What conveys the grammatical meaning of the word. Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word

grammatical meaning

The grammatical meaning accompanies the lexical meaning of the word; The differences between these two types of values are as follows:

1. Grammatical meanings are very abstract, so they characterize large classes of words. For example, the meaning of the verb aspect is always present in the semantic structure of the Russian verb. The lexical meaning is more specific than the grammatical one, therefore it characterizes only a certain word. Even the most abstract lexical meanings (for example, the meanings of such words as infinity, speed) are less abstract than grammatical meanings.

2. The lexical meaning is expressed by the basis of the word, the grammatical meaning is expressed by special formal indicators (therefore, grammatical meanings are often called formal ones).

So, grammatical meaning is an abstract (abstract) linguistic meaning expressed by formal grammatical means. A word usually has several grammatical meanings. For example, the noun 'wolf' in the sentence I would have gnawed out bureaucracy (M.) expresses the grammatical meanings of objectivity, animation, masculine, singular, instrumental (comparison value: `like a wolf, like a wolf`). The most general and most important grammatical meaning of a word is called categorical (general categorical); such are the meanings of objectivity in a noun, quantity in a numeral, etc.

The categorical meaning of the word is supplemented and specified by private (private categorical) grammatical meanings; Thus, a noun is characterized by particular categorical grammatical meanings of animateness ~ inanimateness, gender, number and case.

Grammatical meaning always accompanies lexical meaning, and lexical meaning does not always accompanies grammatical meaning.

For example: ocean - person (different lexical meaning, but the same grammatical meaning - noun, singular, I.p) [Lekant 2007: 239-240].

Ways of expressing grammatical meanings

In Russian morphology, there are different ways of expressing grammatical meanings, i.e. ways of forming word forms: synthetic, analytical and mixed.

With the synthetic method, grammatical meanings are usually expressed by affixation, i.e. the presence or absence of affixes (for example, table, table; goes, go; beautiful, beautiful, beautiful), much less often - alternating sounds and stress (die - die; oils - special oils), as well as suppletive, i.e. formations from different roots (man - people, good - better). Affixation can be combined with a change in stress (water - water), as well as with the alternation of sounds (sleep - sleep).

With the analytical method, grammatical meanings receive their expression outside the main word, i.e. in other words (listen - I will listen).

With a mixed or hybrid method, grammatical meanings are expressed both synthetically and analytically, i.e. both outside and inside the word. For example, the grammatical meaning of the prepositional case is expressed by the preposition and ending (in the house), the grammatical meaning of the first person by the pronoun and ending (I will come).

Formative affixes can express several grammatical meanings at once, for example: in a verb there is an ending - ut expresses both person, number, and mood [Internet resource 6].

A grammatical category is a set of morphological forms opposed to each other with a common grammatical content. For example, the forms I write - you write - write indicate a person and therefore are combined into a verbal grammatical category of a person; the forms I wrote - I write - I will write express time and form the category of time, the word forms table - tables, book - books express the idea of the number of objects, they are combined into the category of number, etc. We can also say that grammatical categories are formed private morphological paradigms. Grammar categories in general have three features.

1) Grammatical categories form a kind of closed systems. The number of members opposed to each other in the grammatical category is predetermined by the structure of the language and does not vary in general (in the synchronous section). Moreover, each member of the category can be represented by one or several single-functional forms. Thus, the grammatical category of the number of nouns is formed by two members, one of which is represented by singular forms (table, book, pen), the other by plural forms (tables, books, pens). Nouns and adjectives have three genders, a verb has three faces, two kinds, etc. The quantitative composition of some grammatical categories in the literature is defined differently, which is actually related not to the volume of the category, but to the assessment of its components. So, in nouns, 6, 9, 10 and more cases are distinguished. However, this reflects only different methods of highlighting cases. As for the grammatical structure of the language itself, the case system in it is regulated by the existing types of declension.

2) The expression of grammatical meaning (content) between the forms that form the category is distributed: I write means the first person, you write - the second, writes - the third; table, book, pen indicate the singular, and tables, books, feathers indicate the plural, large is masculine, large is feminine, and large is neuter, the form large does not indicate gender.

