AES - artificial satellites of the planet Earth. The first earth satellite What is an artificial earth satellite for children
COGNITIVE MATERIAL
ABOUT SPACE
FOR OLDER CHILDREN
PRESCHOOL AGE
planets
Cosmodrome. I stand on the gangway, adjusting my helmet.
"Goodbye!" - shout to dad, "Goodbye!" - everyone.
The sky rose above us, leaving a trail,
The flame was beating red light towards the planets.
(Yu. Lutskevich)
Nine planets revolve around the sun: Mercury, Venus and Earth. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
Each of the planets moves around the sun in its own way. This path is called an orbit.
There are also small planets - invisible. Most of them are between Mars and Jupiter.
The sun, together with the major and minor planets, makes up the solar system.
In the solar system, people live only on Earth. There are no living beings on other planets.
Even in ancient times, people noticed several luminaries wandering among the stars. These luminaries became known as planets. Planets don't shine by their own light like stars do. Planets are visible in the sky because they are illuminated by the sun. At first glance, they look like bright stars, but the planets do not twinkle. They glow with a steady light. They are brighter than the stars. Through binoculars, you can see that the planets are visible not as dots, but as small disks, circles.
For many centuries, people have studied the planets with the naked eye, then with the help of a telescope - a spotting scope with magnifying glasses. Now the planets are studied with the help of automatic interplanetary stations. They fly up to the planets and photograph the surface of the planet from a close distance.
Astronauts did not fly to other planets. They flew around the Earth and to the Earth's satellite - the Moon.
Teacher's story about Mercury
This planet is closest to the Sun. Mercury seems huge. Three times more than the Earth.
Mercury is a small planet. It is 20 times smaller than the Earth. This is a lifeless stone ball with mountains, deep ravines and bare, dull stones.
A day on Mercury lasts 90 days - three months. During such a long day, the sun very much heats the surface of Mercury up to 400 degrees. The heat is unbearable. Then for 90 days comes a black, impenetrable night. Terrible cold. Frost - 150 degrees.
Mercury is easier to see in southern latitudes: it appears in the sky in the evening. Either in the morning (in the first two hours after sunset), then in the early morning (two hours before dawn). No wonder our distant ancestors were not easy to guess that the morning and evening stars are the same luminary, and they called Set and Horus (Egyptians), Buddha and Roginea (Indians), Apollo and Hermes (Greeks).
Mercury, like the moon, shines by reflected sunlight. Mercury is deprived of an atmosphere, which means that life there is impossible not only because of the unbearable temperature for living beings, but also because they have nothing to breathe on Mercury.
The surface of Mercury is dotted with craters - people learned about this by obtaining an image of its surface taken in 1974 by the American spacecraft Mariner 10.
Teacher's story about Venus
Venus is not a star, but a planet, just like our Earth. All the planets in the solar system revolve around the sun, each in its own circle. Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is closer to the Sun than the Earth. The hot rays of the sun make the surface of Venus very hot. The temperature on Venus is +500 degrees. Not a single living being can live in such inferno.
There are no forests or seas on Venus. The air on this planet is terribly poisonous and heavy. It presses with its weight with such force as a layer of water one kilometer thick would press on us.
On Venus, hurricanes whistle and howl, clouds of dust raised by the wind are carried, stony deserts and rocks stretch. Hot sand.
There are so many clouds over Venus. That she seems to be wrapped in white cotton wool. Sunlight does not penetrate through dense clouds, therefore there is eternal night on the planet.
Venus is about the same size as our Earth. It is closer to the Sun than the Earth. And manages to fly around the sun in just seven months. Therefore, a year on Venus lasts seven months.
From Earth, Venus appears to be an extraordinarily beautiful planet.
She appears in the sky only in the morning or only in the evening, and people call her the Morning Star, who is the Evening Star. It shines with soft white light. No star can match the beautiful brilliance of Venus.
People named this planet after the goddess of beauty and composed beautiful tales about her. It seemed to them that this beautiful girl was riding across the sky on a silver chariot drawn by snow-white horses.
The teacher's story about the Earth
There is one garden planet in this cold space
Only here the forests rustle birds calling migratory,
Only on it alone lilies of the valley bloom in green grass,
And dragonflies only look into the river in surprise ...
Take care of your planet - there is no other like it!
Earth is the third planet in the solar system. Like all planets, it moves around the sun. Earth is a satellite of the Sun.
Our planet is not just moving, but rushing through outer space faster than any rocket. And although it flies very fast. It only goes around the sun once a year. It's a very long way!
The earth doesn't just revolve around the sun. It also rotates around its axis, spinning like a top. The earth exposes the sun to one side, then the other. Until it turns once around its axis, 24 hours will pass, that is, a day - day and night.
When astronauts look at our planet from space, it seems to them a luminous ball of beautiful blue color.
The fact that the Earth is round, people guessed in the old days. At first they thought that the Earth was a round pancake and one could walk to its edge, but not a single daredevil ever reached the edge of the Earth.
And so the sailor - traveler Maggelan on five ships decided to go around the Earth.
