Toulon is a city associated with the name of Napoleon. Siege of Toulon. The beginning of the career of Napoleon Bonaparte By land or by sea: a fable about a swan, a pike and a crayfish performed by Evgeny Savoysky

For generations of young people in the nineteenth century, Toulon became a symbol of a sharp and rapid reversal of fortune. Tolstoy found words that precisely defined the meaning of Toulon. This was the “first path to glory.” Toulon brought Napoleon Buonaparte out of the ranks of many officers, whose existence was known only to his regimental comrades, the regimental commander and bored young ladies of small towns. The country recognized his name.

On the island of St. Helena, when everything was already behind, Napoleon, returning to his past life, most often and most willingly remembered Toulon. There were many glorious victories in his life: Lodi, Rivoli, Arcole Bridge, Austerlitz, Jena, Wagram... Any of them could crown his name with laurels of glory. But Toulon was dearer to him than anyone else.

Toulon was a day of hope, the beginning of a journey. From the distance of a long, fading life, these gloomy, dark, rain-drenched December days and nights seemed to him like a rosy morning, illuminated by the sun’s rays, the beginning of a happy day.

By the age of twenty-four, Bonaparte had so fully experienced the bitterness of unfulfilled hopes that he could soberly assess the significance of what had happened. He knew that a month before Toulon, on October 15–16, Jourdan had defeated the enemy at Wattigny, and a week after Toulon, on December 26–27, Gauche had defeated the Austrians at Weissenburg. The laurel wreath of glory was disputed by many.

Bonaparte knew and understood all this. And yet, Toulon was a turning point in his fate. After so many defeats, happiness turned to face him.

In the days of Toulon, a small group of young officers who believed in his lucky star began to form around Bonaparte. At first there were four of them: Junot, Muiron, Marmont and Duroc. Later, others joined the Bonaparte cohort.

Andoche Junot was two years younger than Bonaparte. The son of a peasant, he joined the dragoons as a boy, and at the age of eighteen he commanded a detachment of the National Guard; with the beginning of the war he fought in the northern and southern armies. He attracted the attention of Bonaparte near Toulon with his carefree, cheerful courage. One day Bonaparte in the battery needed a man with good handwriting to whom he could dictate an order. Junot, famous for his calligraphic talent, offered his services. Leaning on the cannon carriage, he diligently wrote the dictated text on paper with a quill pen, when suddenly the explosion of an enemy shell covered Junot and his paper. "We were lucky! - Junot exclaimed cheerfully, getting up and shaking off the dirt. “Now you don’t have to sprinkle sand on your ink!”

Bonaparte was delighted with this sincere and spontaneous courage. He appointed Junot as his adjutant. Since then, for many years he became one of Bonaparte's closest friends. The impetuous, ardent Junot, nicknamed “the storm,” participated in all the most important campaigns and, enjoying the trust of Bonaparte, quickly climbed the ladder of the official hierarchy.

Jean-Baptiste de Muiron, a young artillery captain who distinguished himself during the storming of Toulon (he was then only nineteen years old), became Bonaparte's closest assistant. An educated officer who combined subtlety of mind with remarkable courage and initiative, he was one of the general's most promising associates. But he died early - twenty-two years old - in the battle on the Arcole Bridge. Napoleon always remembered Muiron with gratitude. He named after him the frigate on which he made the famous voyage from Egypt to France in 1799. After Waterloo, dreaming of hiding unrecognized in England, he wanted to take the name of Muiron or Duroc.

Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Vies de Marmont, as the name shows, was a nobleman. He was born in 1774, studied at the artillery school, then served in Metz, Montmédy and in 1793 was sent to Toulon with the rank of senior lieutenant. Here he “met this extraordinary man... with whom his life was completely connected for many years.”

The person closest to Bonaparte, the only one he always trusted unconditionally, was Duroc.

The rapprochement between Bonaparte and Duroc occurred after Toulon. Duroc was also an artillery officer. He was stingy with words and gestures, unhurried, there was nothing bright about him that would attract attention, but, as Napoleon later said, behind this external coldness hid passions, a warm heart and a strong mind. All memoirists unanimously agreed that in Bonaparte’s circle, Duroc was one of the few whose voice he listened to.

Bonaparte near Toulon drew attention to some other capable officers - Victor, Suchet, Lec-lerc. And although they did not become personally close to him, like Duroc or Junot, he did not lose sight of them: they were supposed to form the second column of the “Bonaparte cohort.”

(September–December 1793)

After the victory of the radical Montagnards over the Gironde in Paris on May 31, 1793, a number of departments rebelled against Jacobin rule. But after a short time, this resistance, not excluding Bordeaux, Marseille, Lyon and some other cities of Southern France, was suppressed. The inhabitants of Toulon, among whose population there had long been unrest, were also incited to resist the rule of the Jacobins.

From the beginning of 1793, the clubs in Toulon achieved full power. The community council and the department directory depended on them - in a word, all civil and military power, not excluding the naval administration. The city completely submitted to the arbitrary violent measures of terror. In addition, he had to suffer from the war: the harbor was blocked by English and Spanish ships and prevented any kind of naval protection. As a result, trade, industry, and all occupations of the inhabitants came to a complete standstill, so that the city was threatened with complete ruin.

Unexpectedly, Toulon received news of the victory of the terrible Montagnards and the defeat of the Gironde. The excitement of minds reached its extreme limits, and only some reason was needed for an open rebellion against the Montagnards.

When the people's representatives, Bayle and Beauvais, as a result of alarming news from Toulon and Nice, hastened to the scene and tried to read the new Constitution in the sections, they were booed, driven from the rostrum and imprisoned. Commissioners Barra and Freron, who intended to make their way to Toulon a short time later, accompanied by General Lapoype, only narrowly avoided the same fate. Returning to Nice, they took the necessary steps and asked their colleagues in the Alpine army to send a detachment of three thousand people to Toulon. They transferred command over him only to the former artist Carnot, who had recently been promoted to general, extremely courageous, but, unfortunately, incapable of conducting large-scale military operations. At that time, the commander-in-chief of the Italian army, General Brunet, was to send three thousand men to the village of Lavalette. Brunet opposed, however, and for this he was removed from office and executed on November 6th in Paris.

Toulon was in complete reaction. The city was ready to move from one tyranny to another, no less difficult: to the royalists, who cruelly took violent revenge on their enemies, supporters of the Jacobins. This was joined by the even more difficult rule of the British and Spaniards, who soon took possession of all public administration.

On February 21, 1793, the Convention declared war on England; on the 23rd of the same month, the fleet, under the command of General Hood, sailed to the Mediterranean Sea and on July 15 appeared for the first time in front of Toulon. However, at that time Hood's offer to support the Toulon people was rejected.

At the head of the fleet stationed in Toulon was Rear Admiral Count Trogoff-Kerlesi. The second commander was Rear Admiral Saint-Julien de Chambon. With the exception of Saint-Julien, the entire leadership was devoted to the central committee and the cause of reaction. The commanders of the battalions located in Toulon were on the side of the new state of affairs. Regarding the views of the second commander of the fleet, Saint-Julien, it is difficult to say anything definite: and even then it was unknown whether he was on the side of the club or the reaction. What is certain is that he harbored an old hidden enmity towards the inhabitants of Toulon.

The French fleet consisted of eighteen warships. Among them was the admiral's ship "Trade of Marseilles", with one hundred and eighteen guns, considered the best ship in the whole world - six frigates, four corvettes and two brigs.

There was enough food until the end of September. According to the decree received from Paris, the city government was allowed to turn to state warehouses if necessary. The free cash of the treasury reached six million two hundred thousand francs, excluding small cash registers.

Toulon was thus abundantly supplied with vital supplies, so that the opinion that he turned to the English for help due to a lack of subsistence is completely unfounded. During negotiations with the British admiral, the central committee stated that there were only five days of provisions left. In fact, it was only the first of September, five days after the capture of Toulon, that the British and allies opened state warehouses.

Through various kinds of proclamations on August 23, Goode tried once again to influence the population of Marseilles and Toulon. The appeal to the Toulonians was delivered by the admiral's nephew, Lieutenant Cook, who arrived in the harbor on the night of the 23rd-24th. The appeal of the English admiral was supposed to raise the royal banner, disarm the ships in the harbor, and also place them and all the forts at the disposal of the allies. At the conclusion of peace - Goode did not fail to prudently add that he would not have to wait long - the forts, along with guns, supplies, and also the fleet would be returned to the rightful ruler.

This time his appeal met with more sympathy than a month ago. Partly out of fear of Carnot's revenge, partly in the hope that the allies would not leave the unfortunate city without their help, the Toulonians accepted the British offer.

Under the pretext of an attack of gout, Trogoff remained on the shore, but in reality he hoped to actively participate in the meetings of the central committee. The highest command of the fleet passed to his assistant, Rear Admiral Saint-Julien. Saint-Julien raised the admiral's flag on his ship "Trade of Marseilles" and issued orders to take possession of the fort and Cape Sape. Following this, he and the fleet took a position between the forts of Mandrieu and Aiguilette and began to prepare for resistance to the enemy allied fleet. It was August 26th.

But Saint-Julien did not show the determination that was necessary here. Promoted by the royalists, the crew of the ships were equally indecisive, and while the majority heeded the promises of the instigators, the crews of only three ships rejected the Toulon proposal and vowed to resist both the allies and the city.

On the morning of August 28, the last military council took place on the admiral's ship. He had to convince Saint-Julien that there was nothing to even think about successful resistance, since most of the officers and most of the crew would be on the side of the British landing. At five o'clock in the evening the Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Langar appeared in front of Toulon. Hood, who was only awaiting the arrival of the allies, landed one thousand five hundred men and occupied, among other things, the forts of La Malgue and Saint-Louis. When they were then joined the next day by the Anglo-Spanish fleet, consisting of thirty-one warships, the French admiral issued an order: prepare for battle! At first, however, only five ships obeyed, and only after some time seven more followed their example.

Saint-Julien realized that all resistance was futile and unthinkable, and began to prepare for a retreat along with republican-minded troops to the town of La Seyne, located on the coast, from there to connect with Carnot’s army, which was moving towards Toulon. If great courage and especially energetic leadership were needed to induce the population of Toulon and the fleet between the two fires to a different way of thinking, then the entire surrender of Toulon, one of the most important, excellently defended military ports of France, must be condemned. Instead of surrendering to the Republican army, the inhabitants of Toulon chose to surrender to the British and Spaniards in the hope of thereby taking the first step towards the restoration of the monarchy. The behavior of the commander-in-chief of the fleet, Admiral Trogoff, who played a double game, deserves the strictest censure. Meanwhile, Saint-Julien is much less to blame, since he can be blamed, at most, only for a lack of determination.

If General Carnot had been a little more hastened with his punitive expedition, then Toulon, perhaps, would not have fallen into the hands of the enemy. On August 25, Carnot arrived in Marseille, but only on the 29th, the day of the surrender of Toulon to the allies, he went there at the head of his six thousand people; his vanguard occupied the village of Olliul, located a few kilometers from the city forts, but was repulsed after a short skirmish. A few days later, on September 7, when Lapoip's division from the Italian army came to the rescue, Carnot renewed the attack; this time Olliul, after stubborn resistance, fell into the hands of the Republican troops, and Carnot set up his main apartment in the village.

The Republicans had at their disposal several more than twelve thousand people, of which one half was under the command of Carnot, the other under the command of Lapoype. The latter, initially independent, bypassed the city from the north and east and was now cut off from Carnot. At the end of the month, the Republican army received reinforcements in the form of new thousand five hundred to two thousand people; further reinforcements arrived only after the end of the siege of Lyon. If the French lacked almost everything - weapons, ammunition, and provisions - they were nevertheless inspired by the desire to take revenge on the ill-fated city. On the Allied side, major disagreements soon broke out between troops of different nationalities.

At the beginning of September the allies numbered four thousand Spaniards, two thousand English and one thousand five hundred French, making a total of seven thousand five hundred men. The best soldiers were the English, and subsequently the Piedmontese, who came only during the siege, along with the Neapolitans and other auxiliaries. The English general Goodall was appointed governor of Toulon, and the Spanish admiral Duke Gravina was appointed head of the troops.

In the battle of Olliuli, the Republican battalion chief, Cousin de Dommartin, was wounded. He was an excellent officer, and it was necessary to replace him with someone. But there were very few good artillery officers in the army.

At this time, September 16, Bonaparte was in Marseille, where he was collecting convoys for the Italian army. Returning to Nice, he reported to Bosset's headquarters, where he visited his friend and compatriot Salichetti. The latter immediately offered him Dommartin's place, and Bonaparte agreed. Testimony of Salicetti, who wrote a letter to the Committee of Public Safety on September 26, 1793: “Dommartin’s wound deprived us of the chief of artillery, but chance came to our aid, we met Citizen Bonaparte, an extremely knowledgeable artillery captain, intending to go to the Italian army, and ordered him to take Dommartin’s place ”, - confirmed by Gasparin’s report and Napoleon himself.

According to another version, Salichetti and Gasparin were instructed to send a suitable artillery officer from Marseilles. By chance they met Joseph Bonaparte on the street and together with him they began to look for Napoleon and finally found him in a club. In a nearby café, they had difficulty convincing him to take the vacant position of chief of artillery; he agreed to this after long deliberation, since he had an extremely low opinion of Carnot's military abilities.

Before Bonaparte's arrival, there was no definite opinion at Republican headquarters as to how best to take Toulon. Carnot was inclined to become the head of a small detachment and inspire inspiration in the soldiers subordinate to him, but he absolutely did not understand the importance and role of artillery, since he intended, as he later admitted, to take Toulon in three assault columns aimed at the fortress, exclusively with the help of infantry.

From the time, however, that Napoleon Bonaparte assumed command of the artillery, the siege and bombardment of Toulon took the right course.

Napoleon's role in the siege of this fortress has not always been correctly assessed. According to some, all the credit belongs to him; according to another version, mainly of his enemies and envious people, his participation was limited to secondary, insignificant operations. Both opinions are false, and, as always, the golden mean is most fair.

One thing is certain, that the extremely richly gifted young artillery officer made the most favorable impression on his superiors and comrades. Even those who were with him only for a short time before Toulon took with them an indelible impression of his talents. Thus, General Doppe writes four years later in his memoirs: “I can happily say that this young officer (Bonaparte), who has now become the winner of Italy, combined rare courage and tireless energy with numerous abilities. During all my tours of the army, both before the trip to Toulon and afterwards, I constantly found him at his post. Needing a short rest, he wrapped himself in a cloak and lay down on the ground: he never left the batteries!”

Even Barra, who denies Napoleon any independent role in the capture of Toulon and generally considers himself the only creator of Napoleon’s greatness, could not, however, deny the tireless energy, courage and bravery of the young artillery officer. The small, thin, seemingly weak Corsican, with his strong, all-conquering will, aroused his admiration. The military genius developing before his eyes, the penetrating gaze that knew no mistakes, and the fearless courage of Bonaparte seem like a miracle to Barr.

Evidence about the young Bonaparte can be multiplied ad infinitum. In January 1797, General Andreossi, who, however, was not at Toulon, but was in close friendship with General Dugommier, says in his speech delivered at the Directory about Bonaparte: “The artillery belongs to the honor of his brilliant career, he was a simple captain when wrested Toulon from the hands of the British."

Toulon is located in the northeast of a large semicircular bay, protected in the north by the Faron hill, crowned with forts, and in the west and east by more or less conveniently located but strong forts and fortifications. To force the surrender of Toulon, it was only necessary to cut off the allied fleet anchored in the harbor at the entrance to the city. The fleet supplied the city with both troops and provisions. Deprived of this most important stronghold and left to its own devices, the fortress could not provide long-term resistance. It was necessary to capture the western coast of the Le Coeur peninsula and from there bombard the harbor and city with burning bombs in order to force the Anglo-Spanish fleet to set sail.

Napoleon Bonaparte was the first to understand this. Others later expressed the same idea, but he was the first, with insight that amazed the commissioners of the Convention, Gasparin and Salicetti, who immediately began to take the measures that were necessary to achieve his goal.

“From that moment on,” Marmont writes in his memoirs, “everything was done according to his (Bonaparte’s) orders or under his influence. He immediately drew up a list of necessary measures, pointed out the necessary means, set everything in motion, and within a week had already acquired enormous influence over the commissioners of the Convention.”

On November 14, 1793 (24 Brumaire of the year II), Bonaparte developed his plan for the capture of Toulon to Minister of War Bouchotte:

“Citizen Minister, the plan for the capture of Toulon, which I presented to the generals and commissioners of the Convention, is, in my opinion, the only possible one. If it had been carried out from the very beginning, we would probably now be in Toulon...

Driving the enemy out of the port is the first goal of any systematic siege. Maybe this operation will give us Toulon. I will touch on both hypotheses.

To take possession of the harbor, you must first take Fort Aiguilette.

Having captured this point, it is necessary to bombard Toulon with eight or ten mortars. We dominate the heights of the Arenas, which do not exceed nine hundred toises, and we can move another eight hundred toises without crossing the Nev River. At the same time we will move two batteries against Fort Malbousquet and one against Artigues. Then, perhaps, the enemy, considering his position in the harbor lost, will be afraid any minute of falling into our hands and will decide to retreat.

As you can see, this plan is extremely hypothetical. It would have been good a month ago, when the enemy had not yet received reinforcements. It is now possible that, even if the fleet is forced out of the harbour, the garrison will withstand a prolonged siege.

Then both batteries that we will send against Malbusque will be reinforced by a third. The mortars that had been bombarding Toulon for three days would have to turn against Malbousquet to destroy his fortifications. The fort will not offer even forty-eight hours of resistance; nothing will further prevent us from moving towards the very walls of Toulon.

We will attack from the side where the ditches and rampart of the arsenal are located. Thus, under the cover of the batteries on Malbusque and on the hill of the Arenas, we will enter the second line.

Fort Artigues will greatly hinder us in this movement, but four mortars and six guns, which will rise there at the beginning of the assault, will open hot fire...”

Napoleon was the first who, through skillful orders and the creation of siege artillery, which did not exist before him, realized his ideas, and thereby took an active part in the final fall of Toulon. Arriving at Toulon, he found only thirteen guns, among them two mortars, which were used indiscriminately against the enemy forts. Thanks to his prudence, the siege artillery already on November 14 consisted of fifty-three guns and large mortars, of which thirty were already installed on the batteries. Bonaparte's genius and his tireless activity managed to find auxiliary means where they were least expected. Attached to the above-cited letter from Napoleon to Bouchotte is a report in which he writes:

“I sent an intelligent officer, whom I had discharged from the Italian army, to Lyon, Briançon and Grenoble, in order to obtain from these cities everything that could bring us any benefit.

I asked the Italian army for permission to send guns that were unnecessary for the defense of Antibes and Monaco... I obtained a hundred horses in Marseilles.

I ordered eight bronze cannons from Martigues...

I set up a park in which gunpowder, entrenching baskets, wicker barriers and fascines are made.

I demanded horses from all departments, from all districts and from all military commissars from Nice to Balance and Montpellier.

I receive five thousand bags of soil from Marseille every day and I hope that soon I will have the required quantity...

I have taken steps to restore the foundry in the Ardennes and hope that in a week I will have buckshot and cannonballs, and in two weeks – mortars.

I have established weapons workshops in which weapons are repaired...

Citizen Minister! You will not refuse to acknowledge at least a share of my merits if you find out that I alone am in charge of both the siege park and military operations and the arsenal. Among my workers I don’t even have a single non-commissioned officer. I have only fifty gunners at my disposal, among whom are many recruits.”

For his exceptional activity, which manifested itself from the very beginning of the siege, and in order to give more weight to his orders, the commissioners on September 29 nominated Captain Bonaparte to the rank of battalion chief; the appointment arrived in Toulon on October 18.

His main attention was focused on the capture of Fort Aigilette, which dominated the entrance to the harbor from the west. First, however, it was necessary to take the fortifications located on the shore of the town of Le Coeur, which had only recently been fortified by the fort of Mulgrav, also called “Little Gibraltar”. During September, the Montagne and Sansculotte batteries were erected, facilitating the capture of La Seyne. On September 21, this place fell into the hands of the Republicans, and the very next day the first foray was launched against Fort Aiguilette and Balagier, which, however, ended in failure.

