious stones and silver.

The village of Bogolyubovo, which he founded, became his favorite residence and gave him the nickname Bogolyubsky in history.

We do not know what Andrei did before his father’s death, but, without a doubt, at that time he behaved in such a way that he pleased the whole earth. When the father died in Kiev after a feast at some Petril's, on May 15, 1157, the Rostov and Suzdal residents with all the land, violating the order of Yuri, who gave Rostov and Suzdal to his younger sons, unanimously elected Andrei as the prince of all their land. But Andrei did not go to Suzdal or Rostov, but founded his capital in Vladimir, and built there the magnificent Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary with a gilded top 1 made of white stone brought by water from Bulgaria. In this temple he placed an icon stolen from Vyshgorod, which from then on began to bear the name of Vladimir.

From then on, Andrei clearly showed his intention to make Vladimir, which until that time was only a suburb, the main city of the whole earth and place it above the old cities of Rostov and Suzdal. What Andrei meant was that in the old cities there were old traditions and habits that limited the power of the prince. Rostov and Suzdal residents elected Andrei at the assembly. They considered the power of the prince below their veche power; Living in Rostov or Suzdal, Andrei could have constant bickering and had to accommodate the townspeople, who were proud of their eldership. On the contrary, in Vladimir, which owed him his rise, his new eldership over the earth, the will of the people had to go hand in hand with the will of the prince. The city of Vladimir, previously small and insignificant, grew greatly and became populated under Andrei. Its inhabitants consisted largely of immigrants who had gone to Andrei from southern Rus' for a new home. This is clearly indicated by the names of tracts in Vladimir; there was the Lybid River, the Pecherny City, the Golden Gate with the church above them, as in Kiev, and the Tithe Church of the Virgin Mary: Andrei, in imitation of Kiev, gave tithes to the church he built in Vladimir from his herds and from trade, and in addition to the city of Gorokhovets and villages. Andrei built many churches, founded monasteries, and spared no expense in decorating the temples. In addition to the Church of the Assumption, which aroused the surprise of his contemporaries with the splendor and brilliance of the iconostasis, chandeliers, interchangeable paintings and abundant gilding, he built the Spassky and Ascension monasteries in Vladimir, the Cathedral Church of the Savior in Pereyaslavl, the Church of St. Theodore Stratelates, to whom he attributed his salvation during one battle , when he and his father participated in princely feuds in the south, the Church of the Intercession at the mouth of the Nerl and many other stone churches. Andrei invited masters from the West for this, and meanwhile Russian art began to develop, so that under Andrei’s successor, Russian craftsmen built and painted their churches without the help of foreigners.

In the second half of the 12th century of Russian history, the embryos of the course of events that developed and became established under the influence of the Tatar conquest appeared. Our ancient chronicler, listing the branches of the Slavic-Russian tribe, points to the Polyans, Drevlyans, Northerners, etc., but even speaking according to the legends about the events of the 9th and 10th centuries, he ranks Merya, a country inhabited by Finnish tribe of the same name, occupying space in the current provinces: Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and parts of Moscow and Tver, including along with these people the tribes and neighboring tribes: Murom to the south of Mary and Ves to the north of the same Mary along the Sheksna and near Beloozero. Already in time immemorial, Slavic settlers penetrated into the countries of these peoples and settled there, as is shown by the Slavic names of the city of Rostov in the land of Mary and Beloozero in the land of Vesi. Unfortunately, we do not know the course of Slavic colonization in these lands; There is no doubt that with the adoption of Christianity it intensified, cities with Russian inhabitants arose, and the natives themselves, accepting Christianity, lost their nationality along with paganism and gradually merged with the Russians, while some left their former fatherland and fled further to the east. Recent excavations of graves carried out by gr. Uvarov in the land of Meri, show that paganism and the ancient people were already dying out in the 12th century; at least, later graves with signs of the Meryan people can be attributed to this period. According to written monuments in the 12th century, we find in these places a significant number of cities, no doubt Russian: Rostov, Suzdal, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Dmitrov, Uglich, Zubtsov, Mologa, Yuryev, Vladimir, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Tver, Galich-Mersky, Gorodets and others. Unrest in southern Rus' prompted its residents to move to this country. The people of Merya had a low level of education, did not constitute an original political body, and, moreover, were not warlike, as shown by the scarcity of weapons in their graves: that is why they easily submitted to the power and influence of the Russians. In this region, colonized by newcomers from various Slavic-Russian lands, a new branch of the Slavic-Russian nationality was formed, which laid the foundation for the Great Russian people; Over the course of subsequent history, this branch embraced all other national branches in the Russian land, absorbed many of them completely and merged with itself, and subordinated other branches to its influence. The lack of information about the progress of Russian colonization in this region constitutes a major, irreplaceable gap in our history. Nevertheless, however, it is possible already in distant times to notice those properties that generally constituted the distinctive features of the Great Russian people; consolidation of forces in one’s own land, the desire to expand one’s residences and to subjugate other lands. This can already be seen in the history of the struggle between Yuri of Suzdal for Kyiv and Izyaslav Mstislavich. This was the first beginning of the desire to subordinate the Russian lands to the primacy of the Eastern Russian land. Yuri wanted to establish himself in Kyiv, because, apparently, he was burdened by his stay in the eastern country; but if we delve into the meaning of the events of that time, we will see that even then the desire of the Russian inhabitants of the Suzdal land to rule in Kyiv was combined with this. This is evident from the fact that Yuri, having captured Kiev, held on to it with the help of the Suzdal people who came with him. The Kievans looked at Yuri's reign as an alien domination, and therefore, after Yuri's death, in 1157, they killed all the Suzdal residents, to whom Yuri entrusted the administration of the region. Subsequently, Yuri's son Andrei no longer thought of moving to Kyiv, but wanted, while remaining in the Suzdal land, to rule over Kiev and other Russian lands in such a way that the Suzdal land would acquire the significance of the primary land that it previously had behind Kiev. With Andrey, the originality of the Suzdal-Rostov land and at the same time the desire for primacy in the Russian world begins to emerge as clear features. It was during this era that the Great Russian people entered the historical field for the first time. Andrei was the first Great Russian prince; with his activity he laid the foundation and showed an example to his descendants; the latter, under favorable circumstances, were to accomplish what was intended by their ancestor.

Andrei was born in Suzdal, or, more precisely, Rostov-Suzdal land, there he spent his childhood and early youth, there he learned his first impressions, according to which his views on life and concepts were formed. Fate threw him into the maelstrom of hopeless civil strife that dominated southern Rus'. After Monomakh, who was the Kyiv prince by choice of land, his two sons, Mstislav and Yaropolk, reigned in Kyiv one after another; They had no dispute over the land, and we can count them among the true elected princes of the land, like their father, because the people of Kiev valued the memory of Monomakh and loved his sons. But in 1139, the Chernigov prince Vsevolod Olgovich expelled Monomakhov’s third son, the weak and limited Vyacheslav, and took possession of Kiev by force of arms. This opened the way for endless troubles in southern Rus'. Vsevolod held out in Kyiv with the help of his Chernigovites. He wanted to strengthen Kyiv for his family: Vsevolod invited the people of Kiev to choose his brother Igor. The people of Kiev reluctantly agreed. But as soon as Vsevolod died, in 1146, the people of Kiev elected the son of the eldest Monomakhovich, Izyaslav Mstislavich, as prince, and deposed Igor; then, when his brothers started a war over the latter, the people of Kiev killed Igor publicly, despite the fact that he had already renounced the world and entered the Pechersk Monastery.

Izyaslav happily dealt with the Olgovichs, but a new restless rival rose up against him, his uncle, Prince of Suzdal Yuri Dolgoruky, the youngest son of Vladimir Monomakh. A long-term struggle began, and Andrei took part in this struggle. Things became so complicated that there seemed to be no end to the civil strife. Kyiv passed several times into the hands of Izyaslav, then into the hands of Yuri; the Kievans have completely lost their way: they will assure Izyaslav of their readiness to die for him, and then they transport Yuri across the Dnieper to themselves and force Izyaslav to flee; they accept Yuri and then communicate with Izyaslav, call Izyaslav to themselves and drive Yuri away; in general, however, they easily yield to any force. The people of Kiev, despite such inconstancy forced by circumstances, invariably loved Izyaslav and hated Yuri and his Suzdalians. During this strife, Andrei more than once showed courage in battle, but also more than once tried to establish peace between the irritated arguing parties: everything was in vain. In 1151, when Izyaslav temporarily gained a decisive advantage, Andrei convinced his father to retire to the land of Suzdal and, before him, he hurried to go to this region - to Vladimir-on-Klyazma, a suburb given to him by his father as an inheritance. But Yuri did not want to leave the south for anything, he again began to seek Kyiv, and finally, after the death of Izyaslav, in 1154 he took possession of it and put Andrei in Vyshgorod. Yuri wanted to have this son near him, probably in order to transfer the reign of Kiev to him, and for this purpose he assigned the cities of Rostov and Suzdal, remote from Kyiv, to his younger sons. But Andrei was not captivated by any hopes in southern Rus'. Andrei was as brave as he was smart, as calculating in his intentions as he was decisive in execution. He was too power-hungry to get along with the then prevailing conditions in southern Rus', where the fate of the prince constantly depended on the attempts of other princes and on the waywardness of squads and cities; Moreover, the proximity of the Polovtsians did not provide any guarantee in advance for the establishment of order in the southern Russian region, because the Polovtsians represented a convenient means for the princes who were planning to obtain cities for themselves by force. Andrei decided to voluntarily flee forever to the land of Suzdal. The step was important; a contemporary chronicler considered it necessary to especially note that Andrei decided on this without his father’s blessing.