For three years the ships sailed forward and forward, without changing direction and checking their path by the stars. Four ships were lost in the rough waters of the ocean. And only one ship called "Victoria" circled the Earth and returned to the port from the other, opposite side.
The teacher's story about Mars
Mars is the fourth planet in the solar system and is a close neighbor of the Earth.
Even in ancient times, people noticed a bright orange fiery star in the sky. And they named it in honor of the god of war - Mars. It is curious that so many writers - science fiction writers inhabited the red planet with living beings - silt with militant monsters, or similar to people, or hostile to them. And today, journalists call Mars the Bermuda Triangle? Almost all space missions to Mars end in failure.
As on Earth, on Mars there are days and nights, as well as winter, spring, summer, autumn. Each of these seasons is twice as long as on Earth. This is because on Mars, a year is almost two Earth years, because Mars is farther from the Sun, and it takes more time to go around the sun. Well, if Mars is farther from the Sun, then the sun heats worse there. Therefore, the winter there is more severe, and the summer is colder. The highest temperature during the day on Mars is + 15 degrees, and at night - 100 degrees below zero.
During the day, the sky of Mars seems soft pink. This color is given to it by Martian dust illuminated by the Sun.
At the end of the 20th century, the Vikings spacecraft transmitted to Earth an image of the planet Mars - absolutely lifeless landscapes, similar to earthly deserts. Uncomfortable and unfriendly on Mars. Strong winds raise clouds of red Martian dust, huge deserts strewn with stones. Mountains with sharp peaks rise up.
The air on Mars is made up of a gas that humans cannot breathe. There is no oxygen or water on Mars. There is no life there.
Teacher's story about Jupiter
Jupiter has twice played an important role in the history of the astronomer. It became the first planet to have moons discovered. It happened almost four hundred years ago. The author of the discovery is the world famous scientist Galileo. The rapid and clearly visible movement of Jupiter's moons makes them a very convenient sky clock, and sailors used to use them to determine the position of a ship on the high seas.
And further. Jupiter and its satellite helped to solve one of the oldest mysteries: does light spread at lightning speed or is its speed not so great? Through complex calculations based on observations, O. Romer determined that light moves quickly at a speed of 3000 km / s
Jupiter is the fifth and largest planet in our solar system. This is a giant planet. It is ten times the size of the Earth.
Bright Jupiter moves slowly and majestically around the Sun. Twenty years will pass on Earth, and Jupiter will fly around our sun only once. Very far from the star, a very long way he has to go.
Jupiter is so far from the Sun that the sun's rays do not warm it at all. This is a very cold planet.
Jupiter does not have a solid surface like Earth, Venus, Maar and Mercury. It is a huge ball of dense clouds of dust and gas.
Terrible storms and thunderstorms rage on Jupiter, which do not happen on Earth. This is the most restless and formidable planet.
The air on Jupiter is poisonous and unbreathable.
Jupiter spins around its axis very quickly, like a top. Only ten hours last a day on Jupiter: five hours a day and five hours a night.
Jupiter has 16 satellites that revolve around it, each of them with its own history and its own mysteries, which mankind managed to solve only in the space age. You will learn about it. When you get older and read books on astronomy.
The teacher's story about Saturn
There is one star in the sky
Which one, I won't say
But every evening from the window
I look at her.
She shimmers so bright!
And somewhere in the sea
Now, probably a sailor
It guides the way
(G. Kruzhkov)
It is the sixth planet in the solar system. Saturn, like all planets. It makes its flight around the Sun. The farther a planet is from the sun, the longer its path. It takes Saturn 30 Earth years to complete one circle.
Light yellow Saturn looks much more modest than orange Jupiter. It does not have, like its neighbor, colorful cloud cover. But there are rings that other planets do not have. They excited the imagination of many scientists with their unique shape. Only three rings are visible from Earth. These rings are thin, but very wide - many thousands of kilometers wide. They consist of stones and ice, which, like satellites, move around Saturn. There are so many of these small stones and ice floes that they merge into continuous rings.
Saturn does not have a solid surface like Earth, Venus or Mars. Saturn. Like Jupiter, it is a giant ball of gas, 9 times the size of the Earth.
This planet is very far from the Sun, so the solar heat does not reach Saturn. Eternal cold reigns there, frost up to -180 degrees.
Like all planets, Saturn revolves around itself. Saturn completes one rotation on its axis in 10 hours.
Moon
If you try hard
If you really want
Can you go up to the sky
And reach the sun.
And seriously, not pretend
Get to know the moon
Walk on it for a bit.
And return home again. (S. Baruzdin.)
The moon is not a star or a planet. She is a satellite of the Earth, a large stone ball, which is several times smaller than the earth.
The Moon is the closest celestial body to the Earth, the distance to it is 384 thousand kilometers.
If you look at the moon through binoculars, you can see dark and light spots on it. Light spots are lunar seas. In fact, there is not a drop of water in these seas. Previously, people did not know this, which is why they called them seas.
There is no water on the moon. No air. There is neither rain nor snow. You can't live on the moon.
The entire surface of the moon is covered with a thick layer of dust. Astronauts who have landed on the moon speak. That it looks like it hasn't been dusted for years.
