The meaning and mechanism of action of hormones that are produced in the human body. Hormones of the female body - the names where they are produced and what they are responsible for, the norm and treatment of abnormalities

It includes organs that produce hormones that are necessary for the normal functioning of the body. Each type of hormone is responsible for a certain, and their insufficient or excessive production affects the performance of all organs and tissues. It is necessary to consider in detail what hormones are and why a person needs them.

Concept and classification

What is a hormone? The scientific definition of this concept is rather complicated, but if explained in a simple way, then these are active substances that are synthesized in the body, necessary for the performance of all organs and systems. When the level of these substances in the body is disturbed, a hormonal failure occurs, which, first of all, affects the nervous system and the psychological state of a person, and only then dysfunctions of other systems begin to occur.

What hormones are can be understood by finding out their functions and significance in the human body. They are classified according to the place of formation, chemical structure and purpose.

According to chemical characteristics, the following groups are distinguished:

• protein-peptide (insulin, glucagon, somatropin, prolactin, calcitonin);
• steroids (cortisol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol);
• amino acid derivatives (serotonin, aldosterone, angiothesin, erythropoietin).

A fourth group can be distinguished - eicosanoids. These substances are produced in non-endocrine organs and act locally. Therefore, they are called "hormone-like" substances.

• thyroid;
• epithelial body;
• pituitary;
• hypothalamus;
• adrenal glands;
• ovaries;
• testicles.

Each hormone in the human body has its own purpose. Their biological functions are shown in the following table:

This table only shows the main purposes of several hormones. But each of them can stimulate and be responsible for several functions at once. Here are a few examples: Adrenaline is not only responsible for muscle contraction, but also regulates pressure and in some way participates in carbohydrate metabolism. Estrogen, which stimulates reproductive function, affects blood clotting and lipid metabolism.

The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck and has a very small weight - about 20 grams. But this small organ plays a big role in the body - it is in it that hormones are produced that stimulate the work of all organs and tissues.

And - the main hormones of this gland. For their formation, iodine is needed, which is why they are called iodine-containing. T3 - contains three iodine molecules. It is produced in small amounts and has the ability to quickly break down, getting into the blood. T4 - consists of four molecules, has a longer pot life and is therefore considered more important. Its content in the body is 90% of all human hormones.

Their functions:

• contribute to the development of proteins;
• stimulate energy metabolism;
• increase blood pressure;
• affect the work of the central nervous system;
• control cardiac performance.

If there is a lack of T3 and T4, then the performance of all body systems is disrupted:

• decreased intelligence;
• metabolism is disturbed;
• decreased production of sex hormones;
• dulled heart sounds.

Serious disorders in the psyche and nervous system can be observed. Elevated levels cause irritability, sudden weight gain or loss, tachycardia, hyperhidrosis.

The two states in which these substances exist are:

• Associated - do not affect the body as long as they are delivered by albumin protein to organs.
• Free - have a biologically active effect on the body.

Since everything is interconnected in the body, these types of hormones are reproduced under the influence of TSH produced in. That is why information is important for diagnosis not only about thyroid hormones, but also about the TSH hormone.

Parathyroid hormones

Behind the thyroid gland is the parathyroid gland, which is responsible for the concentration of calcium in the blood. This is due to - PTH (parathyrin or parathyroid hormone), which stimulates metabolic processes in the body.

Functions of PTH:

• reduces the level of calcium excreted by the kidneys;
• stimulates the absorption of calcium into the blood;
• increases the level of vitamin D3 in the body;
• with a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, it removes them from the bone tissue;
• with an excess of phosphorus and calcium in the blood, deposits them in the bones.

A low concentration of parathyroid hormone leads to muscle weakness, problems with intestinal peristalsis, heart failure and a change in the mental state of a person.

Symptoms of a decrease in parathyroid hormone:

• tachycardia;
• convulsions;
• insomnia;
• occasional chills or feeling hot;
• heartache.

A high level of PTH has a negative effect on bone formation, the bones become more brittle.

Symptoms of elevated PTH:

• growth retardation in children;
• muscle pain;
• frequent urination;
• skeletal deformity;
• loss of healthy teeth;
• constant thirst.

The resulting calcification disrupts blood circulation, provokes the formation of stomach and duodenal ulcers, and the deposition of phosphate stones in the kidneys.

The pituitary gland is a brain process that produces a large number of active substances. They are formed in the anterior and posterior part of the pituitary gland and have their own special functions. It also produces several types of hormones.

Formed in the anterior lobe:

• Luteinizing and follicle-stimulating - are responsible for the reproductive system, the maturation of follicles in women and spermatozoa and men.
• Thyrotropic - controls the formation and release of the hormones T3 and T4, as well as phospholipids and nucleotides.
• Somatropin - controls the growth of a person and his physical development.
• Prolactin is the main function: the production of breast milk. It also takes part in the formation of secondary female characteristics and plays an insignificant role in material metabolism.

Synthesized in the posterior lobe:

• - affects the contraction of the uterus and, to a lesser extent, other muscles of the body.
• Vasopressin - activates the work of the kidneys, removes excess sodium from the body, participates in water-salt metabolism.

In the middle lobe - melanotropin, is responsible for the pigmentation of the skin. According to recent data, melanotropin may have an effect on memory.

The hormones produced in the pituitary gland are under the influence of the hypothalamus, which plays the role of a regulator of the secretion of active substances in the organs. is a link connecting the nervous and endocrine systems. The hormones of the hypothalamus - melanostatin, prolactostatin, inhibit the secretion of the pituitary gland. All the rest, for example, luliberin, folliberin, are aimed at stimulating the secretion of the pituitary gland.

The active substances that are formed in the pancreas make up only 1-2% of the total. But, despite the small amount, they play a significant role in digestion and other body processes.

What hormones are produced in the pancreas:

• Glucagon - increases the level of glucose in the blood, is involved in energy metabolism.
• Insulin - reduces the level of glucose, inhibits its synthesis, is a conductor of amino acids and minerals to the cells of the body, prevents protein deficiency.
• Somatostatin - reduces the level of glucagon, slows down blood circulation in the abdominal cavity, prevents the absorption of carbohydrates.
• Pancreatic polypeptide - regulates contractions of the muscles of the gallbladder, controls secreted enzymes and bile.
• Gastrin - creates the necessary level of acidity for the digestion of food.

Violation of the production of hormones by the pancreas, in the first place, leads to diabetes. An abnormal amount of glucagon provokes pancreatic tumors of a malignant nature. With failures in the production of somatostatin and leads to various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Hormones of the adrenal cortex and gonads

The adrenal medulla produces very important hormones - adrenaline and norepinephrine. Adrenaline is formed when stressful situations occur, for example, in shock situations, with fear, severe pain. Why is it needed? When there is resistance to negative factors, that is, it has a protective function.

Also, people notice that when they receive good news, there is a feeling of inspiration - the excitatory function of norepinephrine is activated. This hormone gives a feeling of confidence, stimulates the nervous system, and regulates blood pressure.

