How to learn full or short communion. Short and full participles: differences

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by a poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); nice started glorious deed ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog by a bright window.)

Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle

Note . The real/passive meaning and time are expressed in participles with the help of special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Communions divided into real and passive.

Valid communion indicate the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy does.

Passive communion designate a sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e., a sign of an object on which an action has been or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action smash, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present and past tense (the participles have no future tense).

Participle formation

1. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (perfective verbs do not have participles present tense).

2. Passive communion are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.

4. Communions the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passionate communion The past tense is predominantly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid communion present time -usch-/-yusch-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pi-sh-ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shouting - screaming, talking - talking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid communion past tense formed with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive communion present time formed with suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (chitae] my), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive communion past tense formed with suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems into a consonant (P rines ti- brought) or on -and (note - noticed).

Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form participles past tense.

Short form participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by cases).

Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Communions differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote constant attributes of objects, and communion- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, older.

Communions may lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already permanent sign of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... everyone's favorite(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Most easily pass into passive adjectives communion: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.

Communions are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in colloquial everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-permanent (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted scheme of analysis, but can be noted.

Consider the features of short participles and their examples, learn how to distinguish them from adjectives. These parts of speech are one of the most common causes of spelling errors. They are easy to confuse with adjectives, especially short ones, because they are pronounced almost the same. How to distinguish a short adjective from a short participle.

First, let's define what a short is. These are certain formations from words formed from the full participles of both pledges: active, passive. Any time, except for the future - the present and the past. Word formation occurs through the reduction of that part of the word that changes - inflection (sometimes it is called the ending). Sometimes the base is truncated along with it.

Note! Brief incl. is always used only in the passive voice, because some action is performed on it by another person.

Short participles: examples

How short forms are formed from full ones

Present tense:

Short participles: examples

Past tense:

A short participle answers such questions: what (a) (o)? — what are?

For example: the book is painted (what?), the exercise is solved (what?), the castle is robbed (what?).

Short participles: examples

Use in speech

In sentences and phrases, must be consistent with the other members of the proposal. In particular, with nouns and pronouns that act as defined words. Most often, their syntactic function is a predicate. More precisely - a compound nominal predicate.

Examples of a predicate, expressed briefly. par.: Newspapers were bought by old people. The bed was covered with a blanket. The article was not read by the student.

Take note! Sometimes it plays the role of a separate definition, referring exclusively to the subject.

Participles in brief form change both by gender and by number. The masculine gender is characterized by negative inflection - zero ending (shorn, watered (flower), extinguished (bonfire))

To agree with feminine nouns:

• singular - ending "a". For example, sheared, watered, extinguished (candle)
• plural - ending "s". For example, washed, watered, repaid.

For the neuter gender, the plural endings coincide with the feminine gender. For the singular, the ending "o" is typical: cut, watered, extinguished.

Useful video: short participles

Suffixes

Also short. participle can be separated from a similar adjective by suffixes.

Short participles: examples

Participle VS Adjective

Now let's turn to the burning problem of differences briefly. participle and adjective.

Let's take two phrases: "the girl is brought up", "the girl is brought up by her mother". The most obvious difference is that in the second case, the person who performed the action is represented. This is the mother who raised the girl.

Do not forget that the participle is, first of all, the form of the verb. It follows from this that if the sentence contains an object that has performed some action on the subject (for example, “a pear is grown by a gardener”), we have a brief view of it. Also, one of the striking features of this part of speech is that a short participle in a phrase can be replaced by a full one. For example, “a girl raised by her mother”, “a pear grown by a gardener”.

The main function of the adjective is characterizing. This part of speech emphasizes signs, focuses attention on them.

The phrase “the girl is well-bred” does not indicate the person who committed the action, but draws attention to the characteristic “what is this girl like?” - "educated". Here we are dealing with a short adjective. You can replace it with a complete one, we get "a well-bred girl." It does not matter how the result is achieved, the main thing is its presence.

To complete the test with absolute certainty, try replacing the phrase with synonyms. The adjective is easily replaced by a full synonym: "the girl is well-mannered - the girl is cultured." As mentioned above, the participle is a form of the verb, so the synonymous substitution occurs due to this part of speech: “the girl was raised by her mother” - “the mother raised the girl”.