To the great chagrin of General Carnot, Bonaparte acted entirely at his own discretion and did not carry out, however, with the permission of the commissioners, the often senseless orders of the general. Carnot only smiled contemptuously or shook his head at the young artillery officer's childish ideas about the strategy, in his opinion. It was difficult to convince him of the justice of Napoleon's plan, especially to agree to the capture of La Quere. But Bonaparte insisted on his opinion, picked up the map, pointed his finger at Fort Aiguilette and said in a categorical tone: “Here is Toulon!” Carnot smiled condescendingly, nudged the commissar standing next to him with his elbow and remarked: “He doesn’t have much knowledge of geography.” Bonaparte was busy day and night collecting the necessary siege material from neighboring cities and towns, improving his artillery park and erecting new batteries, which primarily had as their goal the capture of Aiguilette. By his order, the batteries “Bregard”, “Sablet” and “Grand Rad” were raised, which all fired at the fort of Mulgrave, erected only during the siege to cover Aiguilette and partly also the ships anchored near the shore.

Napoleon erected three batteries in front of the English redoubt; The famous battery of the “Fearless” was exposed to the greatest danger from English fire, to the construction of which Carnot never wanted to give his consent, since he believed that it would not be able to offer resistance. This time he was not entirely wrong: the battery had scarcely been erected when the English warships and Fort Mulgrave attacked it with such fire that the servants refused to remain at their post. Bonaparte resorted to cunning, which so often served him well in his further campaigns. He ordered a pillar to be placed on the battery with the inscription: “Battery of the Fearless,” and the bravest began to flock to it, since everyone was flattered to serve this battery.

At the end of September, General Lapoype, who had set up his main headquarters northeast of Toulon, in Saulieu-Farled, and from there almost independently carried out his operations against the fortress, received orders to take possession of the coastal fortifications in the east, mainly the fort of Cap Brune, which served as the key to the large fort of La Malgue, which commanded the outer roadstead. Lapoype, however, considered it necessary to attack Mont Faron on October 1 in order to deliver a decisive heavy blow in Toulon on the day of the official proclamation of Louis XVII.

On October 1, with three columns, he ascended to a hill and fortified himself there. Intoxicated by victory, due to a lack of paper, he wrote on the banknotes: “Republican troops have just taken Mont Faron, fortifications and redoubts,” and sent a report to the commander-in-chief. But he did not celebrate his victory for long, since the English general Mulgrave and the Spanish admiral Gravina hastily assembled several battalions and by the evening again took possession of the position. Lapoype owes it only to his family relationship with Commissioner Freron that his disobedience did not cost much more. Carnot immediately deprived him of his command, but the commissioners soon restored his rights. Encouraged by the success at Mont Faron, the besieged decided to launch attacks. The sortie on October 14 was especially remarkable, when the republican camp celebrated the victory over the city of Lyon, which also rebelled against the Convention. General Lord Mulgrave set out with three thousand men under the cover of the battery of Fort Malbusque and launched a bold foray to the northwest. This attack was repulsed by Republican troops with the help of Bonaparte.

The next day, Lapoype launched an attack on Cap Brun, which ended as unfavorably for him as the assault on Mont Faron on October 1.

Carnot's position became more and more precarious. Almost every day the commissioners wrote to Paris, demanding the recall of General Carnot. For his part, he complained about the deputies and Lapoip, who mocks him, acting independently, and does not obey his orders. Carnot was also more than dissatisfied with Bonaparte: he also acted at his own discretion. Carnot’s wife, who was in the camp, apparently appreciated the merits of the young artillery officer much more than her husband, since she defended him and said: “Give the young man complete freedom, he knows more than you. He doesn’t ask you anything, but gives you an account of all his actions. The glory will go to you alone! If he makes a mistake, he will be guilty!” With Napoleon’s constant desire to reward people who played some role in his life, were useful to him in some way, or at least only met him and did not bring him any harm, he did not forget Carnot. During the Empire, he provided him with a lucrative position, and after the death of the general in the ill-fated 1813, he remembered the widow: on December 20, 1813, a few months before the collapse of the Empire, he assigned her a pension of three thousand francs.

But finally the general’s hour has struck. Carnot left the army on December 7 to take command of the Italian army. Before the arrival of the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief Doppe, power passed to Lapoip, and he enjoyed the universal respect of the soldiers for several days from November 5 to 12. Doppe was slightly more capable of commanding an army than his predecessor. He exchanged his former profession as a doctor for literature and became famous in 1785 for publishing memoirs attributed to Madame de Warrens. Napoleon knew him by name, since in Valence he read Rousseau’s Confessions, as well as the above-mentioned work of Doppé. Thanks to the revolution, Doppe, like many others, was rather undeservedly elevated to the rank of general in the army and suddenly found himself - however, against his wishes - commander-in-chief of the siege army in front of Toulon. Within a few days of his command, happiness smiled on him: he managed to deliver a decisive blow to the city, or rather to Fort Balagye, which, together with Aiguillette, was the key to the fortress. Doppe and Bonaparte, who took credit for the main achievement of the day, led the assault. Only the skillful resistance of the English General O'Gara, who was monitoring the movements of the Republican army from the admiral's ship, managed to repel this assault.

Napoleon was beside himself that the assault ended in failure, although he blamed the latter on Doppe alone, who ordered a signal to retreat when he saw that one of his generals had fallen. Furious, with his face covered in blood - he was wounded in the forehead - he galloped towards Doppe and shouted in indignation:

“We have lost Toulon! Some idiot ordered the retreat to sound!” And not only Bonaparte, but also the soldiers grumbled. “Will we always be commanded by painters and doctors?” - they said.

On November 16, Dugommier finally arrived, on whom, thanks to his outstanding exploits in the Italian army, the government had high hopes, and took over the main command of the army, which he retained until the end of the siege. Almost simultaneously with Dugomier, artillery general Jean du Teil arrived at the main apartment, and a few days later, Major Maresco. At the end of November and beginning of December, numerous more detachments and quite significant siege material arrived, so that the number of besiegers soon reached thirty-five thousand people.

In a short time, Dugommier gained the confidence of the soldiers and restored discipline. He apparently soon recognized the importance of Bonaparte and gave him, perhaps, more complete freedom of action. One day a young officer, overwhelmed with artillery work, was having lunch at the general's table. “Take this,” Dugommier told him, handing him a dish of brains, “take this, you will need it.”

Du Theil took over the main command of the artillery, and Bonaparte was appointed his assistant. The general checked the orders of his predecessor, but could only approve of Napoleon's measures. If du Theil was nominally the head of the artillery, then Bonaparte apparently enjoyed complete freedom, at least regarding decisive operations on the Le Coeur Peninsula and in front of Fort Malbousquet. Du Theil often complained that there were so few artillery officers in the army: “There are only two of us,” he usually added, “Bonaparte and I.” If any misfortune happens to us, no one can replace us. The siege will have to be lifted, or it will drag on indefinitely.”

Upon arrival, Doppe convened several meetings to discuss various projects for the capture of Toulon. Since Bonaparte's plan coincided with the intentions of Doppe himself, the Committee of Public Safety in Paris decided to combine both plans. Ultimately the following was decided:

1. Attack Fort Mulgrave and then take Forts Aiguilette and Balagye.

2. and 3.· Bombard Malbousquet and Cape Brune to divert enemy attention.

4. Master Mont Faron.

5. Place strong mortars between the batteries of Malbusque and Fort Montagne and bombard the city to cause panic and confusion in it.

Within a month, Bonaparte again erected several batteries, among which one should be noted, which bore the name “Convent”. Her guns caused significant damage to Fort Malbusque. On the night of November 27-28, she opened fire, and the very next day O'Gara convened a military council to discuss the issue of capturing this battery. He entrusted the main command over a detachment of two thousand four hundred people and one thousand two hundred reserves to General Dunda, but he himself However, despite his position as governor of the fortress, he wanted to be present during the attack. On November 13, the army moved, crossed the Nev and climbed to the hill of Aren. There, after a short skirmish, they captured the battery, Dunda hammered the guns and captured all those who did not manage to escape .Instead, however, having reached the goal, to wait for new orders or to ask for them, General Dunda could not prevent the soldiers from scattering and starting to plunder.When O'Gara noticed this, he jumped on his horse, gathered about a thousand people and rushed pursue the French. This was his death. Dugommier, for his part, also hastened to help. He managed to stop the fugitives, and, reinforcing them with several battalions of fresh troops, he repulsed the British. In this skirmish, O'Gara, who was appointed governor of Toulon instead of Gudal, fell into the hands of the victors. Severe loss of blood due to a slight wound weakened the corpulent general so much that he had to sit down near the wall and was thus caught by the approaching enemy. In addition to the seventeen other officers who shared O'Gara's fate, the Allies lost about four hundred men killed and wounded. Republican losses were significantly smaller.

Young Bonaparte also took part in this victory; on December 1, 1793 (and year 2) Dugomier wrote to the Minister of War: “I cannot praise enough the behavior of those of my assistants who wanted to fight. Among the most distinguished and energetically helping me to gather an army and attack the enemy, I consider it my duty to name in particular citizen Bonaparte, the chief of artillery, and the regimental commanders Arena and Cervoni.”

Bonaparte heard the same praise from Deputy Salicetti, who informed his colleagues about the exceptional bravery of the Republican troops before Toulon and did not forget to mention Bonaparte: “It is almost impossible to describe the bravery of our army in words... our soldiers would work wonders if they had enough officers. Dugommier, Garnier, Mouret and Bonaparte behaved admirably.”

During December, new significant reinforcements approached Toulon, and since here and there signs of fatigue and loss of discipline were found, Dugommier decided to strike a decisive blow to the enemy before the onset of the cold season.

On November 28, the assault plan was approved, and on December 11, the last military council took place in Olliuli. The main forces were to be directed at Fort Mulgrave, located on the Le Coeur peninsula. On December 14, all the batteries opened cannonade, especially those that were closer to the fort. On the 15th and 16th, the artillery battle along the entire line continued, and on the night of December 17, three columns of seven thousand people moved from La Seine. But despite the initial successes, the force of the attack was weakened, and Dugommier cried out in despair: “I am lost!” He intended to call the reserve, but at that time Bonaparte and Muiron approached at the head of the reserve column. United efforts finally managed to climb the last enemy fortifications, breaking the desperate resistance of the allies. Now it remained to occupy the coastal forts of Aiguillette and Badagye. But before the French began to storm them, the allies cleared them, since it was almost unthinkable to hold them without Fort Mulgrave.

The fate of Toulon was to be decided within a few days. Bonaparte predicted the fall of the city, but the generals and commissars did not yet believe in the imminent achievement of their goal. After taking the forts on the Le Coeur peninsula, Napoleon went to the Convent battery to more actively take up the bombardment of Malbousque. Meanwhile, the eastern army, led by Lapaupe, renewed its assault on Mont Faron and finally gained a foothold on the heights.

The capture of the island became known in the city at 4 am on December 17th. A military council was immediately convened under the chairmanship of Hood, at which it was decided to clear the city, since the forts could not be taken again, and Toulon, as a result, could not hold out any longer.

On the night of the 17th to the 18th, the Neapolitans, without any special orders, left Fort Misiesi, having previously hammered down the guns. Malbusque, occupied by the Spaniards and having put up such stubborn resistance to the French, also had to be cleared, since it could not hold out without the fort of Misiesi located behind. The British, for their part, cleared Fort Faron and blew up two other forts located in front: De Pomme and Saint-André. All the rest, except the large fort of La Malgue, which was supposed to cover the Allied retreat to the ships, were cleared on the evening of the 18th. The army of the Convention immediately occupied the cleared forts and began to fire from there on the city, which only now saw how sad its fate was. Instead of preparing the population for the upcoming cleansing of the fortress, so that the inhabitants could prepare to flee, the allies did not inform them at all about the course of events. Panic was therefore inevitable. Out of fear of the revenge of the victors, the inhabitants, taking with them the most necessary things, tried to quickly reach the harbor in order from there to reach the fleet on all kinds of ships and boats. Many people died in this panic. Fear and despair reached their climax when the Spaniards blew up two French frigates loaded with gunpowder, and Sidney Smith, who later so courageously defended Acre against Bonaparte's assault and forced him to lift the siege, set fire to the arsenal.

The withdrawal of the allies took place with great haste and resembled a flight. They did not have time, however, to blow up several French ships and take with them numerous fugitives, whom they landed on the islands located opposite Toulon.

On December 18, the troops of the Convention entered Toulon and brutally took revenge on the population of the city. Although the main instigators managed to escape, several thousand people paid with their lives for living in a city that dared to oppose the Convention!

Deputy Fouché, who hastened from Lyon, in a letter dated December 23 to Callot d'Herbois, gives vent to his jubilation: “We can celebrate the victory in only one way. Tonight two hundred and thirteen rebels crossed into a better world... Farewell, my friend, tears of joy blur my eyes - they flood my whole soul.”

Judging by the information that has reached us, Bonaparte and his gunners did not take any part in this massacre, but were busy inspecting the arsenal that was partially damaged by fire and erecting batteries at Fort Balagier and on the opposite Grosse Tours. Six days after the capture of Toulon, having been appointed brigadier general on December 22, he asked for a long leave.

Regarding the capture of Toulon, General Dugomier reports, among other things: “The fire of our batteries, led by the greatest talent, announced death to the enemy.” It is not difficult to guess who he means by this “greatest talent,” especially since Divisional General du Theil, in a letter to the Minister of War dated December 19, 1793, directly speaks of the military abilities of the young artillery officer Bonaparte. “I don’t have enough words,” he writes, “to describe to you Bonaparte’s merits: a wealth of knowledge, a high degree of intelligence and endless courage - this, although weak, is an idea of ​​​​the exceptional abilities of this rare officer. It is up to you, Minister, to use them for the glory of the Republic.” The events before Toulon and the name of Bonaparte were to be deeply imprinted in the memory of mankind. Here began the victorious career of the young Corsican, who plunged the entire universe into amazement and awe with his genius, his energy, his all-crushing will, but also with violence!

In 2012, a series of memorable dates took place dedicated to the Thunderstorm of the twelfth year, the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War, the war between Russia and Napoleonic France. Let's start with the life path of the initiator of these events, a man whom some called Robespierre on horseback And Corsican monster, and others deified him as the Emperor of Freedom, the Emperor of Revolution... 52 years of life, 6 of them in prison on the island of St. Helena...

Eight episodes from the life of Napoleon, depicted by a historical artist
Charles Auguste von STEUBEN

This picture was painted during the years of restoration, when mention of the hero of my post was not welcomed, so any symbolism associated with him immediately attracted the attention of the public. And this famous cocked hat, which was impossible not to recognize, was a representation of Napoleonic career, from the first steps of General Bonaparte to the death of the deposed emperor on the island of St. Helena...

The future emperor was born on August 15 in a remote province, the town of Ajaccio in Corsica, into a family of poor nobles Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino in the same year 1769, when Corsica became part of the French kingdom.

Carlo Maria Buonaparte. Anne-Louis GIRAUDET-TRISON

Letizia Ramolino. Robert LEFEVRE

House in Ajaccio where the future emperor lived

Carlo Maria Buonaparte
Unknown French artist

Bonaparte's father was a lawyer and a respected man, a nobleman, but one of those who, according to the historian Desmond Seward... Called the aristocracy in Corsica, they were illiterate small landowners. In essence, these are the same peasants, but only with the family coat of arms. He was very proud of his nickname - Carlo the Magnificent - Magnificent, for his brilliant manners and ability to show off. Pope Carlo participated in the struggle for the independence of Corsica, but then went over to the side of France, which allowed him to become quite an influential figure and be able to send his children to study in France. He died of cancer in 1785. Dying, he told his eldest son Joseph:
- You are the eldest in the family, but remember that the head of the family is Napoleon...

Maria Letizia Ramolino. Charles Guillaume Alexandre BOURGEOIS

Maria Letizia Ramolino. Unknown artist

At the cradle of the future Emperor of France
Illustration for the book by William Milligan Sloan - The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1896
Jean Michel Andre CONSTANT

Mother Letitia was completely different, woman with a man's head and the true head of the family (despite the fact that she was almost always pregnant). A demanding, strict, hardworking woman, she put honor above all else, and while raising her children, she taught them to be independent. Napoleon inherited his love of work and strict order in business from his mother. Boni was the second son in a large family, which included four more boys (Joseph, Lucien, Louis and Jerome) and three girls (Eliza, Polina and Caroline). Five children died in infancy. Napoleon did not abandon all his brothers and sisters in the future; they received high positions, positions and became famous thanks to his support. Many of them, excluding the sisters Paolina and Eliza, who died early, essentially abandoned him at the end of his life, when the former emperor found himself in difficult conditions. His adopted daughter, the daughter of his wife Josephine, turned out to be much more devoted to Napoleon.

Child's portrait of Napoleon
Unknown artist

Napoleon Bonaparte as a child, arguing with comrades in front of a house in Ajaccio (Corsica)

Napoleon grew up as a playful child, but gloomy and irritable with an impatient character. In street fights, he was always one of the most notorious fighters, he never gave anyone a pass. Nothing appealed to me, I was prone to quarrels and fights, I was not afraid of anyone. I beat one, scratched another, and everyone was afraid of me. My brother Joseph had to endure the most from me. I hit him and bit him. And they scolded him for this, since it happened that even before he came to his senses from fear, I would already complain to my mother. My cunning brought me benefit, because otherwise Mama Letizia would have punished me for my pugnacity; she would never have tolerated my attacks! His mother loved him, the boy also adored his mother, and until the end of his days, remembering her in his captivity, he often said:
- Ah, Mama Letitia, Mama Letitia, she was right about this..., right about this...

Napoleon's departure from Corsica to the continent
Jacques Marie Gaston Onfre de BREVILLE

In the spring of 1779, when Napoleon was not yet ten years old, he was sent to France, where he studied briefly at Autun College, and then he was assigned a government scholarship to a military school in Brienne, a tiny town near Paris. It was a prestigious educational institution where French nobles studied. But even here, Napoleon remained an unsociable, withdrawn, hot-tempered boy, he was practically not friends with anyone and did not try to communicate.

Nicolas-Toussaint CHARLAIS

Napoleon at the cadet school in Brienne-le-Chateau

Moreover, he himself became the subject of ridicule from his comrades for his poor knowledge of the French language and the Corsican dialect (a mixture of Chismontan and Oltremontan). The cadets called him straw in nose, because this is exactly how “la paille au nez” is translated, the nickname that the guys awarded him: Napoleon = Lopaloné. When schoolmates tried to offend and tease Napoleon, despite his small stature and young age, he, like an angry wolf cub, was able to show his class in several fights in the courtyard of the Brienne military school and fight back the offenders, so they tried not to mess with him anymore .

Military school cadets play snowballs. Napoleon in the center with his arms crossed on his chest

At an early age, Bonaparte read his father's library and became acquainted with the works of Plutarch, Cicero, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Goethe. These authors accompanied him almost all his life. Therefore, he studied well at school, studied the history of Greece and Rome very well, excelled in mathematics, always remaining first in this subject, geography and other disciplines. The only languages ​​he found difficult were Latin and German.

Attack of the fort at the school in Brienne

It is bad if young people learn the art of war from books: this is a sure way to raise bad generals

Napoleon visits his sister Eliza, who was brought up in an aristocratic boarding house in Saint-Cyr, 1784.
Jacques Marie Gaston Onfre de BREVILLE

The young man stayed in Brienne for five years. If you or my godparents are not able to provide me with enough funds to maintain a decent existence for me in college, then in this case, make a written request to take me home. I am tired of appearing as a beggar in the eyes of others and enduring the endless ridicule of arrogant youths, whose superiority over me lies solely in their rich origin. This is what Napoleon wrote to his parents a year before graduating from school. He was tired of humiliation, but still on October 30, 1784 he was commendably certified and was immediately accepted (again on a royal scholarship) to the Paris Military School, which trained personnel for the army.

Napoleon cadet at the Ecole Militaire in Paris, 1784.
Jean Michel Andre CONSTANT

Napoleon Bonaparte studying.
Jacques Marie Gaston Onfre de BREVILLE

Excellent teachers were gathered here, including the famous mathematician Gaspard Monge and physicist, mathematician and astronomer Pierre-Simon Laplace. Napoleon eagerly listened to lectures and read. He had something and someone to learn from.

Pierre-Simon Laplace. Unknown artist

Gaspard Monge. Unknown artist

But soon misfortune befell him: his father Carlo Bonaparte died and the family was left with virtually no means of subsistence. There was no hope for Joseph's older brother, he was incapable and lazy, and the 16-year-old cadet took care of his mother, brothers and sisters. After a year's stay at the Paris Military School, which Napoleon had to graduate as an external student, he entered the army with the rank of second lieutenant and went to serve in a regiment in the provincial garrison stationed in the city of Valence.