On the surface of the moon during the day there is heat up to 130 degrees, and at night - frost - 170 degrees.
That's why the moon is shining. that the sun illuminates it. From the Earth, the Moon can be seen either as a round one, or as a sickle, sometimes it is not visible at all. This is because. That it is illuminated by the Sun in different ways, and we see only the illuminated part of the Moon. Therefore, it changes its appearance all the time. The moon moves around the Earth and goes around it once a month.
American astronauts were the first to fly to the moon in spacecraft.
Stars
Who looked at the starry dome
Late autumn frosty
He saw how the star Swan
Rises to the zenith
He heard how in the blue sky
The starry lyre is ringing.
In the old days, people thought that the stars were shining lanterns. Suspended from the crystal vault of the sky. After all, they did not yet know that each star is a distant Sun, which is billions of times larger than the Earth.
Stars are huge hot balls, similar to our Sun. They are very far from the Earth and therefore do not heat and seem very small.
There are a lot of stars in the sky, and to understand them. People have combined groups of stars into constellations. Constellations and the brightest stars people gave names.
In the night sky, the stars twinkle in different colors: blue, white, yellow, red.
White and blue stars are very, very hot. They are hotter than the sun. Yellow stars are colder than white ones. They are about the same as our Sun. Reddish stars are colder than the Sun.
Stars differ in size from each other: there are red giants, normal stars and white dwarfs.
Our Sun is a star. It is possible that other stars similar to the Sun have planets and their satellites. Perhaps there is life on those planets. But we don't know about that yet.
Sun
Shine on us, sun, shine!
It's easy to live with you.
And even a song on the way
Sings by itself.
From us behind the clouds - clouds
Don't go, don't
And the forest, and the field, and the river are happy with the warmth and the sun.
Listen to my song: shine from morning to night
And I'll sing for you, I'll sing when you want. (Y.Akim)
The sun is a huge fireball. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is 20 million degrees.
It seems to us that the Sun is a small circle. That's why. That it is located at a very large distance from the Earth. In fact, the Sun is huge. It is 109 times larger than the Earth, the sun - the ball - the giant. If you could put the sun next to the earth, it would look like a big soccer ball next to a pea.
From the Earth to the Sun 150 million kilometers. Therefore, the sun's rays do not burn, but only warm and illuminate our planet.
Without the Sun, there would be no life on earth. Plants, animals and people live only because the sun gives them life. This was understood even by ancient people and worshiped the Sun as a god. They thanked him for his warmth and greeted him as he rose in the morning.
The Sun is the closest star to Earth and is the center of the solar system. Our planet Earth is one of the nine planets in the solar system.
Comets
Spreading its fiery tail, the comet rushes between the stars Rushing at wild speeds, was visiting the sun And saw the Earth in the distance and new satellites of the Earth and was carried away from the Earth, ships flew behind it! (G.Sapir)
Comets are celestial travelers. These are huge blocks of stone and ice. Sometimes they are called "dirty snowballs" for this.
But there are comets. Which from time to time return to the Sun. For example, Halley's comet does this every 76 years. Halley is the scientist who first noticed this comet. Comets are always given the names of the people who discovered them.
More recently, the Americans Hale and Bopp discovered a new bright comet, which flew into the solar system for the first time. Now they call it that - comet - Hale - Bopp.
In March and April 1997, she appeared in the sky in the morning and evening. And anyone could admire its silvery sheen. This comet is a very rare guest. Scientists believe that the next time it will approach in about two and a half thousand years.
When a comet approaches the Sun, it can be seen in the sky even without binoculars and a telescope, because it has a luminous tail. This is a comet tail - the plume is formed from dust and gas. A comet flies away from the Sun, its body cools down, the tail disappears, and a cold block again travels in space. Comet tails are not terrible for the Earth, although they frightened people in antiquity. The solid body of a comet is more dangerous. But, fortunately, outer space is so huge that we can not be afraid of these meetings.
astronauts
The chief designer told me: - The takeoff will not be very smooth ...
There will be a heart, maybe often go to the heels ...
Lift up your heels - that's all right
And then for the whole flight the heart will not go to the heels ... (A. Shalygin)
This profession has appeared quite recently. An astronaut is a person who tests space technology and works on it in space.
Now there are astronauts in almost all countries of the world. But spaceships are built and sent into space by only two countries in the world - in Russia and America. Cosmonauts from all over the world worked on Russian spaceships: from France, from America. From Japan, from China and from many other countries.
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was the first cosmonaut on Earth. On April 12, 1961, on the Vostok 2 spacecraft, he flew around the Earth once in 1 hour 48 minutes. He returned to Earth alive and well. And scientists decided that a person can live and work in space.
Now cosmonauts spend many months, and some more than a year, at space scientific stations.
The Mir space station was built in Russia. It has been flying and operating in Earth orbit since 1986. One crew of cosmonauts is replaced by another. Not a single hour stops work on the space station. Astronauts observe the stars, the planet and the Sun, take pictures and study the Earth. They take care of the plants and animals that live on the station, repair their space house, and conduct many scientific experiments.
Space flight is monitored from Earth from the control center.