3) Forms that form morphological categories must be united by a common content component (which is reflected in the definition of a grammatical category). This is a prerequisite for highlighting a grammatical category. Without this generality, grammatical categories are not formed. For example, the opposition of transitive and intransitive verbs does not form a morphological category precisely because it is not based on a common content. For the same reason, other lexico-grammatical categories distinguished in independent parts of speech are not morphological categories [Kamynina 1999: 10-14].

Significant and service parts of speech

Parts of speech are the main grammatical classes of words, which are established taking into account the morphological properties of words. These word classes are important not only for morphology, but also for lexicology and syntax.

Words belonging to the same part of speech have common grammatical features:

1) the same generalized grammatical meaning, called part-of-speech (for example, for all nouns, the meaning of objectivity);

2) the same set of morphological categories (nouns are characterized by the categories of animateness / inanimateness, gender, number and case). In addition, words of the same part of speech have word-formation proximity and perform the same syntactic functions as part of a sentence.

In modern Russian, independent and service parts of speech, as well as interjections, are distinguished.

Independent parts of speech serve to designate objects, signs, processes and other phenomena of reality. Such words are usually independent members of the sentence, carry verbal stress. The following independent parts of speech are distinguished: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb.

Within the independent parts of speech, full-significant and non-full-significant words are contrasted. Fully significant words (nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, most adverbs) serve to name certain objects, phenomena, signs, and non-full-significant words (these are pronouns and pronominal adverbs) only indicate objects, phenomena, signs, without naming them.

Another distinction is important within the framework of independent parts of speech: names (nouns, adjectives, numerals, as well as pronouns) as parts of speech that are declined (changed by cases) are opposed to the verb as a part of speech, which is characterized by conjugation (change by moods, tenses, persons) .

Service parts of speech (particles, conjunctions, prepositions) do not name the phenomena of reality, but denote the relationships that exist between these phenomena. They are not independent members of the sentence, usually do not have verbal stress.

Interjections (ah!, hurray!, etc.) are neither independent nor functional parts of speech, they constitute a special grammatical category of words. Interjections express (but do not name) the feelings of the speaker [Lekant 2007: 243-245].

Since parts of speech are a grammatical concept, it is obvious that the principles, the grounds for distinguishing parts of speech must be primarily grammatical. First, such grounds are the syntactic properties of the word. Some words are included in the grammatical composition of the sentence, others are not. Some of the sentences included in the grammatical composition are independent members of the sentence, others are not, since they can only perform the function of a service element that establishes relationships between the members of the sentence, parts of the sentence, etc. Secondly, the morphological features of words are essential: their mutability or immutability, the nature of the grammatical meanings that a particular word can express, the system of its forms.

Based on the foregoing, all the words of the Russian language are divided into sentences included in the grammatical composition and not included in this composition. The former represent the vast majority of words. Among them stand out the words significant and official.

Significant words are independent members of the sentence. These include: nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, category of state.

Significant words are usually called parts of speech. Among the significant words, according to the morphological feature of mutability-invariability, on the one hand, names and a verb are distinguished, on the other hand, an adverb and a category of state.

The last two categories - adverbs and the category of state - differ in their syntactic function (adverbs serve mainly as a circumstance, the category of state - as a predicate of an impersonal sentence: "I am sad because you are happy" (L.), and also in that, unlike adverbs, the word categories of state are able to control ("I'm sad", "it's fun for you"; "How fun, having shod with sharp iron on your feet, To slide along the mirror of stagnant, even rivers!" - P.).

Service words (they are also called particles of speech) are united by the fact that they (included in the grammatical composition of a sentence) serve only to express various kinds of grammatical relations or participate in the formation of forms of other words, i.e. are not part of the offer. From a morphological point of view, they are also united by immutability.

These include prepositions, conjunctions, and particles. At the same time, prepositions serve to express the relationship of a noun to other words, unions establish a connection between the members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence. Particles are involved in the formation of certain verb forms, in the construction of a certain type of sentence (for example, interrogative ones). Words that are not part of the grammatical composition of the sentence include modal words, interjections and onomatopoeia.

Modal words (possibly, of course, maybe, probably, apparently, perhaps, of course, etc.) express the attitude of the speaker to the content of the statement. Interjections serve to express feelings and volitional impulses (oh, oh-oh-oh, scat, well, etc.). Onomatopoeia - words that convey some sounds and noises. These last three categories of words, like auxiliary words, are unchangeable [Rakhmanova 1997: 20].