Corticosteroid substances are also produced in the adrenal glands:

• Aldosterone - regulates hemodynamics and water-salt balance in the body, is responsible for the amount of sodium and calcium ions in the blood.
• Corticosterone - participates only in water-salt metabolism.
• Deoxycorticosterone - increases the stamina of the body.
• - Designed to stimulate carbohydrate metabolism.

The reticular zone of the adrenal glands secretes sex hormones - that affect the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The female ones include - androstenedione and, which are responsible for hair growth, the functioning of the sebaceous glands and the formation of libido. Estrogens (estriol, estradiol, estrone) are produced in the ovaries, the reproductive function of the female body is completely envy from them.

In men, they practically do not play a role, since their main hormone is testosterone (formed from DEA) and is produced in the testicles. The second most important male hormone - dehydrotestosterone - is responsible for potency, development of the genital organs and libido. In some cases, in men, it can turn into estrogen, which leads to impaired sexual function. Human sex hormones, wherever they are formed, depend on each other and simultaneously affect the body of men and women.

Hormones, types of hormones and their influence

Hormones are biologically highly active substances produced in the endocrine glands. Hormones enter the bloodstream and are very far away, but precisely in those tissues that will be regulated by them. The amount of hormones in the body depends on many factors, including the time of day and the age of the woman or man. The life support of the reproductive function of a woman is carried out through the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaries system precisely with the help of these biologically active substances, that is, hormones, and only an analysis of hormones will help to get a clear picture.

The term “hormone” itself comes from the Greek word for “excite”.

We naively believe that we make decisions on our own, show interest in someone of our own free will, and reject someone, voluntarily join our fate with someone. In fact, very many of our actions - especially when it comes to communicating with the opposite sex - are controlled by amazing, full of mysteries and secrets, chemical compounds - hormones. Women are women in every sense of the word and with all the ensuing consequences, precisely under the influence of female hormones. This also applies to men, only they are led by male hormones. However, in every woman there is a little bit of a man, and in every man there is a little bit of a woman. In the hormonal sense of these words.

female hormones

ESTROGEN is the most feminine hormone. It is synthesized by the ovaries. Estrogen causes the regularity of the menstrual cycle, in girls it causes the formation of secondary sexual characteristics (enlargement of the mammary glands, growth of pubic and armpit hair, a characteristic shape of the pelvis). In addition, during puberty, estrogen helps the girl's body prepare for a future sex life and motherhood - this applies to many points related to the state of the external genitalia and uterus. Thanks to estrogen, an adult woman maintains youth and beauty, good skin condition and a positive attitude towards life. If the amount of estrogen in the female body is normal, the woman, as a rule, feels great and often looks younger than her peers with a disturbed hormonal background. Estrogen is also responsible for a woman's desire to nurse and protect her nest.

DATA:

Since estrogen has a calming effect, it is given to aggressive men in prisons - it is believed that this helps to cope with outbursts of anger.

Estrogen also improves memory. That is why women during menopause, when ovarian failure causes a drop in estrogen levels in the body, often have difficulty remembering. Usually, hormone replacement therapy helps to cope with this, which protects a woman in menopause, and from other health-related troubles.

Estrogen causes the female body to store fat. This is very upsetting for women, but it causes enthusiasm among breeders: thanks to the estrogen introduced into the feed, farm animals are remarkably gaining weight.

An indicator of a high level of estrogen in the blood and, therefore, a high ability to conceive a child is a light hair color. Perhaps men, instinctively feeling the fertility of blondes, have an increased interest in them. However, after the birth of the first child, the level of estrogen in the body of a woman decreases, and her hair darkens. Two or three children, and the husband wonders why his beloved blonde wife has darkened her hair.

PROGESTERONE - a hormone that contributes to the timely onset and normal development of pregnancy. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum (Corpus luteum) of the ovaries, placenta, and adrenal glands. It is called the hormone of parental instinct: thanks to progesterone, a woman not only physically prepares for the birth of a child, but also experiences psychological changes.

Progesterone prepares the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg. After fertilization, progesterone begins to be synthesized in the placenta, ensuring the normal course of pregnancy. Progesterone also prepares the mammary glands of a woman to produce milk when a child is born.

The female sex hormone progesterone is a progestogen. The concentration of progesterone in the blood varies according to the life cycle.

DATA:

The level of progesterone in the blood of a woman rises when she sees small children. Some researchers believe that this is caused by a signal tentatively called "the shape of the baby." It has been established that an increase in progesterone in a woman's blood causes the appearance of a small, plump body with a large head and large eyes. This reaction is so strong that progesterone is actively released, even if a woman sees a "baby-like" soft toy, such as a bear. Most men remain completely indifferent to soft and thick toy bears.

PROLACTIN This hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland located in the brain. The biological role of prolactin is to ensure the growth and development of the mammary glands and intensive stimulation of milk production during the period of feeding a child. This hormone is called stress - its content increases with increased physical exertion, overwork, psychological trauma.

DATA:

An "unauthorized" increase in the level of prolactin can cause diseases of the mammary glands - for example, mastopathy, as well as discomfort in the mammary glands during "critical days".

Male hormones (androgens)

TESTOSTERONE - the most male hormone. It is produced by the adrenal glands and testicles. Testosterone is called the aggression hormone. He makes a man hunt and kill prey. Thanks to testosterone, a man is set to provide food and protect his home and family. In modern society, this hormone is fraught with some danger for men, because in order to feed a family, there is now no need to run through the forest and throw spears. In order for the testosterone level to be kept normal, a man needs physical activity - modern representatives of the stronger sex replace the ancient hunt with a modern gym.

During puberty, a boy's testosterone levels skyrocket, turning him into a lean, fast, and purposeful "machine" for getting food. In the same period, under the influence of androgens, the young man turns into a man capable of fertilization.

DATA:

Thanks to testosterone, a beard grows in men and the likelihood of baldness increases, the voice becomes deep and the ability to navigate in space develops. Possessors of lower voices demonstrate higher sexual activity.

In people treated with testosterone, the ability to read road maps improves.

Testosterone levels decrease in people who drink alcohol excessively, as well as in smokers.

The level of testosterone in men becomes lower and at the age of 50-60, they become less aggressive and are more willing to babysit children or their other relatives.

Male hormones, among which testosterone is the leading one, are not suitable for use in agriculture - well, who needs a muscular cow or a pig? But steroids, male hormones, are actively used by athletes in order to quickly build muscle mass. This is done not only by men, but also by women. However, both those and others pay for the use of steroids with hormonal disorders.

"General" hormones

Androgens (including testosterone) in the female body are produced in small quantities in the ovaries and adrenal glands. In some diseases, the level of androgens in the blood of a woman rises, which causes increased body hair growth, a lowering of the voice. Therefore, if you, dear ladies, are concerned about the amount of hair in various parts of the body and their location, contact an endocrinologist for complete peace of mind - he will explain what is the norm and what is a deviation from the norm. Do not be afraid in vain: a certain degree of hairiness is inherent in quite healthy women.

