Cervical cystitis or inflammation of the sphincters, as one of the most common diseases in urology. Etiology and treatment of cervical cystitis

Bladder diseases occur with rather unpleasant symptoms. In the vast majority of cases, they develop in women, which is facilitated by the anatomical features of the female genitourinary system. For example, women often develop cervical cystitis - a common pathology, the causes, manifestations and symptoms of which will be discussed below.

cervical cystitis

Cystitis, or inflammation of the walls of the bladder, is one of the most common diseases in urology. Cervical cystitis is considered one of its varieties. To understand exactly where inflammation is located in cervical cystitis, you need to familiarize yourself with the structure of this part of the urinary system.

The bladder is a hollow sac-like organ made up of muscle tissue and mucous membranes. It is intended to "storage" urine until the moment of urination, which occurs with the participation of the urethra (urinary canal). At the junction with the urethra, the bladder is small - it narrows, and this narrow transition is called the neck.

The neck of the bladder is surrounded by a strong double ring muscle, which is the internal and external sphincters. They are responsible for the process of excretion of urine and its termination by relaxation and contraction. It is these sphincters on one or both sides that become inflamed with cervical cystitis.

Due to the inflammatory lesions of the sphincters with this type of cystitis, an unpleasant symptom appears - urine leakage, because the muscle tissue cannot fully exercise its functions. In severe cases, even urinary incontinence is possible.

Another name for cervical cystitis is trigonitis, since inflammation exclusively in the neck is rarely observed. Usually, the inflammatory process extends to the entire bladder triangle - the region of the neck and bottom of the bladder. In women and girls, pathology is more common, in men and boys - in rare cases.

Healthy and inflamed bladder

Kinds

Cystitis can be acute and chronic. The first occurs against the background of an acute inflammatory process, gives a strong, severe symptomatology. Chronic cervical cystitis becomes the outcome of an untreated acute form or occurs for other reasons, periodically exacerbates, the rest of the time is in remission.

Cystitis in the vast majority of cases is infectious. In some situations, non-infectious cystitis is diagnosed, caused by other etiological factors (traumatic, radiation, chemical, allergic).

According to the form of damage to the bladder neck, the disease can be:

Catarrhal.
Purulent.
Ulcerative.
Hemorrhagic.
Gangrenous.
Granulomatous.
Cystic.
Polyposis.

Causes

The cause of infectious cystitis is infection of the bladder neck area with pathogenic bacteria, less often - protozoa and fungi. In women, microbes get inside, mainly by ascending way - from the rectum, genitals. The descending route of infection also occurs, although less frequently - when pathogens enter the bladder from the kidneys with pyelonephritis.

You can bring the infection during surgery or during medical, diagnostic manipulations. Occasionally, it enters with the blood flow from distant organs, where there is a focus of acute or chronic infection.

Of course, not everyone develops cystitis even in the presence of infectious particles.

There are a number of factors that contribute to the appearance of cervical cystitis - these are:

Reduced immunity, immune diseases.
Regular hypothermia or severe freezing of the body.
Oral caresses.
Anal sex followed by vaginal intercourse.
Frequent change of partners.
Non-compliance with personal hygiene, especially during menstruation.
Passive lifestyle.
Anomalies in the structure of the genitourinary system.
Pregnancy.
Hormonal disruptions.

Traumatic cystitis most often develops after operations on the urethra, bladder, as well as after endoscopic studies, injections of drugs into the bladder. Specific forms of infectious cystitis can occur against the background of tuberculosis, gonorrhea, syphilis. In women, diseases such as urethritis, colpitis, and vulvitis contribute to the transition of the disease to a chronic form and its regular exacerbations.

Non-infectious cervical cystitis can develop with diabetes mellitus, after radiation therapy, poisoning, alcohol abuse, spicy food. During menopause, cystitis occurs against the background of a decrease in estrogen production, which negatively affects the condition of the bladder. Fungal cystitis accompanies thrush after taking antibiotics, using non-sterile instruments, with long-term use of corticosteroids, etc.

How bacteria enters the urethra

Symptoms

An acute inflammatory process causes a malfunction of the muscle that forms the sphincters. If in a healthy person its work is easily controlled, then with inflammation such control is lost. Therefore, even with a small accumulation of urine in the bladder, it can begin to leak, incontinence develops. This leads to unpleasant consequences - up to the rejection of social life, falling into a depressive state.

Other possible symptoms of cervical cystitis during exacerbation:

Frequent urge to urinate, literally every 10-20 minutes.
Increased urge at night.
Insomnia, sleep disorders.
Urine drop by drop.
Pain, burning when urinating.
Pain at rest in the pubic region and perineum.
Increased pain during sex.
Itching in the urethra.
Turbidity of urine, the appearance of flakes, an unpleasant odor, pus, blood.
Discharge of a small amount of blood at the end of urination.

Acute cystitis is often accompanied by general disorders - fever, weakness, headache, fatigue. Usually it lasts no more than a week, after which its symptoms subside, but without proper therapy, the disease becomes chronic.

Signs of chronic cystitis are blurred, they may not manifest themselves for a long time. But at the slightest hypothermia or after suffering from acute respiratory viral infections, the typical exacerbation symptoms described above occur.

Complications of cervical cystitis can be:

Chronic cystitis and its severe forms (purulent, gangrenous, ulcerative).
Development .
Leukoplakia of the bladder.
diffuse cystitis.
Empyema of the bladder.