Words are the building blocks of any language. Sentences and phrases are built from them, with their help we convey thoughts, communicate. The ability of this unit to name or designate objects, actions, etc. is called a function. The suitability of a word for communication, the transmission of thoughts is called its

Thus, the word is the main, main structural unit of the language.

Every word in Russian has a lexical and grammatical meaning.

Lexical is the ratio of the sound (phonetic) design of the word, its sound with the phenomena of reality, images, objects, actions, etc. To put it simply: it makes sense. From a lexical point of view, the words "barrel", "bump", "point" are different units, because they denote different objects.

The grammatical meaning of a word is the meaning of its forms: gender or number, case or conjugation. If the words "barrel", "point" are considered grammatically, then they will be exactly the same: creatures. feminine, standing in the nominative case and unity. number.

If we compare the lexical and grammatical meaning of a word, we can see that they are not the same, but are interconnected. The lexical meaning of each of them is universal, while the main one is fixed at the root. (For example: "son", "son", "son", "son").

The grammatical meaning of a word is conveyed with the help of word-forming morphemes: endings and formative suffixes. So, "forest", "forester", "forester" will be quite close: their meaning is determined by the root "forest". From a grammatical point of view, they are completely different: two nouns and an adjective.

On the contrary, the words "came", "arrived", "ran", "ran", "flew off", "shot down" will be similar in grammatical orientation. These are verbs in the past tense form, which are formed with the suffix "l".

The conclusion follows from the examples: the grammatical meaning of a word is its belonging to a part of speech, the general meaning of a number of similar units, not tied to their specific material (semantic) content. "Mom", "dad", "Motherland" - creatures. 1 declensions, standing in the form of I.p., units. numbers. "Owl", "mice", "youth" - female nouns. kind, 3 declensions, standing in R.p. The grammatical meaning of the words "red", "huge", "wooden" indicates that these are adjectives in the form of a husband. kind, unique. numbers, I.p. It is clear that the lexical meaning of these words is different.

The grammatical meaning of a word is expressed in a certain form, corresponding to the position of words in a sentence (or phrase), expressed using grammatical means. Most often these are affixes, but often the grammatical form is formed with the help of auxiliary words, stress, word order or intonation.

From how the form is formed, its appearance (name) directly depends.

Simple (they are also called synthetic) grammatical forms are formed within the unit (with the help of endings or formative suffixes). The case forms (no) of mother, daughter, son, Motherland are formed with the help of endings. the verbs "wrote", "jumped" - using the suffix and and the verb "jumped" - using the suffix "l" and the ending "a".

Some forms are formed outside the lexeme, and not inside it. In this case, there is a need for service words. For example, the verbs "I will sing" and "let's sing" are formed using function words (verbs). The words "I will" and "let's" in this case have no lexical meaning. They are needed to create In the first case - the future tense, and in the second - the incentive mood. Such forms are called complex or analytical.

Grammatical meanings are defined into systems or clusters of gender, number, and the like.

The words act as the building blocks of language. To convey thoughts, we use sentences that consist of combinations of words. In order to be linked into combinations and sentences, many words change their form.

The section of linguistics that studies the forms of words, types of phrases and sentences is called grammar.

Grammar has two parts: morphology and syntax.

Morphology- a section of grammar that studies the word and its change.

Syntax- a section of grammar that studies word combinations and sentences.

In this way, word is object of study in lexicology and grammar. Lexicology is more interested in the lexical meaning of the word - its correlation with certain phenomena of reality, that is, when defining a concept, we try to find its distinctive feature.

Grammar, on the other hand, studies the word from the point of view of generalizing its features and properties. If the difference between words is important for vocabulary house and smoke, table and chair, then for grammar, all these four words are absolutely the same: they form the same forms of cases and numbers, have the same grammatical meanings.

Grammatical meaning e is a characteristic of a word from the point of view of belonging to a certain part of speech, the most general meaning inherent in a number of words, independent of their real material content.

For example, words smoke and house have different lexical meanings: house- this is a residential building, as well as (collected) people living in it; smoke- aerosol formed by products of incomplete combustion of substances (materials). And the grammatical meanings of these words are the same: noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, each of these words can be determined by an adjective, change by cases and numbers, act as a member of a sentence.