DATA:

During menopause, a woman's levels of the female hormone estrogen decrease and testosterone levels rise. At the age of 45-50, a woman can become more independent and decisive than before and discover the ability for entrepreneurial activity. Among the disadvantages of such a surprise of nature are the likelihood of facial hair growth in a woman, a tendency to stress and an increased likelihood of developing a stroke.

The situation becomes critical

Between the 21st and 28th day of the monthly cycle, the level of female hormones in the blood drops sharply, which leads to the onset of acute symptoms of depression, known as "menstrual tension (MN)". It is these days that can rightly be called critical. It is no coincidence that most women feel in this phase, to put it mildly, not in the best way. It is during this period that women become irritable, aggressive, tired, whiny; many have disturbed sleep, headaches intensify; some even become depressed; some develop acne, pain in the lower abdomen, engorgement of the mammary glands, swelling of the legs and face, constipation, increased blood pressure with headaches to nausea and vomiting. This is due to an excess (estrogen) or deficiency (progesterone) of the hormones. Something similar happens in the menopause (usually at 40 or just after 50): a woman undergoes significant psychological, emotional and hormonal changes.

Hormones and sex

It is known that hormones and sex are closely related to each other. First of all, sex contributes to the production of endorphins - the so-called "happiness hormones". And they, among many effects, also have an analgesic effect. Therefore, if a tooth hurts, it's time to have sex. (By the way, sex, like intense physical activity, improves blood circulation in the body, including in the oral cavity. This makes gums healthier and prevents many dental problems.) And that's not all. Regular sexual activity also releases hormones such as adrenaline and cortisone, which stimulate the brain and prevent migraines.

Doctors believe that sex increases our ability to focus, stimulates attention and creative thinking. In addition, sexual activity prolongs life: those who make love regularly (at least 2 times a week) live much longer than those who remember sex less than once a month.

Be patient, you are men!

The male sex hormone testosterone helps to endure pain. As American scientists have established, it reduces the level of discomfort, making a person less susceptible to pain, contributing to the production of natural painkillers - enkephalins. True, so far it has been possible to demonstrate the correctness of this statement only in experiments on sparrows.

Family matters

Relationships in the family are also subject to hormones. Moreover, it is important in what proportion the levels of testosterone in the spouses are combined.

It turns out that men with below average testosterone levels in the blood feel great in marriage with women who have the same hormone - above average levels. Such a wife perfectly supports her husband, has a more flexible psyche and understands her husband better - after all, a high level of testosterone makes a person more assertive, and this can be expressed both in aggression and in the desire to help loved ones. If, for example, both spouses have a level below the average, then there is a positive point here - they are more positive when discussing family problems.

Combining all the data, the scientists came to a revolutionary conclusion - before you get married, find out the level of male hubbub in yourself and your chosen one. Otherwise, how will you solve problems?

Which hormone is responsible for what?

Our ability to have children largely depends on how different hormones get along with each other. How to understand the results of hormonal tests?

To determine the usefulness of the hormonal background, it is necessary to take tests for hormones. Be careful, hormones are very sensitive to all external changes. Each hormone has its own little "whims". An accurate and indicative determination of the level of hormones in the blood depends not only on the specific day of the woman's menstrual cycle, but also on the time that has elapsed since the last meal.

ABC of the patient

FSH- follicle stimulating hormone

LG- luteinizing hormone

TSH- thyroid-stimulating hormone

BRL- prolactin

T3- triiodothyronine

T4- thyroxine

Testosterone

Thyroid

Thyroid-stimulating hormone controls the activity of the thyroid gland, "forces" it to produce the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

thyroxine regulates the metabolism, energy, oxygen, as well as body temperature, the processes of synthesis and breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, participates in the processes of growth, development and reproduction.

Triiodothyronine Formed from thyroxine, regulates metabolism, growth, development and energy generation in the body.

pituitary (brain)

Prolactin necessary for the maturation of the mammary gland, stimulates the formation and secretion of breast milk, inhibits the secretion of sex hormones.

luteinizing hormone promotes the production of the female sex hormone progesterone. Together with it, it supports ovulation and the second phase of the menstrual cycle.

Follicle stimulating hormone regulates the work of the ovaries: stimulates the growth and maturation of eggs, promotes the synthesis of estrogens.

ovaries

Estradiol The most active female sex hormone is estrogen.

• improves skin and hair condition
• stimulates memory
• strengthens bone tissue
• protects against atherosclerosis
• improves mood

Progesterone helps to maintain a regular menstrual cycle and maintain pregnancy in the first trimester.

Prolactin

In menstruating women - 130-540 mcU / ml. In women in menopause - 107-290 mcU / ml.

• failure of the pituitary gland.

Prolactin

To determine the level of this hormone, it is important to do an analysis in the 1st and 2nd phases of the menstrual cycle strictly on an empty stomach and only in the morning. Immediately before taking blood, the patient should be at rest for about 30 minutes.

Prolactin is involved in ovulation, stimulates lactation after childbirth. Therefore, it can suppress the formation of FSH for "peaceful purposes" during pregnancy and for non-peaceful purposes in its absence. With an increased or decreased content of prolactin in the blood, the follicle may not develop, as a result of which the woman will not ovulate. The daily production of this hormone has a pulsating character. During sleep, its level rises. After awakening, the concentration of prolactin decreases sharply, reaching a minimum in the late morning hours. After noon, the level of the hormone increases. During the menstrual cycle, prolactin levels are higher during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase.

Follicle stimulating hormone

Normal serum concentration: The norm varies depending on the period of the menstrual cycle:

• In the follicular phase - 3-11mU / ml.
• In the middle of the cycle - 10-45 mU / ml.
• In the luteal phase - 1.5-7 mU / ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• insufficiency of the function of the gonads of a genetic or autoimmune nature due to surgical or radiation treatment
• chronic alcoholism
• orchitis
• pituitary tumors that produce follicle-stimulating hormone
• period of menopause.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• failure of the pituitary or hypothalamus
• pregnancy.

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

luteinizing hormone

Normal serum concentration:

• In the follicular phase of the cycle - 2-14 mU / ml.
• In the middle of the cycle - 24-150 mU / ml.
• In the luteal phase - 2-17 mU / ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• insufficiency of gonadal function
• polycystic ovary syndrome
• pituitary tumors

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• decreased function of the pituitary or hypothalamus
• anorexia nervosa.

LH (luteinizing hormone)

The secretion of luteinizing hormone is pulsatile and depends in women on the phase of the menstrual cycle. In the cycle in women, the peak concentration of LH falls on ovulation, after which the level of the hormone falls and "holds" the entire luteal phase at lower values ​​than in the follicular phase. This is necessary in order for the corpus luteum to function in the ovary. In women, the concentration of LH in the blood is maximum in the interval from 12 to 24 hours before ovulation and is maintained during the day, reaching a concentration 10 times higher compared to the non-ovulatory period. During pregnancy, the concentration of LH decreases.