Napoleon at the age of 16
Black chalk drawing by unknown author
This is what Napoleon looked like after graduating from the Paris Military School

Young lieutenant in the company of the inhabitants of Valence
Illustration for the book The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by William Milligan Sloane, 1896
Jean Michel Andre CONSTANT

Garrison life was boring, dreary and monotonous. Plus a semi-beggarly existence (Napoleon sent most of his salary to his mother), he ate twice a day, mainly bread and milk, there was no money for more. He tried to hide his difficult situation, but his worn-out clothes, recut, altered, no longer suitable for going out in public, gave him away. And yet, it was here that his first love happened.

Napoleon and Mademoiselle du Colombier

Lieutenant Bonaparte and Mademoiselle Caroline du Colombier in Valence
Unknown artist

It was a girl from a good family, Caroline du Colombier. Young people were invited to her mother's house. And Napoleon Bonaparte, with all his precarious financial situation, managed to attract the girl’s attention, perhaps with some external gloom, romanticism, which resembled the then fashionable heroes of Childe Harold, Werther... About this touching feeling almost thirty years later Napoleon recalled on St. Helena: We made small dates for each other. I especially remember one thing, in the summer, at dawn. And who can believe that all our happiness consisted in the fact that we ate cherries together?.

Napoleon during his stay in Valence, where he began his career, with the rank of lieutenant
Illustration for the book The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by William Milligan Sloane, 1896

Always alone among people, I return to my dreams only when alone with myself

From 1786 to 1788 he took long vacations and went to Ajaccio to settle financial problems and matters related to his father’s complicated will. But he dreamed of a military career and definitely wanted to become a captain. And he even tried to become a mercenary in the service of the Russian Empress Catherine II, on whose instructions recruiters recruited troops for the Russian-Turkish War. But according to the imperial decree, it was necessary to accept only with a reduction in rank. And where can we go lower? And Bonaparte was refused. He ran out in tears after this refusal: I’ll go to the Prussian king and he’ll give me a captain!.. This is the kind of officer the Russian army could have.

Napoleon at Oxonne 1788
Illustration for the book The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by William Milligan Sloane, 1896

Napoleon Bonaparte throws the Marquis de Sade's book into the fire

Napoleon Bonaparte in the uniform of a lieutenant of the first battalion of Corsica in 1792

Returning to France in June 1788, Napoleon was soon sent for a short time with his regiment to the city of Oxonnes, where he no longer lived in a private apartment, but in a barracks. It was in Oxonne that he took up his pen and wrote a short treatise on ballistics, “On Throwing Bombs.” By this time it became clear that artillery had become his favorite military specialty.

Napoleon Bonaparte with the rank of lieutenant
Illustration for the book The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by William Milligan Sloane, 1896
Heinrich Felix Emmanuel FILIPPOTO

Bonaparte enthusiastically accepted the Great French Revolution. He understood perfectly well that now personal abilities can contribute to a person’s ascent up the social ladder and career advancement, which is what artillery lieutenant Bonaparte needed to begin with. Having received leave again, he returned to his homeland and took an active part in the events, drawing up an appeal to the Constituent Assembly of France, which soon after adopted a decree on equalizing the rights of the French and Corsicans. Taking with him one of his younger brothers, Napoleon returned again to Valençon, where he also supported and raised his brother on his lieutenant’s salary.

Lieutenant Bonaparte with his younger brother
Jacques Marie Gaston Onfre de BREVILLE

Having arrived in Paris on business at the end of May 1792, he witnessed the stormy revolutionary events of that summer - the attack of the revolutionary mob on the Tuileries Palace on June 20 and the uprising on August 10, 1792.

Attack of the mob on the Tuileries. Marie Antoinette protects her children June 20, 1792
Unknown artist

Revolt of 10 August 1792
Jean DU PLESSIS-BERTAUD

Napoleon standing in front of a revolutionary crowd. Jacques Marie Gaston Onfre de BREVILLE

Napoleon mourning the destruction of the Tuileries Palace. Jacques Marie Gaston Onfre de BREVILLE

Napoleon at the Tuileries on August 10, 1792
Nicolas-Toussaint CHARLAIS

Seeing the cruelty of the people, the heads of the vanquished, put on spears, in particular, the Swiss officers who defended the palace and remained faithful to the oath, Napoleon, according to eyewitness accounts, reacted the same way in both cases: he called the rebels cannons, vile rabble, 500-600 of which had to be swept away with cannons, and the rest would have fled on their own! He was for revolution, transformation, a new order, but against popular revolt, black and insane, against feudal barbarism.

Pasquale Paoli
Henry William BECKER Unknown artist

Napoleon Bonaparte in his youth was Corsican in soul and heart, Corsican from head to toe. It is no wonder that from childhood his idol was General Pasquale Paoli, the leader of the movement for the independence of his island of freedom. But later, during Bonaparte’s short visits to his homeland (1789-90, 1791-93), their relationship did not work out. Acquaintance with the hero of youthful dreams, who now represented mainly the interests of England, where he had been in exile for a long time, deeply disappointed Bonaparte. And their plans were exactly the opposite. As a result, in June 1793, shortly before the capture of Corsica by the British, Napoleon, in order to avoid going to jail, secretly and not without adventure, barely managed to escape from the island, taking his mother and entire family with him. As soon as they escaped, their house was plundered by Paoli's followers.

Bonaparte in 1792
Heinrich Felix Emmanuel FILIPPOTO

The need did not keep itself waiting, despite receiving the long-awaited captain's rank. Napoleon had to support a large family (mother and seven brothers and sisters). First, he settled them near Toulon, then transported them to Marseille, but this did not make their hopeless, difficult and meager life any easier... they walked month after month, bringing no hope for the best, and suddenly the burden of service was interrupted in the most unexpected way... .

Napoleon in a restaurant in Paris, 1792
Illustration for the book The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by William Milligan Sloane, 1896

And then Toulon happened, under which, in the words of Bonaparte himself, he experienced first kiss of fame.

With the help of the patronage of the Commissioner of the Convention, who was in charge of the events in Toulon, Christophe Salichetti, a Corsican who knew the Bonaparte family in Corsica, and with the support of Maximilian Robespierre's younger brother Augustin, Napoleon was appointed to the army of General Carto, who was besieging Toulon, a port city on the Mediterranean coast. in the south of France. At the turn of the new era there was a Roman fortress there. And in the 17th century, the famous French engineer Sebastien Le Prêtre de Vauban turned Toulon into a modern fortress. So impregnable that under Louis XIV, even the Austrian field marshal and generalissimo Prince Eugene of Savoy, one of the greatest commanders of Western Europe, who led the army of the Holy Roman Empire, could not take this fortress.

The Anglo-Spanish fleet enters Toulon, 1793.

And so, in July 1793, French royalist counter-revolutionaries, in alliance with the English fleet, captured Toulon, expelling or killing representatives of the revolutionary authorities. The white flag of the Bourbons, the flag of the executed king, flew over the ancient French city, so the battle for Toulon had not only military significance, but also political significance. The Republic had no right to lose it. The revolutionary army besieged Toulon from land, but it acted sluggishly and uncertainly.

English and French armies. Siege of Toulon

Siege of Toulon (September–December 1793)

Siege of Toulon (September-December 1793), fragment

Captain Bonaparte planning the Battle of Toulon 1793
Illustration for the book The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by William Milligan Sloane, 1896
Jean Michel Andre CONSTANT

Having examined the area, Napoleon drew up an action plan that took into account the natural relief, different from the plan of Commander Carto, and began to seek its adoption. At first glance, the plan seemed too simple. But it was precisely in this simplicity that his irresistible strength lay. But the arrogant General Carto considered his plan ideal. Others, including the Convention Commissioner Gasparin, a career military man, supported the young artillery chief.

Napoleon Bonaparte lays out his plan to attack Toulon

Napoleon during the siege of Toulon, 1793. Unknown artist

Napoleon during the siege of Toulon, 1793 Jean-Baptiste-Edouard DETAILLE

Siege of Toulon, captured by counter-revolutionary troops

Siege of Toulon
Paul GREGULAR

Siege of Toulon
Artist of the French school

First, for three days, under pouring rain and squally winds, a fierce cannonade of fifteen mortars and thirty large-caliber guns lasted. And on the night of December 17, the Republicans stormed the fortifications, capturing little Gibraltar, which predetermined the outcome of the battle.

Siege of Toulon Battery of Braves
Engraving by Duval

Napoleon during the siege of Toulon 1793
Artist of the French school

Napoleon leading the attack on the British during the Siege of Toulon in 1793
Jacques Marie Gaston Onfre de BREVILLE

Napoleon first organized the actions of the artillery, then he himself led the cavalry attack. The horse under him was killed, he was wounded in the leg with a bayonet, but he hid the wound and continued to attack. He received a concussion, but nothing could stop his offensive impulse. The third in a row, he broke into a hole in the wall of Toulon and captured the commander of the Toulon garrison, the English general O'Hara.

Siege of Toulon by French troops on December 18, 1793
Copper engraving, etching
author Jacques François Svebash, engraver Pierre-Gabriel BERTAU, draftsman Desfontaines

Destruction of the fleet at Toulon, December 18, 1793
Engraver Thomas SUTHERLAND

Siege of Toulon. Flight of the British.
Unknown author, 1794

Allied evacuation from Toulon
Unknown author

Royalist retreat from Toulon 1793

This decisive success predetermined the outcome of the battle. English and Spanish ships began to leave the Toulon roadstead. The enemy fled. Toulon fell. The Republican army entered the city victoriously.

Napoleon Bonaparte after the siege of Toulon on December 19, 1793

Toulon was a major victory for the Republic. And Napoleon Bonaparte discovered here not only military leadership talent, but also personal courage and courage that inspired the soldiers. Augustin Robespierre (who wrote to his brother that “this man is endowed with supernatural powers”) and Convention Commissioner Christophe Salichetti, admiring his feat, suggested that the Convention promote Napoleon from captain to general. And General Dugommier, a witness to the siege of Toulon, wrote:
- Great scientific information, same mind. And the courage is even excessive. Here is a faint sketch of the merits of this rare officer. Promote him, otherwise he will rise himself...

On December 22, 1793, Robespierre Jr. and Salicetti, with their power as commissars, awarded Bonaparte the military rank of brigadier general; in February 1794, this decision was confirmed by the government. Bonaparte was twenty-four years old.

Napoleon Bonaparte
Jacques-Louis DAVID

This is how a man, starting almost from minus infinity, became a general by the age of 24.

pro100-mica.livejournal.com

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BOZMYKULYK Y YURBOULYK BDNYTBMSCH ЪBOSMY fKHMPO U 5000 YUEMPCHEL, LPFPTSCHE VSHCHMY CHSHCHDEMEOSCH YUKHDPCHSHI LPNBOD, RPDOSMY VEMPE OBNS Y CHUFKHRYMY PE CHMBDEOYE ZPTPDPN PF YNE OH VHTVPOPCH. ъBFEN LOYN RTYVSHMY YURBOGSHCH, OEBRPMYFBOGSHCH, RSHENPOFGSHCHY CHPKULB U ZYVTBMFBTB. l LPOGKH UEOFSVTS CH ZBTOY'POE OBIPDIMPUSH 14000 YUEMPCHEL: 3000 BOZMYYUBO, 4000 OEBRPMYFBOGECH, 2000 UBTDYOGECH Y 5000 YURBOGECH. uPAЪOILY TBBPTHTSYMY FPZDB FKHMPOULKHA OBGYPOBMSHOHA ZCHBTDYA, LPFPTBBS LBBBMBUSH YN OEBDETSOPK, Y TBURKHUFYMY UKhDPCHSCH LPNBODSCH ZHTBOGKHULPK ULBDTSCH. 5000 NBFTPUPC VTEFPOGECH Y OPTNBODGECH, RTYYUYOSCHYI YN PUPVPE VEURPLPKUFCHP, VSHMY RPUBTSEOSH ABOUT YUEFSHCHTE ZHTBOGKHULYI MYOEKOSCHI LPTBVMS, RTECHTBEEOOSCHI CH FTBOURPTF Shch, th PFRTBCHMEOSCH CH tPYZhPT Y vTEUF. bDNYTBM iKhD RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBM OEPVIPDYNPUFSH, YUFPVSH PVEUREYUYFSH UEVE UFPSOHLH ABOUT TEKBI, KHLTERYFSH CHCHUPFSH NSCHUB VTEO, ZPURPDUFCHBCHYYE OBD VETEZPCHPK VBFBTEEK FPZP TSE YNEOY, Y CHET YYOSCH NSCHUB LT, ZPURPDUFCHPCHBCHYE OBD VBFBTESNY ZYMSHEFF Y vBMBZSHE, U LPFPTSCHI RPUFTEMYCHBMYUSH VPMSHYPK Y NBMSHCHK TEKDSCH. zBTOYPO VSHHM TBNEEEO CH PDOKH UFPTPOH DP UEO-OBETB Y pMYKHMSHULYI FEUOYO CHLMAYUYFEMSHOP, CH DTHZHA DP MB-chBMEFFSH Y YETB. CHUE VETEZPCHSHCHE VBFBTEY PF vBODPMSHULYI DP VBFBTEK YETULLPZP TEKDB VSHMY TBTHYEOSCH. YETULYE PUFTPPCHB VSHMY ЪBOSFSH RTPFPYCHOILPN.

хЪOBCH P CHUFKHRMEOYY BOZMYUBO CH FHMPO, ZEOETBM lBTFP FPFYUBU TSE RETEOEU UCPA ZMBCHOKHA LCHBTFYTH CH LATs. bChBOZBTD RTPDCHYOHMUS DP vPUU, B RETEDPCHSHCHE RPUFSCH TBURPMPTSYMYUSH X FKHMPOULYI RTPIPDPCH. oBUEMEOYE PVPYI ZPTPDLPCH UFBMP RPD THTSHE Y CHSHBLBBMP VPMSHYPE KHUTDYE. YuYUMEOOPUFSH DYCHYY lBTFP UPUFBCHMSMB 12000 YUEMPCHEL IPTPYYYY RMPIYY UPMDBF, YЪ LPFPTSCHI 4000 RTYYMPUSH TBNEUFYFSH CH NBTUEME Y CH TBMYUOSCHI RHOLFBI RPVETETSSH S. u 8000, PUFBCHYYNYUS X OEZP, lBTFP OE PUNEMYMUS DCHYOKHFSHUS YUETE ZPTOSCH RTPIPDSCH Y PZTBOYYUMUS FPMSHLP OBVMADEOYEN ЪB OYNY. OP OBTPDOSH RTEDUFBCHYFEMY ZhTETPO Y vBTTBBU, RTYVSCCHYYE CH OYGGH, RPFTEVPCHBMY X ZEOETBMB VTAOE, LPNBODHAEEZP yFBMSHSOULPK BTNYEK, 6000 YuEMPCHEL DMS RPUSHMLY RTPPHYCH fHMPOB. ZEOETBM mBRKHBR, LPFPTPNH RPTHYUYMY LPNBODPCHBOYE YNY, TBURPMPTSYM UCHPA ZMBCHOKHA LCHBTFYTH CH UPMSHE, B RETEDPCHSHCHE RPUFSHCH CH MB-chBMEFFE. NETSDH DYCHYYSNYI lBTFP Y mBRKHBRB OE VSHMP OILBLYI LPNNHOILBGYK. sing TBDEMSMYUSH ZPTBNY zBTPO. хЪOBCH P RPDIPDE mBRKHBRB, lBTFP BFBLLPCHBM pMYKHMSHULYE FEUOYOSCH, PCHMBDEM JNY 8 UEOFSVTS RPUME VPS, DMYCHYEZPUS OEULPMSHLP YUBUPCH, Y RTPDCHYOKHM UCHPA ZMBCHOHA LCHBTFYTH CH vPUU, B RETEDPCHSHCHE RPUFSHCH ЪB pMYHMSHULYE FEUOYOSCH. h LFK UICHBFLE VSHHM FSTSEMP TBOEO CHSHCHDBAEIKUS PZHYGET, OBYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY NBKPT dPNNBTFEO. dYCHYYY lBTFP Y mBRKHBRB VSHMY OEBCHYUYNSCH DTHZ PF DTHZB. sing RTYOBDMETSBMY L DCHHN TBMYUOSCHN BTNYSN: RETCHBS L BTNYY bMSHRYKULPK, ​​CHFPTBS L yFBMSHSOULPK. rTBCHShCHK ZHMBOZ mBRKHBRB OBVMADBM ЪB ZHPTFPN Y ZPTPA zBTPO, GEOFT ZPURPDUFCHPBM OBD YPUUE YЪ mb-chBMEFFSCH, B MECHSHCHK ZHMBOZ OBVMADBM ЪB CHSHUPFBNY NSCHUB vTEO. zhPTF vTEZBOUPO Y VBFBTEY YETULPZP TEKDB UOPCHB VSHMY CHPPTHTSEOSH mBRKHBRPN. lBTFP UCHPYN MECHSCHN ZHMBOZPN PVMPTSYM ZhPTF rPNE, GEOFTPN TEDKhFSH THC Y vMBO, RTBCHSHCHN ZHMBOZPN ZhPTF nBMSHVPULE. eZP TEETCH ЪBOSM pMYHMSH; PDYO PFTSD OBIPYMUS CH UYZHKHTE. lBTFP CHPUUFBOPCHYM FBLCE VBFBTEY UEO-OBJET Y vBODPMSH. rTPFYCHOIL RPRTETS-OENKH CHMBDEM CHUEK ZPTPK zBTPO DP ZHTFB nBMSHVPULE, CHUEN UBVMEFFULINE RPMKHPUFTPPCHPN Y NSHUPN lt DP DETECHOY UEOB.

yЪNEOB, PFDBCHYBS BOZMYUBOBN ZHMPF UTEDYENOPZP NPTS, ZPTPD fKHMPO Y EZP BTUEOBM, RPFTSUMB lPOCHEOF. po OBYUM ZEOETBMB lBTFP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIN PUBDOPK BTNYEK. lPNYFEF PVEEUFCHEOOPZP URBUEOYS RPFTEVPCHBM KHLBBBFSH BTFYMMETYKULPZP PZHYGETB UFBTPK UMKHTSVSHCH, URPUPVOPZP THLPCHPDYFSH PUBDOPK BTFYMMETYEK. h LBUEUFCHE FBLPZP PZHYGETB VSHM OBCHBO obrpmepo, h FP CHTENS NBKPT BTFYMMETYY. by RPMKHYUM RTYLBYUTPYUOP PFRTBCHYFSHUS CH FHMPO, CH ZMBCHOHA LCHBTFYTH BTNYY, DMS PTZBOYBGYY BTFYMMETYKULPZP RBTLB Y LPNBODPCHBOYS YN. 12 UEOFSVTS ON RTYVSHCHM CH vPUU, RTEDUFBCHYMUS ZEOETBMKH lBTFP Y ULPTP ЪBNEFYM EZP OEURPUPVOPUFSH. yЪ RPMLPCHOILB LPNBODYTB OEVPMSHYPK, OBRTBCHMEOOOPK RTPPFYCH ZHEDETBMYUFPCH LPMPOOSCH LFPF PZHYGET ABOUT RTPFSTSEOY FTEI NEUSGECH KHUREM UDEMBFSHUS VTYZBDOSCHN ZEOETBMPN, JBFEN DYCHYYPOOSCHN ZEOETBMPN Y, OBLPOEG, ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIN. PO OYUEZP OE RPOINBM OH CH LTERPUFSI, OH CH PUBDOPN DEME.

bTFYMMETYS BTNYY UPUFPSMB YD DCHHI RPMECHCHI VBFBTEK RPD LPNBODPK LBRYFBOB UAOSHY, FPMSHLP YuFP RTYVSCCHYEZP YFBMSHSOULPK BTNY CHNEUFE U ZEOETBMPN mBRKHBRPN, YFTEI VBFBTEK LPOOPC BTFYMMETYY RPD LPNBODPC NBKPTB dPNNBTFFEOB, PFUHFUFCHPCHBCHYEZP RPUME TBOSCH, RPMKHYUEOOOPK CH VPA RPD pMYKHMEN (CHNEUFP OEZP CH FH RPTH CHUEN THLPCPDYMY BTFYMMETYKULYE UETSBOFSH UFBTPK UMKHTSVSH), Y Y CHPUSHNY 24-ZHHOFPCHSHCHI RKHOYEL, CHSFSHCHI YY NBTUEMSHULZP BTUEOMBB. h FEYUEOYE 24 DOEK, U FAIRY RPT LBL fKHMPO OBIPDIYMUS PE CHMBUFY RTPFYCHOILB, OYUEZP EEE OE VSHMP UDEMBOP DMS PTZBOYBGYY PUBDOPZP RBTLB. ABOUT TBUUCHEFE 13 UEOFSVTS ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK RPCHEM OBRPMEPOB ABOUT VBFBTEA, LPFPTHA ON CHCHUFBCHYM DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH UTSYUSH BOZMYKULHA ULBDTH. bFB VBFBTES VSHMB TBURPMPTSEOB X CHSHPIDB YЪ pMYKHMSHULYI FEUOYO O OEVPMSHYPK CHCHUPFE, OEULPMSHLP RTBCHEE YPUUE, CH 2000 FHBBI PF NPTULZP VETEZB. OB OEK VSHMP CHPUENSH 24-ZHHOFPCHSHCHI RKHOYEL, LPFPTSHCHE, RP EZP NOEOYA, DPMTSOSCH VSHMY UTSEYUSH ULBDTH, UFPSCHIHA ABOUT SLPTE CH 400 FHBBBI PF VETEZB, F. E. CH GEMPN MSHHE PF VBFBTEY. ZTEOBDETSH vKhTZKHODYY RETCHPZP VBFBMSHPOB lPF-D "pTB, TBPKDSUSH RP UPUEDOYN DPNBN, VSHMY OBOSFSH TBBPZTECHBOYEN SDEt RTY RPNPEY LHIPOOSCHI NIPCH. fTHDOP RTEDUFBCHYFSH UEVE YUF P-OYVKHSH VPMEE UNEYOPE.