The village of Bogolyubovo, which he founded, became his favorite residence and gave him the nickname Bogolyubsky in history.

We do not know what Andrei did before his father’s death, but, without a doubt, at that time he behaved in such a way that he pleased the whole earth. When the father died in Kiev after a feast at some Petril's, on May 15, 1157, the Rostov and Suzdal residents with all the land, violating the order of Yuri, who gave Rostov and Suzdal to his younger sons, unanimously elected Andrei as the prince of all their land. But Andrei did not go to Suzdal or Rostov, but founded his capital in Vladimir, building there the magnificent Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary with a gilded top made of white stone brought by water from Bulgaria. In this temple he placed an icon stolen from Vyshgorod, which from then on began to bear the name of Vladimir.

The construction of rich churches indicates as much about the prosperity of the region as it does about Andrei’s political tact. Every new church was an important event that aroused the attention of the people and respect for its builder. Realizing that the clergy then constituted the only mental power, Andrei knew how to acquire their love, and thereby strengthened his power among the people. In the methods of his life, his contemporaries saw a pious and pious man. He could always be seen in church at prayer, with tears of tenderness in his eyes, with loud sighs. Although his princely tiuns and even the spiritual ones he patronized allowed themselves to commit robberies and outrages, Andrei publicly distributed alms to the poor, fed the monks and monks, and for this he heard praise for his Christian charity. Often at night he entered the temple, lit candles himself and prayed for a long time in front of the images.

At that time, the prince’s pious deeds, which constituted his glory, included his wars with the infidels. Next to the volost of Andrei, on the Volga, there was the Bulgarian kingdom. The Bulgarians, a people of Finnish, or, more likely, mixed tribe, adopted Mohammedanism back in the tenth century. They had long been at odds with the Russians, raided Russian regions, and Russian princes more than once went to fight against them: such battles were considered a charitable deed. Andrei fought with these people twice and went with an army against them for the first time in 1164. He took with him the Holy Icon of the Mother of God, brought from Vyshgorod; the clergy walked on foot and carried it under the banners. The prince himself and the entire army received Holy Communion before the campaign. The campaign ended successfully; the Bulgarian prince fled; The Russians took the city of Ibragimov (in our chronicles Bryakhimov). Prince Andrew and the clergy attributed this victory to the miraculous action of the icon of the Mother of God; This event was placed among the numerous miracles flowing from this icon, and in its memory a festival was established with the blessing of water, which is still performed on August 1. The Patriarch of Constantinople, at the request of Andrei, approved this holiday all the more willingly because the Russian celebration coincided with the triumph of the Greek Emperor Manuel, who won a victory over the Saracens, which was attributed to the action of the Life-Giving Cross and the banner with the image of Christ the Savior.

But Patriarch Luka Chrysoverkh did not react so favorably to Andrei’s desires when Andrei turned to him with a request to ordain his favorite Theodore as metropolitan in Vladimir. With this innovation, Andrei wanted to decisively elevate Vladimir, who depended on the Rostov diocese; then Vladimir would not only become higher than Rostov and Suzdal, but would also receive superior spiritual significance among Russian cities of other lands. But the patriarchs, following the long-standing custom of the Eastern Church, did not easily or immediately agree to any changes in the order of church government. And this time the patriarch did not agree to such an important change, especially since the Rostov bishop Nestor was still alive and, pursued by Andrei, who did not love him, then fled to Constantinople. A few years later, however, in 1168, Andrei’s favorite Theodore, having traveled to Constantinople, obtained his consecration, if not to the rank of metropolitan, then to the rank of bishop of Rostov. According to Andrei’s wishes, although he was listed as a Rostov resident, he had to live in Vladimir, since the patriarch gave permission for this. Thus, his beloved Vladimir, if he could not obtain that primacy in spiritual administration in Rus' that belonged to Kyiv, at least became higher than Rostov, as the seat of the bishop. Andrei's favorite Theodore became so proud that, like his prince, who valued Kyiv at nothing, he did not want to know the Kyiv metropolitan: he did not go to him for a blessing and considered it sufficient for himself to be appointed bishop by the patriarch. Since this was a violation of the long-standing order in Rus', the Vladimir clergy did not want to obey him: the people were worried. Theodore closed the churches and prohibited worship. If you believe the chronicles, then Theodore, in this regard, forcing people to obey his supreme power, allowed himself terrible barbarities: he tortured rebellious abbots, monks, priests and ordinary people, tore out their beards, chopped off their heads, burned out their eyes, cut their tongues, taking away estates from their victims . Although the chronicler says that he acted in this way without listening to Andrei, who sent him to be stationed in Kyiv, it is difficult to admit that all this could happen under the authority of such a power-hungry prince against his will. If such barbarities are not the fruit of exaggeration, then they could only be committed with the knowledge of Andrei, or, at least, Andrei turned a blind eye to the tricks of his favorite and sacrificed him only when he saw that popular unrest was growing and could have dangerous consequences. Be that as it may, Andrei finally sent Theodore to the Kyiv Metropolitan, who ordered the villain’s right hand to be cut off, his tongue to be cut off, and his eyes to be gouged out. This is according to Byzantine custom.

Andrei failed to elevate his Vladimir in ecclesiastical terms to the degree of metropolitanate. Nevertheless, Andrei, in this regard, outlined in advance what happened later, under his successors.

Andrei was put in charge of the entire land, to the detriment of the rights of his younger brothers, who were supposed to reign there by order of their parent. Decisive in his actions, Andrei prevented any attempts on the part of civil strife, immediately expelled his brothers Mstislav, Vasilko, eight-year-old Vsevolod (1162) and removed two Rostislavich nephews from himself. The brothers, together with their mother, a Greek princess, went to Greece, where the Greek Emperor Manuel received them friendly. This expulsion not only was not an event contrary to the earth, but even in the chronicles it is attributed, as it were, to the zemstvo will. Andrei also kicked out the boyars, whom he did not consider sufficiently loyal to himself. Such measures concentrated in his hands unified power over the entire Rostov-Suzdal land and thereby gave this land the significance of the strongest land among the Russian lands, especially since, being spared from civil strife, it was at that time calm from any external invasion. But on the other hand, these same measures increased the number of Andrei’s enemies, who were ready, on occasion, to destroy him by all possible means.

Having taken power in the Rostov-Suzdal land into his own hands, Andrei deftly took advantage of all circumstances to show his primacy throughout Rus'; By interfering in civil strife that took place in other Russian lands, he wanted to resolve them at his own discretion. The main and constant goal of his activities was to humiliate the importance of Kyiv, to deprive the ancient eldership over Russian cities, transferring this eldership to Vladimir, and at the same time to subjugate the free and rich Novgorod. He sought, at his own request, to give these two most important cities with their lands to the reign of those princes whom he wanted to install and who, in gratitude for that, would recognize his eldership. When, after the death of Yuri Dolgoruky, a dispute arose over Kyiv between the Chernigov prince Izyaslav Davidovich and Rostislav, the brother of Izyaslav Mstislavich, Andrei made peace with Izyaslav, although before this prince was an enemy of his father. In 1160, he moved with him to Volok and intended to expel Rostislav’s son Svyatoslav from Novgorod. Novgorod had been in turmoil for several years; they summoned and expelled first these and other princes. Not long before, even under Yuri, Andrei's brother Mstislav reigned there. In 1158, the Novgorodians drove him out and called on the sons of Rostislav, Svyatoslav and David: the first of them was imprisoned in Novgorod, and the other in Torzhok, but a hostile party soon formed against them in Novgorod. Counting on the help of this party, Andrei sent the following demand to Novgorod: “Let it be known to you, I want to search for Novgorod with good or evil; so that you kiss my cross and have me as your prince, and I want the best for you.” Such a review increased the excitement in Novgorod, and stormy meetings began to gather often. At first, the Novgorodians, led by Andrei's supporters, found fault with the fact that Novgorod supported two princes at once, and demanded the removal of David from Torzhok. Svyatoslav complied with the demand and expelled his brother from the Novgorod land, but after that his opponents did not leave Svyatoslav alone, incited the people against him and brought them to the point that the crowd seized Svyatoslav at the Settlement and sent him under guard to Ladoga; his wife was imprisoned in the monastery of St. Barbara; They reforged the people who made up the princely squad, plundered their estate, and then sent them to ask Andrei for a son to reign. Andrei hoped to give them, if possible, not the princes they wanted, but the ones he himself wanted to give them. Andrei sent them not his son, but his nephew Mstislav Rostislavich. But the next year (1161), when Izyaslav Davidovich was defeated by Rostislav and killed, and Rostislav strengthened himself in Kyiv, Andrei got along with him and ordered the Novgorodians to take back to reign that Svyatoslav Rostislavich, whom they had recently expelled, and, moreover, as they say chronicler, “according to all his will.” Andrei, obviously, did not care whether this or that prince would reign in Novgorod, as long as this prince was imprisoned by his hand, so that in this way it would become a custom for the Novgorodians to receive princes from the Suzdal prince. In 1166, the Kiev prince Rostislav died, a pliable man who in the end got along with the Suzdal prince and pleased him. Mstislav Izyaslavich was elected to reign in Kiev. Besides the fact that this prince was the son of Izyaslav Mstislavich, hated by Andrei, with whom his father fought so stubbornly, Andrei personally hated this prince, and Mstislav was not the type to please anyone who would decide to show power over him . The late Rostislav had five sons: Svyatoslav, who reigned in Novgorod, David, Roman, Rurik and Mstislav. At first Mstislav Izyaslavich was at one with these cousins, but then, to Andrei’s great pleasure, the friendship between them began to break down. It started because of Novgorod. The Novgorodians still did not get along with their prince Svyatoslav and drove him away, and then sent him to Mstislav of Kyiv to ask him for a son. Mstislav, not wanting to quarrel with the Rostislavichs, hesitated to make a decision. Meanwhile, the offended Svyatoslav turned to Andrey; The Smolensk princes and his brothers stood for Svyatoslav. They were also joined by Polotsk residents, who had previously not gotten along with Novgorod. Then Andrei decisively demanded from the Novgorodians that they again accept Svyatoslav, who had been expelled by them. “There will be no other prince for you except this one,” he ordered to tell them and sent an army against Novgorod to help Svyatoslav and his allies. The allies burned Novy Torg, devastated Novgorod villages and cut off communication between Novgorod and Kiev in order to prevent the Novgorodians from coming into contact with Mstislav of Kyiv. The Novgorodians felt an insult to their rights, saw an overly decisive encroachment on their freedom, got excited and not only did not give in to Andrei’s demands, but killed the mayor Zakhary and some other persons, supporters of Svyatoslav, for secret relations with this prince, chose another mayor named Yakuna, They found an opportunity to let Mstislav Izyaslavich know about everything and once again asked him for his son to reign. At this time, by the way, the Kyiv boyars Borislavich managed to quarrel Mstislav with two Rostislavichs: David and Rurik. When, after that, the Novgorodians again sent to Mstislav to ask for a son, he no longer hesitated and sent his son Roman to them. After this act, the Rostislavichs became notorious enemies of Mstislav. Andrei immediately took advantage of this to go against Mstislav. The Ryazan and Murom princes had already been at one with Andrei, united in the war against the Bulgarians. The Polochans entered into an alliance with him out of enmity towards Novgorod; in Volyn he had an ally, Prince Vladimir of Dorogobuzh, Mstislav’s uncle, his former rival for Kyiv. Andrei secretly communicated with the Seversky princes Oleg and Igor: Andrei’s brother Gleb, invariably devoted to him, reigned in Pereyaslavl in Russia; with Gleb there was also another brother, young Vsevolod, who returned from Constantinople and received the reign of Ostersky Gorodets in southern Rus'. In total, therefore, there were up to 11 princes with their squads and army. The Suzdal army was led by Andrei's son Mstislav and boyar Boris Zhidislavich. On Mstislav’s side was Andrei’s brother Mikhail, who reigned in Torzhok; not foreseeing a militia against himself, Mstislav Izyaslavich sent him with the Berendeys to help his son in Novgorod; but Roman Rostislavich cut his path and took him prisoner.