Diagnostics

Laboratory tests play an important role in the diagnosis of cystitis. A general urine test shows an inflammatory process with an increase in the number of leukocytes, the presence of cylinders, erythrocytes, and epithelial cells. The color of urine becomes darker, it loses its transparency. In the acute form of cervical cystitis, inflammation will also be noticeable in the blood test (increased ESR and leukocytosis, possibly neutrophilia). To identify the pathogen, a urine culture is performed.

To fix changes in the walls of the bladder and accurately diagnose, you may need the following techniques:

Cystoscopy.
X-ray of the bladder or CT scan with contrast.
Biopsy.

Treatment

The goals are to destroy the causative agent of pathology or stop the influence of pathogenic factors, reduce the symptoms of cystitis, prevent its transition to a chronic form, and increase local and general immunity.

Common therapies are:

Bed or semi-bed rest.
Strengthening the water regime.
Refusal of physical activity.
Complete sleep.

Medical therapy

Antibiotics are the main drugs for the treatment of this form of the disease. Usually, special drugs are prescribed that have proven themselves in the treatment of pathologies of the urinary system. Among them, Monural, Nolicin, Cefixime, Normax, Norfloxacin are popular. At the same time, uroantiseptics are prescribed that work directly in the bladder and quickly relieve inflammation - Furomag, 5-NOC.

Other methods of drug treatment for cystitis:

Washing, infusions (instillations) into the bladder of antiseptics - Collargol, Miramistin, Chlorhexidine, in chronic cystitis - instillations of sea buckthorn oil.
Taking drugs for urinary incontinence (normalize muscle tone) - Detrusitol.
Reception of immunomodulators of local action - Urovax.
The use of antispasmodics to reduce pain - Papaverine, No-shpa.
The use of herbal preparations for a long course - Kanefron, Cyston, as well as vitamins.

In chronic cystitis, electrophoresis procedures with various drugs, therapeutic baths, exercise therapy complexes are shown.

Diet

Preference for exacerbation of the disease should be given to a dairy-vegetarian diet. You need to eat a lot of fiber to cleanse the intestines on time. Abundant consumption of water, herbal infusions (up to 2 liters) will help to quickly get rid of the infectious process. Cowberry and cranberry juice, decoction of dill, fennel helps well against cystitis.

You should give up strong tea, coffee, soda and alcohol. Dishes with spices, spicy foods, foods with vinegar, sour fruits, spicy vegetables, citrus fruits, salty, fried, smoked foods will also increase bladder irritation and unpleasant symptoms. It is recommended to follow such a diet until the symptoms of the disease completely stop.

Folk methods

With the permission of a doctor, alternative recipes can be used as an addition to the main therapy. For example, insist 20 g of poplar buds in a glass of vodka for a week, drink from chronic cystitis 20 drops three times a day for 21 days. You can also prepare a collection (take a teaspoon of bearberry herb, thuja shoots, hernia grass, birch buds), brew a tablespoon of the collection with a glass of water, leave for an hour. Drink 100 ml three times a day for 10 days.

Prevention

To prevent illness, it is important to drink more, maintain hygiene, do not wear synthetic underwear, and do not overcool. Sexual contacts should be protected, especially with a new partner. A good prevention of cystitis will be an increase in immunity, proper nutrition, timely disposal of foci of infection and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. If acute cystitis occurs, it must be treated strictly with a doctor's prescription and following the full course of therapy!
On the video about the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of cystitis:

Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder. This is one of the most common urological diseases. Everyone suffers from it: men, women, children. The most dangerous type of pathology is cervical cystitis. Lack of appropriate treatment is fraught with serious consequences.

What is cervical cystitis

With cervical cystitis, inflammation occurs in the place of the bladder (cervix), where the transition to the urethra (urethra) is located. At the same time, the disease affects the internal and external sphincters (muscles responsible for opening and closing the exit).

Cervical cystitis becomes the main cause of involuntary emptying of the bladder, that is, urinary incontinence.

With cystitis, pain appears and gradually increases during intercourse, which ultimately leads to the rejection of sex.

The bladder is an organ that stores and removes urine from the human body.

Often, cervical cystitis is called trigonitis, since the inflammation in this case affects the lower part of the cystic triangle.

Classification and causes of the development of various types of pathology

There are some mechanisms for triggering the disease, among which are:

weak immunity;
prolonged hypothermia of the body;
lack of basic hygiene;
use of oral sex during sex;
transition from anal intercourse to vaginal;
infectious diseases of various nature;
taking medications;
radiation therapy;
bad habits;
autoimmune processes;
malnutrition;
menopause in women associated with a lack of estrogen production;
diabetes.

When pathogenic microflora enters the bladder, cystitis develops

Cystitis can occur in acute and chronic forms. In the latter case, more complex and lengthy treatment will be required.

The causes of chronic disease are:

incorrect identification of the pathogen with subsequent inappropriate treatment;
insufficiently radical antibiotic therapy;
interruption of therapeutic measures after the first disappearance of the main pain symptoms;
lack of necessary therapy.

Chronic cervical cystitis is a serious pathology with various manifestations of relapses.

If a person is diagnosed with cervical cystitis for the first time, then such a disease is considered primary. In the case when the patient has previously encountered this pathology, it is classified as secondary (or sluggish).

1 - acute cystitis, vascular injection; 2 and 3 - hemorrhagic; 4 and 5 - chronic; 6 - follicular; 7 - fibrinous; 8 - cystic; 9 - encrusting; 10 - bullous; 11 - interstitial; 12 - polyposis

There are infectious and non-infectious cystitis, which depends on the very causes of the pathological process.

The infectious type of the disease develops against the background of pathogens entering the bladder neck. The causative agents can be various microorganisms, in connection with which cystitis is conditionally divided into:

viral;
fungal;
bacterial;
tuberculosis.