oBRPMEPO RTYLBBM KHVTBFSH CH RBTL FY CHPUENSH 24-ZHHOFPCHSHCHI PTHDYK. yN VSCHMY RTYOSFSH CHUE NETSCH DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH PTZBOYPCHBFSH BTFYMMETYA, Y NEOEE YUEN CH YEUFSH OEDEMSH ON UPVTBM 100 PTHDYK VPMSHYPZP LBMYVTB DBMSHOPVPKOSCHI NPTFYT Y 2 4-ZHHOFPCHSHCHI RKHOYEL, CH YЪPVIMYY UOBVTSEOOSCHI UOBTSDBNY. ON PTZBOYPCHBM NBUFETULYE Y RTYZMBUYM ABOUT UMHTSVH OUEULPMSHLYI BTFYMMETYKULYI PZHYGETPCH, KHYEDYYI U OEE CHUMEDUFCHYE TECHPMAGYPOOSCHI UPVSCHFYK. NETSDH OYNY VSHHM Y NBKPT ZBUUEODY, LPFPTPZP OBRPMEPO OBYUBUM OBYUBMSHOILPN NBTUEMSHULPZP BTUEOBMB. OB UBNPN VETEZKH NPTS OBRPMEPOPN VSHMY RPUFTPEOSCH DCHE VBFBTEY, OBCHBOOSCH VBFBTESNY zPTSH Y UBOLAMPFPCH, YuFP RPUME PTSYCHMEOOOPK LBOPOBDSCH CHSCHOKHDIMP LPTBVMY RTPFYCHOILB HDBMYFSHUS Y PYUYUFYFSH NBMSHCHK TEKD. h LFPF OBYUBMSHOSHCHK RETYPD CH PUBDOPK BTNYY OE VSHMP OH PDOPZP YOTSEOOETOPZP PZHYGETB. OBRPMEPO DPMTSEO VSHM DEKUFCHPCHBFSH Y ЪB OBYUBMSHOILB YOTSEOETOPK UMHTSVSHCH, ЪБ OBYUBMSHOILB BTFYMMETYY, ЪБ LPNBODITB RBTLB. lBTsDSCHK DEOSH ON PFRTBCHMSMUS ABOUT VBFBTEY.

14 PLFSSVTS PUBTSDEOOSH CH YUYUME 4000 YUEMPCHEL UDEMBMY CHSHCHMBILH U GEMSHA PCHMBDEFSH VBFBTESNY ZPTSH Y UBOLAMPFPCH, VEURPLPYCHYYYYYYI ULBDTSCH. pDOB LPMPOOB RTPYMB YUETE ZhPTF nBMSHVPULE Y ЪBOSMB RPYGYA ABOUT RPMDPTPZE PF nBMSHVPULE L pMYHMA. dTHZBS YMB CHDPMSH NPTULPZP VETEZB Y OBRTBCHMSMBUSH ABOUT NSHCHU VTEZB, ZDE VSHMY TBURPMPTSEOSH LFY VBFBTEY. lPZDB VSCHM PFLTSCHF PZPOSH, obrpmepo RPUREYYM ABOUT RETEDPCHSHCHE RPIYGYY CHNEUFE U bMSHNEKTBUPN, BDYAAFBOFPN lBTFP, RTELTBUOSCHN PZHYGETPN, CHRPUMEDUFCHYY DYCHYYPOOSCHN ZEOETBMPN. according to HTS KHUREM CHOKHYFSH CHPKULBN FBLPE DPCHETYE, YuFP LBL FPMSHLP POY EZP KHCHYDEMY, UPMDBFSH UFBMY EDYOPDHYOP Y ZTPNLP FTEVPCHBFSH PF OEZP RTYLBBOYK. fBLYN PVTBBPN, RP CHPME UPMDBF ON UFBM LPNBODPCHBFSH, IPFS RTY LFPN RTYUHFUFCHBMY ZEOETBMSH. TEKHMSHFBFSCH PRTBCHDBMY DPCHETYE BTNYY. rTPFYCHOIL UOBYUBMB VSHM PUFBOPCHMEO, B ЪBFEN PFVTPEYO L LTERPUFY. vBFBTEY VSHMY URBUEOSHCH. at LFPZP NPNEOFB oBRPMEPO RPOSM, YuFP RTEDUFBCHMSAF UPVPK LPBMYGYPOOSHE CHPKULB. oEBRPMYFBOGSHCH, UPUFBCHMSCHYE YUBUFSH YFYI CHPKUL, VSHMY RMPIY, Y YI CHUEZDB OBYUBMY CH BCHBOZBTD.

OB CHPUFPYUOPK UFPTPOE, X mBRKHBRB, RTPYUIPDYMY ETSEDOECHOSHE UFSHCHYULY U RPUFBNY RTPFYCHOILB, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHNY ABOUT PVTBEOOOSCHY L OENKH ULMPOBI ZhBTPOB. 1 PLFSSVTS ON YI PFFEUOYM, CHUPYEM ABOUT ZPTKH, OP VShchM PUFBOPCHMEO ZHTFPN, B URKHUFS OEULPMSHLP YUBUPCH PFVTPEYO OBBD Y CHSCHOKHTSDEO CHETOHFSHUS CH MBZETSH. 15 PLFSSVTS ON PLBBBMUS VPMEE UBUFMYCHSHCHN Y, BFBLLPCHBCH CHCHUPFKH NSCHUB VTEO, RPUME PTSEUFPYUEOOOPK UICHBFLY PCHMBDEM EA.

h LPOGE UEOFSVTS CH pMYHME UPVTBMUS CHPEOOSHCHK UPCHEF DMS TEYEOYS CHPRPTUB, U LBLPK UFPTPOSCH CHEUFY ZMBCHOHA BFBLH U CHPUFPYuOPK YMY U ЪBRBDOPK? u NEUFOPUFY, ЪBOINBENPK DYCHYYYEK mBRKHBRB, YMY PFFHDB, ZDE UFPYF DYCHYYS lBTFE? VSHMP CHSHCHULBOBOP EDYOPDHYOPE NOOOYE, YuFP UMEDHEF BFBLPCBFSH U ЪBRBDB Y ZMBCHOSCHK PUBDOSCHK RBTL UPUTEDPPFPYUYFSH CH pMYHME. U ChPUFPYuOPK UFPTPPOSH fKHMPO RTYLTSCHF ZhPTFBNY zBTPO Y MB-nBMSHZ, U ЪBRBDOPK TSE UFPTPOSCH OBIPDIYMUS FPMSHLP PDYO ZhPTF nBMSHVPULE, RTEDUFBCHMSCHYYK UPVPK MYYSH RTPUFPE RPMECHPE X LTERMEOYE. chFPTYYUOP UPCHEF ЪBUEDBM 15 PLFSVTS. about OEN PVUKhTSDBMUS RTYUMBOOSCHK YЪ rBTYTSB RMBO PUBDSCH. EZP UPUFBCHYM ZEOETBM D "bTUPO Y PDPVTYM YOTSEOETOSHCHK LPNYFEF. h RMBOE RTEDRPMBZBMPUSH, YuFP BTNYS UPUFPYF YЪ 60000 YUEMPCHEL Y YNEEF H YЪPVIMYY CHUA OEPVIPDYN HA NBFETYBMSHOKHA YUBUFSH.ch OEN CHSTBTSBMPUSH RPTSEMBOYE, YuFPVSH PUBDOBS BTNYS UOBYUBMB PCHMBDEMB ZPTPA Y ZHTFPN zBTPO, ZhPTFBNY THC Y vMBO, ZhPTFPN UEOF-lBFTYO, B ЪBFEN ЪBMPTSYMB FTBOYEY OBRTPFYCH UETEDYOSCH PVChPDB FKHMPOULPK LTERPUFY, RTEOEVTEZBS LBL ZHPTFPN MB-nBMSHZ, FBL Y ZHPTFPN nBMSHVPULE.op ZhPTF zhBT BY VSHM UYMSHOP KHLTERMEO RTPFYCHOILPN, B PLTHTSBAEBS NEUFOPUFSH VSHMB FBLPCHB, YuFP UFTPIFSH FTBOYEY ЪDEUSH VSHMP OEMEZLP. chRTPYUEN, RTY FBLPN URPUPVE DEKUFCHYK PRETBGYY ЪBFSOKHMYUSH VSC UBNP UPVPK, DBC PUBTsDEOOSHCHN CHTENS RPDFSOKHFSH RPDLTERMEOYS, LPFPTSCHI POY FPMSHLP Y PTSIDBMY, YUFPVSH ЪBUFBCHYFSH UOSFSH PU BDH Y BICHBFIFSH rTPCHBOU.

oBRPMEPO RTEDMPTSYM UPCHETYEOOOP YOPK RMBO. BY CHSHCHDCHYOHM FEYU, YUFP, EUMY VMPLYTPCHBFSH fKhMPO U NPTS FBLYN CE PVTBBPN, LBL U UKHYY, LTERPUFSH RBDEF UBNB UPVPK, YVP RTPFYCHOILKH CHSHZPDOEEE UTSEYUSH ULMBDSCH, TBTHYYF Sh BTUEOBM, CHPTCHBFSH DPL Y, UBVTBC 31 ZHTBOGKHULYK CHPEOOOSCHK LPTBVMSH, PYUYUFIFSH ZPTPD, YUEN ЪBRETEFSH OEN 15-FSCHUSYuOSCHK ZBTOYPO, PVTELBS EZP, TBOP YMY RPJDOP, ABOUT LBRYFKHMSGYA, RTYUEN, YUFPVSH DPVYFSHUS RPYUEFOPK LBRYFKHMSGYY, LFPF ZBTOYPO VKhDEF CHSCHOKhTSDEO UDBFSH OECHTED YNSCHNY ULBDTH, BTUEOBM, ULMBDSCH Y CHUE KHLTERMEOYS. NETSDH FEN, RTYOKHDYCH ULBDTH PUYUFYFSH VPMSHYPK Y NBMSHCHK TEKDSCH, VMPLYTPCHBFSH fKHMPO U NPTS MEZLP. dMS LFPZP VSHMP VSH DPUFBFPYuOP CHSHCHUFBCHYFSH DCHE VBFBTEY: PDOKH VBFBTEA YJ FTYDGBFY 36-Y 24-ZHHOFPCHSHCHI RHYEL, YUEFSHTEI 16-ZHHOFPCHSHCHI PTHDYK, UFTEMSAEYI LBMEOSHCHNY SD TBNY, Y DEUSFY NPTFYT UYUFENSCH ZPNET ABOUT PLPOEUOPUFY NSCHUB ZYMSHEFF, B DTHZHA, FBLPK TSE UYMSCH, ABOUT NSHCHUE vBMBZSHE. pVE LFY VBFBTEY VKHDHF PFUFPPSFSH PF VPMSHYP VBOY OE DBMEE LBL ABOUT 700 FHBIPCH Y UNPZHF PVUFTEMYCHBFSH VPNVBNY, ZTBOBFBNY Y SDTBNY CHUA RMPEBDSH VPMSHYPZP Y NBMPZP TEK DHR. ZEOETBM nBTEULP, CH FP CHTENS LBRYFBO YOTSEETOSCHI CHPKUL, RTYVSCCHYYK DMS LPNBODPCHBOYS LFYN TPDPN PTHTSYS, OE TBDEMSM RPDPVOSHHI OBDTSD, PDOBLP YZOBOIE BOZMYKULPZP ZHMPFB Y VMPL BDH fHMPOB ON OBIPDM CHRPMOYE KHNEUFOSCHNY, CHYDS CH LFPN OEPVIPDYNSCHE RTEDRPUSCHMLY VSHUFTPZP Y LOETZYUOPZP CHEDEOYS BFBL.

OP OBYUEOYE NSCHUB VBMBZSHE NSCHUB BZYMSHEFF RPOSMY y ZEOETBMSH RTPFPYCHOILB. hTsE Ch FEYUEOYE NEUSGB SING CHEMY TBVPFSHCH ZhPTFKH nATZTBCH ABOUT CHETYOE NSCHUB lt; YUFPVSH UDEMBFSH EZP OERTYUFKHROSCHN, SING RHUFYMY CH IPD CHUE: LILRBTSY UHDHR, MEUOSCH NBFETYBMSH Y TBVPYUYE THLY FKHMPOULZP BTUEOBMB; SING EEDTP RPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH CHUENY LFYNY TEUKHTUBNYY RTDPDPMTSBMY RPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS YNY LBTSDSCHK DEOSH. lFPF ZhPTF HCE PRTBCHDSHCHBM DBOOPE ENKH BOZMYUBOBNY OBCHBOYE nBMSHCHK zYVTBMFBT.

ABOUT FTEFYK DEOSH RPUME RTYVSHCHFYS CH BTNYA OBRPMEPO RPUEFYM LTULHA RPYGYA, OE ЪBOSFHA EEE RTPFPYCHOILPN, Y, UPUFBCHYCH FPFYUBU CE UCHPK RMBO DEKUFCHYK, PFRTBCHYMUS L ZMBCH OPLPNBODHAEENKH Y RTEDMPTSYM ENKH CHPKFY CH FKHMPO YUETE OEDEMA. DMS LFPZP FTEVPCHBMPUSH RTPYUOP ЪBOSFSH RPYGYA ABOUT NSHCHUE LT, YuFPVSH BTFYMMETYS NPZMB FPFYUBU TSE CHSHCHUFBCHYFSH UCHPY VBFBTEY ABOUT PLPOYUOPUFSI NSCHUPCH ZYMSHEFF Y vBMBZSH E. ZEOETBM lBTFP OE VSHM URPUPVEO OH RPOSFSH, OH CHSHRPMOYFSH LFPF RMBO, FEN OE NEOEE PO RPTKHYUM PFChBTsOPNH RPNPEOILKH ZEOETBMB mBVPTDKH, CHRPUMEDUFCHYY ZEOETBMKH YNRETBFPTULPK ZCHBTDAYY, PFRTBCHYFSHUS FHDB U 400 YUEMPCHEL. OP YUETE OEULPMSHLP DOEK RTPFYCHOIL CHSHCHUBDYMUS ABOUT VETEZ CH YUYUME 4000 YUEMPCHEL, PFVTPUYM ZEOETBMB mBVPTDDB Y RTYUFKHRYM L CHP'CHEDEOYA ZhPTFB nATZTBC. h FEYUEOYE RETCHSHNY CHPUSHNY DOEK OBYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETY OE RETEUFBCHBM RTPUIFSH P RPDLTERMEOY DMS mBVPTDDB, YUFPVSH NPTsOP VSHMP PFVTPUYFSH RTPFYCHOILB U LFPP RHOLFB, OP OE DPVIYMUS OYUEZP. lBTFP OE UYYFBM UEVS DPUFBFPYuOP UIMSHOSCHN DMS Khdmyoeoys UCHPEZP RTBChPZP ZhMBOZB, YMY, CHETOEEE, PO OE RPOINBM CHBTsOPUFY LFPZP. l LPOGKH CE PLFSVTS RPMPTSEOYE CHEEK UIMSHOP YYNEOYMPUSH. oEMSHЪS VSHMP VPMSHYE DKHNBFSH P RTSNPK BFBLE LFPC RPIYGYY. okhtsop VShchMP UFBCHYFSH IPTPYYE RKHOYYEOSH Y NPTFYTOSHCHE VBFBTEY, YuFPVSH UNEUFY KHLTERMEOYS Y BUFBCHYFSH ЪBNPMYUBFSH BTFYMMETYA ZhPTFB. CHUE UPPVTBTSEOOYS VSHMY RTYOSFSH CHPEOOSHCHN UPCHEFPN. oBYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY RPMHYUM RTYLBBOYE RTYOSFSH CHUE OEPVIPDYNSCHE NETSCH, LBUBAEYEUS EZP TPDB PTHTSYS. according to OENEDMEOOOP RTYOSMUS JB TBVPFH.

pDOBLP OBRPMEPOKH ETSEDOECHOP UFBChYM RTERSFUFCHYS OECHETSEUFCHEOOSCHK YFBV, CHUSYUEULY RSHCHFBCHYYKUS PFCHMEYUSH EZP PF CHSHRPMOEOYS RTYOSFPZP UPCHEFPN RMBOB Y FTEVPCHBCHYYK FP OBRTBCHYFSH R KHYLY UPCHUEN CH RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOHA UFPTPOH, FP PVUFTEMYCHBFSH VEUGEMSHOP ZHTFSCH, FP UDEMBFSH RPRSHFLKH ЪBVTPUYFSH OEULPMSHLP UOBTSDPCH CH ZPTPD, YuFPVSH UTSEYUSH RBTH DPNPCH. pDOBTDSCH ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK RTYCHEM EZP ABOUT CHCHUPFKH NETSDH ZHTFPN nBMSHVPULE Y ZHPTFBNY TKHTS Y VMBO, RTEDMBZBS TBURPMPTSYFSH ЪDEUSH VBFBTEA, LPFPTBS UNPTsEF PVUFTEMYCHBFSH YI PDOPCHTENOOOP. fEEFOP RSCHFBMUS OBYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY PVASUOYFSH ENKH, YuFP PUBTSDBAEYK RPMKHUYF RTEINHEEUFCHP OBD PUBTSDEOOOSCHN, EUMY TBURPMPTSYF RTPFYCH PDOPZP ZHTTFB FTY YMY YUEFSHTE VBFB TEY Y CHPSHNEF EZP, FBLYN PVTBBPN, RPD RETELTEUFOSHCHK PZPOSH. BY DPLBYSHCHBM, YuFP RPUREYOP PVPTHDPCCHBOOSCH VBFBTEY U RTPUFSHCHNY ENMSOSCHNY KHLTSCHFYSNY OE NPZHF VPTPFSHUS RTPPHYCH FEBFEMSHOP UPPTHTSEOOSCHI VBFBTEC, YNEAEYI DPMZPCHTENEO OSHCH HLTSHCHFYS, Y, OBLPOEG, YUFP LFB VBFBTES, TBURPMPTSEOOBS NETSDH FTENS ZhPTFBNY, VHDEF TBTHYEOB CH YUEFCHETFSH YUBUB Y CHUS RTYUMKHZB ABOUT OEK VHDEF RETEVIFB. lBTFP, UP CHUEK OBDNOOPUFSHA OECHETDSCH, OBUFBYCHBM ABOUT UCHPEN; OP, OEUNPFTS ABOUT CHUA UFTPZPUFSH CHPYOULPK DYUGYRMYOSCH, LFP RTYLBBOYE PUFBMPUSH OEYURPMOEOOOSCHN, FBL LBL POP VSHMP OEYURPMOYNP.

h DTHZPK TBJ LFPF ZEOETBM RTYLBJBM RPUFTPYFSH VBFBTEA PRSFSH-FBLY O OBRTBCHMEOYY, RTPFYCHPRPMPTsOPN OBRTBCHMEOYA PVEEZP RMBOB, RTYFPN O RMPEBDLE RETED LBNOOOPK RPUFTPKLPK, FB L YuFP OE PUFBCHBMPUSH OEPVIPDYNPZP RTPUFTBOUFCHB DMS PFLBFB PTHDYK, B TBCHBMYOSCH DPNB NPZMY PVTHYYFSHUS ABOUT RTYUMKHZH. UOPCHB RTYYMPUSH PUMKHYBFSHUS.