Andrei's henchmen with the troops of different Russian lands converged in Vyshgorod and at the beginning of March they founded a camp near Kiev, near the Kirillovsky Monastery, and, moving apart, surrounded the entire city. In general, the people of Kiev had never withstood a siege before and usually surrendered to the princes who came to take Kyiv by force. And now they only had enough endurance for three days. The Berendeys and Torques who stood for Mstislav Izyaslavich were prone to treason. When the enemies began to strongly press Mstislav Izyaslavich in the rear, the Kiev squad told him: “Why are you standing there, prince, we cannot overpower them.” Mstislav fled to Vasilev, not having time to take his wife and son with him. They were chasing him; they shot at him. Kyiv was taken on March 12, Wednesday in the second week of Lent in 1169, and was completely plundered and burned over the course of two days. There was no mercy for the old or the young, for gender or age, for churches or monasteries. Even the Pechersky Monastery was set on fire. Not only private property, but also icons, vestments and bells were taken from Kyiv. Such ferocity becomes understandable when we remember how, twelve years before, the Kievans killed all the Suzdal residents after the death of Yuri Dolgorukov; Of course, among the Suzdal residents there were people who were now avenging their relatives; As for the Chernigovites, they already had a long-standing enmity towards Kyiv, which grew from the long enmity between the Monomakhovichs and the Olgovichs.

Andrey achieved his goal. Ancient Kyiv lost its centuries-old eldership. Once a rich city, deserving from the foreigners who visited it the name of the second Constantinople, it had already constantly lost its luster due to civil strife, and now it was robbed, burned, deprived of a significant number of inhabitants, killed or taken into captivity, desecrated and disgraced from other Russian lands, who seemed to take revenge on him for his previous dominance over them. Andrei planted his obedient brother Gleb in it, with the intention of planting there in advance such a prince as he would like to give to Kyiv.

Having dealt with Kiev, Andrei consistently wanted to deal with Novgorod. The same princes who went with him to Kyiv, with the same armies that destroyed the ancient capital of the Russian land, went north in order to prepare the same fate for Novgorod that befell Kyiv. “Let us not say,” argues the Suzdal chronicler, devoted to Andrei and his policies, “that the Novgorodians are right, that they have long been free from our ancestors, the princes; and even if it were so, would the former princes have ordered them to break the kiss of the cross and curse at their grandchildren and great-grandchildren? Already in three Novgorod churches, the Most Holy One wept on three icons. Mother of God: she foresaw the trouble that was gathering over Novgorod and its land; she prayed to her Son not to betray the Novgorodians to destruction, like Sodom and Gomorrah, but to have mercy on them, like the Ninevites. In the winter of 1170, a formidable army appeared near Novgorod - Suzdal, Smolny, Ryazan, Murom and Polotsk. For three days they set up a fort near Novgorod, and on the fourth they began an attack. The Novgorodians fought bravely, but then began to weaken. The enemies of Novgorod, hoping for victory, in advance, in assumptions, divided among themselves by lot the streets of Novgorod, the wives and children of Novgorod, just as they did with the people of Kiev; but on the night from Tuesday to Wednesday of the second week of Lent - as the legend says - Novgorod Archbishop John prayed before the image of the Savior and heard a voice from the icon: “Go to Ilya Street to the Church of the Savior, take the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos and place it on the visor (platform) of the wall, and she will save Novgorod.” The next day, John and the Novgorodians raised the icon to the wall at the Zagorodny end between Dobrynina and Prusskaya streets. A cloud of arrows rained down on him; the icon turned back; Tears flowed from her eyes and fell on the bishop’s phelonion. The Suzdal residents became stupefied: they fell into disarray and began shooting at each other. So says the legend. By the evening of February 25, Prince Roman Mstislavich and the Novgorodians defeated the Suzdalians and their allies. The modern chronicler, speaking about this event, says nothing about the icon, but attributes the victory to “the power of the honorable cross, the intercession of the Mother of God and the prayers of the bishop.” The enemies fled. The Novgorodians caught so many Suzdalians that they sold them for next to nothing (2 nagats each). The legend of the deliverance of Novgorod was important for future times, supporting the moral strength of Novgorod in its fight against the Suzdal princes. Subsequently, it even acquired a general ecclesiastical meaning throughout all of Rus': the icon, which was credited with the miraculous deliverance of Novgorod from the army of Andrei, became, under the name of Znamenskaya, one of the first-class icons of the Mother of God, respected throughout Russia. A holiday in honor of her was established by the Novgorodians on November 27; This holiday is still observed by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Soon, however, the hostility died down, and the Novgorodians got along with Andrei. The next year they disliked Roman Mstislavich and drove him away. Then there was a bad harvest and prices became high in Novgorod. The Novgorodians needed to receive grain from the Suzdal region, and this was the main reason for the quick peace with Andrei. With his consent, they took Rurik Rostislavich as their prince, and in 1172, having driven him away from them, they begged Andrei for his son Yuri. Novgorod still won in the sense that Andrei had to show respect for the rights of Novgorod and although he sent him princes, he did so only at the discretion of Novgorod.

Despite the defeat inflicted on Kyiv, Andrei had to send an army there again in order to keep it in his power. Prince Gleb, whom he imprisoned, died. With the consent of the Rostislavichs, Kyiv was captured by their uncle Vladimir Dorogobuzhsky, a former ally of Andrei, but Andrei ordered him to leave immediately and announced that he was conceding Kyiv to Roman Rostislavich, a prince of a meek and submissive disposition. “You called me your father,” Andrei ordered to tell the Rostislavichs, “I want the best for you and I give Roman, your brother, Kyiv.” After some time, Andrei decided to drive out Roman Rostislavich: was he dissatisfied with the Rostislavichs, finding that they were arrogant, or did he simply intend to put his brother there, and therefore he needed to drive them out - be that as it may, only he found fault with these princes , sent his swordsman Mikhna to them demanding the extradition of Grigory Khotovich and two other persons. “They,” he said, “killed my brother Gleb; they are all our enemies.” The Rostislavichs, knowing that this was nothing more than nit-picking on Andrei’s part, did not dare to hand over people they considered innocent, and gave them the means to escape. This was all Andrei needed. He wrote to them such a formidable word: “If you do not live according to my will, then you, Rurik, get out of Kyiv, and you, David, get out of Vyshegorod, and you, Mstislav, from Belagorod; Smolensk remains for you: share there as you know.” Roman obeyed and left for Smolensk. Andrei gave Kyiv to his brother Mikhail, with whom he made peace. Mikhail remained for now in Torchesk, where he had previously reigned, and sent his brother Vsevolod with his nephew Yaropolk Rostislavich to Kyiv. But the other Rostislavichs were not as voiceless as Roman. They sent an ambassador to Andrei with explanations; but Andrey did not give an answer. Then they entered Kiev at night, captured Vsevolod and Yaropolk, besieged Mikhail himself in Torchesk, forced him to abandon Kiev and be content with Pereyaslavl, which they ceded to him, and they themselves returned to Kiev and seated one of their own on the Kiev table: Rurik Rostislavich. Himself fickle, Mikhail, whom Andrei expected to go to Kyiv, retreated again from Andrei and stuck to the Rostislavichs, just as he had already stood against Andrei and the Rostislavichs for Mstislav Izyaslavich. Andrei, having heard about all this, became very angry, and then, by the way, an offer came to him to give help against the Rostislavichs: the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, who was thinking of taking possession of Kiev during the turmoil, incited Andrei against the Rostislavichs; At the same time with him were other princes Olgovichi. The ambassador sent on behalf of these princes said to Andrei: “Whoever is your enemy is also our enemy; You and I are ready."