The most common culprits are:

cocci;
Proteus;
klebsiella;
candidal fungus;
mycoplasma;
Koch's wand;
coli;
Trichomonas.

Staphylococcus aureus is often the causative agent of infectious cervical cystitis.

There are several ways for infection to enter the lower part of the gallbladder triangle:

descending path: from the kidneys with pyelonephritis;
ascending: from the rectum and / or genitals;
with blood and lymph flow: from places of other localization of the inflammatory process;
during violation of sanitary standards during surgical and other interventions.

There are many factors that can affect the development of non-infectious pathology in the bladder. The following main types of non-infectious cervical cystitis can be distinguished:

Usually non-infectious cervical cystitis is difficult to recognize at an early stage of development. Its treatment is started when an infection joins the disease.

According to the condition of the bladder and urinary tract, cystitis is classified as:

uncomplicated - the disease proceeds without organ pathology;
complicated - the urinary system is affected by pathological processes (cancer, adenoma, stones).

In addition, depending on the degree of damage to the walls of the bottom of the bladder, cervical cystitis is isolated in the following forms:

catarrhal: mild uncomplicated course;
hemorrhagic: with the involvement of blood vessels and the appearance of blood in the urine;
ulcerative: the formation of ulcers and fistulas in the thickness of the walls;
gangrenous: with necrosis of the bladder and sphincters;
polypous: with the appearance of polyps;
cystic: there is a tendency to the growth of cysts that can degenerate into malignant tumors;
encrusting: deposits of calcium salts appear on the inflamed surface.

Symptoms and signs

The main symptom of inflammation of the cystic triangle is urinary incontinence.

In cervical cystitis, the urinary sphincters that control urination are involved in the pathological process. When they are damaged, functionality decreases, which leads to involuntary excretion of urine.

Cervical cystitis manifests itself with frequent urge to urinate and urinary incontinence

Cystitis is accompanied by general intoxication of the patient's body and dysuric syndrome. The patient has:

increase in body temperature up to 39 ° C;
weakness;
drowsiness;
feeling of aches in the whole body;
recurrent headaches.

Dysuric syndrome is characterized by the following clinical picture:

Constant urge to urinate.
Minimum volume of urine.
Incomplete emptying of the organ.
Sensation of fullness in bladder even after urination.
Irritation in the urinary tract.
Turbid color of urine due to the content of pus, blood, impurities in it.
The presence of an atypical unpleasant odor.
Pain in the lower abdomen, aggravated at the time of emptying the bladder.

Pathology develops suddenly and rapidly. Against the background of weakened immunity, in a few days, non-infectious cystitis can turn into infectious due to the addition of a secondary infection.

Features of the disease in women and children

In women, infection most often occurs along the ascending route. This is due to the peculiarities of the structure of their body.

As a rule, chronic inflammation is diagnosed in women.

Cervical cystitis can occur when the reproductive organs, such as the uterus, are misplaced. In case of violation of blood supply in the area of the bladder triangle, the microflora changes, inflammatory processes develop. In the future, there is a possibility of infection.

Pain in the lower abdomen and frequent urge to urinate is a characteristic sign of cystitis in women.

Cystitis during the period of bearing a child can lead to serious complications: the threat of miscarriage, premature birth, infection of the fetus. Therefore, timely therapy is very important. This will help save the life and health of the expectant mother and her baby.

Children are at risk of cervical cystitis no less than adults. The causes of pathology often become:

hypothermia of the body;
heredity;
constant use of diapers;
violation of hygiene rules;
congenital anomalies.

In children, especially in newborns, it is very difficult to identify this disease. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully monitor the behavior of the child, controlling body temperature and urine color.

If you experience any alarming symptoms, you should urgently consult a doctor. You can not use any medications on your own, especially antibiotics. This can lead to irreversible consequences.

Diagnostic Measures

The effectiveness of therapy depends on the correctness of the diagnosis. Therefore, diagnosis is an important tool in the fight against the disease. It is necessary to determine the form of the inflammatory process and differentiate the infection, due to which cervical cystitis developed.

Laboratory studies allow you to most accurately determine the nature of the disease

The following methods are used to make a diagnosis:

Collection of anamnesis. Establish causal relationships, identify circumstances and provoking factors.
General urine analysis. Determine the nature of the inflammation.
General blood analysis. Establish the nature of cystitis. Confirmation of infectious cystitis is a change in the number of leukocytes and an increase in the ESR figure.
Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the urinary organs. The localization of inflammation and destructive modifications of the mucosa of the organ are noted.
Bacteriological culture of a smear taken from the urinary canal. Determine the type of pathogen.
polymerase chain reaction. Reveal the presence of infections and hereditary diseases, the stage of their development.

PCR often becomes the only sure way to detect active stages of cystitis. The high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of the analysis contribute to the detection of foreign DNA and RNA of the pathogen even in cases where single cells of the pathogen are present in the patient's body.

In some cases, instrumental and hardware diagnostic methods are used to determine changes in organs:

cystoscopy;
biopsy;
radiograph.

Based on the results of the research, the specialist differentiates the inflammatory process of the bladder neck with urolithiasis, acute appendicitis, pyelonephritis.

Treatment

Depending on the degree and stage of development of the pathology, the therapy of the disease is carried out in a hospital or at home.

Primary cervical cystitis in a mild form, occurring without complications, is treated at home under the supervision of a doctor. In other cases, hospitalization is recommended.

