With 178 underwater. The target is on the opposite course. Eternal memory to the dead submariners

The elected president of Georgia, Salome Zurabishvili, said that she was not going to cooperate with Russia and maintain a balance in relations with Russia and Western countries.

“I know that they mistakenly said about me that I want to balance [between Europe and Russia] this is fake news,”

- said the new Georgian leader in an interview.

South Ossetia and Abkhazia got out of control of Tbilisi as a result of military events in the early 1990s.

Since the autumn of 2008, Georgia has had a law “On the occupied territories” that establishes a special legal status for the administration of the territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which de facto and de jure are not subordinate to Tbilisi. In the text of the document, the republics are named as the Abkhaz Autonomous Republic and the Tskhinvali region.

The law significantly restricts the political and economic rights of the governments of the partially recognized republics.

It should be noted that earlier, as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, Zurabishvili had a dialogue with Moscow, thanks to which she achieved the withdrawal of Russian military bases from the country. The politician herself considered this a personal "historic achievement."

In addition, in an interview, the elected president of Georgia emphasized that the actions of the latter in relation to Ukraine hinder the normalization of relations with Russia - she did not specify which ones either.

“I don’t think there is a balance here. We are the West, we are Europe. If the West, Europe or our American partners start some form of dialogue with Russia, we will also be there, we will follow it so that our principles, our sovereignty and territorial integrity are respected,” Zurabishvili said.

Russia commented with restraint on the results of the presidential elections in Georgia. “Of course, we followed the information messages that came from Georgia. We take note of the information and the fact of the candidate’s victory,” the press secretary of the President of Russia said in response to a request to assess the victory of Salome Zurabishvili.

Salome Zurabishvili won the second round of the presidential elections in Georgia. Based on the results of processing 100% of the ballots, she won 59.52% of the votes. Her opponent is 40.48%. The turnout was 56.23%. Vashadze has already stated that he does not recognize the election results.

The inauguration of the elected president will take place on December 16. The term of office is six years. The possibilities of the president in Georgia are significantly limited after the constitutional reform, now the head of state will mainly perform representative functions.

Zurabishvili was born on March 18, 1952 in Paris into a family of political emigrants. In France, the politician made a diplomatic career, worked for more than 30 years in the structures of the Fifth Republic, and even was the French ambassador to Georgia in 2003. A year later, she headed the Georgian Foreign Ministry, and in 2005 she created her own opposition party.

In 2013, she tried to run for the presidency of Georgia, but she was denied registration as a candidate due to her dual citizenship (France and Georgia). In August 2018, Zurabishvili gave up her French passport in order to vote.

She herself, after winning the elections, declared that she wanted to be the president of all Georgians. “I want to be an ordinary president who drinks coffee, walks the streets and is part of society. Let's see how well I can do it. Now I have very big plans, ”she said in a conversation with reporters.

TBILISI, November 5 - RIA Novosti. Former Speaker of the Georgian Parliament, leader of the Democratic Movement Party Nino Burjanadze believes that none of the presidential candidates after winning the second round of elections will be able to change relations with Russia.

Both presidential candidates, within the framework of the election campaign, announced their intention to continue the country's external course towards integration into NATO and the European Union in case of victory in the elections. None of them announced specific plans regarding the settlement of relations with Russia. Burjanadze, in turn, is in favor of starting a direct dialogue with the Russian leadership, as he believes that only in this way it is possible to solve the problems existing in bilateral relations.

"None of the candidates will be able to change anything in relations with Russia. All they do is compete in who will most accuse each other of "pro-Russian" sentiments. These are not the people who can make a breakthrough in Russian-Georgian relations. In this election, there was not a single candidate who dared to say at least about improving relations," Burdzhanadze told RIA Novosti on Monday.

The ex-speaker of the parliament said that she was preparing for the parliamentary elections, she was going to create a third force and thereby provide people with an alternative choice between the former ruling authorities from the party of ex-president Mikheil Saakashvili's "United National Movement" and the ruling team "Georgian Dream", the founder and chairman which is the Georgian oligarch Bidzina Ivanishvili.

"For me, the most important thing now is to create a force to provide people with an alternative, and I am sure that we will get a good result in the parliamentary elections ... Based on the fact that many in Georgia want to improve relations with Russia, and not one of the presidential candidates can provide this cannot, I am sure that we will achieve very successful results in the parliamentary elections," she added.

Burdzhanadze found it difficult to predict the results of the second round of elections, noting that "no matter how these elections end, the fact is that the 'Ivanishvili era' is beginning to disintegrate."

Now there are no diplomatic relations between Russia and Georgia, the dialogue between the countries is maintained within the framework of the Geneva discussions. Relations between the two countries were severed after Moscow recognized the sovereignty of Abkhazia and South Ossetia on August 26, 2008. The leaders of Russia have repeatedly stated that the recognition of the independence of the two former Georgian autonomies reflects the existing realities and is not subject to revision.

On the night of August 8, 2008, Georgia fired on South Ossetia from Grad multiple rocket launchers, Georgian troops attacked the republic and destroyed part of its capital, Tskhinvali. Russia, protecting the inhabitants of South Ossetia, many of whom took Russian citizenship, sent troops into the republic and, after five days of hostilities, ousted the Georgian military from the region.

Representatives of the new government of Georgia, who came to power following the elections in October 2012, have repeatedly stated that they hope to return the territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, but only by peaceful means. Georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia meet regularly in the framework of the Geneva discussions. At the same time, Tbilisi refuses to recognize the independence of the republics, calling them "occupied by Russian troops."

On April 9, 1991, the Act on the Restoration of the State Independence of Georgia was adopted in Tbilisi. Over the past quarter century, three presidents have changed in the country and four wars have gone through - the Georgian-Ossetian, civil in the early 1990s, the Georgian-Abkhaz and Georgian-Russian in 2008. As a result of hostilities, Georgia lost 20 percent of its territory, in particular Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and received more than 320,000 internal refugees. At the same time, Tbilisi has achieved the signing of an association agreement with the European Union, lives in anticipation of the abolition of visas with the EU, while the visa regime with Russia is in effect.

What role did its presidents play in the formation of Georgian statehood, what did the political leaders of the country succeed and what did not succeed over the past 25 years?