Many astronauts have flown into space several times already.
Astronauts are courageous people. They live and work in unusual conditions - in zero gravity, in a silent and dangerous space.
Astronauts
American cosmonauts are called astronauts. American astronauts were the first people to land on the moon.
In July 1969, the American ship "Apollo" rushed the inhabitants of the Earth to our space neighbor. As the spacecraft approached the moon, a special lunar cabin separated from it. And then astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin descended to the surface of the moon.
For several hours, earthlings walked on the surface of the moon, looking at the surroundings, collecting stones and photographing lunar landscapes.
Astronauts walked on the Moon in special space suits, and talked to each other by radiotelephone, because there is no air on the Moon and not a voice is heard. No sounds. The astronauts moved on the moon as if bouncing. Pushing off first with one foot, then with the other, because objects on the Moon are many times lighter than on Earth.
They left on the moon medals with portraits of the first cosmonauts and a sign with the words "We arrived in peace on behalf of all mankind." Who knows, maybe some alien will read this letter someday from the planet Earth.
The astronauts then returned to the spacecraft, which was waiting for them in lunar orbit. And three days later, the Apollo splashed down in the Pacific Ocean.
Thus ended the first flight to the moon. After that, several times American astronauts flew to the moon.
On other planets and their satellites, the inhabitants of the Earth have not yet been, but sent automatic space stations there.
Astronomers
How tempting to become an astronomer, intimately familiar with the universe!
It would not be bad at all: to observe the work of Saturn,
Admire the constellation Lyra, discover black holes
And be sure to compose a treatise - “Study the depths of the Universe!”
Astronomers are scientists who observe and study the stars.
In those distant times, when people did not yet know how to read and write, they watched with surprise what was happening in the sky. It seemed to them that the sky is a crystal cap that covers the Earth, and the stars are attached to the sky for decoration.
Ancient people thought that the Earth is stationary, and the Sun, Moon and stars revolve around the Earth.
Many years later, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proved that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
Another scientist, Newton, understood. Why the planets do not fall: they are mutually attracted to each other and do not allow each other to move away from themselves or approach them. Therefore, they all fly around the Sun, each in its own way.
So gradually, scientists discovered the secrets of the cosmos.
Ancient astronomers studied the stars without special instruments, observing the sky from Earth. In the Middle Ages, scientists invented the spyglass and telescope to look at distant stars. Now artificial satellites and space stations fly in space, which explore the planets and stars.
The universe still has many mysteries, and astronomers will have enough work to do for a long time.
Satellite
What kind of relative of the moon is there,
nephew or granddaughter
Flickers between the clouds? -
Yes, it's a satellite! Here are those times!
He is a satellite of each of us and the whole Earth in general.
The satellite was created by hands, and then on the rocket
Delivered to these distances (Yu. Yakovlev).
This is the name of the celestial body. Who circles around the other all the time. Many planets have natural satellites. The Earth also has a natural satellite - the Moon - and a lot of artificial satellites made by human hands.
Maybe you have seen a twinkling star rolling across the night sky? This asterisk is a satellite illuminated by the rays of the Sun.
The first Earth satellite was launched in Russia on October 4, 1957. Then the same satellites were launched in the USA and other countries. Now thousands of artificial satellites are flying around the Earth.
Satellites help to watch TV shows, conduct telephone conversations, send and receive telegrams, and connect people with each other. That is why they are called connected.
With the help of satellites, the captain guides the ship through the boundless waters of the ocean. As satellites fly around the earth, they send out radio signals continuously. Based on these signals, the captain determines where the ship should sail.
Circling around the Earth, the satellite with the help of television cameras observes our planet. Clouds, hurricanes, storms are clearly visible from the flight altitude. You can see how fast they move. The satellite transmits its observations to Earth, and meteorologists use them to make a weather forecast. People have created artificial satellites in order to help them study the Earth, the Sun, planets, stars, and unravel the mysteries of nature.
Universe
The entire vast world that is outside the Earth is called space. Space is also called by another word - the Universe.
The cosmos, or universe, has no end or limit. The universe is filled with countless stars, planets, comets and other celestial bodies. Clouds of cosmic dust and gas are swirling in space. In this interstellar desert reigns cosmic cold and darkness. There is no air in space.
There is not a single celestial body in the universe that would stand still. They are all moving. It seems to us that the stars are motionless. But in fact, the stars are so far away that we do not notice that they are rushing through space with great speed.
In this infinite and eternal Universe, our Earth is a small planet, and our Sun is an ordinary star closest to the Earth.
Our Earth flies in space along with other celestial bodies.
Every star, planet, comet or some other celestial body moves in the Universe in its own way. There is a strict order in the universe, none of the planets or stars will go out of their way, out of their orbit and not collide with one another.
The word "cosmos" means the word "order, order."
Aircraft that are launched into Earth's orbit are called artificial satellites (AES). They are designed to solve applied and scientific problems. According to international agreement, a satellite is a spacecraft that has completed at least one complete revolution in the Earth's orbit. If not, then it is considered a rocket probe that takes measurements on a ballistic trajectory. The probe is not registered as a satellite.