Grammatical meanings are characteristic not only of words, but also of larger grammatical units: phrases, components of a complex sentence.

Material expression of grammatical meaning is grammatical tool. Most often, grammatical meaning is expressed in affixes. It can be expressed with the help of function words, alternation of sounds, changes in the place of stress and word order, intonation.

Each grammatical meaning finds its expression in the corresponding grammatical form.

Grammatical forms words can be simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical).

Simple (synthetic) grammatical form involves the expression of lexical and grammatical meanings in the same word, within a word (consists of one word): was reading- the verb is in the past tense.

When the grammatical meaning is expressed outside the lexeme, complex (analytical) form(combination of a significant word with an official): I will read, let's read! In Russian, the analytical forms include the form of the future tense from imperfective verbs: I will write.

Individual grammatical meanings are combined into systems. For example, singular and plural values are combined into a system of number values. In such cases, we are talking about grammatical category numbers. Thus, we can talk about the grammatical category of tense, the grammatical category of gender, the grammatical category of mood, the grammatical category of aspect, etc.

Each grammatical category has a number of grammatical forms. The set of all possible forms of a given word is called the paradigm of the word. For example, the paradigm of nouns usually consists of 12 forms, for adjectives - of 24.

The paradigm is:

universal– all forms (full);

incomplete- there are no forms;

private according to a certain grammatical category: declension paradigm, mood paradigm.

Lexical and grammatical meanings are in interaction: a change in the lexical meaning of a word leads to a change in both its grammatical meaning and form. For example, the adjective voiced in the phrase ringing voice is qualitative (has forms of degrees of comparison: voiced, louder, most voiced). It's the same adjective in the phrase media is a relative adjective (voiced, i.e. formed with the participation of the voice). In this case, this adjective has no degrees of comparison.

And vice versa grammatical meaning some words may directly depend on their lexical meaning. For example, the verb run away in the meaning of "move quickly" is used only as an imperfective verb: He ran for quite some time until he collapsed completely exhausted. The lexical meaning (“to escape”) also determines another grammatical meaning - the meaning of the perfect form: The prisoner escaped from prison.

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Or several, i.e. is single or multiple.

For example, the word "iceberg" means "a large accumulation of ice or a large block of ice that has broken away from a glacier." The word has no other meaning. Therefore, it is unambiguous. But the word "braid" can have several interpretations. For example, a “braid” is a “kind of hairstyle” (a girl’s braid), and also a “bank near a river of a special shape” (went to swim on a braid) and, in addition, it is also a “tool of labor” (it’s good to sharpen a braid). Thus, the word "braid" is ambiguous.

The grammatical meaning of a word is a certain set of features that allow the word to change its form. So, for a verb, these are signs of time, person, number, etc., and - time, present or past, gender, number, and.

If the main component of the lexical meaning lies, as a rule, in its root, then the grammatical meaning of the word is most easily determined by the ending (inflection). For example, at the end of the name of a noun, its gender, case or number is easy. So, in the sentence "The morning turned out to be cool, but sunny," the noun has the following: nominative, neuter, singular, second. In addition, we can say that the word is a common noun, inanimate.

If you try to determine the lexical meaning of the word "morning", then, for sure, specify that this is the time of day following the night, i.e. start of the day.

If you learn how to correctly determine the lexical and grammatical meaning of words, you will be able to compose syntactic constructions (and sentences) that are beautiful in expressiveness and correct in terms of grammar and use.

Sources:

the lexical meaning is

When morphologically analyzed communion it needs to be defined view, which refers to the constant features of this part of speech. This is also very important for the translator, because the view in translation, the participle often changes the meaning of the entire text to the opposite.

You will need

- table of participle forms.

Instruction

Try putting the full participle in a short form. With the passive, this is most often possible, it always has both forms, but with the real, you are unlikely to be able to do such an operation. In any case, in the modern literary real communion do not have a short form. Some dialects have it. Short form of the passive communion varies by gender and number. However, some suffering communion also in modern short form is usually not put. For example, “breakable”, “readable”, etc. In such cases, a short form exists, but rather refers to an archaic style.

See what "grammatical meaning" is in other dictionaries:

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