Orthographic features

One of the main differences between these two language units is located in the field of spelling.

Short participles: examples

Spelling of short adjectives and participles

• we write the adjective with two "n" - "nn";
• we write the participle with one "n".

How do we write the particle "NOT"

An additional complication arises when choosing the number of letters in the suffix, if the particle "not" is present. This problem is relevant for both considered parts of speech. Remember the following simple scheme:

NOT with short passive participles is always written separately. They are also characterized by the use of dependent words in the phrase, as already mentioned. This function is, as it were, replaced by the adverb "very" in examples with short adjectives. For example: the world is very beautiful, the student is very smart.

Useful video: short passive participles

Conclusion

When writing, you need to be extremely careful, monitor the meaning of words, the presence of dependent words, the use of the “not” particle, the possibility of replacing with synonyms. In case of difficulties or questions, be sure to refer to the spelling dictionary or corpus of the Russian literary language, which can be found on the Internet.

The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. In the school course of the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle precisely as a special verb form, however, many linguists argue that it is an independent part of speech, which has its own grammatical features.

Communion in Russian

The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: a participle is a special form of words denoting an action with pronounced signs of an adjective that answer questions Which? doing what? and what did he do? In fact, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time determine its features in a certain period of time. It is this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also a common mistake in denoting the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, students confuse the participle with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in a sentence. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of real, passive participles and verbal adjectives.

Similarities of participles with verb and adjective

The participle includes grammatical signs of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfective and imperfective, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or incomplete action. It can take the form of reflexivity and can be active or passive. Like adjectives, there is a full and short participle. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, cases and numbers, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that the participle can only have the present and past tenses. It has no future tense. For example: jumping - imperfect view in the present tense and jumping - perfect view in the past tense.

Participle Features

All participles, depending on what sign they show, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the sign of the object to which the action is directed) and real (indicating the sign of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guiding, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looked; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from the verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From this we can also conclude that the formation of the participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the sacrament is that, together with the words dependent on it, it quite often forms a turnover, which is separated by commas in writing.

Valid participles

To form real participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as the basis and the suffix is ​​added to the first conjugation -usch-, -yusch-, and to the second -ash-, -ash-. For example: jump - galloping, treat - treating. To form a real participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -ti- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: go - riding, carry - carried.

Passive participles

Passive participles are also formed as a result of the replacement of suffixes. To form the present tense for the first conjugation of verbs, suffixes are used -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, store - stored. In order to get the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use the suffix -enn-. For example: dye - dyed, whiten - bleached. If the end of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to get the participle use the suffix -T-. For example: inflate - inflated, smack - ripped.

Short and full communion

Passive participles have two forms: short and full. The short participle has the same grammatical features as the short adjective. They are formed from the full form of the participle and can vary in numbers and gender, but do not decline in cases. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example: I am not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as hell. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both an adjective and a verb, and in a sentence they are always a definition.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words to themselves, while forming turns, which have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal attributes and has become an adjective, which depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, tense strings, high spirits. Given this possibility of the participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.

Scheme of morphological parsing of the sacrament

Although the participle is not distinguished into a separate independent part of speech, but only they say that it is a special verb form with elements of an adjective, nevertheless, morphological analysis is carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, the name is determined, in this case it is a participle. Further, its morphological features are described: the initial form is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in the masculine and singular; describe constant signs, which include the following indicators: real participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in the sentence and the type of participle; the next paragraph is a description of non-permanent signs: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in the sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).

Subject. Full and short passive participles

Educational: Give the concept of short participles, their syntactic role in a sentence; repeat short adjectives.

Developing: Development of analytical thinking, mastering the methods of educational activities, independence.

Educational: Education of love for the Russian language, instilling interest in its knowledge

DURING THE CLASSES

The short form of participles is formed from the basis of the full form with the help of endings:

zero - for masculine gender,

A - feminine

Oh - neuter

Y - plural

For example: glued th - glued, glued A , glued O , glued s

That is, the endings of short participles consist of one letter or may be zero.

Unlike full participles, short participles DO NOT decline (do not change in cases).

Brief participles answer questionswhat? what? what is it? what are

Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.

What is the difference between full and short participles?

3.2 Primary consolidation of knowledge.

a) Reading material p.45

b) performing exercise 103