Proud Andrei called his swordsman Mikhn and said: “Go to the Rostislavichs, tell them this: you do not act according to my will; for this you, Rurik, go to Smolensk to your brother in your homeland, and you, David, go to Berlad, I do not order you to be in Russian land; and tell Mstislav this: you are the instigator of everything: I do not order you to be in Russian land.”

Mikhno conveyed the order of his prince to the Rostislavichs. Mstislav could no longer stand this speech. “He,” says a contemporary, “from his youth was not accustomed to fear anyone except one God.” He ordered Mikhnu to cut off the hair on his head and beard and said: “Go to your prince and tell your prince this from us: we still considered you a father and loved you, but you sent us such speeches that you consider me not a prince, but a helper and a simple person; do what you plan. God is the judge of everything!”

Today, June 3, marks 490 years since the rescue of Moscow from the invasion of the Crimean Khan Makhmet-Girey

The image of the Mother of God of Vladimir is one of the closest and dearest to the heart of every Russian person. This icon, now known throughout the world, became the defender of Moscow, which continued the work of other Russian cities in gathering a great power, and of Russia - the House of the Most Holy Theotokos.

One of the three annual celebrations of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was established in memory of the salvation of Moscow in 1521 from the invasion of the Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girey. The Tatar hordes were approaching Moscow, setting Russian cities and villages to fire and destruction, exterminating their inhabitants. Grand Duke Vasily gathered an army against the Tatars, and Moscow Metropolitan Varlaam, together with the residents of Moscow, fervently prayed for deliverance from death.

During this terrible time, one blind nun had a vision: Moscow saints were emerging from the Spassky Gate of the Kremlin, leaving the city and taking with them the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God - the main shrine of Moscow - as God's punishment for the sins of its inhabitants.

The saints were met at the Spassky Gate by Saints Sergius of Radonezh and Varlaam of Khutyn, tearfully begging them not to leave Moscow. All of them together brought a prayer to the Lord for the forgiveness of those who had sinned and the deliverance of Moscow from its enemies. After this prayer, the saints returned to the Kremlin and brought back the Vladimir holy icon. The Moscow saint, Blessed Basil, had a similar vision, to whom it was revealed that through the intercession of the Mother of God and the prayers of the saints, Moscow would be saved. The Tatar Khan had a vision of the Mother of God, surrounded by a formidable army rushing towards their regiments. The Tatars fled in fear, the capital of the Russian state was saved.

On the day of the holiday, reminiscent of that victory, in all churches they will sing a troparion in honor of the Vladimir Icon, which begins with the words:

“Today the most glorious city of Moscow is shining brightly!”

How much has this miraculous icon seen! According to legend, it was written by Saint Luke, who, more than three other evangelists, tells about the earthly life of the Mother of God.

In 1131, the icon was sent to Rus' from Constantinople and placed in the Maiden Monastery of Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Grand Duchess Olga.

In one of the remarkable monuments of ancient Russian literature - “The Tale of the Miracles of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God” - we learn about its transfer from Vyshgorod to Vladimir by the holy noble Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky.

Twelve miles from Vladimir, on a hillock, very close to the place where the Nerl River flows into the Klyazma, the harnessed horses of Prince Andrei suddenly stopped. The horses began to be whipped, but they did not move. The princely convoy stopped, a tent was pitched, and the prince lay down to rest. In a dream, the Mother of God appeared to him with a scroll in her hands and said:

“I don’t want My image to be carried to Rostov, but put it in Vladimir, and in this place, in the name of My Nativity, erect a stone church.”

This was in 1159. In memory of this appearance, the holy prince ordered to paint an icon of the Mother of God as She appeared to him. This icon is now called Bogolyubskaya.

And the icon that Saint Andrei Bogolyubsky brought with him from Vyshgorod is known to the whole world as the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God.

In 1480, the Vladimir Icon was finally transferred to Moscow to the new Assumption Cathedral (1475-1479) of the Kremlin. During the Great Procession of the Cross, it was taken out of the cathedral as the main shrine.

This icon saw the foundation of a new Russian state - first Vladimir-Suzdal, then Moscow. Invasions of conquerors in different centuries - Tamerlane, Napoleon, Hitler... The birth and death of the House of Romanov. Revolutions of the beginning of the last century. The Soviet years, when, despite persecution, people still continued to believe...

From 1918, almost until the very end of the 20th century, the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, having left the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, where Russian sovereigns were crowned kings before it, was not in the temple, but in museums - the State Historical Museum, the State Tretyakov Gallery.

Let us recall the lines from the wonderful poem “Our Lady of Vladimir” by Maximilian Voloshin, written after the revolution:

“/…/Who opened up the lakes of these eyes!

Not Saint Luke the icon painter,

As the ancient chronicler said

Not Pechersk dark bogomaz:

In the hot furnaces of Byzantium,

In the evil days of the persecution of icons

Her face from the fiery element

Was embodied in earthly colors.

But of all the high revelations

Revealed by art - he is one

Survived the self-immolation bonfire

In the midst of rubble and ruins.

From mosaics, gold, tombstones,

From everything that he boasted about his age -

You walked along the waters of blue rivers

In Kyiv, princely civil strife.

And since then, in times of people's troubles

Your image, elevated above Russia,

In the darkness of centuries the trail showed us

And in the dungeon there is a secret exit.

You gave me a farewell before the end

Warriors in the sparkling liturgy...

The terrible history of Russia

Everything passed before Your Face.

Isn’t Batyev aware of the pogrom,

The steppe is on fire and the villages are devastated -

You, having left the doomed Kyiv,

Did you take away the Grand Duke's table?

And she left with Andrey to Bogolyubov,

Into the delight and wilderness of the Vladimir forests,

Into the cramped world of dry pine logs,

Under the tent domes.

And when Khromets Iron betrayed

The Oka region was destroyed by the sword,

Who didn’t give him passage to Moscow?

And took the road to Rus'?

From forests, deserts and coasts

Everyone came to You to pray for Rus':

Guard of heroic frontiers...

Tenacious earth gatherers...

Here in Uspensky - in the heart of the Kremlin walls,

Touched by Your tender appearance,

How many eyes are cruel and harsh

Moistened with a bright tear!

The elders and monks stretched out,

The smoky altars shone,

The meek queens lay prostrate,

The gloomy kings bowed...

Black death and bloody battle

The maiden's veil was sacred,

What is the eight-century prayer

All Rus' has been illuminated for centuries.

And Our Lady of Vladimir

Rus' led through abomination, blood and shame,

On the roads of Kyiv boats

Indicating the correct fairway /…/"

In this poem, as in all the poetic works of Maximilian Aleksandrovich Voloshin (1877-1932) - poet, watercolor artist, art and literary critic - there is a synthesis of a deep understanding of the historical destinies of the Fatherland. A witness to the sorrowful years of Russia, Voloshin dedicated it to Alexander Ivanovich Anisimov (1877-1937), with whom the poet had long-standing friendly relations.

A.I. Anisimov is the author of the book “Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God.” After its publication in the Russian Scientific Center in Prague, persecution and persecution of Alexander Ivanovich followed, his arrest, exile to Solovki in 1930 and death sentence in 1937.

In 1941, not only factories, institutes and various institutions were evacuated from Moscow, but the most valuable treasures of Russian culture were also taken to the rear.

Among the treasures of the Tretyakov Gallery, the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was brought to Novosibirsk. Wasn’t this a kind of religious procession with a shrine, which again helped protect Moscow from enemies!

Novosibirsk, as the capital city of Siberia, where the Vladimir Icon was hidden, should be included in the “historical procession” of the great shrine across Russia: Kyiv - Vladimir - Moscow - Novosibirsk - Moscow.

Upon returning to Moscow, the Vladimir Icon was again placed in the Tretyakov Gallery, where sometimes many of our compatriots and foreign guests flocked even for this shrine alone.

In 1980, the Olympic Games were held in Moscow. According to the statutes of the International Olympic Committee, there must be a temple or chapel in the Olympic village so that athletes have the opportunity to pray before competitions.

In those years, desolate churches had not yet been restored in our country, much less new ones had been built. But, despite this, on July 2, 1980, in the capital of the USSR, a chapel was consecrated in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, the Patroness of Moscow. In this chapel, among other icons, there was one of the lists of the shrine.

In the past, the presence of priests at the Olympic Games in our country was not advertised, says Archpriest Nikolai Sokolov, rector of the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi at the Tretyakov Gallery, who was the confessor of the Russian Olympic team four times. - However, back in 1980, when the Olympics were held in Moscow, I, working as an assistant to His Holiness Patriarch Pimen, participated in the creation of a chapel in the Olympic village. We spent a long time choosing a place, collecting utensils for her, but at that time it was not easy. Then, of course, I could not imagine that I would be present at four Olympic Games! I could not imagine that God’s Providence would reconnect me with the world of sports in such an amazing way.