The dissident president and nationalism

"The first president of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, under whom a country called Georgia appeared on the world map at the end of the 20th century, is a representative of the dissident movement," says David Jishkariani, a historian and lecturer at the Georgian American University. "Gamsakhurdia focused on the mythological origin of the Georgian ethnic group and liberation of the country from the evil in the face of the Russian Empire". This, according to the expert, contributed to the development of Georgian nationalism in the 1990s.

At the same time, the first Georgian president missed the chance to take advantage of Russia's weakness and establish regional cooperation in the South Caucasus, notes Corneli Kakachia, director of the Georgian Institute of Politics.

Zviad Gamsakhurdia failed to establish relations with the former political elite of the country. "Gamsakhurdia did not have the skills of public administration. He stayed in power for only a year and was forced to leave the country as a result of the coup," recalls David Jishkariani. Later, the first Georgian leader returned to Western Georgia, where he headed the government in exile. Gamsakhurdia died in 1993, according to one version - he committed suicide, according to another - he was killed.

The rule of corruption and the emergence of a new political elite

In 1992, Zvmad Gamsakhurdia was replaced by former Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. "His clan rule was remembered for massive rampant corruption, although it was under him that the first attempts at institutional leadership of the country were made," notes historian Jishkariani. In addition, it was under Shevardnadze that the Constitution of Georgia was adopted in 1995 and Tbilisi's desire for European and Euro-Atlantic integration was declared.

During the years of Shevardnadze's rule (from 1992 to 2003) there were successes and failures in resolving local conflicts. On the one hand, Jishkariani emphasizes, the Black Sea region of Georgia, Adzharia, with its capital in Batumi, was not subordinate to Tbilisi, but with the advent of the Ergneti market in the early 1990s, some progress was made in resolving the South Ossetian conflict (Ergneti - operating until 2004, not far from the administrative line with South Ossetia, an agricultural market, which is believed to have contributed to the settlement of the conflict, since Georgians and Ossetians communicated there. Red. ).

"Under Shevardnadze, a new political elite appears in the form of Zurab Zhvania and Mikheil Saakashvili, who staged a revolution in 2003," says political analyst Kornely Kakachia. We are talking about the so-called "War of the Roses" in November 2003, as a result of which Mikhail Saakashvili's team came to power.

According to the director of the Georgian Institute of Politics, Korneli Kakachia, after leaving power, former Georgian leaders turned out to be unnecessary in their country. “For example, Shevardnadze, although he remained in Georgia, lived as a hermit until his death in 2014. He was not even invited to speak at local universities,” the expert says. According to historian Jishkariani, it is not clear what fate awaits the Georgian Dream and its informal leader Bidzina Ivanishvili. "Georgian Dream" has already lost its popularity. The party has not managed to learn how to effectively manage the country and adequately perceive the problems it faces," he notes.

The path from independence to freedom

In 25 years of independence, none of the Georgian presidents has succeeded in dealing with Georgia's economic problems, political scientist Corneli Kakachia believes. David Jishkariani complains that the level of education in Georgia has declined over the years. According to experts, the most important achievements of Georgian leaders over the past quarter of a century are the emergence of state institutions and a political elite capable of governing the country within the legal framework.

Taking office in November 2013, he called the past 25 years the path from independence to freedom. He repeats that it is one thing to achieve independence from someone that was important for Georgia in the 1990s, and another thing is real freedom, the goal of today's Georgia.

"At the moment, Georgian society is somewhat ignoring this call, because today the solution of social problems has come to the fore, and this issue has even obscured the problem of territorial integrity," historian David Jishkariani believes. "Georgia really has ambitions to achieve real independence, which, in particular, can be expressed in freedom of foreign policy decisions," sums up political scientist Kornely Kakachia.

Salome Zurabishvili is 66 years old. She was born in Paris in 1952 to a family of Georgian political emigrants. Her paternal grandfather, Ivan Ivanovich Zurabishvili, was a member of the Menshevik government of independent Georgia in 1918 and 1921. Before the arrival of the Bolsheviks in the same 1921, he left the country with his family and eventually settled in France.

Later, his son Levan married a Georgian emigrant, Zeinab Kedia, and in 1952 they had a daughter, who was named Salome. In 1972 she graduated from the Paris Institute of Political Science, and in 1973 from Columbia University in the USA. Then she served in the system of the French Foreign Ministry. Specialized in the study of Russia.

Since the end of 2003 - Ambassador of France to Georgia. Having worked in this post for only 3 months, Salome Zurabishvili accepted the offer of the new President of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, to head the country's Foreign Ministry. Zurabishvili considered one of her main successes as foreign minister to be the decision to withdraw Russian military bases from the country. In one of her speeches, she even said that she considers this a historic achievement. The minister also stated that Georgia is not going to continue to host foreign military bases, but will not fix this point in the agreement with Russia, as this will limit its sovereignty.

However, the career of the Georgian diplomat did not last long. A year and a half later, in October 2005, Salome Zurabishvili was fired from her post after she publicly criticized her president. Then the politician was in opposition, participated in actions demanding Saakashvili's resignation. In 2016, she was elected as a member of the Georgian Parliament.

In August of this year, Zurabishvili announced her desire to run for president. And not from any party, but as an independent candidate. Nevertheless, in early September, the ruling party, that is, having a majority in the local parliament, the Georgian Dream party announced that it would not nominate its own candidate, but would support Zurabishvili. After her victory in the elections in the second round, she promised journalists that she would be the president of all citizens of Georgia, regardless of who they voted for in the elections. Her most important task as president will be to unite society and establish stability in the country. Local experts, in turn, hope that, despite her Western European origin, Salome Zurabishvili will take a softer line towards Russia.

Esters on the topic: Russia-Georgia

“One Georgian offends, but everyone is ashamed”

GIA SARALIDZE: “Are you ashamed of a Georgian journalist? Everyone is ashamed! Because now the Georgians will be associated with this subhuman. He did not offend the President of Russia, but first of all he offended the Georgian people. Because now we are all ashamed! There’s nothing to even justify with, it remains only to lower your eyes and say: “I’m sorry!”.

“Putin has reset the situation with Georgia”

SERGEY MIKHEEV: “In Georgia, they tried to bring their “plot” to the end. The TV presenter's speech fit into the continuation of the development of the conflict. They realized that somehow the gurgling subsides - they need to be "thrown up". This was planned by someone. The legitimate indignation took place, but Putin reset the situation, showing that the provocation did not pass.”