ABOUT VBFBTESI ZPTSHY UBOLAMPFPCH UPUTEDPFPYYMPUSH CHOYNBOYE BTNYYY CHUEZP AZB ZHTBOGYY. PZPOSH U OYI CHEMUS HTSBUOSCHK. oEULPMSHLP BOZMYKULYI YMARPCH VSHMP RPFPRMEOP. at OEULPMSHLYI ZHTEZBFPCH VSHCHMY UVYFSH NBYUFSH. yuEFSHTE MYOEKOSCHI LPTBVMS PLBBBMYUSH OBUFPMSHLP UYMSHOP RPCHTETSDEOOOSCHNY, YFP RTYYMPUSH CHCHEUFY YI CH DPL DMS RPYYOLY. zMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK TSE, CHPURPMSH'PCHBCHYYUSH NNEOFPN, LPZDB OBYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY PFMKHYUMUS ABOUT 24 YUBUB DMS RPUEEEOYS NBTUEMSHULZP BTUEOBMB Y KHULPTEOYS PFRTBCHLY OEL PFPTSCHI OEPVIPDYNSCHI RTEDNEFPCH, RTYLBЪBM uchBLHYTPCHBFSH UFH VBFBTEA RPD RTEDMPZPN, YuFP ABOUT OEK ZYVMP NOPZP LBOPOYTPCH. Part 9 YUBUPCH CHYUEETB, LPZDB CHETOHMUS oBRPMEPO, LCHBLKHBGYS VBFBTEY HTSE OBYUBMBUSH. pRSFSH RTYYMPUSH OERPCHYOPCHBFSHUS. h nBTUEME VSHMB PDOB UFBTBS LHMECHTYOB, DBCHOP UMKHTSYCHYBS RTEDNEFPN MAVPRSHFUFCHB. yFBV BTNYY TEYM, YuFP UDBYUB fHMPOB ЪBCHYUYF FPMSHLP PF LFPC RKHYLY, YuFP POB PVMBDBEF YUKHDEUOSCHNY UCHPKUFCHBNY Y UFTEMSEF RP NEOSHYEK NETE ABOUT DCHB MSH. about BYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY KHVEDYMUS, YuFP LFB RKHYLB, L FPNH TSE YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP FSCEMBS, CHUS RETETSBCHEMB Y OE NPTsEF OEUFY UMKHTSVSHCH. pDOBLP RTYYMPUSH ЪBFTBFYFSH OENBMP UYM Y UTEDUFCH, YЪCHMELBS Y KHUFBOBCHMYCHBS YFH THIMSDSH, YЪ LPFPTPK UDEMBMY MYYSH OEULPMSHLP CHSHCHUFTEMPCH.

TBBDTBTSEOOSCHK Y KhFPNMEOOOSCHK LFYNY RTPFPYCHPTEYUYCHSHNY TBURPTTSCEOOSNY, obrpmepo RYUSHNEOOOP RPRTPUYM ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP POOBLPNYFSH EZP U PVEYNY RTEDOBYETFBOYSNY, RTEDPUFBCHYCH ENKH YURPMOOYE YI CH DEFBMSI RP CHCHETEOOPNH ENKH TPDH PTHTSYS. lBTFP PFCHEFYM, YuFP UPZMBUOP RMBOKH, RTYOSFPNH YN ​​PLPOYUBFEMSHOP, OBYUBMSHOILH BTFYMMETYY OBDMETSYF PVUFTEMYCHBFSH fKHMPO CH RTDPMTSEOYE FTEI DOEK, RPUME YuEZP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEY TO BFBLHEF LTERPUFSH FTENS LPMPOOBNY. rP RPCHPDH bFPZP UFTBOOPZP PFCHEFB OBRPMEPO OBRYUBM DPLMBD OBTPDOPNH RTEDUFBCHYFEMA zBURBTEOH, YЪMPTSYCH CHUE FP, YuFP UMEDPCBMP RTEDRTYOSFSH DMS PCHMBDEOOYS ZPTPDPN, FP EUFSH RPCH FPTYCH ULBOOPE YN ABOUT CHPEOOOPN UPCHEF. zBURBTEO VSHHM KHNOSHCHN YUEMPCHELPN. OBRPMEPO PYUEOSH KHCHBTsBM EZP Y NOPZYN VSHM PVSBO ENKH CH FEYOOYE PUBDSCH. zBURBTEO PFPUMBM RETEDBOOSCHK RMBO U OBTPYUOSCHN CH rBTYTS, Y PFFHDB U FEN TSE LHTSHETPN VSHMP RTYCHEOP RTYLBBOYE, YUFPVSH lBTFP FPFYUBU TSE RPLYOKHM PUBDOKHA BTNYA Y PFRTBC YMUS CH bMSHRYKULHA. OB EZP NEUFP VSCHM OBYUEO ZEOETBM dPRRE, LPNBODPCHBCHYYK BTNYEK RPD mYPOPN, LPFPTSHCHK VSCHM FPMSHLP YuFP CHSF. PE CHTEENOOPE LPNBODPCHBOIE CHUFKHRIM ZEOETBM mBRKHBR LBL UFBTYK. 15 OPSVTS ON TBURPMPTSYM UCHPA ZMBCHOHA LCHBTFYTH CH PMYHME Y UB OEULPMSHLP DOEK LPNBODPCHBOYS RTYPVTEM KHCHBTSEOYE CHPKUL.

o BYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY CHSHCHUFBCHYM DECHSFSH RKHOYYOSCHY NPTFYTOSHCHY VBFBTEC; DCH OBYVPMEE NPEOSCH ABOUT DCHHI RBTBMMEMSHOP TBURPMPTSEOOSCHI IPMNBI, RPD OBCHBOYEN LBFT-nHMEO Y UBVMEFF, CHDBMY PF ZhPTFB nATZTBCH, DMS RPDDETSLY FTEI VBFBTEC: “veUUFTBYO SHCH MADI", "rBFTIPFSCH AZB" Y "UNEMSHCHE", TBURPMPTSEOOSCHI CH 100 FHBBBI PF ZhPTFB, OP OE ABOUT ZPURPDUFCHHAEEK CHCHUPFE. vBFBTEY vTEZB PVUFTEMYCHBMY UBVMEFFULYK RETEYEL Y mBBTEFOKHA VHIFKH. lBOPOBDDB RTPYUIPDYMB ETSEDOECHOP. ee GEMSHA VSHMP ЪBNEDMYFSH TBVPFKH RTPPFYCHOILB OBD EE VPMSHYYN KHUIMEOYEN nBMPZP zYVTBMFBTB. vBFBTEY PUBTSDBAEYI CHULPTE DPVIMYUSH RTECHPUIPDUFCHB, Y LFP RPVKHDYMP PUBTSDEOOSHHI UDEMBFSH CHSHCHMBLKH DMS YI KHOYUFPTSEOYS. CHSHMBLBLB VSHMB RTPY'CHEDEOB 8 OPSVTS RTPPHYCH VBFBTEK UBVMEFF Y LBFT-nHMEO. pF RPUMEDOEK POY VSHMY PFFEUOOESCH, OP VBFBTES ubVMEFF VSHMB CHSFB Y PTHDIS ABOUT OEK ЪBLMERBOSCH.

zMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK dPRRE RTYVSHHM L PUBDOPK BTNYY 10 OPSVTS. according to VSHM UBCHPEG, NEDYL, KHNOEE, YuEN lBTFP, OP FBLPK CE OECHETsDB CH PVMBUFY CHPEOOOPZP YULHUUFCHB; LFP VSHM PDYO YLPTYZHEEECH PVEEUFCHB SLPVIOGECH, CHTBZ CHUEI MADEK, KH LPPTTSCHI ЪBNEYUBMUS LBLPK-MYVP FBMBOF. yuete OEULPMSHLP DOEC RPUME EZP RTYVSHCHFYS BOZMYKULBS VPNVB CHSHCHBMB RPTSBT RPTPIPCHPZP RPZTEVB ABOUT VBFBTEE zPTSH. oBIPDYCHYKUS FBN oBRPMEPO RPDCHETZBMUS VPMSHYPK PRBUOPUFY. vShchMP HVYFP OEULPMSHLP LBOPOYTPCH. sCHYCHYYUSH CHEYUETPN L ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEENH DMS DPLMBDB PV LFPN UMHYUBE, OBYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY BUFBM EZP ЪB UPUFBCHMEOYEN RTPFPPLPMB H GEMSI DPLBBBFEMSHUFCHB, YuFP RP ZTEV VSHM RPDPTSTSEO BTYUFPLTBFBNY.

ABOUT UMEDHAEIK DEOSH VBFBMSHPO LPFDPTGECH, OBIPDIYCHYKUS CH FTBOYESI RTPPHYCH ZHTTFB NATZTBCH, CHSMUS JB PTHTSYE Y DCHYOHMUS ABOUT ZhPTF, CHPNHEOOOSCHK DHTOSHCHN PVTBEEOYEN YURBOG ECH U PDOYN RPRBCHYYN CH RMEO ZHTBOGKHULYN CHPMPOFETPN. ъB OIN OBRTBCHYMUS vHTZKHODULYK RPML. h DEMP PLBBBMBUSH CHCHMEYUEOOOPK CHUS DYCHYYS ZEOETBMB vTAME. oBYUBMBUSH HTSBUBAEBS LBOPOBDDB Y PTSYCHMEOOBS THCEKOBS RETEUFTEMLB. oBRPMEPO OBIPYMUS CH ZMBCHOPK LCHBTFYTE; BY PFRTBCHYMUS L ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEENKH, OP Y FPF OE OBBM RTYYUYOSCH CHUEZP RTPYUIPDSEEZP. Sing RPUREEYMYMY ABOUT NEUFP RTPYUYUEUFCHYS. vShchMP 4 YUBUB DOS. rP NOEOYA OBYUBMSHOILB BTFYMMETYY, TB CHYOP VSHMP PFLKHRPTEOP, OBDP VSHMP EZP CHSHCHRYFSH . according to UYUYFBM, UFP RTDDPMTSEOYE BFBLY VKhDEF UFPYFSH NEOSHYE, YUEN RTELTBEEOYE EE. zEOETBM TBTEYYM ENKH RTYOSFSH BFBLHAEYI RPD UCPE LPNBODPCHBOIE. CHEUSH NSCHU VSHCHM RPLTSCHF OBYNYY UFTEMLBNYY, PLTHTSYYYYYYYYYYYNYY ZhPTF, Y OBYUBMSHOYL BTFYMMETYYY RPUFTPM CH LPMPOOH DCHE ZTEOBDETULYE TPFSCH U GEMSHA RTPOILOKHFSH FHDB YUTE FEUOYOH, LBL CH DTHZ ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK RTYLBYBBM KHDBTYFSH PFVPK CHUMEDUFCHYE FPZP, YuFP CHVMYY PF OEZP, OP DPCHPMSHOP DBMELP PF MYOY PZOS, VShchM HVYF PDYO YЪ EZP BDYAAFBOFPCH. UFTEMLY, ЪBNEFYCH PFUFHRMEOYE UCHPYI Y KHUMSHCHYBCH UYZOBM PFVPS, VSHMY PVEULHTBTSEOSHCH. bFBLB OE HDBMBUSH. OBRPMEPO U MYGPN, RPLTSCHFSHCHN LTPCHSHA PF MEZLPK TBOSCH CH MPV, RPDYAEIBM L ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEENKH Y ULBUBM ENKH: “... CHEMECHYK YZTBFSH PFVPK OE DBM OBN CHЪSFSH fKhMPO.” uPMDBFSH, RPFETSC RTY PFUFHRMEOY OENBMP UCHPYI FPCHBTYEEK, CHSTBTSBMY OEDPCHPMSHUFChP. sing ZTPNLP ZPCHPTYMY P FPN, YuFP RPTB RPLPOYUYFSH U ZEOETBMPN. “lPZDB CE RETEUFBOHF RTYUSCHMBFSH DMS LPNBODPCHBOYS OBNY TSYCHPRYUGECH Y NEDYLPCH?” chPUENSH DOEK URKHUFS dPRRE VSHM RPUMBO CH RYTEOEKULHA BTNYA. UCHPE RTYVSHCHFYE FKhDB PO POBNEOPCHBM ZYMSHPFYOTPCHBOYEN VPMSHYPZP YUYUMB ZEOETBMPCH.

BY RTYCHYU UPVPA DMS LPNBODPCHBOYS PUBDOPK BTFYMMETYEK DYCHYYPOOPZP ZEOETBMB UFBTPC UMHTSVSH DAFEKMS, OP KH OBRPMEPOB PF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB VSHMP UREGYBMSHOPE RPMOPNPYYE, Y LPN BODPCHBOIE VSHMP PUFBCHMEOP ЪB OIN. h BTFYMMETYY VSHMP DCHB ZEOETBMB RP ZHBNYMYY dAFEKMSH. UFBTYK, DPMZPE CHTENS SCHMSCHYKUS OBYUBMSHOILPN pLUPOULPK YLPMSCH, VSHM RTECHPUIPDOSHK BTFYMMETYKULYK PZHYGET. EZP YLPMB UMBCHYMBUSH. Part 1788 Z. BY PVTBFYM FBN CHOINBOYE ABOUT OBRPMEPOB, FPZDB BTFYMMETYKULPZP MEKFEOBOFB, RTEDYUKHCHUFCHHS EZP CHPYOULYE DBTPCHBOYS. bFPF ZEOETBM OE RTDETTSYCHBMUS TECHPMAGYPOOSCHI CHZMSDHR. according to VSHM HCE RPTSYMPK YUEMPCHEL, PDOBLP PFLBBBMUS BNYZTYTPCHBFSH, PUFBCHYYUSH ABOUT UCHPEN RPUFKH. rTY PUBDE MYPOB LEMMETNBOPN ON LPNBODPCHBM BTFYMMETYEK. rPUME CHSFYS bFPZP ZPTPDB ENKH OE KHDBMPUSH KHULPMSH'OKHFSH PF lPNYFEFB OBVMADEOYS lPMP D'TVHB Y ZHYE. BY VSHM PUKHTSDEO TECHPMAGYPOOSCHN FTYVHOBMPN Y RTYZPCHPTEO L LBJOY. rTYZPChPT VSHM NPFYCHYTPCHBO FEN, YuFP PO PRPBDBM CHSHCHUMBFSH BTFYMMETYA CH FHMPOULHA PUBDOHA BTNYA.FEEFOP RPLBYSHCHBM PO RYUSHNB, RTYUMBOOSCHE ENKH OBRPMEPOPN U VMBZPDBTOPUFSHA ЪB TBHNOSCHE TBURPTTSEOYS Y BOETZYA, RPTPSCHMEOOKHA YN RTY PFRTBCCHLE LFYI FTBOURPTFPCH.

ZEOETBM dAFEKMSH-NMBDYYK, OYUEZP OE RPOINBCHYIK CH BTFYMMETYY, VSHM YUEMPCHEL UPCHETYOOOP RTPFYCHPRPMPTsOPZP ULMBDB. FP VShchM "DPVTShchK NBMShchK". rP RTYVSHCHFYY L fHMPOH PO PYUEOSH PVTBDPCHBMUS, OBKDS ЪBOSFPK FH DPMTSOPUFSH, LPFPTHA UBN PO OE VSHM URPUPVEO YURPMOSFSH, FEN VPMEE, YUFP CH FYI HUMPCHYSI YURPMOOYE EE VSHMP DEMP N CHEUSHNB TYULPCHBOOSCHN. PON KHNET CHRPUMEDUFCHYY CH NEGE OBYUBMSHOILPN LTERPUFOPK BTFYMMETYY.

zPMPU UPMDBF VShchM, OBLPOEG, KHUMSCHYBO. 20 OPSVTS DPVMEUFOSCHK dAZPNNNSHE RTYOSM LPNBODPCHBOYE BTNYEK. ON YNEM UB UPVPK 40 MEF UMKHTSVSHCH. lFP VShchM VPZBFSHCHK LPMPOYUF U nBTFYOILY, PZHYGET CH PFUFBCHLE. h OBYUBME TECHPMAGYY ON UFBM PE ZMBCHE RBFTYPFPCH Y PVPTPPOSM ZPTPD UEO-rSHET. YЪZOBOOSHCHK U PUFTTPCHB, LPZDB BOZMYYUBOE ЪBOSMY EZP, BY RPFETSM CHUE UCPE UPUFPSOYE. EZP OBYUMY LPNBODITPN VTYZBDSH CH yFBMSHSOULHA BTNYA CH FP CHTENS, LPZDB RSHENPOFGSHCH, TsEMBS CHPURPMSH'PCHBFSHUS PFCHMEYUEOYEN UYM L fKHMPOKH, CHJDKHNBMY RETERTBCHYFSHUS Yuet Eb chBT Y ChPKFY Ch rTPCHBOU. DAZPNNNSHE TBVYM YI RTY TSYMEFFE, YUEN ЪBUFBCHYM PFUFKHRYFSH ABOUT RTETSOYK THVETS. according to PVMBDBM CHUENY LBUEUFCHBNY UFBTPZP CHPYOB. UBN YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP ITBVTSHCHK, BY MAVYM ITBVTEGPCH Y VSHM MAVYN YNY. according to VSHM DPVT, IPFS ZPTSYU, PYUEOSH OOETZYYUEO, URTBCHEDMYCH, YNEM CHETOSCHK CHPEOOSHCHK ZMB, VSHM IMBDOPLTPCHEO Y KHRPTEO CH VPA.

MYPOULBS BTNYS VSHMB TBURTEDEMEOOB NETSDH bMSHRYKULPK, ​​RYTEOEKULPK Y fHMPOULPK. rPDLTERMEOYE PLBBBMPUSH OE UFPMSH CHEMILP, LBLYN NPZMP VSC VSCFSH. CHNEUFE U OYN CH PUBDOPK BTNYY OBIPYMPUSH FPMSHLP 30,000 YUEMPCHEL, YUYFBS Y RMPIYE, Y IPTPYYE CHPKULB. ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK UPAYOSHNY CHPKULBNY ZEOETBM p"iBTB RPDTSYDBM RPDLTERMEOYE YJ 12000 REIPFYOGECH Y 2000 LBCHBMETYUFPCH. po OBDESMUS DPVYFSHUS UOSFYS PUBDSH, ЪB ICHBFYFSH PMYHMSHULYK RBTL, PVPKFY ZHTBOGKHULHA BTNYA CH yFBMYY, B OBFEN, UPEDYOYCHYUSH U RSHENPOFULPK, ​​TBURPMPTSYFSHUS ABOUT JNOYI LCHBTFYTBI RP dATBOU Y PCHMBDEFSH CHUEN r TPCHBOUPN. h LFK RTPCHYOGYY OEDPUFBCHBMP RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYS. oEULPMSHLP RPRSHFPL RPDCHEFY RTYRBUSH, RTEDRTYOSFSHCHI NBTUEMSHULINY LHRGBNY, PUFBMYUSH VEJTEIKHMSHFBFOSHNY RP RTYYU OE ЪBOSFYS RTPFPYCHOILPN fHMPOB Y RTYUHFUFCHYS BOZMYKULPZP, YURBOULPZP Y OEBRPMYFBOULZP ZHMPFB CH UTEDYENOPN NPTE. TsDSCH ABOUT ULPTPE RBDEOYE fHMPOB, B NETSDH FEN ЪB YUEFSHTE NEUSGB U OBYUBMB PUBDSH VSHMP PVUFTEMSOP, RP UMHIBN, MYYSH PDOP RPMECHPE KHLTERMEOYE, TBURPMPTSEOPE CH UFPTPOE PF LTERPUFOSCHI ZPTFPCH; OERTYSFEMSH URPLPKOP CHMBDEM OE FPMSHLP ZPTPD PN Y ZHPTFBNY, OP Y CHUEN RTPUFTBOUFCHPN NETSDH ZPTPDPN, ZPTPA ZHTPO Y ZHTFPN nBMSHVPULE. OBRTBCHMEOYY, RTPFYCHPRPMPTsOPN ZPTPDH, Y LFP ChPЪVHTSDBMP PVEEE OEPDPVTEOYE. rPMBZBMY, YuFP PUBDB DBTSE OE OBUYOBMBUSH, FBL LBL RTPFPYCH ZHTFPCH Y UPPTHTSEOYK DPMZPCCHTENEOOOPK ZHTFYZHYLBGYY OE VSHMY EEE ЪБМПЦЭОШ ФТБОВОВ all. chMBUFY, OBIPDIYCHYEUS CH nBTUEME Y OBCHYE P RMBOE PUBDSH FPMSHLP RP UMHibN, VPSUSH CHUE HUIMYCHBAEEZPUS ZPMPDB, RTEDMBZBMY lPOCHEOFKH UOSFSH PUBDKH, PYUYUFIFSH rTPCHBOU Y P FUFHRYFSH ЪB dATBOU. “FERETSH EEE, ZPCHPTYMY POY, NSCH NPTSEN PFUFKHRYFSH CH RPTSDLE, OP RPTSE OBU ЪBUFBCHSF LFP UDEMBFSH RPUREYOP Y U RPFETSNY. rTPFYCHOIL, ЪБОСЧ rТПЧБУ, ВХДЭФ ХШХХХХХЦDeО ESP LPTNYFSH, B CHEUOPK OBYB BTNYK, IPTPYP pFDPIOCHCHYBS, RETEKDEF YuETE DATBOU Y VTPUIFUS ABOUT CHTBZB, LBL UDEMBM ZHTBOGYUL I U lBTMPN V". fP RYUSHNP RTYVSHMP CH rBTYTS ЪB OUEULPMSHLP DOEK DP YJCHEUFYS P ChЪSFYY fHMPOB, YuFP RPLBYVSHCHBEF, OBULPMSHLP RMPIP VSHM RPOSF RMBO PUBDOSHI DEKUFCHYK, FBLPC RTPUFPK Y SU OSCHK, UKDS RP EZP TEJHMSHFBFBN.

vBFBTEY VSHMY RPUFTPEOSCH. CHUE VSHMP ZPFPChP DMS BFBLY ZhPTFB nATZTBCH. about BYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY YUYFBM OEPVIPDYNSCHN RPUFBCHYFSH PDOKH VBFBTEA ABOUT BTEOULPK CHCHUPFE, RTPFPYCH ZHTFB nBMSHVPULE, FBL, YuFPVSH U OEE ABOUT DTHZPK DEOSH RPUME CHSFYS nBMPZP zY VTBMFBTB NPTsOP VShchMP PFLTSCHFSH PZPOSH; BY TBUUUYFSHCHBM, YuFP PZPOSH LFK VBFBTEY RTPY'CHEDEF VPMSHYPE NPTBMSHOPE ChP'DEKUFCHYE ABOUT CHPEOOSHCHK UPCHEF PUBTSDEOOSCHI, LPFPTSCHK UPVETEFUS DMS RTYOSFYS TEYEOYS.