However, after the end of the Olympics in Moscow, according to Father Nikolai, “the chapel was closed, since it was consecrated only for the duration of the competition in one of the residential buildings of the Olympic village.”

Unfortunately, no photographs of this chapel have survived. But who knows how many athletes of our Motherland then, at the 1980 Olympics, were helped to win by the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God!

About how another miracle happened in 1993 - the Vladimir Icon led Russia out of the impasse of hostility, - wrote (in the book “True and False Miracles”) a police colonel, associate professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Deputy Head of the Main Directorate of Cossack Troops under the President of the Russian Federation Sergey Dontsov:

“It was October 1993... It was preceded by an attempt by His Holiness Patriarch Alexy to reconcile the Supreme Council and the Kremlin. At that time, I, a senior police officer, served in the Moscow mayor's office and participated in meetings held by His Holiness the Patriarch in the St. Daniel Monastery... One day, closer to night, His Holiness the Patriarch and Luzhkov called me and said that they had decided to receive from Tretyakov Gallery Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and hold a special prayer service for peace and harmony in the coming days. I was instructed to carry out this action, given one day to do it. There was one obvious difficulty - the icon was in the museum under the legal and actual protection of the state. A simple and, by legal standards, “powerless” document was drawn up on the temporary confiscation of the icon. His Holiness the Patriarch also put his signature. It was a blessing. With such a document and eight armed policemen, I arrived the next morning at the Tretyakov Gallery... /.../

We went to the icon of the Mother of God. Those who have seen the image of Vladimirskaya with their own eyes know what kind of impact She can make. And then I realized that my plan was just nonsense, She wouldn’t go anywhere if She didn’t want to.

The deputy director and I went into the hall where about ten people were sitting. And suddenly I said something that I couldn’t think of myself:

- Give the icon to pray for Christ’s sake. For a day. You are Orthodox.

How everything has changed! The faces were different, the eyes were different...

- How was it? Hopefully, without threats or use of force? - asked Luzhkov.

I replied that everything was in the most miraculous way, that is, the Mother of God herself made the decision.”

The Vladimir icon was delivered to the Epiphany Cathedral, where His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II led a crowded prayer service. The Mother of God saved Russia this time too. Yes, hundreds of people died... But rivers of blood did not divide our people, the state did not collapse...

Cooperation between the Church and the Tretyakov Gallery has improved. On December 15, 1999, the miraculous image was transferred to the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi - the house church of the State Tretyakov Gallery, where museum specialists monitor its safety and security is ensured.

The temple is open every day, except Monday, and visitors to the Tretyakov Gallery, if they wish, can still see the great shrine, but no longer in a museum exhibition, not in the hall of ancient Russian painting, but in an Orthodox church - a place of prayer and worship.

Special for the Centenary

Third option Choose the correct answer.

1. The event described in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”
ve", refers to:

a) 1097 c) 1174

b) 1147 d) 1185

2. A new genre of literature in the 12th century:

a) teachings b) poem

b) life d) walking

3. The work of ancient Russian literature “Zadonshchina” talks about:

a) the battle on the Kalka River

b) the battle on the Vozha River

c) Battle of Kulikovo

d) Tokhtampp's raid on Moscow

4. Central in Russian literature of the XIV-XV centuries. was the topic:

a) the rise of Moscow

b) the creation of a unified Russian state

c) fight against foreign invaders

d) the greatness of the grand ducal power

5. The main idea of “Instructions for Children” by Vladimir Monomakh:

a) creating an ideal image of the ruler of the Russian land

b) strengthening of the Old Russian state

c) divine origin of autocratic power

d) instructions on raising children

6. A collection of entertaining and moralizing essays on world history was called:

a) Chetii-Minea

b) "Apostle"

c) “Chronograph”

d) "Domostroy"

7. Of the named monuments in the 16th century. was built:

a) Church of the Transfiguration in Novgorod

b) Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye

c) Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

d) Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir

8. Contemporaries were:

a) Andrey Rublev, Dmitry Donskoy

b) Aristotle Fioravanti, Ivan III

c) Ivan Fedorov, Ivan Kalita

d) Theophanes the Greek, Alexander Nevsky

9. Match:

1) Theophanes the Greek a) icons and frescoes of the Assumption

2) Andrei Rublev of the Moscow Kremlin Cathedral

3) Dionysius b) Novgorod painting

Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street

c) iconostasis for the Annunciation -
Cathedral

d) Trinity icon

Match.

a) "Domostroy"

b) “Walking behind the seas” by A. Nikitin

c) “Lesson for Children” by Vladimir Monomakh

d) “Zadonshchina”

1) “Honor the old as your father, and the young as brothers... When you go to war, do not be lazy, do not rely on the commander; do not indulge in drinking, eating, or sleeping; Dress up the guards yourself, at night, placing guards on all sides, lie down nearby, and get up early; and do not take off your weapon in a hurry, without looking around out of laziness, because suddenly a person dies. Beware of lies, and drunkenness, and fornication, from them the soul and body perish.”

2) “Strong winds have already risen from the sea to the mouths of the Don and Dnieper, driving large clouds onto the Russian land; Bloody dawns emerge from them, and blue lightning flutters in them. There will be a great knock and thunder on the Nepryadva river between the Don and the Dnieper, a human corpse will fall on the Kulikovo field, blood will be shed on the Nepryadva river.”

3) “There is an Indian country here, and people walk around all naked: their heads are not covered, their hair V one braid is braided. Children are born every year, and they have many children. Husbands and wives are all black...

Horses will not be born in Indian land: oxen and buffaloes will be born here. They ride on them and sometimes carry goods - they do everything...”

4) “If God sends anyone children - sons and daughters, then the father and mother will take care of their children, provide for them and raise them in good teaching... Children, listen V commandments of the Lord, love
your father and your mother, and listen to them and obey them in God in everything, And honor their old age...
For every person: rich and poor, big and small, to calculate and mark out everything,
based on craft and income, as well as property..."

Fill in the blanks.

The most common type of peasant dwelling in the northeast of Russia was ____________-

log chopped residential buildings. In the house, a lot of space was occupied by _________, which was usually placed in the right corner of the entrance. 8-10 people lived in crowded conditions. At night they lay down on benches or on special wooden floorings - ___________, which were built under the ceiling near the stove.

Who are we talking about?

“...Grechin [Greek], a deliberate book isographer [artist] and an elegant icon painter, painted more than forty stone churches with his own hand - in Constantinople, and in the Cafe [Feodosia], in Veliky Novgorod, and Nizhny, and in Moscow three churches are painted with him... When he writes, he stands on his feet without rest and talks with those who come, and with his mind he unravels distant thoughts, with his sensual eyes he sees kindness. If someone has a conversation with him, he cannot help but be amazed at his intelligence and his parables.”

What is it about?

“That church was wonderful in majesty, and height, and lightness, and ringing, and space, such as had never happened before in Russia, like the Vladimir Church, but the master was Aristotle.”

On what principle is the series formed?

Aristotle Fioravanti, Marco Ruffo, Pietro Antonio Solari

What is extra in the series?

The most famous churches of the Vladimir-Suzdal land:

Assumption Cathedral, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, Demetrius Cathedral

FINAL TESTING

IN THE COURSE “HISTORY OF RUSSIA”

FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 16TH CENTURY"

First option

Choose the correct answer.

1. The prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state include:

a) the need to repel external enemies

b) close economic ties between Slavic tribes

c) adoption of Christianity

d) The Great Migration of Peoples

2. Serf in Ancient Rus' is:

a) a peasant community member dependent on the prince

b) a bankrupt community member who went into debt bondage for a loan

d) a community member who entered into an agreement, agreeing to live and work with the master under certain conditions

3. Statement by N.M. Karamzin: “This prince, called Equal to the Apostles by the Church, deserves in history the name of the Great” - dedicated
a) Svyatoslav c) Yaroslav the Wise

b) Vladimir d) Vladimir Monomakh

4. The code of laws in the Old Russian state was called:

a) Salic truth c) Stoglav

b) Russian Truth d) Sudebnik

5. A literary monument of the 12th century, which contained a call for the end of princely
strife:

a) “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”

b) “Domostroy”

c) “The Word about the destruction of the Russian land”

d) “Teaching to children”

6. A number of dates associated with the struggle of the Russian people against the German and Swedish knights are:

a) 1237, 1238

b) 1240, 1242

c) 1243, 1252

d) 1262, 1263

7. One of the results of the reign of Ivan Kalita was:

a) transformation of the Moscow principality into one of the strongest in Rus'

b) deliverance from the Horde yoke

c) the end of princely strife in the Russian land

d) formation of a unified Russian state

8. The formation of a single territory of the Russian centralized state was mainly
completed when:

a) Vasily I

b) Ivan III

c) Vasily II the Dark

d) Ivan IV the Terrible

9. The territory on which in the middle of the 16th century. the management of the Zemsky Sobor and Boyarskaya was preserved
thoughts, was called:

A) inheritance b) oprichnina c) zemshchina d) posad

a) icon of Our Lady of the Don

b) icon painting “Church Militant”

c) "Trinity"

d) painting the walls of the Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin

Choose the correct answers.