First artificial satellite
The artificial satellite of our planet, which became the first man-made celestial body created by man, was launched into orbit in 1957 (October 4) in the Soviet Union. This is the result of the country's achievements in the field of rocket technology, automatic control, electronics, celestial mechanics, computer technology and other branches of science. Thanks to this satellite, for the first time measurements of the density of the upper atmosphere, studies of the propagation characteristics of radio signals in the ionosphere were made. The main technical and theoretical solutions and calculations for launching an artificial Earth satellite into orbit were tested. It was a fantastic breakthrough of mankind in the exploration of outer space, and it laid the foundation for the great Space Age of all mankind. And the palm rightfully belongs to the USSR.
Achievements of different countries
The United States was quite a bit behind the USSR and four months later, on February 1, 1958, launched its first man-made satellite called Explorer-1 into Earth's orbit. Some other countries of the world lagged behind the pioneers. Subsequently, the following states independently launched artificial satellites into orbit:
- France in 1965 November 26 (satellite "A-1"),
- Australia in 1967 November 29 (VRESAT-1 satellite),
- Japan in 1970 February 11 (Osumi satellite),
- People's Republic of China in 1970 April 24 (satellite "China-1"),
- Great Britain in 1971 on October 28 (satellite "Prospero").
The international cooperation
Some artificial satellites, which were manufactured in Italy, Canada, Great Britain, France and other countries, starting from 1962, were launched into the Earth's orbit using American rocket carriers. International cooperation is quite widely used in the practice of space research. Thus, as a result of scientific and technical cooperation between the countries of the socialist camp, a number of satellites were launched. The first of these was Interkosmos-1, which was launched into orbit on October 14, 1969. By 1973, more than 1300 satellites of various types and purposes were launched. Of these, about 600 satellites are Soviet and more than 700 American and other countries of the world, including manned spacecraft-satellites and crewed space orbital stations.
It is difficult to overestimate the achievements of science in the field of space exploration of the Earth. After all, with the help of artificial satellites, all kinds of research work are carried out. Depending on the tasks that are capable of solving satellites, they are divided into applied and research. There are also manned and unmanned satellites. Both of them serve for numerous studies of the planet itself, celestial bodies and infinite outer space.
We have long been accustomed to the fact that we live in the era of space exploration. However, watching huge reusable rockets and space orbital stations today, many do not realize that the first launch of a spacecraft took place not so long ago - only 60 years ago.
Who launched the first artificial earth satellite? - THE USSR. This question is of great importance, since this event gave rise to the so-called space race between the two superpowers: the USA and the USSR.
What was the name of the world's first artificial earth satellite? - since such devices did not previously exist, Soviet scientists considered that the name "Sputnik-1" was quite suitable for this device. The code designation of the device is PS-1, which stands for "The Simplest Sputnik-1".
Externally, the satellite had a rather uncomplicated appearance and was an aluminum sphere with a diameter of 58 cm to which two curved antennas were attached crosswise, allowing the device to spread radio emission evenly and in all directions. Inside the sphere, made of two hemispheres fastened with 36 bolts, there were 50-kilogram silver-zinc batteries, a radio transmitter, a fan, a thermostat, pressure and temperature sensors. The total weight of the device was 83.6 kg. It is noteworthy that the radio transmitter broadcast in the range of 20 MHz and 40 MHz, that is, ordinary radio amateurs could follow it.
History of creation
The history of the first space satellite and space flights as a whole begins with the first ballistic missile - V-2 (Vergeltungswaffe-2). The rocket was developed by the famous German designer Wernher von Braun at the end of World War II. The first test launch took place in 1942, and the combat one in 1944, a total of 3225 launches were made, mainly in the UK. After the war, Wernher von Braun surrendered to the US Army, in connection with which he headed the Arms Design and Development Service in the United States. Back in 1946, a German scientist presented to the US Department of Defense a report “Preliminary design of an experimental spacecraft orbiting the Earth”, where he noted that a rocket capable of launching such a ship into orbit could be developed within five years. However, funding for the project was not approved.
On May 13, 1946, Joseph Stalin adopted a resolution on the creation of a rocket industry in the USSR. Sergei Korolev was appointed chief designer of ballistic missiles. For the next 10 years, scientists developed intercontinental ballistic missiles R-1, R2, R-3, etc.
In 1948, rocket designer Mikhail Tikhonravov gave a report to the scientific community on composite rockets and the results of calculations, according to which the developed 1000-kilometer rockets can reach great distances and even put an artificial Earth satellite into orbit. However, such a statement was criticized and was not taken seriously. Tikhonravov's department at NII-4 was disbanded due to irrelevant work, but later, through the efforts of Mikhail Klavdievich, it was reassembled in 1950. Then Mikhail Tikhonravov spoke directly about the mission to put a satellite into orbit.
satellite model
After the creation of the R-3 ballistic missile, its capabilities were presented at the presentation, according to which the missile was capable of not only hitting targets at a distance of 3000 km, but also launching a satellite into orbit. So by 1953, scientists still managed to convince top management that the launch of an orbiting satellite was possible. And the leaders of the armed forces had an understanding of the prospects for the development and launch of an artificial Earth satellite (AES). For this reason, in 1954, a decision was made to create a separate group at NII-4 with Mikhail Klavdievich, which would be engaged in satellite design and mission planning. In the same year, Tikhonravov's group presented a space exploration program, from the launch of an artificial satellite to landing on the moon.