During the examination for infertility, it is important to track the ratio of LH and FSH. Normally, before the onset of menstruation, it is 1, a year after the onset of menstruation - from 1 to 1.5, in the period from two years after the onset of menstruation and before menopause - from 1.5 to 2.

Estradiol

Normal serum concentration:

• In the follicular phase - 110-330 pmol / l.
• In the middle of the cycle - 477-1174 pmol / l.
• In the luteal phase - 257-734 pmol / l.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• ovarian or adrenal tumors that provoke estradiol
• cirrhosis of the liver
• thyrotoxicosis
• taking oral contraceptives
• pregnancy.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• ovarian failure, infertility
• taking certain contraceptive drugs.

Estradiol

A necessary condition for the work of the hormone estradiol is its correct ratio to the level of testosterone.

Progesterone

Normal serum concentration: For each phase of the cycle and week of pregnancy, there are separate indicators of the norm. So, a sign of ovulation and the formation of a corpus luteum is a tenfold increase in progesterone levels.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• congenital dysfunction of the adrenal cortex
• ovarian tumors
• corpus luteum cyst
• diabetes
• in pregnant women, progesterone levels are elevated with renal failure and Rh sensitization.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• lack of ovulation, insufficiency of the "yellow body" and, as a result, infertility
• threatened miscarriage in early pregnancy.

Progesterone

This hormone is important to check on the 19th-21st day of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is a hormone produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta (during pregnancy). It prepares the endometrium of the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg, and after its implantation, it helps to maintain the pregnancy.

thyroxine

Normal serum concentration:

• The level of total thyroxin is 64-150 nmol / l, or 5-10 μg / 100 ml.
• The content of free thyroxine is 10-26 pmol / l, or 0.8-2.1 ng / 100 ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis - diseases associated with excessive thyroid function
• obesity
• pregnancy
• excessive use of drugs containing thyroxine, which are prescribed for the treatment of goiter
• thyroid adenoma.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• hypothyroidism - decreased thyroid function
• insufficiency of the pituitary gland
• the level of free thyroxin in the norm may decrease in the last trimester.

T4 (Thyroxine total)

The concentration of T4 in the blood is higher than the concentration of T3. This hormone, by increasing the rate of basal metabolism, increases heat production and oxygen consumption by all tissues of the body, with the exception of the tissues of the brain, spleen and testicles.

Hormone levels in men and women normally remain relatively constant throughout life. However, in some areas, there is often a decrease in the activity of the thyroid gland, which can lead to serious deviations in one's own health and the health of the unborn child. The hormone thyroxine consists of a prohormone (also very active) - triiodothyronine. The amino acid tyrosine and the microelement iodine serve as substrates for the formation of thyrothyronine and thyroxine. The thyroid gland is extremely important for the normal functioning of any living being. Its main hormone thyroxine is the reins that restrain and skillfully control the galloping horse - our body, adjusting the speed, pace, rhythm of the "run of life" to the conditions of the momentary situation.

Thyroxine contains iodine in its composition, an element whose intake into the body is limited. But nature has made sure that the thyroid gland has the necessary supply of iodine in case, for some reason, there is a break in the supply of the body due to the lack of this element in food. To do this, there is a mechanism that allows you to extract iodine from the blood and create a supply of it for up to 10 weeks.

Unlike other hormones, thyroxine is extremely stable and effective when administered orally. The thyroid gland provides vital functions. She is a barometer of the weather in the body. Thyroxine is necessary for the normal functioning of all organs and systems.

Little iodine - the synthesis of thyroxine is reduced. Hypothyroidism occurs. As a consequence, cretinism in childhood and a disease called myxedema in adults.

excess iodine - increased production of thyroid hormone - rarely occurs due to excess iodine, since excess iodine is excreted by the kidneys if they work normally. The cause of hyperthyroidism is in most cases the pathology of the pituitary gland - increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which accelerates the synthesis of thyroxine in the thyroid gland. Most often, this is a hereditary predisposition or a pituitary tumor, consisting of cells that produce TSH.

When the thyroid gland is removed in young individuals, it leads to stunting, mental changes, severe metabolic disorders, dysfunction of the gonads, changes in blood composition, dry skin, and a decrease in immune protection against infections.

In adults, when the thyroid gland is removed, the described disorders develop more slowly, but qualitatively manifest themselves in the same way as in young ones.

Therefore, the thyroid gland is never completely removed.

In response to iodine deficiency, increased reproduction of thyroid cells occurs as a compensatory-adaptive process. The gland is trying to restore balance - to increase the production of the missing thyroxine by increasing the number of cells producing it. Sometimes it can “overdo it” and then a thyrotoxic goiter occurs - a disease that occurs with symptoms of increased thyroxine production - bulging eyes, palpitations, sweating, psycho-emotional disorders (Basedow's disease).

Triiodothyronine

Normal serum concentration:

• The concentration of total triiodothyronine is 1.2-2.8 nmol / l, or 65-190 ng / 100 ml.
• The content of free triiodothyronine is 3.4-8.0 pmol / l, or 0.25-0.52 ng / 100 ml, on average 0.4 ng / 100 ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• overactive thyroid
• thyrotoxicosis.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• decreased thyroid function, as a variant of the norm - in the third trimester of pregnancy.

T3 free (Triiodothyronine free)

T3 is produced by thyroid follicular cells under the control of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It is a precursor of the more active hormone T4, but has its own, although less pronounced than that of T4, action.

Blood for analysis is taken on an empty stomach. Immediately before taking blood, the patient should be at rest for about 30 minutes.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Normal serum concentration:

• 1-4 honey / ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• primary hypothyroidism - a condition that reflects an insufficiency of the thyroid gland
• pituitary tumors that produce a lot of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• thyrotoxicosis
• decreased function of the pituitary gland
• treatment with thyroid hormones.

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

The level of this hormone should be checked on an empty stomach to rule out thyroid dysfunction.

Testosterone

This hormone can be tested in both men and women on any given day. Both spouses need testosterone, but it is a male sex hormone. In the female body, testosterone is secreted by the ovaries and adrenal glands. Exceeding the normal concentration of testosterone in a woman can cause irregular ovulation and early miscarriage, and the maximum concentration of testosterone is determined in the luteal phase and during the period of ovulation. A decrease in the concentration of testosterone in a man causes, ... correctly, a lack of male strength and a decrease in the quality of sperm.

DEA sulfate

This hormone is produced in the adrenal cortex. This hormone can be tested in both men and women on any given day. It is also needed by the body of both spouses, but in different proportions, because it is also a male sex hormone.

THYROID HORMONES affect, among other things, the formation of germ cells in both spouses and the course of pregnancy.