11. Determine the main directions of foreign policy in the middle of the 16th century:

a) eliminating the danger to the borders in the east

b) establishment of the power of the Moscow Tsar over the Crimean Khanate

c) creation of seaports on the Black Sea coast

d) the struggle for access to the Baltic Sea

e) annexation of an important strategic and trade center - Astrakhan

f) reconquest of lands in the south-west from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

12. The following historical figures were included in the Elected Rada:

a) Metropolitan Philip d) M. Skuratov

b) A. Kurbsky d) A. Adashev

c) I. Shuisky e) Sylvester

13. The following provisions relate to the results of the activities of Ivan III:

a) establishment of oprichnina

b) overthrow of the Horde yoke

c) annexation of Russian lands to the Moscow Principality

d) carrying out military reform

e) changes in the governance of the country

f) introduction of a system of orders

g) adoption of an all-Russian code of laws

14. Of these works, they are dedicated to the struggle of the Russian people against the Mongol-Tatar yoke:

a) "Prayer"

b) “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamaev”

c) “Zadonshchina”

d) “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”

e) “Song about Shchelkan Dudentievich”

f) “The Life of Sergius of Radonezh”

g) “Song about Avdotya Ryazanochka”

1) 1410 a) standing on the Ugra

2) 1480 b) annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate

3) 1549 c) the beginning of the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible

4) 1556 d) Battle of Grunwald

5) 1565 e) the first Zemsky Sobor

16. Establish a correspondence between the concepts and their definitions:

1) veche a) central government bodies

2) an estate in the Russian state, in charge

3) people who are interested in a certain sphere

4) order of state life

5) patrimony b) detour by the prince and squad sub-.

powerful tribes for the purpose of collecting tribute

c) land ownership, transferable
mine by inheritance

d) the people's assembly, which decided
the most important issues in city life

e) land ownership given
nobles for their service

17. Establish the correct correspondence between the work and the author.

1) “The Word on the Law a) Daniel the Sharpener and Grace” b) Nestor

2) “Teaching to Children” c) Hilarion

3) “The Life of Boris and Gleb” d) Vladimir Monomakh

4) "Prayer"

18. Establish the chronological sequence of events:

a) the reign of Vladimir Monomakh

b) the reign of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in Suzdal

c) Princess Olga’s revenge on the Drevlyans

d) the beginning of compiling a written code of laws Russian Truth

e) Prince Oleg’s campaigns against Constantinople

19. Establish a correspondence between historical figures and events:

1) Prince Svyatoslav a) Moscow strife

2) Vladimir I b) introduction of “reserved

3) Ivan Sh years"

4) Vasily II the Dark c) defeat of the Khazar

5) Ivan IV the Terrible of the Kaganate

d) “standing on the Ugra”

e) baptism of Rus'

a) Tokhtamysh d) Akhmat (Ahmed)

b) Mamai d) Batu

c) Genghis Khan

Second option

Choose the correct answer.

1. The cause of the death of Prince Igor was:

a) the prince’s desire to restore his right to collect tribute from the Vyatichi

b) defeat of the princely squad in the campaign against Byzantium

c) violation by the prince of the agreement on collecting tribute from the Drevlyans

d) refusal of relatives to pay due tribute to the prince

2. N. M. Karamzin lines: “From the Don River, having made its way to the Cimmerian Bosporus, this
The hero could establish communication between the Tmutorokan region and Kiev through the Black Sea and the Dnieper. In Taurida there remained only one shadow of the ancient power of the Kagans,” he wrote to the prince:

a) Oleg b) Svyatoslav c) Vladimir d) Yaroslav the Wise

3. The result of the princely congress in Lyubech was: -

a) the establishment of the principle of reign, which consolidated the beginning of the division of Russian lands

b) the unification of all military forces of the principalities to repel external enemies

c) strengthening the power of the Grand Duke of Kyiv

d) establishing a new procedure for collecting tribute

4. Indicate a number of dates associated with Batu’s campaigns against Rus':

a) 1212, 1223, 1227

b) 1237, 1238, 1240

c) 1242, 1245, 1246

d) 1252, 1262, 1263

5. As a result of the Battle of Kulikovo:

a) the Horde yoke was eliminated

b) Russian troops defeated the main forces of the Horde

c) the Mongol-Tatars burned many cities and fortresses

d) the collapse of the Golden Horde occurred

6. The Supreme Council under the prince (tsar) is:

a) Boyar Duma c) sovereign court

b) Zemsky Sobor d) Senate

7. The beginning of the formation of serfdom is associated with:

a) Russian Truth

b) “Pravda Yaroslavichy”

c) Code of Law of Ivan III

d) Code of Law of Ivan IV the Terrible

8. He was crowned king in 1547:

a) Vasily II c) Vasily III

b) Ivan III d) Ivan IV

9. The pinnacle of Russian architecture is an architectural monument built in the middle of the 16th century:

a) Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

b) Chamber of Facets

c) Intercession Cathedral

d) Church of the Savior on Nereditsa

10. Of the events mentioned, they relate to the time of the oprichnina:

a) meeting of the first Zemsky Sobor

b) the defeat of Novgorod

c) creation of the Streltsy army

d) siege of Pskov

Choose the correct answers.

11. Define the features of a centralized state, the formation of which took place in the 16th century:

a) a new territorial division of the country that did not coincide with the previous independent destinies

b) introduction of a unified system of weights and measures

c) the presence of an estate-representative institution

d) development of landownership

e) establishment of a unified monetary system

f) creation of a national code of laws

12. Of the following countries were opponents of Russia in the Livonian War:

a) Ottoman Empire

b) Rzeczpospolita

c) Sweden

d) Holy Roman Empire

d) England

13. Identify the reforms carried out by the Elected Rada:

a) adoption of the Russian Truth law

b) changes in land ownership

c) creating orders

d) publication of an all-Russian code of laws

e) introduction of an all-Russian coin

f) abolition of feeding and restrictions on localism

g) creation of the Streltsy army

14. Determine which architectural monuments belong to the era of Ivan III:

a) Demetrius Cathedral

B) Chamber of Facets

c) Assumption Cathedral

d) Intercession Cathedral

e) Church of Fyodor Stratelates

f) Archangel Cathedral

15. Establish the correct correspondence between dates and events:

1) 1223 a) Battle of the Neva

2) 1147 b) the beginning of Batu’s campaigns against Rus'

h) 1185 c) Battle of the Kalka River

4) 1237 d) the first mention of Moscow

5) 1240 e) campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich

against the Polovtsians, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”

16. Establish the chronological sequence of events:

a) capture of Moscow by Tokhtamysh

6) Livonian War

c) the great reign of Vladimir Alexander
Nevsky

d) the annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow state

e) Battle of the City River

17. Establish a correspondence between the work and the author:

1) “The Tale of Bygone Years” a) Safoniy Ryazanets

2) “The Word” b) Afanasy Nikitin

3) “Walking beyond the three seas” c) Nestor

4) Zadonshchina" d) Daniil Zatochnik

18. Establish the correct correspondence between concepts and definitions:

1) Vervya) trade and craft part

2) feeding the Russian city

3) destinies b) procedure for appointment to high places

4) localism government officials

5) seating in accordance with the service

fight of ancestors, not for personal merit

c) community of farmers in Drev
her Rus'

e) possession allocated to
to the rulers of the princely family,
which over time becomes
moose independent

19. Establish the correct correspondence between historical figures and events:

1) Yaroslav the Wise a) battle on the Vozha River

2) Alexander Nevsky b) suppression of the uprising

3) Dmitry Donskoy in Tver against Cholhan

4) Ivan Kalita (Schelkana)

5) Ivan Sh c) complete defeat

Pechenegs

d) establishment
St. George's Day

e) Battle on the ice

20. Arrange historical figures in chronological order of their activities:

a) Ermak Timofeevich

b) Ivan Kalita

c) Vasily II the Dark

d) Sergius of Radonezh

D) Nestor

Third option

Choose the correct answer.

1. Indicate a number of dates associated with Oleg’s campaigns
to Constantinople:

a) 859, 882 c) 941, 944

b) 907, 911 d) 946, 967

2. Read the passage and determine which document it is taken from:

“If a slave hits a free husband and hides with his master, but he does not want to give him away, then he keeps the slave with him and pays the offended man 12 hryvnia; and then if somewhere he meets the struck offender [serf], then he has the right to beat him.”

a) Yaroslav's truth

b) “The Tale of Bygone Years”

c) Code of Law of Ivan III

d) Code of Law of Ivan IV

3. Indicate the historical figure about whom the historian N. I. Kostomarov writes:

“The prince stopped; pitched the tent. The prince fell asleep, and in the morning he announced that the Mother of God appeared to him in a dream and ordered her icon not to be taken to Rostov, but to be placed in Vladimir; on the same place where the vision occurred, build a stone church in the name of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and found a monastery with it. In memory of that vision, an icon was painted depicting the Mother of God in the form in which she appeared... Then a village was founded on the site of the vision... He built a rich stone church there...”

a) Yaroslav the Wise

b) Vladimir Monomakh

c) Yuri Dolgoruky

d) Andrey Bogolyubsky

4. A feature of the Novgorod land was that at the beginning of the 12th century. in it:

a) a boyar republic emerged

b) a hereditary monarchy was formed

c) princely power was limited to the boyar nobility

d) all power was concentrated in the hands of the elite of the merchant class

5. Literary work dedicated to the Battle of Kulikovo:

a) “The Word about the destruction of the Russian land”

b) “Zadonshchina”

c) "Domostroy"

d) “The Story of the Grand Duke of Moscow”

6. One of the consequences of Horde rule for Rus' was:

a) strengthening of veche traditions in cities

b) changing the boundaries of the principalities

c) intensification of internecine wars

d) change in the nature of princely power

7. Which of the following events happened earlier than the others:

a) standing on the Ugra River

b) Moscow strife

c) the first Zemsky Sobor

d) Battle of Molodi

8. The positive result of the Livonian War was:

a) the death of the Livonian Order

b) preservation of the Narva fortress and Ivan-city for Russia

c) Russia’s acquisition of access to the Baltic Sea

D) defeat of Sweden

9. Read an excerpt from the document and identify the event in question:

“...Tsar Devlet-Kirey came to Moscow, and on the 24th day of May... the Tatar settlement was set on fire. And with God’s wrath, sin for our sake, the whole of Moscow burned: the city and in the city the sovereign’s courtyard and all the courtyards, and all the suburbs, and beyond Moscow; and a great many people were burned, they were countless; and all God's father-in-law and all good things were burned..."

a) the defeat of Moscow by the Horde

b) Tokhtamysh’s raid

c) the campaign of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd

d) campaign of the Crimean Khan

10. The introduction of St. George's Day meant:

a) establishing a uniform period for the entire country for the transfer of peasants from one owner to another

b) determining the amount of payment for living on the owner’s land

c) prohibition of the transfer of peasants from one owner to another

d) establishing a certain period for the capture of fugitive peasants

Choose the correct answers.