On rudeness - sanctions: Russia intends to impose restrictions on Georgia

The State Duma at a meeting on Tuesday unanimously adopted a statement in which it condemned the anti-Russian provocations in Georgia and proposed to respond to them with a number of economic measures. The lower chamber asks the Cabinet of Ministers to submit relevant proposals to the president.

Georgia may lose the Russian market for wine and mineral water

The State Duma on Tuesday may consider the issue of stopping supplies of Georgian wine and mineral water to Russia, as well as banning money transfers to Georgia. This was announced by the leader of the Duma faction "United Russia" Sergei Neverov.

«SUBBOAT S - 178 35 YEARS AFTER THE DEATH Vladimir Boyko Submarine S-178 is dedicated to submariners S-178 35 YEARS AFTER THE DEATH The book is dedicated to the almost forgotten submarine disaster...»

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SUBMARINE

AFTER DEATH

Vladimir Boyko

Submariners

dedicated

SUBMARINE

AFTER DEATH

The book is dedicated to the almost forgotten disaster of the S-178 submarine of the Pacific Fleet

The book occupies the feat of the senior assistant to the commander of the submarine Sergei Kubynin and the memory of the fallen comrades, kept in the hearts of the surviving S-178 submariners.

The book uses unique archival documents and materials, hitherto inaccessible to readers.

Foreword The profession of a submariner is still one of the most dangerous. In the last half century alone, nineteen domestic submarines have perished. In total, in catastrophes and accidents during this period, the Fatherland lost about 1,000 submariners, in six catastrophes, submarine crews died in full force along with the ship. Five domestic nuclear submarines rest at the bottom of the seas and oceans.

The tragic events that claimed the lives of tens and hundreds of defenders of the Fatherland must not be forgotten. Moreover, the tragic dates of the death of each submarine should be immortalized, as the date of April 7 was immortalized - the Day of the death of the nuclear submarine of the Red Banner Northern Fleet, which entered the hearts of all submariners and the vast majority of the population of the post-Soviet space, as the Day of memory and sorrow for the dead submariners of the Military - Russian Navy.

This catastrophe opened the curtain of mystery in front of the moloch of fire and water, the main enemies of the submariners. Then, quietly among themselves, and only in the remote garrisons of the Arctic and the Far East, they talked about the tragedy of K-219, which happened a little earlier. And two years later, they began to openly recall that the K-278 was far from the first victim of the Cold War in the ocean. After August 1991, rare printed publications appeared - real historical investigations into the sinking of submarines. It was from them that we began to learn some details about the Cold War under water, about the death of part of the M-259 crew, as well as the M-256 disaster and the ridiculous death of the M-200 in the Baltic, about the death of the B-37 in Polyarny, about the tragedy of St. Motovsky Bay, about the first victims of submariners in the Mediterranean on the B-31, about the tragedy of the K-11 team, about the heroism of the K-8 team in the Bay of Biscay, about the long-suffering K-19, about the death of the S-178 in Peter the Great Bay near Vladivostok, about the K-56 accident near Cape Povorotny, about the mystery of the disappearance of K-129 in the Pacific Ocean, about the courage of K-429 submariners off the coast of Kamchatka, about the fate of K-122 in the Philippine Sea during the 1980 Olympics, about the “first Chernobyl” in the bay The shooter on K-431, then the list of courage and tragedy was continued by submarines Ki K-129 in the North, K-152 in the Pacific Ocean. Incidents on submarines were not ignored, the tragedies of which were not so large-scale, but they were. Moreover, the number of dead submariners every year increased the already mournful list of those who were forever taken by the sea, but whom we remember, we simply must remember.

And if we talk about the courage and resilience of those who gave their lives on the sea fronts of the Cold War, then it is necessary to name the names and number of members of the submarine crews who gave their lives in the name of protecting the sacred frontiers, remember them and pass them on from generation to generation , to live with the awareness of one's duty to the memory of comrades-in-arms who did not return from campaigns.

The tragic list of dead submarines includes the S-178 diesel submarine, which crashed on October 21, 1981. For more than a quarter of a century, the details of the disaster were protected by the stamp "Secret". As the author of this book, I have no right to comment on the S-178 disaster and draw conclusions for the simple reason that I was not in the strong hull of the submarine at the time of the tragedy. I am not a supporter of inventing something in tragic situations with submarines (as a number of authors often do in their narratives about submarine tragedies), it is not my destiny to write an artistic narrative about submarine disasters. In previously published books and those being prepared for publication about the tragedies of the Russian Subfloor, I rely only on facts and documents about accidents and catastrophes of submarines of the Fatherland. I did not deviate from these rules in this story about the S-178 submarine, talking about her and her team in documents and photographs. The right to talk about the disaster belongs only to the survivors of its direct participants and no one else. First of all, this right belongs to Sergei Kubynin, senior assistant commander of the S-178 submarine, who was on board during the disaster, performed a feat with a capital letter to save the personnel of the sunken submarine, and made sure that at the Vladivostok Marine Cemetery he was brought to an abandoned memorial to the dead sailors C-178 was put in order and a fence was installed for the cabin of the submarine. This was the perpetuation of the memory for many years about the dead submariners, and Sergei Kubynin took care of the surviving comrades in the strong hull.

The surviving members of the submarine crew today are already many years old, and that trouble, with all the most harmful effects on the body, has now had the most devastating effect. Former sailors and foremen turn to him as their lifelong commander, whom they believed then, at the death line, whom they still believe today, that only he and no one else will save them from the callousness and arbitrariness of the military enlistment office and medical officials. And he saves them, writes letters to high authorities, fusses, and still forces the state to do what it is obliged to do without any appeals to the president and higher justice.

The feat of Sergei Kubynin can be compared with the feat of chief foreman Nikolai Kupriyanovich Pustovoitenko, minder of the M-32 submarine of the Chernomorsky Podplav, who on June 23, 1942 rescued the personnel of the submarine, poisoned by gasoline vapors, which had lain on the ground for almost a day. With Nikolai Kupriyanovich on the M-32, my father N.M. Boyko served as a minder and this is what he told me: “... Having loaded eight tons of mines and rifle cartridges into the compartments, and having taken about six tons of gasoline, the M-32 submarine went into the second transport flight to the besieged Sevastopol. On the evening of June 22, the submarine arrived at Streletskaya Bay, where it unloaded. Gasoline was pumped out, but its vapors managed to spread throughout the submarine. Having taken on board eight people, at about two o'clock in the morning on June 23, the submarine moved away from the pier for trimming.