Antibodies to TSH

Determination of antibodies to TSH makes it possible to predict dysfunction of the thyroid gland. Available on any day of the menstrual cycle

Attention

Many hormones have a daily rhythm of secretion, and their release is associated with food intake. Therefore, it is very important to take tests in the morning, on an empty stomach, after an overnight fast - optimally from 8 to 9 in the morning. The level of hormones that regulate sexual function depends on the phases of the menstrual cycle. So, if there were no special instructions from the doctor, a blood test for estradiol, LH, FSH, progesterone and prolactin should be taken on the 5-7th day from the start of menstruation.

On the eve and on the day of blood donation, intense physical and psycho-emotional stress should be avoided. Do not donate blood when the temperature rises, against the background of infectious diseases. It is advisable to cancel all medications 7 to 10 days before taking an analysis for hormones. If this is not possible, be sure to tell your doctor about the medications you are taking and concomitant diseases, since many ailments can affect the results of laboratory tests.

How were hormones discovered?

The first hormone to be discovered was secretin, a substance produced in the small intestine when food from the stomach reaches it.
Secretin was discovered by English physiologists William Bayliss and Ernest Starling in 1905. They also found that secretin is able to “travel” throughout the body through the blood and reach the pancreas, stimulating its work.

And in 1920, Canadians Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolated one of the most famous hormones, insulin, from the pancreas of animals.

Where are hormones produced?

The main part of the hormones is produced in the endocrine glands: the thyroid and parathyroid glands, the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, the pancreas, the ovaries in women and the testicles in men.

There are also hormone-producing cells in the kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, placenta, thymus in the neck, and the pineal gland in the brain.

What do hormones do?

Hormones cause changes in the functions of various organs in accordance with the requirements of the body.

So, they maintain the stability of the body, provide its responses to external and internal stimuli, and also control the development and growth of tissues and reproductive functions.

The control center for the overall coordination of hormone production is located in the hypothalamus, which is adjacent to the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.
Thyroid hormones determine the speed of chemical processes in the body.

Adrenal hormones prepare the body for stress – the “fight or flight” state.

Sex hormones - estrogen and testosterone - regulate reproductive functions.

How do hormones work?

Hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands and circulate freely in the blood, waiting to be detected by the so-called target cells.

Each such cell has a receptor that is activated only by a certain type of hormone, like a lock is activated by a key. After receiving such a “key”, a certain process is launched in the cell: for example, the activation of genes or the production of energy.

What are the hormones?

There are two types of hormones: steroids and peptides.

Steroids are produced by the adrenal glands and gonads from cholesterol. A typical adrenal hormone is the stress hormone cortisol, which activates all body systems in response to a potential threat.

Other steroids determine the physical development of the body from puberty to old age, as well as reproductive cycles.

Peptide hormones regulate mainly metabolism. They are made up of long chains of amino acids and the body needs protein to secrete them.

A typical example of peptide hormones is growth hormone, which helps the body burn fat and build muscle.

Another peptide hormone - insulin - starts the process of converting sugar into energy.

What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine gland system works together with the nervous system to form the neuroendocrine system.

This means that chemical messages can be transmitted to the appropriate parts of the body either through nerve impulses, through the bloodstream through hormones, or both.

The body reacts more slowly to the action of hormones than to the signals of nerve cells, but their effect lasts for a longer time.

The most important

Hormones are a kind of “keys” that trigger certain processes in “lock cells”. These substances are produced in the endocrine glands and regulate almost all processes in the body - from fat burning to reproduction.

Hormones are biologically active substances of an organic nature. They are produced in the endocrine glands, enter the bloodstream, bind to target cell receptors and affect metabolism and other physiological functions. They cause us fear and rage, depression and happiness, attraction and attachment.

adrenaline- the hormone of fear and anxiety. The heart goes to the heels, the person turns pale, the reaction is "hit and run." Stands out in situations of danger, stress and anxiety. Increased vigilance, internal mobilization, a sense of anxiety. The heart beats strongly, the pupils dilate ("from fear the eyes are large"), there is a narrowing of the vessels of the abdominal cavity, skin and mucous membranes; to a lesser extent, it constricts the vessels of the skeletal muscles, but dilates the vessels of the brain. Increases blood clotting (in case of wounds), prepares the body for long-term stress and increased physical exertion due to muscles. Relaxes the intestines (pooped one's pants with fear), hands and jaws tremble.

Norepinephrine - the hormone of hatred, rage, malice and permissiveness. The precursor of adrenaline, is produced in the same situations, the main action is the heart beats and vasoconstriction, but more and more violently and shorter, and the face turns red. Short burst of anger (norepinephrine), then fear (adrenaline). The pupils do not dilate, the vessels of the brain - the same way.
Animals determine by smell whether adrenaline or norepinephrine is released. If the adrenaline is high, they recognize the weakling and chase him. If norepinephrine, recognize the leader and are ready to obey.
The great commander Julius Caesar made up the best military detachments only from those soldiers who, at the sight of danger, blushed, not turned pale.
Joy is different. There is a calm and bright joy that gives us transparent happiness, and there is a violent, unrestrained joy, overflowing with pleasures and euphoria. So, these two different joys are made by two different hormones. Unbridled joy and euphoria is the hormone dopamine. Joy is bright and calm - this is the hormone serotonin.

Dopamine- a hormone of unbridled joy, pleasure and euphoria. Dopamine pushes us to exploits, madness, discoveries and accomplishments, a high level of this hormone turns us into donquixotes and optimists. On the contrary, if we lack dopamine in the body, we become dull hypochondriacs.
Any occupation or state from which we receive (or rather, look forward to) sincere joy and delight provokes a powerful release of the hormone dopamine into the blood. We like it, and after a while our brain "asks to repeat." This is how hobbies, habits, favorite places, adored food appear in our lives ... In addition, dopamine is thrown into the body in stressful situations so that we do not die of fear, shock or pain: dopamine alleviates pain and helps a person adapt to inhuman conditions . Finally, the hormone dopamine is involved in important processes such as memory, thinking, regulation of sleep and wake cycles. Lack for any reason of the dopamine hormone leads to depression, obesity, chronic fatigue and dramatically reduces sexual desire. The easiest way to release dopamine is to have sex or listen to music that makes you shiver. In general - to do what the very anticipation of which makes you happy.

Serotonin- a hormone of light joy and happiness. If there is a lack of serotonin in the brain, the symptoms of this are a bad mood, increased anxiety, loss of strength, absent-mindedness, lack of interest in the opposite sex, depression, including in the most serious forms. The lack of serotonin is also responsible for those cases when we cannot get the object of adoration out of our head, or, alternatively, we cannot get rid of obsessive or frightening thoughts. If a person has an increase in the level of serotonin, his depression disappears, he ceases to cycle on unpleasant experiences, and good mood, joy of life, a surge of strength and vigor, activity, attraction to the opposite sex quickly come to the place of problems. Melatonin is the hormone of melancholy, the antipode of serotonin. Read more about serotonin →

Testosterone - the hormone of masculinity and sexual desire. Testosterone triggers male forms of sexual behavior: the most obvious differences between M and F, such as aggressiveness, risk-taking, dominance, energy, self-confidence, impatience, desire to compete, are determined primarily by the level of testosterone in the blood. Men become "roosters", easily flaring up with anger and showing pugnacity. Increasing testosterone levels improves intelligence and "churns" empathy.