11. The following provisions reveal the essence of the concept of “state”:

a) a union of clans having a common origin, customs, language

b) common religion

c) the presence of a unified management system for people living in the same territory

d) regulation of relationships between people on the basis of uniform laws

e) establishment of a unified monetary system

f) implementation of border protection

g) regulation of relationships with other states and peoples

12. Determine the reasons for the fall of the Chosen Rada:

a) lack of quick results of reforms

b) defeat in the Livonian War

c) establishment of oprichnina

d) Ivan the Terrible’s desire to establish unlimited power

e) disagreements between members of the Elected Rada on foreign policy issues

e) discontent of the boyars

g) intrigues of the relatives of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible

13. Of the listed historical figures were artists:

a) Afanasy Nikitin

b) Nestor

c) Theophanes the Greek

d) Peter Mstislavets

d) Andrey Rublev

f) Dionysius

g) Marco Ruffo

14. Determine which architectural monuments date back to the 12th century:

a) St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv

b) Assumption Cathedral in Moscow

c) Demetrius Cathedral

d) Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

e) Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street
tse in Novgorod

f) Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir

g) Church of the Savior on Nereditsa

15. Establish correspondence between historical
personalities who were contemporaries:

1) Dmitry Donskoy a) Marfa Boretskaya

2) Ivan Kalita b) Metropolitan Macarius

3) Ivan IIIc) Sergius of Radonezh

4) Alexey Adashev d) Neil Sorsky

d) Khan Uzbek

16. Establish a correspondence between concepts and their
definitions:

1) nobles a) service people who made up

2) the stinking permanent infantry army

3) archers and armed with firearms

4) boyars with weapons

5) outcasts b) people who left for some reason

your social group

c) the most noble and richest lands
left owners in Rus' who
also carried military and
public service

d) service people under the prince
yard who received for their service
temporary land holdings

e) communal peasants in Ancient
Rus' dependent on the prince

17. Match:

1) Code of Law of Ivan III 2) Code of Law of Ivan IV

a) limited the rights of governors

b) established uniformity of legal proceedings throughout the territory of the Russian state

c) increased the size of the elderly on St. George’s Day

d) introduced a uniform transfer of peasants from one owner to another for the entire country

e) endowed the Boyar Duma with the right of the highest legislative body under the Tsar

18. Establish a correspondence between the given
excerpts from the chronicle and events:

1) “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us..."

“And the Greeks agreed to this and began to ask for peace so that they would not fight in Greek land. And the Greek kings promised to pay tribute. And they swore an oath to each other, kissed the cross themselves, and... with their husbands they took him to take an oath according to Russian law. And they swore by their weapons and by Perun, their god, and by Beles, the god of cattle, and established peace.”

3) “There’s nowhere to go. So let us not disgrace the Russian land, but I press with bones, for the dead have no shame.”

4) “... And he built a church in the name of St. Basil on the hill where the idol of Perun and others stood
and where the prince and the people demanded them. And in other cities they began to build churches and appoint priests in them and bring people to baptism.”

5) “Why are we destroying the Russian land, creating strife among ourselves? And the Polovtsians are our land
They are different and glad that there are wars between us. Let us unite with one heart from now on
and we will guard the Russian land, and let everyone own his fatherland...”

a) Lyubech Congress of Princes

b) the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav

c) Prince Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople

d) calling of the Varangians

e) baptism of Rus'

20. Arrange historical figures in chronological order in the order of their activities:

a) Vsevolod the Big Nest

6) Svyatopolk the Accursed

c) Yuri Dolgoruky

d) Vladimir Monomakh

d) Andrey Bogolyubsky

Keys

I. Ancient Rus'

First option

1-a; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - b; 5 - g; 6 - b, d, d, g, ", j; 7 - a, b, c, d; 8 - 1 - g,

2 - d, 3 - e, 4 - a, 5 - b, 6 - c;

9 - Lake Ladoga; Baltic; Black; Byzantium;

10 - agricultural tools of the Eastern Slavs.

Second option

1 - b; 2 - in; 3 - b; 4 - b; 5 B; 6 - c, d, f; 7 - a, c, d, e;

8 - 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - D, 5 - f, c - b;

9 - those who lived in the fields, those who lived in the forests; 10 - fishing.

Third option

1 - in; 2 - b; 3 - a; 4 - in; 5 - in; 6 - a, b, c; 7 - 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - g, g; 4 - b;

5 - a; 8 - pagans; Magi, mermaids, merman, goblin;

9 - Scandinavian peoples; 10 - Dir.

First option

1 - g; 2 - b; 3 - g; 4 - g; 5 B; 6 - a; 7 - in;

8 - b; 9 - b; 10 - a; 11 - b, d, f, g, h; 12 - a, b, c, d; 13 - 1 - c, 2 - a, 3 - g,

4 - b, 5 - f, 6 - d; 14 - 1 - b, 2 - d, 3 - c, 4 - a; 15 - d, b, a, c;

16 - Oleg, Ladoga, Novgorod; 17 - about Prince Igor; 18 - about the baptism of Russia.

19 - dependent population in Ancient Rus';

20 - solved land problems.

Second option

1 - in; 2 - a; 3 - in; 4 - g; 5 - g; 6 - b; 7 - in; 8 - b; 9 - in; 10 - in;

11 - a, c, d, g, j; 12 - a, c, d, g; 13-1 - e, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - d, 5 - b, 6 - c;

14 - 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 - a; 15 - c, d, d, a;

16 - IX, Novgorod, Kyiv;

17 - about Prince Igor; 18 - about the princess’s revenge on the Drevlyans; 19 - campaigns against Byzantium; 20 - was the highest court.

Third option

1 - a; 2 - in; 3 - in; 4 - a; 5 B; 6 - g; 7 - a; 8 - g; 9 - in; 10 - b;

11 - b, c, d, g; 12 - 1 - b, d, g, 2 - a, c, d; 13 - f, c, d, b, d, a;

14 - Volga Bulgars, Khazar Khaganate, Tmutarakan Principality;

15 - about Yaroslav the Wise; 16 - about the campaign of Prince Svyatoslav against Byzantium;

17 - nicknames of Vladimir I; 18 - made two successful campaigns against Byzantium; 19 - a - d; 20 - b - g.

First option

1 - in; 2 - in; 3 -b; 4 - g; 5 - in; 6 - in; 7 - a, c, d, f, g, h, j;

8 - 1 - g, 2 - g, 3 - d, 4 - a, 5 - b, 6 - c; 9 - b, d, f;

10 - “The Tale of Bygone Years”, Nestor;

11 - mansions, towers, grid; 12 - a - heroes of Russian epics;

b - protective equipment of a Russian warrior;

13 - was responsible for performing various types of duties.

Second option

1 - in; 2 - in; 3 - g; 4 - b; 5 - g; 6 - a; 7 - a, b, d, g, i;

8 - 1 - d, 2 - g, 3 - g, 4 - b, 5 - a, 6 - c;
9 - b, d, f;

10 - Hilarion, “The Sermon on Law and Grace”;

11 - settlements; semi-dugouts; splinters;
12 - a - genres of oral folk art, b - architectural monuments in Kyiv in the Old Russian state;

13 - huge windows with stained glass.

II. Political fragmentation of Rus'

First option

1 - a; 2 - in; 3 - b; 4 - in; 5 - in; 6 - g; 7 - a; 8 - g; 9 - b; 10 - a; 11 - a, c, f, g, h, i; 12 - b, d, d; 13 - 1 - b, c, d, g, h, 2 - a, d, f; 14 - about Yuri Dolgoruky;

15 - about the conspiracy of the boyars and the death of Andrei Bogolyubsky; 16 - b, d, c, a;

17 - princes of North-Eastern Rus';

18 - decline of the trade route from the “Varangians to the Greeks”.

Second option

1 - a; 2 - b; 3 - b; 4 - in; 5 B; 6 - in; 7 - a; 8 - a; 9 - b; 10 - b;

11 - b, d, f, i; 12 - a, d, f; 13 - 1 - a, c, d, f, h, 2 - b, d, g;

14 - about Vladimir Monomakh; 15 - about the Lyubech Congress;

16 - d, c, b, a;

17 - the largest cities of North-Eastern Rus' (Rostov-Suzdal land);

18 - prince.