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pVB ЪBOSFSHI ZhPTFB RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPA MYYSH RTPUFSHCHE VBFBTEY, CHSHMPTSEOOSCH YЪ LITRYUB ABOUT NPTULPN VETEZKH, U VPMSHYPK VBYOEK ABOUT ZPTTSE, LPFPPTBS UMHTSYMB CHNEUFE Y LBBTNPK Y KHLTSCHFYEN. OBD VBYOEK, CH 20 FHBBI PF OEE, CHPCHSHCHYBMYUSH IPMNSCH NSCHUB. fY VBFBTEY UPCHUEN OE RTEDOBOBYUBMYUSH DMS PVPTPPOSH RTPFPYCH OERTYSFEMS, OBUFKHRBAEEZP U KHYY Y TBURPMBZBAEEZP RKHYLBNY. OBOY YEUFSHDEUSF 24-ZHHOFPCHSHCHI RHOYEL Y 20 NPTFYT OBIPDIYMYUSH DETECHOY UEOSCH ABOUT LPMEUOPN IPDH Y RETEDBI, ABOUT TBUUFPSOY RKHOYYUOPZP CHSHCHUFTEMB, FBL LBL VSHMP CHBTsOP VEЪ NBMEKYEZP ЪBNEDMEOYS OBYUBFSH YЪ OYI UFTEMSHVH. pDOBLP OBYUBMSHOYL BTFYMMETYY PFLBYBMUS PF PZOECHSCHI RPYIGYK PVEYI VBFBTEK, VTHUFCHETSH LPFPTSCHI VSHMY YI LBNOS, B VBYOS OBIPDIMBUSH CH FBLPK VMYJPUFY, YUFP TYLPYYEFOSHE UOBTSD SCH Y PVMPNLY EE NPZMY RPTBTSBFSH LBOPOYTPCH. ON OBNEFYM PZOECHSH RPYYGYY DMS VBFBTEK ABOUT CHCHUPFBI. PUFBFPL DOS RTYYMPUSH ЪBFTBFYFSH ABOUT YI PVPTHDPCBOIE. oEULPMSHLP 12-ZHHOFPCHSHCHI RHOYEL Y ZBHVYG OBYUBMY PVUFTEMYCHBFSH OERTYSFEMSHULYE YMARSCH, LPZDB FE OBNETECHBMYUSH RETEKFY U NBMPZP TEKDB ABOUT VPMSHYPK. ABOUT TEKDE GBTYMP CHEMYSKIRTEE UNFEOYE. lPTBVMY UOSMYUSH U SLPTS. uFPSMB RBUNKHTOBS RPZPDB, Y ZTPYM RPDOSFSHUS RPTSHCHYUFSHCHK AZP-ЪBRBDOSCHK CHEFET, DHAEIK FTY DOS UTSDH Y URPUPVOSCHK ABOUT CHUE LFP CHTENS RPNEYBFSH CHSHCHIPDKH ULBDTSCH LPBMYGYY U TEKDPCH, PVTELBS ITS ABOUT RPMOSHCHK TBZTPN.

yFKhTN PVPYEMUS TEURKHVMYLBOULPK BTNYY CH 1000 YUEMPCHEL HVYFSHCHNYY TBOEOSCHNY. rPD oBRPMEPOPN VSHMB KHVYFB MPYBDSH CHSHCHUFTEMPN U VBFBTEY nBMPZP zYVTBMFBTB. OBBLOHOE BFBLY ON VSHHM UVTPEYO ABOUT YENMA Y TBUYYVUS. xFTPN BY RPMKHYUM PF BOZMYKULPZP LBOPOYTB MEZLHA LPMPFHA TBOH CH YLTH. ZEOETBM mBVPTD Y LBRYFBO NAYTPO VSHMY FSTSEMP TBOESCH. rPFETY CHTBZB HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOEOSHNY DPUFYZBMY 2500 YUEMPCHEL.

OBNEFYCH PZOECHSH RPYYGYY DMS VBFBTEC Y PFDBCH CHUE RTYLBBOYS, OEPVIPDYNSCHE DMS RBTLB, OBRPMEPO PFRTBCHYMUS ABOUT VBFBTEA lPOCHEOFB U GEMSHA BFBLPCHBFSH ZhPTF nBMSHVPULE. According to ЪБСЧИМ ZЭОЭТБМБН: “ъБЧФТБ ИМИ УБНПЭ РПЪДОЕЕ РПУМЭБЧФТБЧЧШЧВХДЭFE ХЦІОБФШ Х ФХМПОП.” lFP FPFYUBU TSE UDEMBMPUSH RTEDNEFPN PVUKHTSDEOOYS. oELPFPTSCHE OBDESMYUSH, YuFP FBL Y VHDEF, VPMSHYBS CE YUBUFSH ABOUT LFP OE TBUUUYFSHCHBMB, IPFS CHUE ZPTDYMYUSH PDETSBOOPK RPVEDPK. BOZMYKULYK BDNYTBM, KHOBCH P ChYSFYY nBMPZP zYVTBMFBTB, FPFYBU CE RPUMBM RTYLBBOYE KhDETSBFSH ZHPTFSCH uzYMSHEFF Y vBMBZSHE DMS FPZP, YuFPVSH DBFSH CHPNPTSOPUF SH RPDLTERMEOYSN, LPFPTSCHE BY UEKUB TSE CHSHCHYMEF YJ ZPTPDB, CHSHCHUBDYFSHUS ABOUT VETEZ Y PFVYFSH nBMSHK ZYVTBMFBT, FBL LBL PF LFPZP ЪBCHYUYF VEJPRBUOPUFSH EZP SLPTOK UFPSOLY. at LFPC GEMSHA BDNYTBM PFRTBCHYMUS CH FKHMPO Y RPFTEVPCBM, YuFPVSH DMS CHSFYS LFPP ZHPTFB VSHMP CHSHUBTSEOP 6000 YuEMPCHEL. h UMHYUBE, EUMY POY OE UNPZHF PFVYFSH EZP, POY DPMTSOSCH PLPRBFSHUS ABOUT PVPYI IPMNBI CHCHYE VBMBZSHE Y ZYMSHEFFB, YUFPVSH CHSHYZTBFSH 8–10 MILKS, RP YUFEYOOYY LPFPTSHI PCY DBMYUSH RPDLTERMEOYS. OP LPZDB CH RPMDEOSH ENKH DBMY OBFSH UYZOBMBNY, YuFP FTEIGCHEFOPE OBNS HCE TBCHECHBEFUS ABOUT VBFBTESI Y UPAYOSCHE CHPKULB UOPCHB RPZTHYMYUSH ABOUT UKHDB, BDNYTBMPN PCHMBDEM UV TBI PLBBFSHUS OBBRETFSCHN ABOUT TEKDBI. BY RTYLBYBM ULBDTE UOSFSHUS U SLPTS, RPDOSFSH RBTHUB, CHSHKFY U TEKDPCH Y LTEKUYTPCHBFSH CHOE DPUZBENPUFY RKHOYEOSCHI CHSHCHUFTEMPCH U VETEZB. FEN READING VSHHM UPCHBO CHPEOOOSCHK UPCHEF. rTPFPLPMSCH EZP RPRBMY CH THLY DAZPNNSHE, UTBCHOYCHYEZP YI U RTPFPLPMBNY ZHTBOGKHULPZP CHPEOOOPZP UPCHEFB CH pMYHME 15 PLFSVTS. DAZPNNNSHE OBUYEM, UFP OBRPMEPO CHUE RTEDCHIDEM ЪBTBOEE. UFBTSHCHK Y PFCHBTSOSHCHK ZEOETBM U KHDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN PV LFPN TBUULBYSHCHBM. h UBNPN DEME, CH LFYI RTPFPPLPMBI ZPCHPTYMPUSH, UFP "UPCHEF URTPUM KH BTFYMMETYKULYI YOTSEETOSCHI PZHYGETPCH, YNEEFUS MY ABOUT VPMSHYPN Y NBMPN TEKDBI FBLPC RHOLF, ZDE NPZMB V Shch UFBFSH ULBDTB, OE RPDCHETZBSUSH PRBUOPUFY PF VPNV Y LBMEOSCHI SDEt U VBFBTEC ZYMSHEFF Y vBMBZSHE; PZHYGETSCH PVPYI TPDPCH PTKhTSYS PFCHEFYMY, YUFP OE YNEEFUS. h UMHYUBE, EUMY ULBDTB RPLYOEF fKHMPO, ULPMSHLP UMEDHEF EK PUFBCHYFSH CH OEN ZBTOYPOB? uLPMSHLP READING UNPTsEF ON DETSBFSHUS? pFCHEF: OHTsOP 18000 YUEMPCHEL; DETSBFSHUS POY UNPZHF UBNPE VPMSHYEE 40 DOEK, EUMY VHDEF RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYE. fTEFYK CHPRTPU: OE UPPFCHEFUFCHHEF MY YOFETEUBN UPAYOILPC OENEDMEOOOP PYUYUFYFSH ZPTPD, RTEDBCH PZOA CHUE, YuEZP OEMSHЪS ЪBICHBFIFSH U UPVPK? chPEOOSHCHK UPCHEF EDYOPDKHYOP OBUFBYCHBEF ABOUT PUFBCHMEOY ZPTPDB: X ZBTOYPOB, LPFPTSCHK NPTsOP PUFBCHYFSH FHMPOE, OE VHDEF ChPNPTSOPUFY PFUFKHRYFSH Y ENKH OEMSHЪS VHDEF VPMEE RPU SCHMBFSH RPDLTERMEOYK, BY VHDEF PEHEBFSH OEDPUFBFPL CH OEPVIPDYNSHI RTYRBUBI. accounting FPZP, DCHHNS OEDEMSNY TBOSHYE YMY RPJTSE ON RTYOKHTSDEO VHDEF LBRYFKHMYTPCHBFSH Y FPZDB EZP ЪBUFBCHSF UDBFSH OECHTEDYNSCHNY Y BTUEOBM, Y ZHMPF, Y CHUE UPPTHTSEOYS.”

h fHMPOE TBOEUMBUSH CHEUFSH, YuFP CHPEOOSHCHK UPCHEF TEYM PYUYUFIFSH ZPTPD. OEDPHNEOOYE FTECHPZB DPUFYZMY LTBKOYI RTEDEMPCH. TsYFEMY UPCHUEN OE ЪБНEFYMY CHЪSFYS nBMPZP zYVTBMFBTB. sing OBMY, YuFP OPIUSHA RTPFYCH OEZP CHEMBUSH BFBLB, OP OE RTYDBCHBMY LFPNH OYLBLPZP OBYUEOYS. h FP CHTENS, LPZDB POY TsDBMY YVBCHMEOYS, KHVBALYCHBS UEVS OBDETSDPK ABOUT ULPTPE RTYVSHCHFYE RPDLTERMEOYK YN RTYYMPUSH OBYUBFSH DKHNBFSH PV PUFBCHMEOY UCHPYI DPNPCH, UCHPEK PFYUYO Shch! chPEOOSHCHK UPCHEF TBURPTSDYMUS ChЪPTCHBFSH ZHTFSCH rPNE Y MB-nBMSHZ. zhPTF rPNE VSHM CHЪPTCHBO CH OPYUSH U 17-ZP ABOUT 18-E. pyuYEEOOYE ZHTFPCH zBTPO, nBMSHVPULE, TEDHFPCH THC Y vMBO Y UEOF-lBFTYO RTPYЪPYMP CH FH TSE OPYUSH. 18-ZP CHUE LFY ZHPTFSCH VSHCHMY ЪBOSFSH ZHTBOGKHЪBNY.

17-ZP RETED TBUUCHEFPN, CH FP CHTENS, LBL YEM YFKHTN nBMPZP zYVTBMFBTB, mBRKhBR ЪBICHBFYM ZPTH zBTPO RPUME DPCHPMSHOP ZPTSYUEK UICHBFLY Y PVMPTSYM ZhPTF. h LFPN DEME PFMYYUMUS mBZBTR RPMLPCHOIL pCHETOULPZP RPMLB, CHRPUMEDUFCHYY DYCHYYPOOSCHK ZEOETBM, KHVYFSHCHK CH YFBMSHSOULPN RPIPDE. rPMPTSEOYE CHEEK VSHMP OBUFPMSHLP OESUOP, YuFP, LPZDB ChPKULB KHOBMY P CHATTSCHCHE ZhPTFB rPNE, TBURTPUFTBOYMUS UMKHI, VKhDFP bFP RTPYPYMP CH UCHSY UP UMKHYUBKOSCHN RPTsBTPN CH RP TPIPCHPN RPZTEVE. chMBDES nBMSHVPULE Y DTHZYNY ZHTTFBNY, PLTHTSBCHYYNY fKHMPO, LTPNE ZHTTFB MB-nBMSHZ, ZDE EEE OBIPDIYMUS RTPFYCHOIL, BTNYS DOEN 18-ZP YUYUMB RTDYDCHYOKHMBUSH L CHBMBN LTERPUF Y. CHEUSH DEOSH ZPTPD PWUFTEMYCHBMUS YOULPMSHLYI NPTFYT.

BOZMP-YURBOULBS ULBDTB, UHNECHYBS CHSHKFY U TEKDPCH, LTEKUYTPCHBMB ЪB YI RTEDEMBNY. nPTE VSHMP RPLTSHFP YMARLBNY Y NBMSHNY UKHDBNY RTPFYCHOILB, OBRTBCHMSCHYNYUS L ULBDTE. yN RTYIPDIMPUSH DCHYZBFSHUS NYNP ZHTBOGKHULYI VBFBTEK; OEULPMSHLP UHDHR Y OBYUIFEMSHOP YYUMP YMARPL VSHCHMY RHEEOSH LP DOKH.

CHEWETPN 18-ZP RP UFTBIOPNH CHTSCHCHH KHOOBMY PV KHOYUFPTSEOY ZMBCHOPZP RPTPPIPCHPZP RPZTEVB. h FP TSE NZOPCHEOYE h BTUEOBME RPLBЪBMUS PZPOSH CH YUEFSHTEI RSFY NEUFBI, B RPMYUBUB URKHUFS CHEUSH TEKD VSCHM PVYASF RMBNEOEN. FP VSHCHMY RPDPTSSEOSCH DECHSFSH ZHTBOGKHULYI MYOEKOSCHI LPTBVMEK Y YUEFSHTE ZHTEZBFB. OB OEULPMSHLP MSHE LTHZPN ZPTY'POF OBIPDIYMUS LBL VSHCH PZOE; VSHMP CHYDOP LBL DOEN. ъTEMYEE VSHMP CHEMYUEUFCHOOPE, OP KHTSBOOPE. lBTsDHA UELKHODH TsDBMY CHTSCHB ZhPTFB MB-nBMSHZ, OP EZP ZBTOYPO, VPSUSH VSHFSH PFTEBOOSCHN PF ZPTPDB, OE KHUREM ЪBMPTSYFSH NYOSCH. fPK TSE OPIUSHA CH ZHPTF CHPIMY ZHTBOGKHULYE UFTEMLY. FKhMPO VShchM PVYASF KhTsBUPN. vPMSHYBS RPMPCHYOB TSYFEMEK RPUREYOP RPLYOKHMB ZPTPD. fE, LFP PUFBMUS, ЪBVBTTYLBDYTPCHBMYUSH DPNBI, PRBUBSUSH NBTPDETPCH. BTNYS PUBTSDBAEYI UFPSMB CH VPECHPN RPTSDLE ABOUT ZMBUYUE.

18-ZP CH 10 YUBUPCH CHEYUETB RPMLPCHOIL YuETCHPOY CHMPNBM CHPTPFB Y U RBFTKHMEN CH 200 YUEMPCHEL CHYYEM CH ZPTPD. yN VSHM PVPKDEO CHEUSH fKHMPO. rPCHUADH GBTYMB CHEMYUBKYBS FYYYOB. h RPTFKH CHBMSMYUSH ZTHDSH VBZBTSB, ABOUT RPZTHYLH LPFPTPZP KH VETSBCHYI TSYFEMEC OE ICHBFYMP READING. TBOEUUS UMKHI, YuFP RPDMPTSEOSH ZHYFYMY DMS CHTSCHCHB RPTPIPICHSHI RPZTEVPCH. VSHMY RPUMBOSH DPPTSHCH YLBOPOYTPCH, YuFPV RTPCHETYFSH LFP. ъBFEN ChPYMY Ch ZPTPD ChPKULB, OBYUEOOSCH VHI EZP PITBOSHCH. h NPTULPN BTUEOBME PLBBMUS YUTECHSHCHYUBKOSCHK VEURPTSDPL. 800–900 ZBMETOSCHI LBFPTTSOYLPCH U CHEMYUBKYYN KHUTDYEN ЪBOINBMYUSH FHYEOYEN RPTsBTB. yNY VSHMB PLBBOB ZTPNBDOBS HUMKHZB; SING RTPPHYCHPDEKUFCHPCHBMY BOZMYKULPNH PZHYGETH UYDOEA UNYFKH, LPFPTPNH VSHM RPTHYUEO RPDTSPZ UKHDPCH Y BTUEOBMB. ьFPF PZHYGET PYUEOSH RMPIP YURPMOYM UCHPA PVSBOOPUFSH, Y TEURKHVMYLB DPMTSOB VSHFSH ENKH RTYOBFEMSHOB ЪB FE CHEUSHNB GEOOSH RTEDNEFSCH, LPFPTSHCHE UPITBOYMYUSH CH BTUEOBME. oBRPMEPO PFRTBCHYMUS FHDB U LBOPOITBNY Y PLBBBCHYYNYUS CH OBMYUYY TBVPYYYNY. h FEYOOYE OEULPMSHLYI DOEK ENKH HDBMPUSH RPFKHYYFSH RPTsBT Y UPITBOIFSH BTUEOBM. rPFETY, LPFPTSCHE RPOEU ZHMPF, VSHCHMY OBYUYFEMSHOSHCH, OP YNEMYUSH EEE PZTPNOSCHE ЪBRBUSHCH. vShchMY URBUEOSHCH CHUE RPTPIPCHSHCHE RPZTEVB, ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN ZMBCHOPZP. PE CHTENS YYNEOOYUEULPK UDBYU fHMPOB FBN OBIPYMUS 31 CHPEOOOSCHK LPTBVMSH. YuEFSHTE YЪ OYI VSHHMY YURPMSHHPCHBOSH DMS RETECHPLY 5 000 NBFTPUPC CH VTEUF Y TPIZHT, DECHSFSH VSHMY UPTSTSEOSH UPAYOLBNY ABOUT TEKDE, B FTIOBDGBFSH PUFBCHMEOSCH TBBPTHTS EOOSCHNY CH DPLBI. at UPVPK UPAYOILBNY VSHMP KHCHEDEOP YUEFSHTE, YЪ LPFPTSCHI PDYO UZPTEM CH MYCHPTOP. vPSMYUSH, LBL VSH UPAЪOILY OE CHPTCHBMY DPL Y EZP DBNVSH, OP ABOUT LFP KHOI OE ICHBFYMP READING. fTYOBDGBFSH LPTBVMEK Y ZHTEZBFPCH, UZPTECHYI ABOUT TEKDE, PVTBBPCHBMY TSD ЪBZTBTSDEOOK. h FEUEOOYE CHPUSHNY YMY DEUSFY MEF RTPYCHPDYMYUSH RPRSCHFLY YI KHDBMYFSH, Y, OBLPOEG, OEBRPMYFBOWLYN CHPDPMBBBN HDBMPUSH LFP YURPMOYFSH RTY RPNPEY TBURYMYCHBOYS PUF PCHHR, HDBMSS YI LHUPL ЪB LHULPN. bTNYS ChPYMB CH ZPTPD 19-ZP. UENSHDEUSF DCHB YUBUB POB OBIPDIMBUSH RPD THTSSHEN, CH DPTDSSH Y UMSLPFSH. h ZPTPDE EA VSHMP RTPY'CHEDEOP NOPZP VEURPTSDLPCH LBL VSH U TBBTEYEOYS OBYUBMSHUFCHB, OBDBCHBCHYEZP UPMDBFBN PVEEBOYK PE CHTENS PUBDSHCH. ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK CHPUUFBOPCHYM RPTSDPL, PVYASCHYCH CHUE YNHEEUFChP fHMPOB UPVUFCHEOOPUFSHA BTNYYY RTYLBYBM UOEUFY CHUE CH GEOFTBMSHOSHE ULMBDSCH LBL YYUBUFOSHHI ST MBDHHR, FBL Y YJ RPLYOKHFSHI DPHR. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY TEURKHVMYLB LPOZHYULPCHBMB CHUE LFP, CHSHCHDBCH CH OBZTBDH LBCDPNKH PZHYGETH Y UPMDBFKH ZPDPCHP PLMBD TsBMPCHBOSHS.