Estrogen- hormone of femininity. Influence on character: fears, pity, empathy, affection for babies, crybaby. Estrogen develops in F an attraction to a dominant male, strong and experienced, recognized in society, and provides a number of other benefits: improves coordination and accuracy of movements (W is better than M to cope with tasks that require quick skillful movements), enhances language abilities. If a boy is exposed in utero to abnormally high levels of estrogen, he will end up in a male body but with a female brain and grow up peaceful, sensitive, feminine.
Can you change your testosterone levels on your own? Yes. If a man practices martial arts, power and extreme sports, more often allows himself anger, his body increases the generation of testosterone. If a girl often plays a blonde and allows herself fears, her body increases the production of estrogen.

Oxytocin- a hormone of trust and tender affection. An increase in the level of oxytocin in the blood causes a feeling of satisfaction in a person, a decrease in fears and anxieties, a feeling of trust and calmness next to a partner: a person who was perceived as a person who is mentally close to himself. At the physiological level, oxytocin triggers the attachment mechanism: it is oxytocin that makes a mother or father attached to their child, binds a woman to her sexual partner, and creates a romantic mood and sexual attachment and a willingness to be faithful to a man. In particular, oxytocin makes married/in love men stay away from attractive women. According to the level of oxytocin in the blood, one can confidently speak about a person’s propensity for fidelity and readiness to become attached in close relationships. It is curious that oxytocin treats autism well: both children and adults with autism, after treatment with oxytocin, became not only more emotional themselves, but also better understand and recognize the emotions of other people. People with high levels of oxytocin live healthier and longer lives, because oxytocin improves the state of the nervous and cardiac systems, plus stimulates the production of endorphins - hormones of happiness.

Oxytocin analogue - vasopressin gives roughly the same effect.

Phenylethylamine - the hormone of love: if it "jumped" into us at the sight of an attractive object, a lively sympathy and love attraction ignite in us. Phenylethylamine is present in chocolate, sweets and diet drinks, but feeding these products will not help much: to create a state of love, another phenylethylamine is needed, endogenous, that is, secreted by the brain itself. Love potions exist in the tale of Tristan and Isolde or in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, but in reality our chemical system jealously guards its exclusive right to control our emotions.

Endorphins are born in a victorious battle and help to forget about the pain. Morphine is the basis of heroin, and endorphin is an abbreviation for endogenous morphine, that is, a drug that is produced by our body itself. In high doses, endorphin, like other opiates, improves mood and triggers euphoria, but it is wrong to call it the “hormone of happiness and joy”: dopamine causes euphoria, and endorphins only contribute to the activity of dopamine. The main action of endorphins is different: it mobilizes our reserves and allows us to forget about the pain.

Conditions for the production of endorphins: a healthy body, serious physical activity, a little chocolate and a feeling of joy. For a fighter, this is a victorious fight on the battlefield. The fact that the wounds of the winners heal faster than the wounds of the vanquished was known in ancient Rome. For a sportsman, this is a "second wind", which opens on a long distance ("runner's euphoria") or in a sports competition, when the forces seem to be running out, but the victory is close. Joyful and long sex is also a source of endorphins, while in men it is triggered more by vigorous physical activity, and in women by a feeling of joy. If women are more active in sex, and men are enthusiastically joyful, the stronger their health and richer experiences will be.

The main thing that is important to know about hormones is that most of them are triggered by the same physical activity that they produce. Read the article again:
In order for a man to increase his masculinity, he needs to start behaving courageously: testosterone triggers healthy aggressiveness, but it is also triggered by martial arts, strength and extreme sports. If a girl often plays a blonde and allows herself fears, her body increases the production of estrogen, triggering fears and anxieties.

Oxytocin builds trust and close attachment, but it also triggers the same thing: start trusting your loved ones, say kind words to them, and you will increase your oxytocin level.

Endorphin helps to overcome pain and gives strength to the almost impossible. What is needed to start this process? Your willingness to exercise, your habit of overcoming yourself...

If you want to experience elation and euphoria more often, go somewhere where this behavior is practiced. Start screaming with delight in the company of people like you - the dopamine that bubbles up in your blood will delight you. The behavior of delight triggers the experience of delight.

A depressed person chooses gray tones, but mood-enhancing serotonin is triggered primarily by bright sunlight. A person in a bad mood stoops and prefers to lock himself in solitude. But just a good posture and walking will help the production of serotonin, which triggers you to feel joy and happiness. Total: get out of the lair, straighten your back, turn on the bright light, that is, behave like a joyful person behaves, and your body will begin to produce serotonin, the hormone of joy and happiness.

WANT TO CHANGE YOUR STATE - START CHANGE YOUR BEHAVIOR!

The role of hormones cannot be overestimated, but many do not know what functions they perform. This information will help to cure diseases of the endocrine system in time, so the article will tell you what hormones do.

These substances in the human body are needed in scanty quantities, but there are so many functions they perform that it is even difficult to imagine. Hormones, as well as their derivatives, regulate metabolic processes, stages of synthesis and transformation, cell growth and division, organ development, and much more. These signaling regulatory substances are produced by the human endocrine system, which includes the lobes of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, pancreas, and other organs. The slightest disturbance in the hormonal background leads to unpleasant symptoms or diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to know what is the role of hormones in the body, what are the main organs that produce vital active substances.

General information

The human body produces more than 100 major hormones, as well as a dozen activator hormones. These substances are released into the bloodstream or lymph, and then go to a specific organ or tissue. There they act on every cell. Protein substances work on their membranes, and fatty substances penetrate inside and interact with organelles.

It is impossible to say in general what role hormones play for a person, because the regulation of each group occurs in its own way on certain organs. But it can be said for sure that the significance of the functions performed is difficult to overestimate, because only with hormonal balance can the human body live and develop normally. For example, a failure in the synthesis of insulin negatively affects the entire body, although its main role is to lower blood sugar levels.

In total there are 5 groups of hormones:

• regulatory and growth (pituitary hormones);
• sex (substances produced by the ovaries or testicles);
• stress (substances of the adrenal medulla);
• corticosteroids (hormones of the adrenal cortex);
• metabolic (produced by the pancreas, thyroid and other glands).

This does not include various activating hormones that are produced, for example, by the hypothalamus or the anterior lobes of the pituitary gland, because they only “turn on” the synthesis of other hormones without directly affecting the person.

Regulatory and growth

Synthesis regulators and growth hormones of the pituitary gland are responsible for the formation and development of tissue cells (especially bone, cartilage). Without their participation, a person could not live at all, because it is thanks to them that he acquires normal sizes, and his organs correspond to the dimensions of the body.