Third option

1 - in; 2 - a; 3 - a; 4 - g; 5 - a; 6 - in; 7 - in; 8 - b; 9 - in; 10 - b; 11 - b, c, f;

12 - b, a, d, c; 13 -1 - c, d, 2 - a, d, g, 3 - b;

14 - about Vsevolod the Big Nest; 15 - about Veliky Novgorod;

16 - rights of the Novgorod veche; 17 - transfer the throne of Kiev by inheritance;

First option

1 - in; 2 - g; 3 - b; 4 - b; 5 - a; 6 - in; 7 - a; 8 - g; 9 - b; 10 - b; 11 - b, d, d, i, j;

12 - b, d, f, g; 13 -1 - g, 2 - a, 3 - b, 4 - c; 14 - d, c, b, a, d;

15 - cities that offered the strongest resistance to the Mongol-Tatars;

16 - Polish kingdom; 17 - about Alexander Nevsky;

18 - about the feast of the Mongol-Tatars after the defeat of the Russian princes on the Kalka River.

Second option

1 - in; 2 - b; 3 - in; 4 - b; 5 - in; 6 - b; 7 - b; 8 - b; 9 - in; 10 - b;

11 - b, c, d, f, g, h, i; 12 - b, d, f, g; 13 - 1 - b, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - c; 14 - d, b, a, c, d;

15 - about Genghis Khan; 16 - about the Battle of the Neva;

17 - lands that became part of the Golden Horde;

18 - Novgorod has an ally in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Third option

1 - a; 2 - b; 3 - b; 4 - b; 5 B; 6 - in; 7 - in; 8 - a; 9 - b; 10 - g; 11 - c, d, f;

12 - b - d; 13 - b - d; 14 - 1 - c, 2 - a, 3 - d, 4 - b; 15 - c, d, b, d, a;

16 - about the capture of the city of Kozelsk by Batu Khan; 17 - heroes of the Battle of the Neva;

18 - mandatory construction of roads and fortresses on the territory of the Horde.

III. Rus' Moscow

First option

1 - b; 2 - b; 3 - b; 4 - in; 5 - g; 6" - b; 7 - a; 8 - c; 9 - b; 10 - b;

11 - b, c, d, g, h, i, j; 12 - a, d, f, g; 13 - c, d, b, d, a;

14 - Trinity-Sergiev, Sergei Rodonezhsky, Don; 15 - about Ivan Kalita;

16 - about the attack of Khan Tokhtamysh on Moscow;

17 - the most powerful principalities in the XIII-XVI centuries, which were called great;

18 - change of the dynasty of Moscow princes.

Second option

1 - a; 2 - b; 3 - in; 4 - b; 5 B; 6 - a; 7 - in; 8 - g; 9 - in; 10 - b; 11 - b, c, d, f, g, i;

15 - about Dmitry Donskoy; 16 - about the uprising against the Horde in Tver;

17 - separate khanates that separated from the Golden Horde;

18 - The Tver principality submitted to Moscow.

Third option

1 - in; 2 - b; 3 - a; 4 - g; 5 - a; 6 - a; 7 - in; 8 - g; 9 - b; 10 - b; 11 - b, d, f;

12 - c, a, d, b, d; 13 - Kalita; Kalita; wallet; 14 - about Sergius of Radonezh;

15 - Battle of Kulikovo; 16 - centers for collecting Russian lands;

17 - Prince Dmitry, Tver Prince Mikhail;

First option

1 - a; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - g; 5 - a; 6 - in; 7 - g; 8 - a; 9 - in; 10 - g; 11 - a, b, d, f, g, j; 12 - b, d, d, f; 13 - d, d, b, c, a; 14 - double-headed eagle; "sovereign of all Rus'";

15 - 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - b, 4 - a, 5 - d;

16 - about the liquidation of liberty of the Novgorod Republic, the symbol of liberty - the veche bell;

17 - symbols of supreme rule

18 - annexation of Tver.

Second option

1 - in; 2 - a; 3 - g; 4 - b; 5 B; 6 - a; 7 - in; 8 - g; 9 - a; 10 - in; 11 - b, c, d, h, j;

12 - c, d, f; 13 - 1 - d, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 - a, 5 - b; 14 - d, b, c, d, a;

15 - Ugre, Akhmat; 16 - capture of Tver;

17 - territorial units into which the Moscow state was divided; 18 - Smolensk land.

Third option

1 - in; 2 - in; 3 - a; 4 - in; 5 - in; 6 - a; 7 - g; 8 - g; 9 - g; 10 - in; 11 - b, c, d, f;

12 - 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - d, 5 - b; 13 - d, b, d, c, a;

14 - autocrat, scepter, orb; 15 - annexation of Novgorod to Moscow;

16 - measures taken by Ivan III to eliminate the freedom of the Novgorod Republic;

17 - Ivan III, Casimir IV; 18 - b - g.

First option

1 - a; 2 - b; 3 - a; 4 - b; 5 - g; 6 - a; 7 - in; 8 - a; 9 - in; 10 - g;

11 - a, b, d, d, f, i, j; 12 - c, d, f, g;

13 - 1 - c, 2 - g,d, 3 - a, 4 - f, 5 - b, 6 - d; 14 - c, f, g, d, a, b, d;

15 - guardsman, dog's head, broom;

16 - about boyar rule during the period when Ivan IV was a small child;

17 - about Ermak’s campaign in Siberia; 18 - members of the Chosen Rada;

19 - Smolensk.

Second option

1 - in; 2 - in; 3 - a; 4 - b; 5 - in; 6 - g; 7 - in; 8 - in; 9 - g; 10 - a;

11 - a, b, d, d, j; 12 - b, d, f, g;

13 - 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - a, 4 - f, 5 - g, 6 - d; 7 - d;

14 - c, f, b, g, d, e, a;

15 - Livonian War, Baltic States, Baltic Sea;

16 - about Metropolitan Philip; 17 - about the capture of Kazan by the army of Ivan IV;

18 - opponents of the Moscow state in the Livonian War;

19 - make laws.

Third option

1 - a; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - in; 5 - in; 6 - b; 7 - g; 8 - b; 9 - b; 10 - a;

11 - c, d, f, g; 12 - 1 - f, 2 - g, 3 - d, 4 - a, 5 - b, 6 - g, 7 - c;

13 - d, c, b, g, d, a, f;

14 - feedings, labial elders, zemstvo elders;

15 - Batory’s siege of Pskov; 16 - decree on the introduction of reserved years;

17 - military reform measures; 18 - cancellation of feeding;

First option

1 - a; 2 - b; 3 - g; 4 - g; 5 B; 6 - in; 7 - b; 8 - a; 9 - a, d, f, h, j;

10 - 1 - d, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - b, c;

11 chronicles, military stories, circulation;
12 - about Ivan Fedorov; 13 - about St. Basil's Cathedral;

14 - stone churches built in Moscow under Ivan Kalita;

15 - “The Word about the destruction of the Russian land.”

Second option

1 - b; 2 - b; 3 - in; 4 - a; 5 - a; 6 - in; 7 - g; 8 - in; 9 - a, c, d, f, h, i, j;

10 - 1 - c. d, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - b;

11 - book printing; Ivan Fedorov; "Apostle";

12 - Afanasy Nikitin; 13 - about the icon of A. Rublev “Trinity”;

14 - administrative buildings; 15 - Ivan the Great Bell Tower.

Third option

1 - g; 2 - a; 3 - in; 4 - in; 5 B; 6 - b; 7 - b; 8 - b; 9 - 1 - b, c, 2 - d, 3 - a;

10 - 1 - in; 2 - g; 3 - b; 4 - a;

11 - huts; bake; half;

12 - about Theophanes the Greek;

13 - about the Assumption Cathedral;

14 - Italian architects working at the end of the 15th century;

15 - Church of the Savior on Nereditsa.

Final tasks

First option

1 - a; 2 - in; 3 - b; 4 - b; 5 - a; 6 - b; 7 - a; 8 - b; 9 - in; 10 - in;

11 - a, d, d; 12 - b, d, f; 13 - b, c, d, g; 14 - b, c, d, g;

15 - 1 - d, 2 - a, 3 - d, 4 - b, 5 - c;

16 - 1 - d, 2 - d, 3 - b, 4 - a, 5 - c;

17 - 1 - c, - d, 3 - b, 4 - a;

18 - d, c, d, a, b; 19 - 1 - c, 2 - d, - d, 4 - a, 5 - b; 20 - c, d, b, a, d.

Second option

1 - in; 2 - b; 3 - a; 4 - b; 5 B; 6 - a; 7 - in; 8 - g; 9 - in; 10 - b;

11 - b, d, f; 12 - b, c, f; 13 - c, d, f, g; 14 - b, c, f, g;

15 - 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - d, 4 - b, 5 - a;

16 - d, c, a, d, b; 17 - 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - b, 4 - a;

18 - 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - d, 4 - b, 5 - a;

19 - 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - b, 5 - d;

20 - d, b, a, d, c.

Third option

1 - b; 2 - a; 3 - g; 4 - a; 5 B; 6 - g; 7 - b; 8 - a; 9 - g; 10 - a;

11 - c, d, f, g; 12 - a, d, d, g; 13 - c, d, f; 14 - c, d, f, g;

15 - 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - a, d, - b;

16 - 1 - d, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - c, 5 - b; 17 -1 - b, d, 2 - a, c, d;

18 - 1 - d, 2 - c, 3 - b, 4 - d, 5- a;

19 - d, c, f, a, b, d;

20 - b, d, c, d, a.