ьНИЗТБГИС Ъ fХМПОП ВШЧМБ CHEUSHNB OBYUYFEMSHOPK. oEBRPMYFBOULYE, BOZMYKULYE YYURBOULYE LPTBVMY VSHMY RETERPMOESCH. fP CHSCHOKHDIMP YI VTPUYFSH SLPTSH ABOUT YETULPN TEKDE Y TBURMPPTSYFSH VEZMEGPCH VYCHBLPN ABOUT PUFTPCBI rPTLETPMSH Y MECHBOF. zPChPTSF, YuFP YI OBUYFSHCHBMPUSH PLPMP 14,000 Yuempchel.

DAZPNNNSHE PFDBM RTYLB OE UOINBFSH VEMPZP OBNEOY U ZHTFPCH Y VBUFYPOPCH TEKDB, YuFP CHCHAMP CH ЪBVMKHTSDEOOYE NOPZIE CHPEOOSH LPTBVMY Y LPNNETYUEULYE UHDB, RPDCHPYYCHY E RTYRBUSH VHI RTPFPYCHOILB. h FEYUEOYE NEUSGB RPUME CHJSFYS ZPTPDB OE RTPIPDIMP OH PDOPZP DOS, YuFPVSH OE ЪBICHBFSHCHBMYUSH PVYMSHOP OBZTHTSEOOSCHE UKHDB. pDYO BOZMYKULYK ZHTEZBF HCE VSHMP RTYUBMYM L vPMSHYPK VBYOE. PO WHY OUEULPMSHLP NYMMMYPOPCH DEOEZ. EZP UPYUMY HCE ЪBICHBUEOOSCHN Y DCHB NPTULYI PZHYGETB ABOUT VPFYLE RPDRMSCHMY L OENKH, CHUPYMY ABOUT RBMHVH Y ЪBSCHYMY LBRYFBOKH, YuFP ZhTEZBF CH LBUEUFCHE RTYЪB OBIPDFUS CH YI CHMBUFFY. lBRYFBO RPUBDYM CH FTAN PVPYI UNEMSHYUBLPCH, RETETEBM RTYYUBMSHOSH LBOBFSCH Y UKHNEM CHSHVTBFSHUS VE VPMSHYI RPCCHTETSDEOOK. h LPOGE DELBVTS, CHEYUETPN, PLPMP 8 YUBUPCH, OBYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY, OBIPDSUSH ABOUT OBVETSOPK, UBNEFIM RPDIDYCHYKHA BOZMYKULHA YMARLH. pZHYGET, UPKDS U OEE, URTPUYM, ZDE LCHBTFYTB BDNYTBMB MPTDB iHDB. according to PLBBBMUS LBRYFBOPN RTELTBUOPZP VTYZB, RTYYEDYEDYEZP U DEREYBNYY U CHEUFSHHA PRTIVSCHFYY RPDLTERMEOYK. UHDOP VSHMP CHSFP Y WOOD RTPYUFEOSCH.

about BTPDOSHE RTEDUFBCHYFEMY, RP ЪBLPOBN FPZP READING, HYUTEDYMY TECHPMAGYPOOSCHK FTYVHOBM; OP CHUE CHYOPCHOSHE VETSBMY CHNEUFE U OERTYSFEMEN; FE TSE, LFP TEYYMUS PUFBFSHUS, YUKHCHUFCHPCHBMY EUVS OECHYOPCHOSCHNY. pDOBLP FTYVHOBM BTEUFPCHBM OUEULPMSHLP YUEMPCHEL, UMHYUBKOP OE KHURECHIYI HKFY U OERTYSFEMEN, Y LBBOYM YI CH OBLBBOYE UB UPCHETYEOOSCH YNY ЪMPDESOYS. OP CHPUSHNY DEUSFY TSETFCH VSHMP NBMP. rTYVEZMY L KhTsBUOPNH UTEDUFCHH, IBTBLFETY'HAEENH DHI FPK BPPIY: VSHMP PVYASCHMEOP, YuFP CHUEN, LFP RTY BOZMYUBOBI TBVPFBM H BTUEOBME, OBDMETSYF UPVTBFSHUS ABOUT nBTUPChP RPME VHI FUCK YOU JBNYMYK. dBMY RPOSFSH, YuFP LFP DEMBEFUS U GEMSHA RTYOSFSH YI CHOPCHSH ABOUT UMHTSVH. rPYUFY 200 YUEMPCHEL UFBTYI TBVPYYI, LPOFPTEYLPCH Y DTHZYI NEMLYI UMKHTSBEYI RPCHETYMY LFPNH Y SCHYMYUSH; YI ZHBNYMYY VSHCHMY OBRYUBOSCHY FEN VSHMP KHDPUFPCHETEOP, YUFP SING UPITBOSMY UCHPY NEUFB RTY BOZMYUBOBI. fPFYUBU CE ABOUT FPN CE RPME TECHPMAGYPOOSCHK FTYVHOBM RTYUKHDIM CHUEI YI L UNETFY. vBFBMSHPO UBOLAMPFPCH Y NBTUEMSHGECH, CHSHCHBOOSCHK FKhDB, ​​TBUUFTEMSM YI. rPDPVOSCHK RPUFKHRPL OE OHTSDBEFUS CH LPNNEOFBTYSI. oP LFP VSHMB EDYOUFCHEOOBS NBUUPCHBS LBIOSH. OECHETOP, YuFP LPZP VSCH FP OH VSCHMP TBUUFTEMYCHBMY LBTFEYUSHA. about BYUBMSHOIL BTFYMMETYY LBOPOYTSCH TEZKHMSTOPK BTNYY OE UFBMY VSC H FPN KHYUBUFCHPCHBFSH. h MYPOE LFY KHTSBUSCH UPCHETYYMY LBOPOYTSCH TECHPMAGYPOOPK BTNYY. DELTEFPN lPOCHEOFB fKHMPOULPNKH RPTFKH VSHMP DBOP OPCHPE OBCHBOYE "RPTF zPTB" Y VSHMP RTYLBOBOP TBTHYFSH CHUE PVEEUFCHEOOSCH ЪDBOYS, ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN RTYOB OOSHI OEPVIPDYNSCHNY DMS ZHMPFB Y ZTBTSDBOULPZP KHRTBCHMEOYS. bFPF UKHNBUVTPDOSCHK DELTEF OBYUBM RTYCHPDYFSHUS CH YURPMOOYE, OP U VPMSHYPK NEDMYFEMSHOPUFSH. VSHMP TBTHYEOP MYYSH RSFSH YMY YEUFSH DPNPCH, YUETE OELPFPTPE CHTENS UOPCHB CHPUUFBOPCHMEOOOSCHI.

BOZMYKULBS ULBDTB RTPUFPSMB ABOUT YETULPN TEKDE NEUSG YMY RPMFPTB. h fHMPOE OE VSHMP OH PDOPK NPTFYTSCH, LPFPTBS NPZMB VSH UFTEMSFSH VPMSHYE YUEN ABOUT 1500 FHBBPCH, B ULBDTB UFPSMB ABOUT SLPTE h 2400 FHBBBI PF VETEZB. eUMY VSHCH FP CHTENS CH fHMPOE VSHMP OUEULPMSHLP NPTFYT UYUFENSH chYMBOFTKHB YMY FBLYI, LBLYNY UFBMY RPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS CHRPUMEDUFCHYY, ULBDTB OE UNPZMB VSH UFPSFSH ABOUT TEKDE. h LPOGE LPOGPC, CHPTCHBCH ZHTFSCH rPTLETPMSH Y rPTFTP, OERTYSFEMSH KHYEM ABOUT TEKD rPTFP-ZHETTBKP, ZDE CHCHUBDIM OBYUYFEMSHOHA YUBUFSH FHMPOULYI LYZTBOFPCH.

CHEUFSH P CHSFYY fHMPOB CH FPF NNEOF, LPZDB LFPPZP NEOEE CHUEZP PTSYDBMY, RTPYCHEMB PZTPNOPE CHREYUBFMEOYE ABOUT ZHTBOGYA Y ABOUT CHUA ECHTPRH. 25 DELBVTS lPOCHEOF KHUFTPYM OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK RTBDOIL. CHSFYE fHMPOB RPUMKHTSYMP UYZOBMPN DMS KHUREIPCH, PUBOBNEOPCHBCHYI LBNRBOYA 1794 Z. oEULPMSHLP CHTENEY URKHUFS TEKOULBS BTNYS PCHMBDEMB CHECUUENVHTZULYNY MYOSNYY UOSMB VMPL BDH U mBODBH. DAZPNNNSHE U YUBUFSH CHPKUL PFRTBCHYMUS CH chPUFPYUOSHE RITEOEY, ZHE DPRRE DEMBM PDOY FPMSHLP ZMHRPUFY. dTHZBS YBUFSH LFYI CHPKUL VSHMB RPUMBOB CH CHBODEA. vPMSHYPE YUYUMP VBFBMSHPOPCH CHETOHMPUSH CH yFBMSHSOULHA BTNYA. dAZPNNNSHE PFDBM RTYLB OBRPMEPOH UMEDPCHBFSH ЪB OIN; OP YЪ rBTYTSB VSHMY RPMKHYUEOSCH DTHZIE TBURPTTSSEOYS, CHPMBZBCHYE ABOUT OEZP PVSBOOPUFSH UBOSFSHUS URETCHB RETECHPPTTHTSEOYEN UTEDYENOPNPTULZP RPVETETSSHS, CH PUPVEOOPUFY fKHMPOB, B ЪBFEN PFRTBCHYFSHUS Ch yFBMSHSOULHA BTNYA Ch LBUEUFCHE OBUBMSHOILB BTFYMMETYY.

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Part three. Toulon: the beginning of triumph

Calvi did not greet the Bonapartes particularly warmly, and Bonaparte decided to move to Toulon. There they also failed to get hold of each other, and the Bonapartes left for Marseille. There it was decided to stop. Napoleon barely had time to take care of settling in a new place when he had to leave his family on military business (no matter what was going on in Europe, Napoleon was still assigned to the artillery regiment stationed at that time in Nice).

In his absence, the Bonapartes, who had not previously prospered much, are terribly poor.

André Maurois notes:

“And then comes need, almost poverty. What means, exactly, do the Bonapartes have at their disposal? One captain’s salary and the meager repatriation allowance that the French pay to Corsican refugees.”

Friedrich Kircheisen left a more extensive description of the situation in which the Bonaparte family was in Marseille:

“In Marseille, Laetitia lived more than modestly. In the end she suppressed her Corsican pride and turned to a charitable society, asking for help for herself and her children; the meager officer's salary, which Napoleon had to cover all his needs, was far from enough for the family. Now Letitia had at least a secure piece of bread. In general, the Bonapartes had just enough not to die of hunger.

Letizia did not suffer too much from these deplorable circumstances - much more than her three beautiful daughters, of whom Marianna (Eliza) was eighteen years old, Maria Annunziata (Polina) - fifteen and Maria Charlotte (Carolina) - thirteen. Their mother forced them to work hard: future queens and princesses had to wash dishes and wipe off dust. In modest dresses and cheap hats for four sous, they made modest household purchases every day. At home, the mother and daughters sewed and darned: at that time they were both dressmakers and milliners for themselves.

Thanks to Letitia's extreme prudence and her constant search for support, the situation improved somewhat. They could soon get a decent apartment and moved to the street of the Roman suburb to do a favor for Napoleon, who was already beginning to have some influence on those around him. The commissioners of the charitable society gave the Bonapartes a one-time allowance, which gave Letitia the opportunity to buy for herself and her daughters some clothes and linen, which they so needed.”

And that was just the beginning!

Let's not forget who Letitia was and whose blood flowed in her veins.

“But Madame Letizia is a courageous woman, and her sons are good-looking,” admires Andre Maurois . – She manages to become related to a Marseilles merchant selling fabrics named Clarie: Joseph marries his daughter Marie-Julie; one day she will become queen of Spain. Napoleon would willingly have made his second daughter, Desiree, his wife. But, they say, Clary considered that one Bonaparte was enough for the family. In the future, Desiree will marry Bernadotte and become Queen of Sweden. Clary made a mistake by refusing the second Bonaparte. But who could have foreseen how incredible the story would turn out to be? While others were making careers and achieving honor and respect, the twenty-four-year-old Napoleon was just an ordinary captain who seemed to have no future.”

As you remember, Napoleon Bonaparte was supposed to report to his regiment in Nice.

Napoleon went there, overwhelmed by anxious thoughts about how he could provide his family with decent living conditions, having only the rank of captain. One thing was clear to him: he needed to come up with something urgently, otherwise there would be trouble. Did he realize that his finest hour was just around the corner?

Stendhal writes:

“He was entrusted with the supervision of the coastal batteries between Sanremo and Nice. Soon he was sent to Marseilles and nearby cities; he obtained various military supplies for the army. With the same instructions he was sent to Ausoni, La Fère and Paris. His trips to Southern France coincided with the civil war that took place in 1793 between the departments and the Convention. It was not an easy task to obtain from the cities that rebelled against the government the military supplies necessary for the troops of this government. Napoleon managed to cope with it, either appealing to the patriotism of the rebels, or skillfully taking advantage of their fears. In Avignon, several federates tried to persuade him to join them. He replied that he would never agree to take part in the civil war. During the time that he had to spend in Avignon to fulfill the task assigned to him, he had the opportunity to become convinced of the complete mediocrity of the generals of both warring sides, both royalists and republicans. It is known that Avignon surrendered to Carto, who from a bad painter became an even worse general. The young captain wrote a pamphlet in which he ridiculed the history of this siege; he entitled it: “The Breakfast of Three Military Men in Avignon” (1793).

Upon returning from Paris to the Italian army, Napoleon received orders to take part in the siege of Toulon. This siege was again led by Carto, a ridiculous general who looked at everyone as a rival and was as mediocre as he was stubborn.”

But, one wonders, what does Toulon have to do with it and what kind of siege is this?

In E.V. Tarle we read: “ A counter-revolutionary uprising broke out in the south of France. In 1793, the Toulon royalists expelled or killed representatives of the revolutionary authorities and called for help from the English fleet cruising in the western Mediterranean. The revolutionary army besieged Toulon from land. The siege proceeded sluggishly and unsuccessfully».

Yes, exactly “sluggish and unsuccessful”!

However, could it have been otherwise?

Without Napoleon Bonaparte - hardly.

However, fortunately for the Convention, he was right there, at the walls of Toulon.

Napoleon would later write a theoretical military work, The Siege of Toulon. His creation is strikingly different from the boring academic studies that most often come from the pens of famous strategists. Napoleon writes about himself in the third person. His detailed account of events is fascinating. Despite the impartiality of the narrative, from time to time there are paragraphs filled with bitterness, in which the stupidity of the generals is repeatedly mentioned.

It must be remembered that at the beginning of the campaign Napoleon only had the rank of major (although he was very soon promoted to colonel). It was not surprising that his proposals, plans, brilliant foresight of how events would unfold - all this was received with hostility by the generals. Thank God, after the recall of a couple of incompetent generals, Dugommier began to command the army - he was much more intelligent and knowledgeable in military affairs, and most importantly, he was able to treat Napoleon impartially and appreciate him at his true worth.

Now let's give the floor to the main character - Napoleon Bonaparte. Since his work (“The Siege of Toulon”) is quite extensive, we made a special selection of key places; we were primarily interested in all the situations in which Napoleon describes his plans and actions on the battlefield. The most important points are specifically highlighted in bold.

“...The English and Spanish admirals occupied Toulon with 5,000 people, who were allocated from the ship's crews, raised a white banner and took possession of the city on behalf of the Bourbons. Then the Spaniards, Neapolitans, Piedmontese and troops from Gibraltar arrived. By the end of September there were 14,000 men in garrison: 3,000 English, 4,000 Neapolitans, 2,000 Sardinians and 5,000 Spaniards. The Allies then disarmed the Toulon National Guard, which seemed unreliable to them, and disbanded the ship's crews of the French squadron. 5,000 sailors - Bretons and Normans - who caused them particular trouble, were put on four French battleships, turned into transports, and sent to Rochefort and Brest. Admiral Hood felt the need, in order to secure a position in the roadsteads, to fortify the heights of Cape Bren, which commanded the coastal battery of the same name, and the peaks of Cape Care, which commanded the batteries of Eguillette and Balagier, from which the large and small raids were fired upon. The garrison was placed in one direction up to Saint-Nazaire and the Oliouille gorges inclusive, in the other direction up to La Valletta and Hières. All coastal batteries from Bandolsky to the batteries of the Iyersky roadstead were destroyed. The Hier Islands were occupied by the enemy.

...The betrayal that gave the Mediterranean fleet, the city of Toulon and its arsenal to the British shocked the Convention. He appointed General Carto as commander-in-chief of the siege army. The Committee of Public Safety demanded the identification of an artillery officer of the old service capable of commanding siege artillery. Napoleon, at that time an artillery major, was named as such an officer. He received an order to urgently go to Toulon, to the main headquarters of the army, to organize and command an artillery park. On September 12 he arrived at Bosse, introduced himself to General Carteaux and soon noticed his inability. From a colonel - the commander of a small column directed against the federalists (i.e., counter-revolutionaries) - this officer over the course of three months managed to become a brigadier general, then a division general and, finally, commander in chief. He understood nothing either about fortresses or siege warfare.

...The artillery of the army consisted of two field batteries under the command of Captain Sunya, who had just arrived from the Italian army along with General Lapuap, of three batteries of horse artillery under the command of Major Dommartin, who was absent after a wound received in the battle of Oliul (in his place at that time all led by artillery sergeants of the old service), and from eight 24-pounder guns taken from the Marseilles arsenal. For 24 days - since Toulon was in enemy power - nothing had yet been done to organize a siege park. At dawn on September 13, the commander-in-chief led Napoleon to the battery, which he had set up to burn the English squadron. This battery was located at the exit from the Oliul gorges at a low altitude, somewhat to the right of the highway, 2000 toises from the seashore. It had eight 24-pounder cannons, which, in his opinion, should have burned the squadron, which was anchored 400 toises from the shore, i.e., a whole league from battery. The grenadiers of Burgundy and the first battalion of Côte d'Or, having dispersed to neighboring houses, were busy heating the cannonballs using kitchen bellows. It's hard to imagine anything funnier.