M-32 sank to a depth of six meters, but fifteen minutes after the dive, an explosion of gasoline vapors occurred in the Central Post of the submarine. Although the bulkheads were battened down, and the burning lasted only five seconds, the radio room on the M-32 was damaged, and the compressor failed. In the third compartment of the submarine, six sailors received first and second degree burns.

After an hour and a half, dawn came. The complexity of the situation was aggravated by the fact that during daylight hours the submarine could not leave the bay - it immediately came under fire from enemy artillery. There were still seventeen hours before dark. M-32 lay down on the ground at a depth of 35 meters at the exit from Streletskaya Bay. Inside the submarine, the air was heavily saturated with gasoline vapors. Inhaling them, divers quickly got toxic poisoning. Very soon, only the chief foreman N. Pustovoitenko remained in the ranks, to whom the commander, who was losing consciousness, ordered to hold out at all costs until 21:00.

The chief foreman waited for the appointed time, but Pustovoitenko could not bring the commander to his senses, he independently blew the middle tank, and the submarine surfaced under the wheelhouse. Opening the hatch, from the flow of fresh air, the chief foreman began to lose consciousness. N. Pustovoitenko managed to close the hatch and fell down.

The submarine remained unmanned for another two hours. The current carried her to the shore near the lighthouse of Chersonesos. In fact, the clock was broken and stopped, N. Pustovoitenko lasted about a day.

In the meantime, through the open stern hatch, which, being in a deranged state, was peeled off from gasoline vapors by a mechanic taken from the shore (the fact that the hatch remained peeled off remained unknown to anyone), water began to flow into the submarine, flooding the hold of the fourth compartment and the main electric motor. Soon N. Pustovoitenko came to his senses and carried the commander of the submarine upstairs. Until the commander woke up, the chief foreman started up the ship's ventilation, battened down the aft hatch, pumped out the water from the hold, blew out the main ballast and brought the electrician to life, whom he put on watch to the power plant.

The submarine was aground with its bow to the shore. The commander, who woke up, ordered “Reverse!”, But the electrician, who had not yet fully recovered, gave “Full speed ahead!”. The submarine sat even harder on the rocks, breaking the vertical rudder, now it could only shift to the left. The electrician moved forward with the words: "Submariners do not reverse in battle!"

By this time, consciousness began to gradually return to the submariners. N. Pustovoitenko started the diesel engine, giving six hundred revolutions at once.

M-32 walked over the rocks and came out into clear water. Soon, rounding the Chersonese lighthouse, the submarine headed for Novorossiysk, where it arrived on the morning of June 25. Only thanks to the feat of the chief foreman Nikolai Kupriyanovich Pustovoitenko, the M-32 submarine did not die.

Both submariner heroes were undeservedly overlooked by awards and their names were hushed up for quite a long time. After the war, M-32 submariners sought to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union N. Pustovoitenko, but the fight against the indifferent attitude of military officials ended in nothing.

The award sheet of S. Kubynin for the title of Hero of Russia remained under the cloth of the officials. In the end, the truth, though not by much, but triumphed - the award found a hero: in 2006, Rodina magazine presented S. Kubynin with a chamberlain's key - a sign of the National Treasure of the Motherland award. The presentation took place under the vaults of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. And it was more than symbolic. 32 years after the death of the C-178, on December 24, 2013, the XXI solemn ceremony of awarding the award of the Center of National Glory (the Foundation of the All-Praised Apostle Andrew the First-Called) to Captain 1st Rank Sergey Kubynin took place in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses.

“If Kubynin is not awarded,” said the President of the Fund then, “then who should be considered a hero of Russia?!” Sergei Kubynin was honored in the Kremlin Palace for the courage and bravery shown during the crash of the S-178 submarine.

Today, few people know about this feat ... And yet, we remember our heroes. Here is what Sergei Mikhailovich said about those events: “The next exit to the ocean did not portend anything special. Normal training voyage for the S-178 diesel submarine. On October 21, 1981, they were already safely returning home, to the port of Vladivostok. We entered the area of ​​responsibility of coastal services, requested permission to pass the Eastern Bosphorus Strait. The submarine was moving on the surface. The commander, along with the signalmen, the watch officer and several sailors, were upstairs, in the cabin fence. The mood was great smoking, joking. The next instant, a terrible blow overturned the submarine. All the sailors who were in the felling fence were thrown overboard.

The submarine gave a roll and quickly went to the bottom. She was at a depth of 32 meters. It happened 3 miles from Skrypleva Island. The blow was so strong that it tore the ceiling lamps off the ceiling, and the Moskva typewriter standing on the top shelf

whistled over my head and crashed into a bulkhead. We sank in a matter of seconds - we did not even have time to understand that we were lying at the bottom. The lights went out, water poured from everywhere ...

The cause of the accident became clear much later. The trawler “Refrigerator” was leaving the port. The vessel went fishing in the South China Sea. In violation of safety rules, navigation lights were not turned on on it ... The sailors tried to blow the submarine with compressed air - it was useless. With the same success it was possible to blow through the Pacific Ocean.

A fire broke out in the second compartment of C-178. The fire was quickly put out, but now the throat was hurting from the burning and soot, and the eyes were watering. The water gradually rose higher and higher ... In the first torpedo room, where the air was still more or less breathable, four divers fought up. Other surviving members of the team also moved there. In the absence of the commander, senior assistant S. Kubynin took command of the submarine. At twenty-eight, he turned out to be senior in rank. It was necessary to somehow support the spirit of the comrades, not to let the guys fall into despair. Having found a box with award signs on the shelf, S. Kubynin held an impromptu meeting and handed out the most prestigious signs among sailors to the submariners: “Master of Military Affairs of the Navy”, “Excellent Worker of the Navy”, “Specialist of the Navy”. The morale of the sailors improved markedly.

Emergency work was complicated by strong currents, rough seas and poor visibility. In fact, the only chance left for the sailors to escape was to try to leave the sunken submarine through the torpedo tube.