In 1955, a delegation of the Politburo headed by N. S. Khrushchev visited the Leningrad Metal Plant, where the construction of the two-stage rocket R-7 was completed. The impression of the delegation resulted in the signing of a decree on the creation and launch of a satellite into earth orbit in the next two years. The design of the artificial satellite began in November 1956, and in September 1957 the Simplest Sputnik-1 was successfully tested on a vibration stand and in a heat chamber.
Definitely to the question "who invented Sputnik-1?" — cannot be answered. The development of the first satellite of the Earth took place under the leadership of Mikhail Tikhonravov, and the creation of the launch vehicle and the launch of the satellite into orbit - under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. However, a considerable number of scientists and researchers worked on both projects.
Launch history
In February 1955, the top management approved the creation of the Scientific Research Test Site No. 5 (later Baikonur), which was to be located in the Kazakhstan desert. The first ballistic missiles of the R-7 type were tested at the test site, but according to the results of five experimental launches, it became clear that the massive warhead of the ballistic missile could not withstand the temperature load and needed to be improved, which would take about six months. For this reason, S.P. Korolev requested two rockets from N.S. Khrushchev for the experimental launch of PS-1. At the end of September 1957, the R-7 rocket arrived at Baikonur with a lightened head and a passage under the satellite. Extra equipment was removed, as a result of which the mass of the rocket was reduced by 7 tons.
On October 2, S.P. Korolev signed the order on flight tests of the satellite and sent a notice of readiness to Moscow. And although no answers came from Moscow, Sergei Korolev decided to bring the Sputnik launch vehicle (R-7) from PS-1 to the starting position.
The reason why the management demanded that the satellite be put into orbit during this period is that from July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958, the so-called International Geophysical Year was held. According to it, during the specified period, 67 countries jointly and under a single program carried out geophysical research and observations.
The launch date of the first artificial satellite is October 4, 1957. In addition, on the same day, the opening of the VIII International Astronautical Congress took place in Spain, Barcelona. The leaders of the USSR space program were not disclosed to the public due to the secrecy of the work being carried out; Academician Leonid Ivanovich Sedov informed Congress about the sensational launch of the satellite. Therefore, it was the Soviet physicist and mathematician Sedov that the world community has long considered the "father of Sputnik."
Flight history
At 22:28:34 Moscow time, a rocket with a satellite was launched from the first site of NIIP No. 5 (Baikonur). After 295 seconds, the central block of the rocket and the satellite were launched into an elliptical Earth orbit (apogee - 947 km, perigee - 288 km). After another 20 seconds, PS-1 separated from the missile and gave a signal. It was the repeated signals of “Beep! Beep!”, which were caught at the range for 2 minutes, until Sputnik-1 disappeared over the horizon. On the first orbit of the apparatus around the Earth, the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) transmitted a message about the successful launch of the world's first satellite.
After receiving the PS-1 signals, detailed data began to come in about the device, which, as it turned out, was close to not reaching the first space velocity and not entering orbit. The reason for this was an unexpected failure of the fuel control system, due to which one of the engines was late. A fraction of a second separated from failure.
However, PS-1 nevertheless successfully reached an elliptical orbit, along which it moved for 92 days, while completing 1440 revolutions around the planet. The radio transmitters of the device worked during the first two weeks. What caused the death of the first satellite of the Earth? - Having lost speed due to the friction of the atmosphere, Sputnik-1 began to descend and completely burned out in the dense layers of the atmosphere. It is noteworthy that many could observe some kind of brilliant object moving across the sky at that time. But without special optics, the shiny body of the satellite could not be seen, and in fact this object was the second stage of the rocket, which also rotated in orbit, along with the satellite.
The meaning of flight
The first launch of an artificial Earth satellite in the USSR produced an unprecedented rise in pride in their country and a strong blow to the prestige of the United States. An excerpt from the United Press publication: “90 percent of the talk about artificial Earth satellites came from the United States. As it turned out, 100 percent of the case fell on Russia ... ". And despite the erroneous ideas about the technical backwardness of the USSR, it was the Soviet apparatus that became the first satellite of the Earth, moreover, its signal could be tracked by any radio amateur. The flight of the first Earth satellite marked the beginning of the space age and launched the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States.
Just 4 months later, on February 1, 1958, the United States launched its Explorer 1 satellite, which was assembled by the team of scientist Wernher von Braun. And although it was several times lighter than the PS-1 and contained 4.5 kg of scientific equipment, it was still the second one and no longer had such an impact on the public.
Scientific results of PS-1 flight
The launch of this PS-1 had several goals:
- Testing the technical ability of the apparatus, as well as checking the calculations made for the successful launch of the satellite;
- Research of the ionosphere. Before the launch of the spacecraft, radio waves sent from the Earth were reflected from the ionosphere, making it impossible to study it. Now, scientists have been able to begin exploring the ionosphere through the interaction of radio waves emitted by a satellite from space and traveling through the atmosphere to the Earth's surface.