The full course of therapy includes not only taking medications. Mandatory components of the treatment of cystitis are:

diet food;
physiotherapy;
complete rest;
the use of traditional medicine recipes (after consultation with the doctor).

Conservative therapy

All medications are prescribed by a doctor. Usually, drugs of different groups are used to treat cervical cystitis:

Broad spectrum antibiotics. Their use is required to fight a bacterial infection. Such drugs are selected taking into account their effect on pathogens. Most commonly used:
Cefixime;
Norfloxacin;
Furagin.
Antifungal agents. They are used in the case when inflammation is provoked by fungi that have entered the urinary canal and bladder. They usually help:
- Fluconazole;
- Nystatin;
Amphotericin (with the help of this medicine, the bladder is washed).
Anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal drugs. They eliminate inflammation and help reduce pain, normalize body temperature:
- Nisit;
- Voltaren candles;
- Ibuklin;
- Paracetamol;
- Ketanov;
Diclofenac.
Antispasmodics. Relieve muscle spasms and pain syndrome:
Drotaverine;
Riabal;
Papaverine;
Spazgan.
Detrusitol. Used in the stage of urinary incontinence. This drug reduces the muscle tension of the sphincters, which prevents uncontrolled urination.
Immunomodulators. Strengthen the immune defense of the whole body, thereby helping to fight infection:
Taktivin;
Imudon.
Uroseptics based on natural and plant components. They have a diuretic and anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and mild analgesic effect:
- cystone;
- Phytolysin;
- Kanefron;
- Monurel;
- Nephrokea;
- Uroprofit;
Probiotics. Prevent relapses associated with changes in the microflora of the urinary tract and other organs close to the bladder:
- RioFlora;
- Bifiform;
- Acipol;
- Lactobacterin;
Antihistamines. They have an anti-allergic effect on possible irritants that can cause inflammatory processes:
- Cetrin;
- Claritin;
- Zyrtec;
- Erius.
local treatment. These are Voltaren suppositories used vaginally or rectally. Also used drugs that are drip injected into the cavity of the bladder:
- sea buckthorn oil;
- Furacilin.

During pregnancy, safe medications are used to help relax the muscles of the bladder. Self-medication is unacceptable!

Drugs for the treatment of cystitis - photo gallery

Ibuprofen is a simple and reliable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
Kanefron-N - a medicine that will help relieve inflammation of the bladder
Linex helps to restore healthy intestinal microflora after antibiotic therapy
Miramistin is an excellent disinfectant
Monural is an effective drug in the fight against cystitis
No-shpa - a classic remedy for spasms and pains
Timalin fights viruses and boosts immunity Urolesan - anti-inflammatory drug on a natural basis
Fucis is prescribed for the fungal nature of cystitis
Ciprofloxacin - an antibacterial drug that can be prescribed for cystitis

Surgical intervention

In cases where the detected cystitis is gangrenous in nature, surgical intervention is performed. Excision of necrotically damaged tissues of the organ and bladder plastic is carried out. During rehabilitation, standard drug therapy and local instillations using antiseptics are used.

Surgical treatment of cystitis is performed under general anesthesia.

Sometimes the need for surgical intervention arises when diagnosing polyposis and cystic cervical cystitis. Such manipulations are performed using a cystoscope. The recovery is pretty fast.

Sometimes urethral plastic surgery is required, which is directly related to anatomical anomalies.

Folk recipes

With the permission of the doctor, folk remedies are used. It is the specialist who determines the optimal duration of such therapy. It must be borne in mind that this is only concomitant treatment.

The most popular recipes are:

Infusion of field chamomile. Steep boiling water in the amount of 400 ml pour 2 tbsp. l. vegetable raw materials. Infuse for 20 minutes. Filter. Take 3-4 times a day, 70 ml (1/3 cup) before meals.
A decoction of parsley seeds and bearberry leaves. Dry raw materials are mixed in a ratio of 2:3. One tablespoon of the resulting mixture is poured into a glass of cold clean water and infused for about six hours, and then boiled over low heat for 5 minutes. Cool and filter. Drink a decoction throughout the day.
Bearberry can be taken both in the acute form of cystitis, and in the chronic course during an exacerbation
A decoction based on diuretic herbs. Take 5 g of young twigs and leaves of thuja, bearberry herb, birch buds and hernia herb. The resulting mixture is poured with one liter of boiling water. Cook on low heat for 5 minutes. Filter. Drink a little all day.
Infusion of yarrow. One tablespoon of herbs is brewed with one glass of boiling water. Insist 30 minutes. Filter. Drink four times a day.
Tincture on black poplar buds. To prepare such a medicine, 20 g of young kidneys are poured with half a glass of vodka or cognac. Infuse for 7 days in a tightly closed container in a dark, warm place. Filter. Take 20 drops each time before meals.
Black poplar bud tincture is an excellent folk remedy for cystitis
A mixture of onion, apple and natural honey. All components are taken in equal proportions. Finely rub an apple and onion on a grater, mix the resulting slurry with honey until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. Take the remedy for 1 tsp. half an hour before meals. Every day it is necessary to prepare a new portion of such a medicine.
Decoction of goutweed and pine cones. Mix 3 tsp. gout and 1 tsp. cones. Pour the mixture with two cups of boiling water, bring to a boil and insist for an hour. Filter. Take 50 ml before meals.
Infusion of birch tar in milk. 10 drops of tar are added to a glass of milk. Mix thoroughly. Drink 1/3 cup before meals.
Rosehip root decoction. In a liter of boiling water add 4 tbsp. l. crushed raw materials. Bring to a boil, strain and cool. Use 100 ml before each meal.