The whole next day was spent preparing for a unique operation (later it will be called the first and unparalleled in the world). On the second day after the disaster, the BS-486 rescue submarine, which was out of order, managed to dive and lie down on the ground next to the sunken S-178, but the rescue submarine turned out to be completely out of order ... The battery had long expired, it was almost completely discharged , but it was necessary to dive to the ground and work there for a long time. In addition, the hydroacoustic complex on the BS-486 failed and the submarine had to lie down next to the S-178 blindly! Instead of several hours, it took almost two days to start the rescue operation. To determine the exact coordinates of the C-178, divers had to be lowered, who attached special noise beacons ...

In addition, divers from the BS-486 had never before carried out work to rescue people under water, worked with various equipment, raised parts of sunken ships or aircraft from the bottom.

There was a shortage of personnel: there was only one of the three full-time doctors on board, there were not enough divers to work in two shifts, replacing each other without pauses.

The complete inability of the chamber to provide clinical care was revealed. In addition, on the BS-486, the sanitary and hygienic characteristics were very low.

The divers gave the sailors wetsuits, flashlights and other necessary equipment through the torpedo tube. The sailors from the S-178 had to take turns entering the torpedo tube, which was closely approached by the SPL BS-486, and from there they had to move into the rescue submarine.

“We determined the top three,” recalls Sergei Mikhailovich. “We helped the guys put on wetsuits ... But, not everyone managed to get over to Lenok. Although the divers of the rescue vessel tried in every possible way to drag the submariners leaving the C-178 to them, the sailors, in shock, did not understand what they needed to do and strove for the surface of the ocean.

On October 28, the S-178 submarine was lifted above the bottom soil, but, fearing that the chopped strong hull would not withstand the load and break, they transferred it and laid it on the ground at a depth of twelve meters. By the second of November, all the bodies of the dead were removed from the hull of the sunken submarine and sent to the hospital for identification.

On November 4, the entire Red Banner Pacific Fleet, having lowered the Naval flags on their ships, froze in mournful silence. At the Marine Cemetery of Vladivostok, with a huge crowd of residents who came to say goodbye and see the sailors on their last journey, under the farewell rifle volleys of the guard of honor company and the sounds of ship typhons, the bodies of the dead submariners were interred.

The hull of the S-178 submarine was lifted and taken in tow to the dry dock of shop No. 19 of Dalzavod, which became the last shelter for the S-178. Here the submarine ended its existence turned into scrap metal.

“Finally, the last stage of the operation has come,” Sergei Mikhailovich continues to recall. I gave each remaining comrade diving equipment and instructed everyone. All this in pitch darkness, tightness, hellish cold. After all, the temperature inside the submarine was already almost equal to that which was overboard. Of course, we helped each other, encouraged each other as best we could. After all, everyone understood that his life depended on a friend. They began to flood the torpedo compartment, which gave three days of life. It was already impossible to swim out of the submarine lying on its side in a different way. S. Kubynin lined up everyone in the order in which the submariners were supposed to go out into the ocean. He himself, in accordance with the requirements of the Ship Charter, stood in line last. Of all the survivors, only six managed to get into a nearby submarine. This helped them avoid barotrauma - by morning everyone was already in a normal condition. The rest, who surfaced on the surface of the ocean, received caisson disease, lung injuries, and ruptures of internal organs.

Almost all went to Sergei Kubynin. He climbed out through the torpedo tube, began to slowly touch the hull of the submarine with his hands in order to slow his ascent as much as possible. And at that moment he lost consciousness. “I woke up two days later,” recalls Sergei Mikhailovich. - I looked around - a closed space. How so? After all, I remember - I got out, started to float ... Then I realized that I was lying in a pressure chamber. The doctors gave me seven diagnoses.

Until hypothermia. But, I still felt like the happiest person. I breathed earthly air.

Of the 61 members of the submarine crew, only twenty-nine survived, thirty-two submariners died. Then there was... a trial. The commander of the S-178 submarine, Captain 3rd Rank V. Marango, who was one of the first to be washed out of the felling fence and who miraculously managed to hold out on the surface of the water until the rescuers approached, was sentenced to ten years in prison. The captain of the trawler "Refrigerator-13" - by the age of 15. All documents that could tell about the feat of the sailors were seized. Each member of the C-178 team was given a non-disclosure agreement and everything related to that event was classified. All sailors and foremen were dismissed ahead of schedule - "due to illness." Officers and midshipmen were dealt with personnel - they were transferred to serve in other military units. The military prosecutor offered S. Kubynin to hand over the commander, otherwise "you yourself will share the bunk with him." Sergei Kubynin did not hand over the commander, in no way recognized him as guilty of the disaster. Nevertheless, the S-178 commander was sentenced to ten years, and S. Kubynin was given to understand that he had nothing more to do in the fleet.

However, nevertheless, there were courageous people who set out to justly pay tribute to the heroes of the submariners - the senior assistant commander S. Kubynin and the commander of the BCH-5 V. Zybin were presented for awarding the Order of Lenin. But, the performance sank into the safes of the personnel department of the Navy. The capital's personnel officers hinted to the "fighters for justice": they say, what other order if half of the submarine crew died ... ". The apparatus of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the USSR, S. Gorshkov, was not interested in the fact that the second half was saved thanks primarily to S. Kubynin.

In the mid-90s, the President of the Union of Navy Submariners, Fleet Admiral V. Chernavin, sent a letter to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, where S. Kubynin then served, recalling the feat of the first mate and petitioning for the restoration of justice - awarding S. Kubynin and V. Zybin for saving submariners S-178. The response from the personnel department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations came two weeks later: “Captain 1st rank S. M. Kubynin has been serving in the Civil Defense since 1982. During the service is characterized positively. For success in service, he was repeatedly encouraged by the command, including state awards. However, in the officer's personal file there are no documents related to the accident on a submarine, and characterizing the material on the behavior and actions of S.M. Now he works in the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Northern Administrative District of Moscow. As before, he saves people. He remembers all his fellow submariners by name. And those who meet with him every year on October 21 at the fence of the S-178 cabin, now installed as a monument at the Marine Cemetery of Vladivostok, and those who were forever swallowed up by the ocean.

Over the past years after the disaster with the S-178 submarine, it has become a tradition for many sailors of Vladivostok to gather at the Vladivostok Marine Cemetery near the monument to the fallen S-178 submariners on the tragic day of October 21. Here you meet not only those who survived in the depths of the Ussuri Bay, but also those who knew the S-178 submariners and its commander, who rescued submariners from a sunken submarine and brought submariners to the surface, who remembers the feat of the Pacific Ocean.