Any diseases or injuries of the pituitary gland can cause a violation, hormonal regulation goes astray, so dwarfism, gigantism or acromegaly develop.

Somatotropin

Of the entire mass of substances produced by the lobes of the pituitary gland, it is worth highlighting somatotropin. It affects the synthesis and development of cartilage tissue in the human body. The spine and limbs grow in childhood thanks to it and its derivatives. It has a protein nature, therefore, it binds to the cell membrane without penetrating into them.

The hormonal regulation of somatotropin is so strong that even in adulthood it causes a deviation in the development of cartilage tissue, although its growth mainly occurs before the age of 21-23. Due to the hyperfunction of the pituitary gland, gigantism develops in children, and acromegaly in adults.

Sexual

Substances of this group play a major role in the formation, development and operation of the human reproductive system. They are produced in women by the ovaries, and in men by the testicles and prostate. They affect the reproductive system, and at the same time change the appearance of a person, developing secondary sexual characteristics.

female sex hormones

They are also called estrogens. Substances of fatty nature with many functions:

• development of the uterus;
• growth of eggs inside the follicles;
• appearance of secondary sexual characteristics.

This may include:

• estrogen;
• progesterone;
• prolactin;
• oxytocin and others.

The first affects the growth of the breast and the outer part of the reproductive system (small, large labia and more), normalizes the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is one of the hormones of pregnancy, and its main function is to thicken the walls of the uterus for the attachment of the embryo and the development of the placenta.

Prolactin and its derivatives begin to be synthesized at the beginning of the growth of the baby in the womb, play an important role in the growth and development of the mammary glands for breastfeeding. The main function of FSH is to stimulate the growth of eggs in the follicles. Oxytocin - normalizes the basic metabolic processes in women, and also reduces pain during labor.

male sex hormones

The male reproductive system is much simpler than the female one, because the stronger sex is involved only in the fertilization of eggs, and therefore there are fewer hormones. Androgens are produced in the testicles and prostate, and their hormonal regulation consists in the synthesis of sperm, the development of secondary genital organs (growth of the penis, enlargement of the shoulders and back, the appearance of body hair, coarsening of the voice). One of the functions of the active substances of the prostate is the normalization of erection, therefore, due to a decrease in their synthesis, impotence develops with age.

stressful

This group includes epinephrine and norepinephrine. Their hormonal regulation begins during stress in the body, and the main function is to accelerate the work of the cardiovascular system:

• constrict blood vessels;
• rising pressures;
• accelerate breathing and heartbeat;
• increase muscle tension.

Failures in the synthesis of adrenaline or noradrenaline adversely affect health, because chronically high blood pressure and an accelerated heart rate wear out the heart and blood vessels.

Corticosteroids

The main function of corticosteroids is to maintain mineral balance in the body. These substances are synthesized in the adrenal cortex, and their hormonal regulation is not limited to one organ or tissue. They affect metabolic processes throughout the body, maintain a constant mineral composition of the blood, support the removal of excess substances. Corticosteroids help in the treatment of viral hepatitis, arthritis, arthrosis, bronchial asthma and other diseases.

Exchange

This group is the team itself, because it includes various substances, but all of them are united by a common function - the regulation of metabolic processes in the body. They are produced by the pancreas (insulin, glucagon), thyroid (tyrosine, calcitonin), parathyroid (parathyroid hormone), pineal gland (melatonin) and other endocrine organs. Their hormonal regulation extends to the entire body.

The metabolic hormones are:

1. Insulin, which lowers blood sugar.
2. Glucagon is an insulin antagonist that raises glucose.
3. Tyrosine, which regulates iodine levels.
4. Calcitonin - maintains a constant level of calcium in the blood.
5. Parathyroid hormone - releases calcium and phosphorus from bone tissue if their level in the blood decreases.
6. Melatonin - accelerates metabolic processes, affects the biorhythm of the body, gives the skin a tan shade.
7. Melanin - determines skin color.
8. Vasopressin regulates urinary function.

This list can be continued for a very long time, because there are more than 50 species.

Hormones perform various functions in the body, not only human health, but also his life depends on their work. Therefore, it is necessary to know what different groups of active substances influence, because then it is much easier to recognize the violation and start its treatment in time. Keep track of the hormonal composition, taking tests every few years in order to avoid various diseases.

- biologically active substances. Their production occurs in specialized cells of the endocrine glands.

Translated from the ancient Greek language, the word “hormones” means “to induce” or “excite”.It is this action that is their main function: being produced in some cells, these substances induce the cells of other organs to act, sending them signals.

That is, in the human body, hormones play the role of a kind of mechanism that triggers all vital processes that cannot exist separately.

Human hormones are produced throughout life. At the moment, science knows more than 100 substances produced by the endocrine glands, which are characterized by hormonal activity and which regulate metabolic processes.

Story

The term "hormone" itself was first used in the works of the English physiologists W. Bayliss and E. Starling in 1902, and the active study of the endocrine glands and hormones was initiated by the English physician T. Addison in 1855.

Another founder of endocrinology is the French physician K. Bernard, who studied the processes of internal secretion and the corresponding glands of the body - organs that secrete certain substances into the blood.

Subsequently, another French doctor, C. Brown-Sequard, made his contribution to this branch of science, linking the development of certain diseases with the insufficiency of the function of the endocrine glands and showing that extracts of the corresponding glands can be successfully used in the treatment of these diseases.

According to modern studies, it has been reliably established that insufficient or excessive synthesis of hormones negatively affects the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of metabolic processes in the body, and this, in turn, contributes to the development of almost all diseases of the endocrine glands.

How hormones work

External or internal stimuli of one kind or another act on the body's receptors and give rise to impulses in them, which first enter the central nervous system, and then the hypothalamus.

In this part of the brain, primary active substances of remote hormonal action are produced - the so-called releasing factors, which, in turn, are sent to the pituitary gland. Under the influence of releasing factors, either the production and release of tropic hormones of the pituitary gland is accelerated or slowed down.

At the next stage of the process, hormones are delivered through the circulatory system to various organs or tissues (the so-called "targets"). At the same time, each of the hormones has its own chemical formula, which determines which of the organs will become a target. It is worth noting that the target may be not one organ, but several.

They act on target organs through cells equipped with special receptors that can perceive only certain hormones. Their relationship is similar to a lock with a key, where the receptor cell, opened by the hormone key, acts as a lock.

Attaching to receptors, hormones penetrate into the internal organs, where, with the help of chemical action, they force them to perform certain functions, due to which, in fact, the final effect of the hormone is realized.

Having completed their task, hormones are either broken down in target cells or in the blood, or transported to the liver, where they are broken down, or finally eliminated from the body mainly in the urine (for example, adrenaline).

Regardless of the location, there is always a clear structural and spatial correspondence between the receptor and the hormone.

An increase or decrease in hormone production, as well as a decrease or increase in the sensitivity of hormonal receptors and a violation of hormonal transport leads to endocrine diseases.