Physiotherapy

An important role in the treatment of cervical cystitis is played by physiotherapy. In urology, good results can be achieved through the following methods:

Electrophoresis. With the help of a constant electric current, the necessary medicines are injected into the affected area.
Ultrasonic acupressure. Ultrasound is detrimental to pathogenic microflora. The result of the procedure is an improvement in blood flow, an increase in local immunity and the elimination of infection.
Inductothermy. The electromagnetic field creates a thermal effect, which accelerates the process of restoration of damaged areas, activating blood circulation.

At home, local heating of the diseased area is available with a warm heating pad or salt. This can be done only in cases where the doctor himself recommends such manipulations.

Local heating can be done at home with a conventional heating pad and hot water, but this requires the permission of the attending physician

Diet

Bed rest and diet can speed up recovery. It is necessary to radically revise the diet and abandon the following foods and dishes:

sour fruits and berries;
strong coffee and tea;
hot spices and spices;
pickles;
marinades;
smoked meats;
pickles;
spicy and fatty foods;
soda;
alcohol.

It is important to control the drinking regimen. You need to drink at least two liters of water per day.

Water promotes the removal of infection from the body

It is desirable to include in the patient's diet:

fruits: watermelons, melons;
fermented milk products: cottage cheese, yogurt, curdled milk;
lean meat: veal, beef, rabbit meat;
chicken meat;
boiled vegetables;
fresh cucumbers;
boiled porridge.

Bladder Protector Products - Video

Consequences of the disease

The lack of treatment, sparing regimen and dietary nutrition for cystitis can lead to a number of negative consequences.

Inflammation gradually passes into the urethra. In this case, damage is possible not only to the mucous membrane of the organ, but also to the muscle tissue of the bladder. In the future, the infection can spread throughout the body.

Due to the development of cervical cystitis, a person becomes limited in his actions. Urinary incontinence takes away the opportunity to lead an active normal life, to be a full member of society. Patients are deprived of the joy of sex and the possibility of communication.

Preventive measures for the occurrence of inflammation of the bladder triangle are:

rejection of bad habits;
compliance with hygiene rules;
the use of underwear made from natural fabrics;
proper nutrition;
active lifestyle;
lack of allergens;
strengthening immunity;
the use of medicines in accordance with their purpose;
avoidance of stressful situations.

Any disease is easier to prevent than to treat.

Fighting cystitis - video

With an attentive attitude to your health, the threat of inflammation of the bladder is minimal. In the event of cervical cystitis, it is important to promptly seek help from qualified doctors.

Cystitis is a common problem among women. These or other signs of inflammation in the bladder are found in at least 10% of the population. This disease, although considered by many to be rather banal, can cause considerable suffering and limit an active life. As a rule, there are diffuse forms of pathology, when the entire mucous membrane of the bladder is affected, but cervical cystitis also often occurs.

Causes and mechanisms

But the very presence of microorganisms does not yet indicate the unconditional development of inflammation. In addition to a sufficient infectious dose and pathogenicity of a foreign agent, this also requires conditions on the part of the human body. And the following conditions can contribute to the development of the pathological process:

Hypothermia.
General disease (diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, tumors, etc.).
Taking certain medications (glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants).
Radiation therapy.
Psycho-emotional stress.

These are the cases when there is a decrease in the intensity of immunity and suppression of the body's defenses. In women, other factors that contribute to the penetration of infection into the bladder or changes in the mucous membrane play an important role. These should include:

Beginning of sexual activity and menstruation.
Frequent change of partners.
Non-compliance with hygiene rules.
Gynecological diseases (colpitis, vulvitis).
The period of menopause.

In menopausal women, there is a decrease in the concentration of estrogens, which provokes dry mucous membranes and a decrease in local immunity due to a decrease in the secretion of class A immunoglobulins. But the age factor has a much wider influence: the sensitivity of cells to oxidative stress increases and tissue hypoxia develops. Therefore, the risk of cervical cystitis in women after 50 years is significantly increased.

But despite the main role of the microbial factor, cystitis can also have a non-infectious origin. Then it develops under direct action on the bubble wall of chemicals, high or low temperature, ionizing radiation.

In order for cystitis to develop in the cervical region, a combination of several factors is almost always necessary: microbial invasion and a decrease in the body's defenses.

Classification

Like other types of cystitis - diffuse or focal - inflammation of the bladder neck occurs in two clinical variants: acute and chronic. The first, in turn, has several forms:

catarrhal.
Hemorrhagic.
Ulcerative.
Gangrenous.

This is determined by the degree of development of the inflammatory process and the involvement of the layers of the bladder wall: from hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane to ulceration and gangrene. And in chronic cystitis, proliferation and sclerosis predominate over the processes of alteration (damage). In addition, interstitial inflammation is isolated separately, which has a non-infectious nature and is more associated with metabolic or neuroendocrine disorders in the body. It should also be borne in mind that inflammation of the cervix is often combined with a lesion of the bladder triangle - trigonitis.

Symptoms

To suspect cervical cystitis allows its clinical picture. An extremely important information is provided by a survey of patients, during which it is possible to identify not only complaints, but also many risk factors for the disease. The main symptoms of bladder neck inflammation are dysuric disorders:

Pain in the lower abdomen.
Cutting and burning at the end of urination.
Frequent need to go to the toilet, including at night (nocturia).
Urinary incontinence.

Urine changes its visual characteristics: color and transparency. It becomes cloudy and takes on a different shade: from dark yellow and brown to red (hemorrhagic process) and blue-green (infection with Ps. Aeruginosa). Palpation in the suprapubic region will be painful. And with severe cervical cystitis, the general condition of the patient may also suffer: the temperature rises, weakness and malaise develop.