In 2011, thirty years have passed since the sinking of the S-178 submarine near Skrypleva Island. On the initiative of Senior Assistant Commander S. Kubynin, it was decided to coincide with the day of the meeting to coincide with the upcoming Day of the Navy. Submariners and members of their families gathered in Vladivostok within a week, settled in the company premises of the Pacific Higher Naval School.

Evening of a meeting with the crew of the S-178 submarine called "S-178 Goes to Immortality"

took place in the Vladivostok House of Fleet Officers. The organizers of the evening were the Primorsky Regional Public Library. A.M. Gorky with the participation of the Vladivostok Maritime Assembly and the Union of Submariners of the Pacific Fleet.

Among those who arrived in Vladivostok and expected members of the team are Mars Yamalov (Yekaterinburg), Anatoly Kostyunin (Barnaul), Vladimir Daineko (ZATO Fokino), Sergey Ivanov and Alexander Levun - Vladivostok. The evening was attended by N. Cherkashin, who wrote the book "Trajectory of the Storm", dedicated to the death of S-178. During the meeting, footage from the documentary film "Hostages of the Depth" about the tragedy of the S-178 submarine, which received the Grand Prix at the International Film Festival in St. Petersburg, was shown.

Some members of the S-178 team will never appear at the meeting again: the commander of the lost submarine, Valery Marango, who was warmly remembered by the members of the submarine team at the evening of memory, died.

Sergei Ivanov (BCh-4 commander): “30 years have passed, and I still remember all my comrades, I remember how the dying sailors of the doomed 4th compartment battened down hatches and ventilation to save their friends. These were wonderful people who remained faithful to the oath to the end.

Vladimir Daineko (deputy commander for political affairs): “After the tragedy, they wrote a lot of lies about us and our commander. We served together with V. Marango on S-178 for three years, I can confidently declare his professionalism, deep knowledge of maritime affairs. And about the shortcomings in the ship's organization, due to the construction of the boat, which contributed to the tragedy, and which, after the death of people, the command of the fleet tried not to mention. For example, boat acoustics did not have a direct connection with the bridge, which means that their target reports went to the commander with a delay. I cannot but tell about how we, who fell into the sea from the cabin of a submarine, were “rescued” by drunken fishermen of a refrigerator that ruined the submarine. How they dumped into the sea - without looking - life jackets and life buoys, how I swam after them to the board to give life-saving equipment to my comrades dressed in warm clothes, how the engine on their boat did not start, because of which our officer died.

Sergei Kubynin, (senior assistant commander):

“I come from Moscow to our mournful meetings almost every year. A lot of time has passed, but those tragic days and nights are still before my eyes.

From the collision of the S-178 with the refrigerator, the blow was terrible, the lights immediately went out, the boat lay on board. I ran to the control room, and the mechanic and I began to fight for the life of the ship and crew. The stern compartments died almost immediately, but we still remember the sound of the ventilation being pulled down by the dying sailors, through which water could flow from the stern into our compartments.

For three days I, together with V. Zybin, led the organization of rescue operations inside the hull, for three days and three nights the surviving sailors were with me. There was no need to command them

Everyone understood that the chance to stay alive is minimal, but it depends on all of us, on our knowledge and experience. The commander was imprisoned unfairly, although no one proved his guilt. The score of the crew's fight with death 32:29 is not in our favor. There could have been more, but we fought for ourselves and for the boat - as we were taught. The mysticism of the incident is striking. We sank at a depth of 32 meters with a list of 32 degrees. 32 sailors were killed."

It was thanks to the courage of Sergei Kubynin that twenty-four members of the team were saved, and he himself, who lost consciousness, was saved by a miracle.

At the meeting, the writers presented their autographed books to the library and the crew of the S-178 submarine. The President of the Far Eastern Association of Sea Captains P. Osichansky joined the author of the book "Trajectory of the Storm" N. Cherkashin with his work "Save Us on Land". Vice Admiral Alexander Konev, Chairman of the Far Eastern Club of Sailors and Submariners, presented the sailors with awards and certificates confirming their participation in a single brotherhood.

The program of the memorable evening did not fit into the planned time. Almost all the participants wished to speak about the meeting, present gifts and even sing songs.

The evening ended with watching videos with a selection of photographs of the submarine, monuments and portraits of sailors.

After the three-hour event, no one left for a long time, everyone shared their impressions, memories and plans for the next meeting.

N. Cherkashin, the author of the book “Trajectory of the Storm”, dedicated to the death of the S-178 submarine, expressed his opinion on the event: “Today, one can say, historical justice has triumphed, because 30 years later the crew of the S-178 submarine is officially called to heroic crew. But, in order for this to happen, Sergei Mikhailovich Kubynin spent almost 30 years punching the names of his colleagues. He beat this bell of memory, and books came out from his supply, pictures were taken. He participated in films, worked with directors. And today, the sailors were finally recognized as heroes, they were given badges, and my heart felt better.”

In 2007, fate brought me to Sergei Kubynin in France, in Cherbourg, at the 44th International Submarine Congress. It was then that he told me that the commander of the electromechanical warhead of the S-178 submarine was Valery Zybin, my classmate at the Sevastopol VVMIU from the third (diesel) faculty. My searches for Valery Zybin all over the country were crowned with success only seven years later. You should have seen, dear readers and colleagues of Sergei Mikhailovich, at the moment when I informed him that Valery Zybin had been found, he lives in Stary Oskol, Yaroslavl Region. After all, all these thirty-three years, S. Kubynin was looking for Valery!

The meeting of the S-178 SPK Sergei Kubynin with the commander of the S-178 BC-5 Valery Zybin took place on May 9, 2014, 33 years after the disaster with the submarine. “On May 9, 2014, V. Zybin invited us to the cadet school in St. Alekseevskaya Hermitage, Yaroslavl Region, where he was awarded the Order of Admiral F.F. Ushakov. On May 10, I saw him off to S. Oskol. He is not working now. I was going to be examined in Belgorod. There are health problems,” said Sergey Kubynin during our meeting in Sevastopol in the fall of 2014.