- Calculation of the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere by observing the rate of deceleration of the apparatus due to friction against the atmosphere;
- Investigation of the influence of outer space on equipment, as well as determining favorable conditions for the operation of equipment in space.
Listen to the sound of the First Satellite
And although the satellite did not have any scientific equipment, tracking its radio signal and analyzing its nature yielded many useful results. So a group of scientists from Sweden measured the electronic composition of the ionosphere, based on the Faraday effect, which says that the polarization of light changes when it passes through a magnetic field. Also, a group of Soviet scientists from Moscow State University developed a method for observing the satellite with an accurate determination of its coordinates. Observation of this elliptical orbit and the nature of its behavior made it possible to determine the density of the atmosphere in the region of orbital heights. The unexpectedly increased density of the atmosphere in these areas prompted scientists to create a theory of satellite deceleration, which contributed to the development of astronautics.
Video about the first satellite.
Municipal State Preschool Educational Institution "Kindergarten "Skazka"
Abstract of the thematic lesson in the senior group.
Theme: "Journey to Space"
Prepared by: Zvyagina M.A.
educator
MKDOU "Kindergarten "Fairy Tale"
Sukhinichi, 2015
Target: to systematize and expand children's ideas about space, the solar system, astronautics.
Tasks:
1. To form a holistic view of the picture of the world, expand the horizons of children and clarify their knowledge. Learn about the structure of the solar system. To consolidate children's knowledge about the history of the development of astronautics.
2. Develop memory, thinking, imagination.
3. Raise patriotic feelings, the desire to protect our Earth.
Preliminary work.
Design and research activities: obtaining knowledge about the Universe, planets, stars, astronauts, space flights. Consideration of illustrations depicting planets, spaceships, portraits of astronauts. Making crafts and drawings on the theme "Space". Reading stories about space, encyclopedias, learning poems. Learning gymnastics for astronauts.
Materials and equipment.
Computer, projector, slide presentation screen. Solar system poster, globe, outer space mockup, sun and planet mockups, paper stars, asteroids, numbers from 1 to 8.
The course of educational activities
(The teacher and children enter the hall and become in a circle)
Educator. Guys, we recently celebrated the holiday on April 12 - Cosmonautics Day. Today we will travel into space and learn a lot about the planets of the solar system and astronauts. Do you want to become astronauts? (Children's answers) I invite you to join hands and build our ship. Fasten your seat belts, close your eyes and imagine that our ship is taking off. (Space music sounds). Open your eyes, we found ourselves in outer space. (Children sit on chairs).
Educator. Children, how long do you think people have learned about space? (Answers of children). In the distant past, people had a wrong idea about the cosmos and about our planet, the stars seemed to them like small luminous points, and the earth was presented as a flat disk, and that it was standing on elephants and a turtle. Were our ancestors right? (Answers of children). Tell me what you know about space and our planet. (Answers of children).
Educator. Now listen to my story. (The presentation starts) People have long wanted to know what space is, what kind of bright dots shine above their heads at night. Scientists have invented a special device - a telescope, which, having looked, it was possible to consider not only stars, but also planets. But to find out if there is life in space, it was necessary to fly into space.
Almost a hundred years ago, a simple teacher Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky lived in the city of Kaluga (slide). He is called the father of astronautics. It was thanks to his scientific work that mankind was able to rise to previously unseen heights and enter outer space. In 1903, Konstantin Eduardovich's first work on the theory of rocket flight appeared in the journal Nauchnoye Obozrenie. Year after year, Tsiolkovsky continued to develop rocket technology. He imagined such a rocket that would "remove from the Earth, wander between planets, stars, visit planets and their satellites, return to earth."
His work was continued by students - scientists under the guidance of designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who built the first rocket (slide). First, they made the first artificial Earth satellite and launched it into low Earth orbit. And four years after the launch of the first satellite, a man went into space.
Who was the first to fly?
In 1957, the first "cosmonaut" was the dog Laika (slide), with which mold fungi, tradescantia, flies and mice were sent. The flight was successful. In 1958, they increased the size of the rocket and sent two like dogs: Belka and Strelka (slide). They also returned safely to Earth. And the scientists decided to fulfill their cherished dream - to send a man into space!”
Who was the first astronaut?
That's right, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. On April 12, 1961, the dream of mankind came true. For the first time in history, a spacecraft with a man on board was launched into Earth's orbit. It was a very important event for the whole world. The whole world wanted to see the first cosmonaut of the planet. Gagarin visited dozens of countries. Everywhere he was greeted with delight, because he truly became a celestial (slide).
So a new profession appeared on the planet earth - an astronaut.
What was the name of the first female astronaut? (Valentina Tereshkova)
But it's not easy to become an astronaut. What do you think, what kind of person can get into the cosmonaut corps? (Answers of children).
Phys. minute. After hard work, astronauts must rest. Let's have a rest and play the game "Cosmonaut".