Symptoms of cervical cystitis are widely known to many women - they are mainly determined by urination disorders.

Additional diagnostics

An obligatory component of the diagnosis of cystitis, including cervical, is an additional examination. Bladder inflammation can be confirmed using the following methods:

Urinalysis (leukocytes, bacteria, erythrocytes, transitional epithelium, mucus).
Three glass sample (leukocytes in all portions).
Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko (leukocytes and erythrocytes in 1 ml).
Urine culture (more than 1000 CFU in 1 ml).
Determination of the sensitivity of microflora to antibiotics.
Ultrasound (thickening and heterogeneity of the mucous membrane).
excretory urography.
Cystoscopy.

It should be noted that the last two instrumental studies are shown only in chronic cystitis. And in the acute process, cystoscopy is generally prohibited, since it provokes a deterioration in the condition. Women with cystitis also need to consult a gynecologist and be screened for sexually transmitted infections.

Treatment

Inflammation of the bladder is mainly subject to conservative treatment. Apply complex therapy aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease and suppressing the mechanisms and factors of its development. Of course, each of the cases is considered on an individual plane in order to take into account all the characteristics of the patient's body.

Medicines

The basis of traditional therapy for cystitis is the use of drugs. They have a wide spectrum of action, and therefore allow you to influence various links in the development of pathology. Based on the results of the examination, the doctor draws up a treatment program that includes the following medications:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (Ortofen, Ketanov).
Antispasmodics (Riabal, No-shpa).
Antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, penicillins, macrolides).
Uroseptics (Furamag, 5-NOC).
Hemostatics (Dicinone, aminocaproic acid).
Desensitizing (Suprastin, Tavegil).

If cystitis is of non-infectious origin, then hormonal agents (dexamethasone) and drugs that improve healing (methyluracil) are used. With a protracted process, instillations of medicinal solutions are used (Collargol, Miramistin, sea buckthorn or rosehip oil, Dimexide with Hydrocortisone and Novocain).

Any medications are taken only in accordance with medical recommendations. Self-medication is dangerous with undesirable effects.

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy helps to treat chronic cervical cystitis. Their action is to increase blood flow, improve the regenerative potential of the mucous membrane. As a rule, we are talking about the following methods:

Electrophoresis.
diadynamic currents.
Inductothermy.
ultrasound therapy.
Rectal ultratonotherapy.
Paraffin and ozocerite applications.

But it should be remembered that physical methods can be used only after the elimination of an acute process, because thermal and other procedures increase the activity of such inflammation.

Operation

Surgical treatment is indicated only in cases where gangrenous cystitis has developed. Then excision of necrotically altered tissues and bladder plastics are performed. And in the postoperative period, along with general medical support, local instillations of antiseptics and antibiotics are carried out.

Prevention

To prevent the development of cystitis and its exacerbation, it is important to lead a healthy lifestyle, avoid hypothermia and casual sexual intercourse, treat gynecological diseases and pyelonephritis in a timely manner. Menopausal women are advised to use vaginal suppositories or estrogen cream. To prevent exacerbations, a course of uroseptics or fluoroquinolones is effective.

Cystitis, including cervical, is an actual problem for many women. Timely detection of its symptoms should be the reason for extended diagnosis. And the establishment of the cause of the inflammatory process is the key to ensuring the adequacy and effectiveness of treatment.

An infectious inflammatory process localized in the neck of the bladder is called cervical or cervical cystitis.

This disease can be primary and secondary in nature, acute, subacute and chronic.

Inflammation of the bladder neck occurs in patients of various ages and genders. As a rule, the disease has a bacterial etiology. The main cause of cervical cystitis in women is considered to be the rapid multiplication of pathogenic microflora due to the influence of environmental factors or exacerbation of sexual infections.

Causes of the disease, mechanisms of spread of infection

The inflammatory process of the cervical bladder in women in an acute form occurs within 3-4 days of cell infiltration by the infectious agent. Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate the cervical mucosa as follows:

through the excretory organs (rectum, urethra);
infection through the circulatory system;
transmission of infection from nearby organs (uterus, kidneys).

Risk factors that predispose to the development of infection are:

the period after surgery on the organs of the genitourinary system;
hypothermia;
internal hemorrhages;
transferred and chronic diseases of the genital organs and kidneys.

The cervical region of the bladder is located below the organ, it is surrounded by muscle tissue, which is responsible for holding urine. The mucosa of the bladder in the filled form is a smooth tissue, after the generation of the organ, it becomes folded.

This structure predisposes to the accumulation and reproduction of pathogenic microflora if a person has to empty the bladder frequently, and the immune system is weakened for some reason.

Cervical cystitis is a consequence of the insecurity of the cystic triangle, provoking trigonitis.

Typology of the disease

In urological practice, chronic cervical cystitis is considered the most common, pathology can develop slowly over several years.

The chronic course in the process can acquire a latent (with a stable inflammatory, but not acute character, rarely turning into a subacute form), preexisting (bacterial changes are found in the culture, but the symptoms of cervical cystitis do not appear), interstitial form (with pronounced symptoms of pathology).

Symptomatic picture of the disease

Cervical cystitis has specific symptoms, this disease is difficult to determine without a diagnosis, since all disorders develop rather slowly, a person gets used to the pathological order of urination and may not notice the problem.

The main signs of an anomaly are manifested in the form of frequent urges to the toilet, the frequency of which has a certain chronology. During trips in a small way, the patient defecates in scanty quantities, because the urine simply does not have time to collect.