It is immoral to leave without evaluation the feat of those who showed courage in an emergency. What, in fact, happened in 1981 after the crash of S-178 and Refrigerator-13 was carefully studied and analyzed. The senior assistant to the commander S. Kubynin and the commander of the BCH-5 V. Zybin were presented with the state award of the Order of Lenin, but the commanders-in-chief considered that the submariners did not deserve this. The parents of the dead submariners were given as much as three hundred rubles each (!?). And only the physiologist BS-486 was awarded the medal "For saving the drowning" ... Even the television programs "Moment of Truth" in February 2014 and "Deed" in November 2015 did not change the negative attitude of the commanders-in-chief and officials to the S-178 disaster Pacific Fleet October 21, 1981. “We will not meet them with flowers ...” - this phrase of the then Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the USSR predetermined the fate of the S-178 commander V. Marango and the entire crew of the submarine not only after the disaster, but also to the present ... They could not violate the strategic plan of the Navy Civil Code itself lower commanders in chief ... In conclusion of my story, I quote the words of Sergei Mikhailovich Kubynin, which he said during correspondence on the Internet in 2016: “Thank you all for supporting my crew. They are also Internet users and sincerely worry about the good name of our crew. I already gathered guys for 30 years of Our Memory in Vladivostok in 2011.

It was important for them to visit the memorial of fallen comrades. And 30 years later, the Navy for the first time publicly acknowledged that the crew had accomplished the feat. Why? After 3 days, no one in the world has managed to survive in such a situation. And the use of the Lenok rescue submarine was not the most correct decision, since the Lenok was technically faulty, it was not staffed, and the divers had no experience in such situations. Therefore, in 2014, when meeting with Lenka divers, for the first time we were apologized for our poor work. But, we were correctly “sharpened” when we were taught at the TOVVMU named after. S.O. Makarov and after. Therefore, we were able to.

And today we are proud of it. And I'm proud of my guys from the Pacific Fleet submarine S-178. They really accomplished a feat. I saw it with my own eyes. Low bow to all. You have restless souls.

Therefore, both Baraki and Psaki are afraid of Russia.”

I express my gratitude to Sergey Kubynin, Valery Zybin and Evgeny Nikitin for the provided materials and photographs.

Vladimir Boyko, a veteran submariner of the Russian Navy Medium submarines of the USSR Navy Project 613 in the development of projects for a large (project 611), small (project 612) and medium (project 613) submarine.

Later, this program included the development of projects for a small submarine with a "single" engine (project 615) and a submarine with a powerful combined-cycle turbine plant to achieve high underwater speed (project 617). The design was entrusted to the Central Design Bureau - 18 (currently the Central Design Bureau of Marine Engineering "Rubin"). Starting work on the creation of a medium submarine (project 613), TsKB - 18 had certain developments for the further development of medium submarines, both performed in the pre-war period and based on conclusions from the experience of combat use of such submarines during the Second World War.

The issue of developing a new project for a medium submarine to replace the submarines of the Shch and C types that were part of the USSR Navy was raised even before the start of World War II. Even then it became clear that for new submarines it was necessary to increase the diving depth to 120 meters, achieve the possibility of torpedo firing from a depth of up to 30 meters, install more modern means of communication and surveillance, and improve seaworthiness. Based on these requirements, the People's Commissariat of the Navy in 1939 issued TsKB - 18 and the design bureau of the Krasnoye Sormovo plant a tactical and technical task for the development of a project for a medium-sized submarine with a displacement of 500 - 600 tons. Considering the need to create a new submarine for this assignment insufficiently substantiated, TsKB-18 was eliminated from the design, and the design bureau of the Krasnoye Sormovo plant, having started designing before the start of the war, could not complete it in 1941, due to the transition to a tank production, all work on the medium submarine turned off.

For the second time, the issue of creating a medium-sized submarine was raised in 1942, when TsKB-18 received an order from the Naval Shipbuilding Department to develop a medium-displacement submarine (Project 608). The work was carried out under the guidance of the chief designer of project 608 V.N. Peregudov. In order to correct the outdated tactical and technical assignment issued back in 1939, the Central Design Bureau developed two variants of submarines with a displacement of 770 tons and 820 tons, which the Navy Criminal Code rejected, mainly due to increased requirements for displacement.

In September 1943, the People's Commissariat of the Navy issued a new TTZ, which, meeting the requirements of the Central Design Bureau - 18, provided for an increase in displacement to 640 tons, offset by an increase in the requirements for submarines of this type based on war experience (increasing the diving depth to 120 meters, installing radar, etc. .P.).

On the basis of this TTZ, TsKB-18 developed and a year later submitted to the Criminal Code of the Navy two versions of the preliminary design of project 608 of a medium submarine with a displacement of 660 tons and 687 tons. However, for the same reason (exceeding the displacement requirements), both options were returned for revision, but soon, at the end of 1944, after the rise of the German submarine U250, which turned out to be close to the second version of the draft design in terms of tactical and technical elements, work on project 608 by decision of the People's Commissariat of the Navy stopped. Since the war was nearing its end, it became possible, before designing new models of military equipment and weapons, to get acquainted in detail not only with the British submarines that entered service with the Soviet fleet, but also with German trophy ones, including the XXI series submarines, which were considered the highest achievement of the German submarine shipbuilding of that time.

In January 1946, the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, on the proposal of the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding of the Navy, approved the tactical and technical assignment for a medium submarine (Project 613). In August of the same year, according to the results of research design under the guidance of the chief designer of project 613 V.N. Peregudov, the task was adjusted in the direction of increasing speed and cruising range with a slight increase in displacement. The development of draft and technical projects was carried out under the guidance of the new chief designer Ya.E. Evgrafov and ended with approval in October 1947 and August 1948, respectively. Scientific and technical supervision over the development of draft and technical designs was carried out by the Central Research Institute of Military Shipbuilding (senior observer L.I. Klimov).

When developing the project for a new submarine, special attention was paid to ensuring driving and maneuvering qualities, improving communications and surveillance, and strengthening weapons.

At the same time, in some parameters, it was even possible to exceed the values ​​​​specified in the IIZ (it was possible to increase the speed of full underwater speed by one node and the ammunition by two torpedoes). At the same time, a number of important technical decisions were made that determined the significant difference between Project 613 submarines and previous submarines. Many of these solutions later found wide application in subsequent projects of diesel submarines.

The robust hull was made all-welded, divided into seven compartments, of which three fore, central and aft served as refuge compartments, separated from adjacent spherical bulkheads.