The role of hormones in the human body

Hormones are of great biological importance, with their help, coordination and coordination of the work of all organs and systems is carried out:

• Thanks to these substances, each person has a certain height and weight.
• Hormones affect the emotional state of a person.
• Throughout life, hormones stimulate the natural process of cell growth and decay.
• They are involved in the formation of the immune system, stimulating or inhibiting it.
• Substances produced by the endocrine glands control metabolic processes in the body.
• Under the influence of hormones, the body tolerates physical activity and stressful situations more easily.
• With the assistance of biologically active substances, there is a preparation for a certain life stage, including puberty, childbirth and menopause.
• Certain substances control the reproductive cycle.
• The feeling of hunger and satiety a person also experiences under the influence of hormones.
• With the normal production of hormones and their function, sexual desire increases, and with a decrease in their concentration in the blood, libido decreases.
• Hormones maintain homeostasis.

The main properties and features of the action of hormones

1. High biological activity. Hormones regulate metabolism in very low concentrations - in the range from 10-8 to 10-12M.
2. Distance of action. Hormones are synthesized in the endocrine glands and have biological effects in other target tissues.
3. reversibility of action. It is provided with dosed release adequate to the situation and subsequent mechanisms of hormone inactivation. The time of action of hormones is different:

• peptide hormones: sec - min;
• protein hormones: min - hours;
• steroid hormones: hours;
• iodothyronines: day.

1. Specificity of biological action(each hormone has a specific effect on a specific organ or tissue through a specific receptor cell).
2. Pleiotropy(variety) of action. For example, catecholamines have been seen as short-term stress hormones. Then it was found that they are involved in the regulation of matrix syntheses and processes determined by the genome: memory, learning, growth, division, cell differentiation.
3. Dualism of regulations(duality). So, adrenaline both narrows and expands blood vessels. Iodothyronines in large doses increase protein catabolism, in small doses they stimulate anabolism.

Classification of hormones

Hormones are classified according to chemical structure, biological functions, place of education And mechanism of action.

Classification by chemical structure

According to the chemical structure, hormones are divided into the following groups:

1. Protein-peptide compounds. These hormones are responsible for the implementation of metabolic processes in the body. And the most important component for their production is protein. Peptides include insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreas and growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Their composition may include the most diverse number of amino acid residues - from 3 to 250 or more.
2. Derivatives of amino acids. These hormones are produced by several glands, including the adrenal glands and the thyroid gland. And the basis for their production is tyrosine. Representatives of this species are adrenaline, norepinephrine, melatonin, and thyroxine.
3. Steroids. These hormones are produced in the testicles and ovaries from cholesterol. These substances perform the most important functions that allow a person to develop and acquire the necessary physical form that adorns the body, as well as reproduce offspring. Steroids include progesterone, androgen, estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone.
4. arachidonic acid derivatives- eicosanoids (have a local effect on cells). These substances act on cells located near those organs that are involved in their production. These hormones include leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and prostaglandins.

Peptide (protein)

1. Corticotropin
2. Somatotropin
3. Thyrotropin
4. Prolactin
5. Lutropin
6. luteinizing hormone
7. Follicle-stimulating hormone
8. Melonocyte-stimulating hormone
9. Vasopressin
10. Oxytocin
11. Parathormone
12. Calcitonin
13. Insulin
14. Glucagon

Amino acid derivatives

1. Adrenalin
2. Norepinephrine
3. Triiodothyronine (T3)
4. Thyroxine (T4)

Steroids

1. Glucocorticoids
2. Mineralocorticoids
3. Androgens
4. Estrogens
5. Progestins
6. Calcitriol

The cells of some organs that are not related to the endocrine glands (cells of the gastrointestinal tract, cells of the kidneys, endothelium, etc.) also secrete hormone-like substances (eicosanoids) that act at the sites of their formation.

Classification of hormones according to biological functions

According to their biological functions, hormones can be divided into several groups:

Table. Classification of hormones according to biological functions.

This classification is conditional, since the same hormones can perform different functions. For example, adrenaline is involved in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and, in addition, regulates blood pressure, heart rate, and smooth muscle contraction. Estrogens regulate not only reproductive function, but also affect lipid metabolism, induce the synthesis of blood coagulation factors.

Classification by place of education

According to the place of formation, hormones are divided into:

Classification by mechanism of action

According to the mechanism of action, hormones can be divided into 3 groups:

1. Hormones that do not enter the cell and interacting with membrane receptors (peptide, protein hormones, adrenaline). The signal is transmitted inside the cell with the help of intracellular messengers (second messengers). The main end effect is a change in the activity of enzymes;
2. hormones that enter the cell(steroid hormones, thyroid hormones). Their receptors are found inside cells. The main end effect is a change in the amount of enzyme proteins through gene expression;
3. membrane-acting hormones(insulin, thyroid hormones). The hormone is an allosteric effector of membrane transport systems. The binding of the hormone to the membrane receptor leads to a change in the conductivity of the ion channels of the membrane.

Adverse factors affecting the work of hormones

The main human hormones throughout life ensure the stability of the body. Under the influence of some factors, the stability of the process may be violated. Their approximate list is as follows:

• various diseases;
• stressful situations;
• changing climatic conditions;
• unfavorable ecological situation;
• age-related changes in the body. (In men, hormone production is more stable than in women. In the female body, the amount of hormones secreted varies depending on various factors, including the phase of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause.

The following signs indicate that a hormonal imbalance could have formed:

• general weakness of the body;
• cramps in the limbs;
• headache and ringing in the ears;
• sweating;
• impaired coordination of movements and slow reaction;
• memory impairment and lapses;
• sudden mood swings and depression;
• unreasonable decrease or increase in body weight;
• stretch marks on the skin;
• disruption of the digestive system;
• hair growth in places where they should not be;
• gigantism and nanism, as well as acromegaly;
• skin problems, including oily hair, acne and dandruff;
• menstrual irregularities.

How is hormone levels determined?

If any of these conditions manifests itself systematically, it is necessary to contact an endocrinologist. Only a doctor, based on the analysis, will be able to determine which hormones are produced in insufficient or excessive amounts, and prescribe the correct treatment.

How to achieve hormonal balance

With a slight hormonal imbalance, lifestyle adjustments are indicated:

Compliance with the daily routine. Full-fledged work of body systems is possible only when creating a balance between work and rest. For example, the production of somatotropin increases 1-3 hours after falling asleep. At the same time, it is recommended to go to bed no later than 23 hours, and the duration of sleep should be at least 7 hours.

Physical activity. Physical activity allows to stimulate the production of biologically active substances. Therefore, 2-3 times a week, you need to do dancing, aerobics or increase activity in other ways.

Balanced diet with an increase in the amount of protein intake and a decrease in the amount of fat.

Compliance with the drinking regime. During the day, you need to drink 2-2.5 liters of water.

If more intensive treatment is required, the table of hormones is studied, and medications are used that contain their synthetic counterparts. However, only a specialist has the right to appoint them.