With exacerbations, pain and discomfort during urination may appear. The nature of the symptoms may vary depending on the individual characteristics of pathogenesis.

Additional signs of cervical cystitis:

strong ammonia smell of urine;
excess of the norm of leukocytes in the analyzes;
fever;
sweating, strong smell of sweat;
change in urine color.

Diagnostic Measures

When visiting a doctor, a clinical examination is carried out, including anamnesis and palpation in the pubic area.

Mandatory is the delivery of urine and blood tests. An endoscopy and a smear from the mucosa are also done. In the acute form, a contrast X-ray examination is performed.

How is cervical cystitis treated?

Symptoms and treatment of pathology are inextricably linked. The tactics of therapy are based on the patient's complaints and the results of the tests. In addition, the root cause that caused the inflammatory process in the organ plays an important role.

In case of bacterial infection, antibiotic therapy is recommended. The range of drugs used is determined according to bacteriological culture data, which accurately shows the sensitivity of the bacteria to certain components of the drug. In combination with antibiotics, diuretic, immunostimulating and hormonal drugs are prescribed. If a long course of antibacterial drugs is expected, it is recommended to take probiotics during and after treatment.

Cervical cystitis involves course complex therapy in which the following drugs are used:

Cephalosporin antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin);
With high nephrosensitivity or after suffering or chronic kidney pathologies, less nephrotoxic penicillin antibiotics are used - lincomycin, amoxil, amoxicillin.
In the case when the infection is of venereal origin, tetracycline antibiotics or targeted drugs - macrolides are used.
With a latent form of cervical cystitis, you can do without injections and tablets, but only with local preparations. In this case, treatment takes place in a hospital. The patient needs to visit the polyclinic 3 times a week during the trimester, where a solution of heparin or dioxidine will be injected into the bladder through a catheter.

Complementary Therapy

In addition to taking medications, the patient is advised to follow a diet that regulates restrictions on the use of sweet, fatty and fried foods. It is also necessary to abandon carbonated drinks, salted and smoked fish.

It is important to observe the drinking regimen and drink from 1.5 to 2 liters of water daily. During the course, you need to give up alcoholic beverages, reduce the use of caffeine. And you should also avoid eating foods containing a large amount of spices (picks, marinades, ready-made sauces).

As maintenance drugs, phyto-collections and infusions and decoctions based on plants with anti-inflammatory properties are used. Pharmaceutical preparations of this group include tablets and tincture of kanefron, urolesan drops, cyston infusion.

You can prepare a medicinal decoction for douching with infections of the genitourinary system yourself. For this, dried chamomile and calendula flowers, dill seeds, St. John's wort are suitable.

Also popular folk remedies for cystitis are sitz baths with a decoction of horsetail and onion husks.

Prevention of cervical cystitis

This disease is the result of neglect of one's own health. To prevent the appearance of infection, you can follow the following rules:

Avoid wearing synthetic or overly tight underwear. It has been proven that when wearing thong panties, the risk of developing inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system increases several times.
Dress appropriately for the weather, and try not to expose your body to prolonged exposure to cold.
Do not overload the kidneys - the inflammatory process can provoke not only susceptibility to fungus or bacteria, pathologies of the urinary system can be the result of excessive alcohol consumption, spicy or salty foods.
Follow the rules of personal hygiene - the irregular change of underwear, pads and tampons contributes to the development of infection.
Urinary retention - patience is good when it comes to going to the toilet on time. It is absolutely impossible to hold urine for a long time and endure it to the last, especially for girls and women, this can not only lead to inflammation of the bladder neck, but also to urinary incontinence in the future.
Use of medicines as directed - any medicines must be used strictly according to the doctor's prescription. Even the usual over-the-counter antispasmodics can have a negative effect on the kidneys. And non-compliance with dosages in the treatment of antibiotics leads to the multiplication of fungal microorganisms that provoke candidiasis.

Since cystitis can be caused by chronic sexually transmitted infections that have not been baked in the past, as a preventive measure, women are advised to undergo a gynecological examination every 6 months and be tested for STDs.

Cervical cystitis is an unpleasant disease that can cause a lot of discomfort, it is difficult to get rid of it in a chronic form, but if the development of inflammation is detected in time, the treatment will give good results, and if the above preventive measures are followed, you will not be afraid of relapse of the disease.

A characteristic feature of cervical cystitis is the localization of the inflammatory process in the region of the bladder neck and muscle sphincters. The disease is most often diagnosed in women, occasionally detected in men and children. In addition to discomfort during urination, this pathological reaction causes spontaneous excretion and urinary incontinence. If you do not engage in proper treatment in the acute phase of inflammation, the process will turn into chronic cervical cystitis, as a result of which the patient will periodically encounter stable, unpleasant relapses of the disease.

The main function of the bladder is to store urine, which is carried by the ureters from the kidneys. The excretion of urine during urination is carried out through the urethra. The organ of the excretory system is located in the pelvic area, anatomically it is an egg-shaped muscular cavity with a narrowed zone at the bottom. This bottleneck is located at the junction of the bladder into the urethra and is called the neck. The gate of the ureters and the outlet of the urethra form the vesical triangle.

The neck is surrounded by a powerful double circular muscle - these are the internal and external sphincters that ensure the tightness of the organ. They contract and relax, thereby regulating the flow of urine (retention, draining). When the muscles are affected by foci of inflammation, their full work and urinary function are disrupted, which leads to involuntary leakage of urine.

With cervical cystitis of the bladder, pathology rarely covers only the neck. Often the vesical triangle is involved in the process. In medicine, this condition is called trigonitis. Cervical inflammation is a form of trigonitis that affects the lower vesical triangle.