One or two, there is a rocket. (Children raise their hands up)
Three-four, takeoff soon. (Spread hands to sides)
To reach the sun (Circle of arms)
Cosmonauts need a year (He takes his cheeks with his hands, shakes his head)
But dear, we are not afraid (Hands to the sides, body tilts to the right - to the left)
After all, each of us is an athlete (They bend their arms at the elbows)
Flying over the earth (Spread their arms to the sides)
Let's say hello to her (Raise hands up and wave)
(Children sit on chairs).
Educator. Our flight continues on. All of you know how to listen carefully and answer questions, like to learn new and interesting things. Today we will learn a few secrets of space. But first guess the riddle:
It warms the whole world
And does not know fatigue
Smiling at the window
And everyone calls him ... (Sun)
Educator. Guys, do you think the sun is a planet? (Answers of children). The sun is actually a star, just like the ones we see in the night sky. But why do other stars appear to us in the night sky as small dots? (children's answers)
Educator. We see the stars in the night sky as small because they are very far away from us, but they are as hot as the Sun. And the Sun is closer than other stars to our planet.(The teacher sticks an image of the Sun on the layout of outer space)Children, describe the Sun to me. What color is it, what shape is it, what does it look like? (children's answers)
Educator. The sun in space is not alone, it has a family. The family of the Sun is called the Solar System. These are planets. Each planet has its own name and track - the orbit along which the planet moves. Now your friends will tell about each planet.
(Children put on hats with the image of the planets and talk about them. The stories are accompanied by a slide show.)
1st child. Mercury - the planet closest to the sun, so the air temperature there is very high. The surface of Mercury is rocky, there is neither water nor air.
2nd child. Venus is the second planet from the Sun. She is shrouded in clouds. Thunderstorms rage there day and night, and the atmosphere consists of poisonous gases.
3rd child. Earth is the third planet from the Sun. This is the only planet suitable for life. It contains oxygen and water. The Earth has a satellite - the Moon. A model of the earth, reduced many times, is called a globe.
4th child. Mars is the fourth planet in the solar system. It is called the "red planet" because it is made up of red rock. Before scientists knew that there was no life there, people believed that "Martians" lived there.
5th child. Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and is considered the largest planet. It is composed of gases and is so large that all the planets could fit on it.
6th child. Saturn is the sixth planet in the solar system. Saturn is surrounded by rings of ice and dust.
7th child. Uranus is the seventh planet in the solar system. This is the only planet that revolves around the Sun, as if lying on its side.
8th child. Neptune is the eighth planet. Neptune is farthest from the Sun, so it is very cold there and strong winds blow. The planet's atmosphere is blue.
Educator. So we learned which planets revolve around the sun. And that each planet has its own path called an orbit.
Each planet has its own path.
It is impossible for her, believe me, to turn off the orbit.
Our planets revolve around the sun.
They are all warmed by the Sun in different ways.
Educator. And now we will play the game “Place the planets correctly” with you and check whether you have carefully listened to the stories of your friends about the planets.
On the floor are numbers from 1 to 8. In the center is a yellow circle. The child "Sun" is selected, the children put on hats with planets, music sounds, the children run around the "Sun". As soon as the music stops playing, the “planet” children should stand on the number that indicates the place in the solar system.
The round dance of the planets is spinning.
Each has its own size and color.
For each path is defined,
But only on Earth the world is inhabited by life. (Kids are playing.)
Educator. Our flight ends, we must return to Earth. Let's remember what we talked about today. Continue suggestions:
Cosmonautics Day is celebrated...
The first cosmonaut...
The first female astronaut...
The planet where people live...
The sun and planets are...
You all did a great job today, well done! I want to know if you enjoyed our trip. Look, I have a picture of the solar system. (The sun and planets are on the drawing paper) It seems to me that something is missing here. (Stars). Let's put stars in the solar system. If you liked our trip, glue a star, if not, a space rock. (Children do the task)
This is where our journey ends, I hope, maybe one of you, when you grow up, will also become an astronaut. Goodbye!
There are many artificial satellites flying in the sky above our heads. Each of them has its own task. Some transmit television and telephone signals, others transmit information about weather conditions, and others monitor everything that happens on Earth. Satellites transmit to Earth data on the state of our planet and stars, report the location of ships and aircraft. Many of them are equipped with solar panels that capture sunlight and convert it into the energy needed to run them.
Why satellites stay in orbit
Throw the ball up with all your might and it will still fall to the ground instead of flying into space. To prevent the spacecraft from falling to the ground, the launch vehicle must accelerate it to a speed of at least 27,000 km/h. Only in this case, he will be able to overcome the force of gravity and go into near-Earth orbit. There he will be, revolving around the Earth at a constant distance - exactly like a natural satellite - the Moon.
The very first
- 1957 - The world's first artificial Earth satellite (USSR) was launched.
- 1958 - The first American artificial satellite "Exshurer-1" was put into orbit.
- 1960 - The first meteorological satellite "Tiros-1" (USA) was launched.
- 1963 - The first satellite with a transponder "Sincom-2" (USA) was launched.
- 1964 - The first Italian geophysical satellite "San Marco" is launched.
- 1971 - The first spacecraft, the American Mariner 9, flew around Mars.