Napoleon ordered these eight 24-pounder guns to be removed to the park. He took all measures to organize artillery, and in less than six weeks he assembled 100 large-caliber guns - long-range mortars and 24-pounder cannons, abundantly supplied with shells. He organized workshops and invited to serve several artillery officers who left as a result of revolutionary events. Among them was Major Gassendi, whom Napoleon appointed head of the Marseille arsenal. On the very shore of the sea, Napoleon built two batteries, called the batteries of the Mountain and Sansculottes, which, after a lively cannonade, forced the enemy ships to withdraw and clear the small roadstead. During this initial period there was not a single engineer officer in the siege army. Napoleon had to act for the chief of the engineering service, and for the chief of artillery, and for the park commander. Every day he went to the batteries.

... On October 14, the besieged, numbering 4,000 people, made a sortie with the aim of capturing the batteries of the Mountain and Sans-culottes, which were harassing their squadron. One column passed through the Malbosque fort and took up a position halfway from Malbosque to Oliul. The other walked along the sea coast and headed to Cape Brega, where these batteries were located. When fire was opened, Napoleon hurried to the front lines along with Almeiras, Carto's aide-de-camp, an excellent officer, later a division general. He had already managed to inspire such confidence in the troops that, as soon as they saw him, the soldiers began to unanimously and loudly demand orders from him. Thus, by the will of the soldiers he began to command, although generals were present. The results justified the army's confidence. The enemy was first stopped and then driven back to the fortress. The batteries were saved. From that moment on, Napoleon understood what the coalition forces were. The Neapolitans who formed part of these troops were bad, and they were always appointed to the vanguard.

...At the end of September, a military council met in Oliul to decide on which side to launch the main attack - from the east or from the west?

...Napoleon... put forward the thesis that if Toulon is blocked from the sea in the same way as from land, the fortress will fall by itself, because it is more profitable for the enemy to burn warehouses, destroy the arsenal, blow up the dock and, having taken 31 French warships, clear the city than to lock it has a 15,000-strong garrison, dooming it, sooner or later, to capitulation, and in order to achieve an honorable surrender, this garrison will be forced to surrender the squadron, arsenal, warehouses and all fortifications unharmed. Meanwhile, having forced the squadron to clear the large and small roadsteads, blockading Toulon from the sea is easy. To do this, it would be enough to place two batteries: one battery of thirty 36- and 24-pound guns, four 16-pound guns firing hot cannonballs, and ten Homer mortars at the tip of Cape Aiguillette, and another, of the same strength, on Cape Balagye. Both of these batteries will be no further than 700 toises from the large tower and will be able to fire bombs, grenades and cannonballs at the entire area of ​​the large and small raids. General Marescot, at that time the captain of the engineering troops, who arrived to command this type of weapon, did not share such hopes, but he found the expulsion of the English fleet and the blockade of Toulon quite appropriate, seeing in this the necessary prerequisites for the rapid and energetic conduct of attacks.

...On the third day after arriving in the army, Napoleon visited the Caire position, not yet occupied by the enemy, and, immediately drawing up his plan of action, went to the commander-in-chief and invited him to enter Toulon in a week. This required a secure position on Cape Care so that the artillery could immediately place its batteries on the tips of Capes Aiguillette and Balagier. General Carteaux was unable to understand or carry out this plan, yet he instructed the brave assistant of General Laborde, later General of the Imperial Guard, to go there with 400 men. But a few days later the enemy landed ashore in the number of 4,000 people, drove General Laborde back and began to build Fort Muirgrave. During the first eight days the chief of artillery did not cease to ask for reinforcements for Laborde so that the enemy could be driven back from this point, but nothing was achieved. Carto did not consider himself strong enough to extend his right flank, or rather, he did not understand the importance of it. By the end of October the situation had changed greatly. It was no longer possible to think about a direct attack on this position. It was necessary to install good cannon and mortar batteries to sweep away the fortifications and silence the fort's artillery. All these considerations were accepted by the military council. The chief of artillery received orders to take all necessary measures regarding his type of weapon. He immediately got to work.

However, Napoleon was daily hampered by the ignorant headquarters, who tried in every possible way to distract him from carrying out the plan adopted by the council and demanded either to point the guns in the completely opposite direction, or to fire aimlessly at the forts, or to make an attempt to throw several shells into the city in order to burn a couple of houses. One day the commander-in-chief brought him to a height between Fort Malbosque and forts Rouge and Blanc, proposing to place a battery here that could fire at them simultaneously. The chief of artillery tried in vain to explain to him that the besieger would gain an advantage over the besieged if he placed three or four batteries against one fort and thus brought it under crossfire. He argued that hastily equipped batteries with simple earthen shelters could not fight against carefully constructed batteries with permanent shelters, and, finally, that this battery, located between three forts, would be destroyed in a quarter of an hour and all the servants on it would be killed. Carto, with all the arrogance of an ignoramus, insisted on his own; but, despite all the severity of military discipline, this order remained unfulfilled, since it was unenforceable.

Another time, this general ordered the battery to be built again in the direction opposite to the direction of the general plan, moreover, on the site in front of the stone building, so that there was no necessary space left for the rollback of the guns, and the ruins of the house could fall on the servants. I had to disobey again.

The attention of the army and the entire south of France focused on the batteries of the Mountain and Sansculottes. The fire from them was terrible. Several English sloops were sunk. Several frigates had their masts knocked off. Four battleships were so badly damaged that they had to be docked for repairs.

The commander-in-chief, taking advantage of the moment when the chief of artillery was absent for 24 hours to visit the Marseilles arsenal and speed up the shipment of some necessary items, ordered the evacuation of this battery under the pretext that many gunners were dying on it. At 9 pm, when Napoleon returned, the evacuation of the battery had already begun. Again I had to disobey. In Marseille there was an old culverin that had long been an object of curiosity. The army headquarters decided that the surrender of Toulon depended only on this cannon, that it had wonderful properties and could fire at least two leagues. The artillery chief became convinced that this gun, which was also extremely heavy, was completely rusty and could not serve. However, it was necessary to spend a lot of effort and money removing and installing this junk, from which only a few shots were fired.

Irritated and tired of these contradictory orders, Napoleon asked the commander-in-chief in writing to acquaint him with the general plans, leaving him to carry them out in detail for the type of weapon entrusted to him. Carto replied that, according to the plan he finally adopted, the chief of artillery was to bombard Toulon for three days, after which the commander-in-chief would attack the fortress in three columns. Regarding this strange answer, Napoleon wrote a report to the people's representative Gasparin, outlining everything that should have been done to capture the city, that is, repeating what he said at the military council. Gasparin was a smart man. Napoleon respected him greatly and owed him much during the siege. Gasparin sent the transferred plan by express to Paris, and from there, with the same courier, an order was brought for Carto to immediately leave the besieging army and go to the Alpine. General Doppe, who commanded the army near Lyon, which had just been taken, was appointed in his place.

...Commander-in-Chief Doppe arrived at the besieging army on November 10th. He was a Savoyard, a physician, smarter than Carto, but just as ignorant in the field of military art; he was one of the luminaries of the Jacobin society, the enemy of all people who were noticed to have any talent. A few days after his arrival, a British bomb caused a fire in the powder magazine at the Gora battery. Napoleon, who was there, was in great danger. Several gunners were killed. Appearing in the evening to report to the commander-in-chief about this incident, the chief of artillery found him drawing up a protocol in order to prove that the cellar was set on fire by the aristocrats.

...The next day, the Cotdor battalion, which was in the trenches opposite Fort Murgrave, took up arms and moved towards the fort, outraged by the ill-treatment of one captured French volunteer by the Spaniards. The Burgundian regiment followed him. The entire division of General Brulé was involved in the matter. A terrifying cannonade and lively gunfire began. Napoleon was in the main apartment; he went to the commander-in-chief, but he also did not know the reason for everything that was happening. They rushed to the scene. It was 4 o'clock in the afternoon. According to the chief of artillery, since the wine was uncorked, it was necessary to drink it. He believed that continuing the attack would cost less than stopping it. The general allowed him to take the attackers under his command. The entire cape was covered with our riflemen, who surrounded the fort, and the chief of artillery formed two grenadier companies in a column with the goal of penetrating there through the gorge, when suddenly the commander-in-chief ordered a retreat due to the fact that close to him, but quite far from the line of fire, one was killed of his aides-de-camp. The shooters, noticing their retreat and hearing the all-clear signal, were discouraged. The attack failed. Napoleon, with his face covered in blood from a slight wound in the forehead, drove up to the commander-in-chief and told him: “... The one who ordered the all-clear did not allow us to take Toulon.” The soldiers, having lost many of their comrades during the retreat, expressed dissatisfaction. They spoke loudly that it was time to put an end to the general. “When will they stop sending painters and doctors to command us?”

...The authorities who were in Marseille and knew about the siege plan only from rumors, fearing the ever-increasing hunger, proposed to the Convention to lift the siege, clear Provence and retreat beyond Durance.

...The batteries were built. Everything was ready for the attack on Fort Muirgrave. The chief of artillery considered it necessary to place one battery on the Arena heights, opposite Fort Malbosque, so that fire could be opened from it the next day after the capture of Little Gibraltar; he hoped that the fire of this battery would have a great moral effect on the military council of the besieged, which would meet to make a decision.

In order to hit, you need to act suddenly, and, therefore, the existence of the battery had to be hidden from the enemy; for this purpose she was successfully camouflaged with olive branches. On November 29 at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, people's representatives visited her. The battery contained eight 24-pounder guns and four mortars. It was called the Convention battery. The representatives asked the gunners what was preventing them from starting shooting. The gunners replied that they had everything ready and that their guns would be very effective. The people's representatives allowed them to shoot.

The artillery chief, who was in the main apartment, was amazed to hear the firing, which contradicted his intentions. He went to the commander-in-chief with a complaint. An irreparable evil has been done.

The next day, at dawn, O'Hara, at the head of 7,000 men, made a sortie, crossed the As stream at Fort Saint-Antoine, overthrew all the posts protecting the Convention battery, captured it and riveted the guns. The alarm was sounded in Oliul. There was great confusion. Dugommier rode in the direction of the attack, gathering troops along the way and sending orders to move up reserves.

The chief of artillery placed field guns at various positions in order to cover the retreat and contain the enemy movement that threatened the Oliul park. Having made these orders, he went to the height opposite the battery. Through the small valley that separated them, from this height to the foot of the embankment ran a communication course, made by order of Napoleon to bring ammunition to the battery. Covered by olive branches, it was invisible. The enemy troops stood in battle formation to his right and left, and a group of staff officers was on the battery platform. Napoleon ordered the battalion that occupied the heights to descend with him into this line of communication.

Approaching the foot of the embankment unnoticed by the enemy, he ordered a volley to be fired at the troops stationed to the right of it, and then at those stationed to the left. On one side were the Neapolitans, on the other the British. The Neapolitans thought that the British were firing at them, and they also opened fire, not seeing the enemy.

At the same moment, an officer in a red uniform, calmly walking along the platform, climbed onto the embankment in order to find out what had happened. A rifle shot from the communication passage hit him in the arm, and he fell to the foot of the outer slope. The soldiers picked it up and brought the message along. It turned out to be Commander-in-Chief O'Hara. Thus, while among his troops, he disappeared without anyone noticing. He gave up his sword and told the chief of artillery who he was. Napoleon assured him that he would not be insulted.

Just at that moment, Dugommier and his assembled troops bypassed the enemy’s right flank and threatened to cut off his communications with the city, which led to a retreat. It soon turned into a flight. The enemy was pursued as far as Toulon and along the road to Fort Malbosque. Dugommier received two minor wounds that day. Napoleon was promoted to colonel.

...A select detachment of 2,500 chasseurs and a grenadier, requested by Dugommier from the Italian army, arrived. Everything spoke in favor of not delaying another minute in capturing Cape Care, and it was decided to storm Little Gibraltar.

...On December 14, the French batteries opened rapid fire with bombs and cannonballs from fifteen mortars and thirty large-caliber cannons. The cannonade continued day and night from the 15th to the 17th, until the moment of the assault. The artillery acted very successfully.

...The commander-in-chief ordered an attack at one in the morning, hoping to arrive in time at the redoubt either before the garrison, warned about the attack, managed to return there, or at least simultaneously with it. It rained heavily all day on the 16th, and this could delay the movement of some columns. Dugommier, not expecting anything good from this, wanted to postpone the attack until the next day, but, prompted, on the one hand, by the deputies who formed the committee and filled with revolutionary impatience, and on the other, by the advice of Napoleon, who believed that bad weather is not an unfavorable circumstance, continued preparations for the assault.

...The night was very dark. The movement slowed and the column became frustrated, but still reached the fort and lay down in several flashes. Thirty or forty grenadiers even penetrated the fort, but were driven back by fire from a log shelter and forced to return. Dugommier, in despair, went to the fourth column - the reserve. It was led by Napoleon. By his order, a battalion went ahead, which he entrusted to Muiron, the artillery captain, who knew the terrain perfectly.

At 3 o'clock in the morning Muiron entered the fort through an embrasure; he was followed by Dugommier and Napoleon. Laborde and Guillon penetrated from the other side. The gunners were killed at the guns. The garrison withdrew to its reserve on a hill, within rifle range of the fort. Here the enemy reorganized and made three attacks to recapture the fort.

At about 5 o'clock in the morning, two field guns were brought to the enemy, but, by order of the chief of artillery, his gunners had already arrived, and the fort's guns turned against the enemy. In the dark, in the rain, with a terrible wind, among the corpses lying in disarray, amid the groans of the wounded and dying, it took a lot of work to prepare six guns for firing. As soon as they opened fire, the enemy abandoned further attacks and turned back.

A little later it began to get light.

... Both occupied forts were just simple batteries, built of brick on the seashore, with a large tower on the hill, which served both as a barracks and a shelter. Above the tower, 20 toises from it, rose the hills of the cape. These batteries were not at all intended for defense against an enemy advancing from land and possessing cannons. Our sixty 24-pound cannons and 20 mortars were located near the village of the Seine on wheels and limbers, within the distance of a cannon shot, since it was important to start firing from them without the slightest delay. However, the chief of artillery abandoned the firing positions of both batteries, the parapets of which were made of stone, and the tower was so close that ricocheting shells and its debris could hit the gunners. He outlined firing positions for batteries on the heights. The rest of the day had to be spent on their equipment.

...The assault cost the Republican army 1000 people killed and wounded. Under Napoleon, a horse was killed by a shot from the Little Gibraltar battery. On the eve of the attack, he was thrown to the ground and hurt himself. In the morning he received a light puncture wound in the calf from an English gunner.

...Having outlined the firing positions for the batteries and given all the orders necessary for the park, Napoleon went to the Convent battery with the goal of attacking Fort Malbosque. He told the generals: “Tomorrow or at the latest the day after tomorrow you will have dinner in Toulon.” This immediately became a subject of discussion. Some hoped that this would happen, but most did not count on it, although everyone was proud of the victory.

…Meanwhile [in Toulon] a council of war was convened. His minutes [subsequently] fell into the hands of Dugommier, who compared them with the minutes of the French military council in Oliouil on October 15. Dugommier found that Napoleon foresaw everything in advance. The old and brave general talked about this with pleasure. In fact, these protocols stated that “the council asked the artillery and engineering officers if there was a point on the large and small roadsteads where the squadron could stand without being in danger from bombs and red-hot cannonballs from the Eguillette and Balagier batteries; Officers of both branches of arms answered that there was none. If the squadron leaves Toulon, how much garrison should it leave there? How long can he hold out? Answer: 18,000 people are needed; they will be able to hold out for at most 40 days if there is food. The third question: is it not in the interests of the Allies to immediately clear the city, setting on fire everything that cannot be taken with them? The military council unanimously insists on leaving the city: the garrison, which can be left in Toulon, will not have the opportunity to retreat, and it will no longer be able to send reinforcements, it will lack the necessary supplies. Moreover, two weeks sooner or later he will be forced to capitulate, and then he will be forced to surrender the arsenal, the fleet, and all the buildings unharmed.”

...The Military Council ordered the bombing of the forts of Pome and La Malgue. Fort Pome was blown up on the night of the 17th-18th. The clearing of the forts of Faron, Malbosque, the redoubts of Rouge, Blanc and Sainte-Catherine took place on the same night. On the 18th all these forts were occupied by the French.

...The Anglo-Spanish squadron, which managed to leave the raids, cruised beyond them. The sea was covered with boats and small enemy vessels heading towards the squadron. They had to move past the French batteries; several ships and a significant number of boats were sunk.

On the evening of the 18th, we learned from a terrible explosion that the main powder magazine had been destroyed. At the same instant, fire appeared in the arsenal in four or five places, and half an hour later the entire raid was engulfed in flames. Nine French battleships and four frigates were set on fire. For several leagues around the horizon seemed to be on fire; it was as visible as day. The spectacle was majestic, but terrible.

Fort La Malgue was expected to explode every second, but its garrison, fearing to be cut off from the city, did not have time to lay mines. That same night, French riflemen entered the fort. Toulon was seized with horror. Most of the residents hastily left the city. Those who remained barricaded themselves in their houses, fearing looters. The besieging army stood in battle formation on the glacis.

... On the 18th, at 10 o’clock in the evening, Colonel Chervoni broke open the gate and entered the city with a patrol of 200 people. They covered the whole of Toulon.

The greatest silence reigned everywhere. There were piles of luggage lying in the port, which the fleeing residents did not have enough time to load. Rumors spread that fuses had been placed to explode the powder magazines. Gunner patrols were sent to check this. Then the troops assigned to guard it entered the city. The naval arsenal was in extreme disorder. 800–900 galley convicts were putting out the fire with the greatest zeal. They performed a tremendous service; they opposed the English officer Sidney Smith, who was entrusted with setting fire to the ships and arsenal. This officer performed his duty very poorly, and the Republic should be grateful to him for those very valuable items that were preserved in the arsenal.

Napoleon went there with the gunners and the workers who were available. Within a few days he managed to put out the fire and preserve the arsenal. The losses suffered by the fleet were significant, but there were still huge reserves. All the powder magazines were saved, with the exception of the main one.

At the time of the treacherous surrender of Toulon there were 31 warships there. Four of them were used to transport 5,000 sailors to Brest and Rochefort, nine were burned by the Allies in the roadstead, and thirteen were left disarmed on the docks. The Allies took four with them, one of which burned down in Livorno. They were afraid that the Allies would blow up the dock and its dams, but they did not have enough time for this. Thirteen ships and frigates that burned in the roadstead formed a series of obstacles. For eight or ten years attempts were made to remove them, and, finally, Neapolitan divers managed to do this by sawing the frames, removing them piece by piece.

The army entered the city on the 19th. For seventy-two hours she was under the gun, in the rain and slush. She caused a lot of unrest in the city, as if with the permission of the authorities, who made promises to the soldiers during the siege. The commander-in-chief restored order by declaring all the property of Toulon the property of the army, and ordered everything to be demolished to central warehouses, both from private warehouses and from abandoned houses. The Republic subsequently confiscated all this, rewarding each officer and soldier with a year's salary.

...The news of the capture of Toulon at a time when it was least expected made a huge impression on France and the whole of Europe. On December 25, the Convention organized a national holiday. The capture of Toulon served as a signal for the successes that marked the campaign of 1794. Some time later, the Army of the Rhine captured the Weissembourg lines and lifted the blockade of Landau. Dugommier and part of his troops went to the Eastern Pyrenees, where Doppe did nothing but stupid things.

Jacques Louis David. General Bonaparte

...Dugommier gave the order to Napoleon to follow him; but other orders were received from Paris, entrusting him with the responsibility to first engage in the rearmament of the Mediterranean coast, especially Toulon, and then go to the Italian army as chief of artillery (i.e., brigadier general!).

From this siege Napoleon's reputation was established. All the generals, people's representatives and soldiers who knew about the opinions that he expressed at various councils three months before the capture of the city, all those who witnessed his activities, predicted for him the military career that he later made. From that moment on, he gained the trust of the soldiers of the Italian army. Dugommier, introducing him to the rank of brigadier general, literally wrote the following to the Committee of Public Safety: “Reward and promote this young man, because if they are ungrateful towards him, he will advance on his own.” In the Iberian Army, Dugommier constantly spoke about his chief of artillery near Toulon and inspired a high opinion of him among the generals and officers who subsequently went from the Spanish army to Italy. While in Perpignan, he sent couriers to Napoleon in Nice with news of his victories.”

In the days of triumph In March 1610, the army of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky defeated enemy troops on the outskirts of Moscow and victoriously entered the capital. Residents of the Mother See enthusiastically greeted the commander. But in the royal palace ill-wishers began to weave against him