Reasons for development

The mechanism of the origin of the inflammatory process in the neck of the bladder is the same as in other forms of cystitis. The primary cause of the pathology is the penetration of infectious agents into the bladder. Much less often, the disease has a non-infectious nature of origin. Inflammation is provoked by various pathogenic flora: bacteria, viruses, chlamydia, fungi, mycoplasma, Trichomonas, Koch's bacillus.

Methods of infection:

On the descending path - diseased kidneys act as an infectious agent.
On the ascending path - the source of the spread of pathogenic flora are the genitals and the rectum. The development of cystitis in women according to the ascending type of infection is especially important due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure and location of the urinary system.
The spread of infection along with the blood flow from other affected organs (for example, against the background of inflammation of the prostate gland).
The introduction of pathogenic bacteria during surgical or other intervention on the bladder.

As a result, we can identify the main points that cause the inflammatory process of the bladder neck:

Provocative factors of cervical cystitis: hypothermia, bathing in cold water, weakened immunity, unprotected sex, a sedentary or sedentary lifestyle, leading to congestion in the pelvic organs.

Clinical manifestations

Symptoms of cervical cystitis occurring in the acute phase have a pronounced clinical picture:

The main specific symptom characteristic of this form of cystitis is uncontrolled urine output due to loss of sensitivity of the affected sphincters. It is worth noting that incontinence is a critical moment of the disease. With timely treatment, this trouble can be avoided.
Very frequent desire to urinate, decreased portions of urine.
The presence of discomfort in the lower abdomen and perineum: soreness of varying intensity, pain and burning during urination.
False urge to empty the bladder.
Urine with an unpleasant odor, visually cloudy, possible impurities of blood or pus.
Soreness is significantly increased during sexual intercourse, which prevents the conduct of a full-fledged intimate life.
In a laboratory study of a general analysis of urine, leukocytes are detected in its composition in an increased amount, pus (pyuria), the presence of erythrocytes is not excluded.

The acute form of cervical cystitis has a sudden onset, and the listed symptoms are often associated with fever, loss of strength, lethargy and drowsiness. Due to the frequent urge to urinate, a person does not get enough sleep, which causes irritability. Acute manifestations can disturb for a week, and then gradually dull or disappear altogether. This trend does not indicate a spontaneous cessation of the pathological process, but signals the transition of inflammation of the bladder neck to the chronic stage. Treatment of cervical cystitis should be started when the first signs appear, otherwise in the future the disease will constantly recur at the slightest hypothermia or a decrease in immunity.

The chronic form of inflammation of the cervix has smoother symptoms, and during the period of remission they may be completely absent, which is why many people delay the examination by a specialist. Such a frivolous attitude to one's health is fraught with complications in the form of constant incontinence, inflammation of the kidneys, urine reflux into the ureters from the bladder. In order to reliably diagnose the chronic stage, cystoscopy is prescribed, which allows examining the mucous membrane of the bladder triangle. Depending on the nature and size of the revealed changes, the type of chronic cystitis is determined - cystic, polypous, ulcerative, necrotic, catarrhal.

Treatment tactics

If the first symptoms occur, it is necessary to immediately visit a urologist for examination and delivery of clinical and laboratory tests (urine, blood, sensitivity to antibiotics). Based on the data obtained, the doctor will determine the cause of the inflammation and prescribe an adequate treatment for cervical cystitis.

General rules to be followed during the therapy phase:

Compliance with bed rest in the acute phase of the disease.
During treatment, you can not visit the bath, solarium, swimming pool, engage in active sports.
Drinking enough clean water (at least 1.5–2 liters).
Replace the usual tea and coffee with drinking diuretic infusions based on herbs, compotes, fruit drinks from sour berries and fruits.
The menu should not contain any food irritants - preservation, pickles, marinades, sauces, spices, spicy dishes.
Wear natural underwear that does not restrict movement. Comfort comes first, so wearing tight "thongs" is highly undesirable.
Depending on the pathogen, mandatory treatment with antibacterial drugs is carried out, as well as anti-inflammatory drugs, drugs to increase immunity and improve blood supply to the pelvic organs, and vitamins are prescribed.
As an additional measure, the doctor may recommend therapeutic exercises and physiotherapy sessions.

Common drugs

All medicines must be prescribed by a doctor; it is categorically not recommended to select drugs for treatment on your own:

The bacterial form of cervical cystitis is treated with antimicrobial drugs - Monural, Ciprofloxacin, Furazidin, Norfloxacin, Suprax.
In the fight against the disease, herbal medicines are also effective - Cyston, Phytosilin, Kanefron. They have a diuretic and anti-inflammatory effect, kill microbes.
The use of drugs for local treatment - instillations, rectal and vaginal suppositories. They help to restore the mucous membrane, eliminate soreness, relieve inflammation.
At the stage of urinary incontinence, therapy is supplemented with Detrusitol.
In parallel, it is recommended to take vitaminizing and immunomodulating agents.

The duration of the treatment course and dosage is selected by a specialist in each case individually.

Preventive measures

No one is safe from cervical cystitis, but careful attention to one's own health will significantly reduce the likelihood of developing an inflammatory process in the bladder. To do this, you must follow simple rules: dress according to the weather, prevent freezing of the feet, go to the toilet in a timely manner, wear underwear made from natural fabrics, monitor personal and sexual hygiene, observe the water regime, and engage in feasible physical exercises. In addition, women and men need to be regularly examined by specialized specialists in order to eliminate diseases of the genitourinary system in time.