In order to improve the placement conditions, in the area of ​​​​the battery compartments, a shape of a strong body of the vertical figure-eight type was used, formed from two mated cylinders, in which the diameter of the lower cylinder was larger than the diameter of the upper one. However, the use of such a design solution led to the emergence of units that had a complex manufacturing technology, such as a docking unit for the “eight” and cylindrical hulls with a spacer platform and a sickle-shaped bulkhead. The inaccessibility of this area for welding and monitoring the state of welds led to the fact that during operation, it was in this node that fistulas were often found. The hull of a Project 613 submarine was made from weldable alloy steels of grades SHL-4 or MS-1 with a yield strength of at least 40 kg/sq. mm. Such steels were used for the needs of underwater shipbuilding for the first time and made it possible to increase the immersion depth to 200 meters. In the process of manufacturing the hulls of the first submarines of this series, some defects in the supplied batches of alloyed steels and insufficient knowledge by the builders of the technological features of processing such steels were revealed, as a result of which the yield strength and tensile strength of the material of the frames after they were heated for bending sometimes turned out to be lower than the required technical conditions for delivery .

As a result, one of the plants even had to reject part of the hull structures and make them again. For the first time in this project, frames specially designed for submarine shipbuilding were used, made from an asymmetric stripe bulb.

The shape of its cross section provided the necessary ratios between the area and the moment of inertia, and the wall thickness was well combined with the thickness of the hull skin. The end spherical bulkheads on the first submarines of the series were made cast, and then stamp-welded. At the same time, unlike the design of spherical bulkheads of pre-war submarines, the support rings of bulkheads on Project 613 submarines were not riveted to a strong hull, but welded. At the same time, stamp-welded roofs of solid fellings began to be manufactured.

The light hull housed ten ballast tanks, four fuel tanks (three more fuel tanks were placed inside the pressure hull), high-pressure air tanks, emergency telephone buoys, an air intake for diesel engines and other equipment. A significant difference from pre-war submarines was the architecture and design of the ends. Thus, an increase in the number of hydroacoustic stations, the requirements of a large field of view led to the development of the bow along the length of the submarine and the appearance of a special stainless steel fairing.

The stern end changed due to the appearance of horizontal stabilizers, which later became an integral part of the submarine's stern propeller systems. A new essential element of the power plant of the new submarines was the first installed on them electric motors of economic propulsion, connected to the propeller shaft by elastic, almost silent, textrope gears, which significantly reduced the noise of the submarine when moving in this mode. For the same purpose, depreciation of boat mechanisms, including the main engines, was widely used in the project.

An important feature that significantly improves the tactical qualities of the Project 613 submarine was the equipping of them with a device for operating the engine under water, which made it possible to go under diesel engines in a submerged position at periscope depth and recharge the batteries without floating to the surface, which significantly increased the stealth of the submarine. The immersion-surfacing system was also distinguished by a new element: there were no kingstones in the tanks of the main ballast (with the exception of the tanks of the middle group), which greatly simplified the design, facilitated its maintenance and reduced the cost of building a submarine. Also, for the first time on Project 613 submarines, trimming was carried out only with air (the so-called silent trimming system), and diesel gas vents were installed with exhaust into the water directed to the stern in order to use the suction effect of the outboard water flow.

Project 613 had a two-hull design.

The all-welded strong hull with external placement of frames was divided by watertight bulkheads into 7 compartments:

1st compartment - torpedo (shelter compartment). It contains four bow torpedo tubes.

2nd compartment - was a residential compartment and, in addition, here is the 1st battery group. Radio communication equipment is also located in the second compartment.

3rd compartment - the central post (compartment-shelter). From the Central Post, direct control of the submarine is carried out.

4th compartment - the second group of batteries, living quarters for foremen. The fourth compartment contains 112 battery cells, cabins, galley.

5th compartment - diesel. Diesel engines are located in the fifth compartment.

The Project 613 submarine could reach speeds of over 18 knots on the surface and up to 13 knots underwater.

6th compartment - electromotive. It contains four electric motors and six crew beds.

7th compartment - torpedo (shelter compartment). It contains two stern torpedo tubes.

The first, third and seventh compartments were separated by concave bulkheads designed for a pressure of 10 atmospheres (depth 100 meters), the rest of the bulkheads were flat and withstood a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Emergency buoys were located on the deck of the submarine in the areas of the first and seventh compartments, which, in the event of an accident, popped up, showing the location of the submarine and allowing contact from the surface with submariners in shelter compartments via telephone communication via a cable connecting the buoy to the submarine.

The battery compartments, the second and fourth, had a section in the form of a vertical “conjugated eight”: batteries were located in the lower part, which had a larger diameter.

This design solution was borrowed from German submarines.

The submarine was immersed by taking water into ten main ballast tanks located in a light hull. In order to simplify the design and reduce the cost, kingstones were available only in tanks No. 4 and No. 5.

The basis of the power plant was two two-stroke diesel engines of the 37D model, which, with an equal power of 2000 hp with the 1D diesel engines produced during the war years, were smaller but noisier. In the cruising position, they accelerated the submarine to a maximum speed of 18.25 knots.

Economic surface speed was 8-10 knots. The fuel supply was enough for 8580 miles at 10 knots or 13000 miles at 8 knots.

The two main electric motors of the PG-101 model had a power of 1350 hp each. provided a full underwater speed of 13.1 knots, which could be maintained for an hour. Two electric motors of the economic course of the PG-103 model had a power of 50 hp each. and dispersed the submarine under water to a speed of 1.97 knots. On economic electric motors, the battery charge was enough for 352 miles of underwater travel.

The diesel engines and the main electric motors were connected by ShPRM tire-pneumatic disconnecting couplings, which, in comparison with the previously used Bamag couplings, simplified the process of mounting the propeller shafts and made it possible to install diesel engines and shafts on soundproof shock absorbers. The electric motors of the economic course were connected to the propeller shafts through silent textrope gears and friction clutches.

Submerged power was provided by two groups of 46SU batteries with 112 cells each, located in the second and fourth compartments. Their charging was carried out by the main electric motors, which were rotated by diesel engines and operated in the mode of electricity generators.

The device for the operation of diesel engines under water (RDP) was a retractable shaft, which allowed, being at the periscope depth, to take in air for ventilation of the compartments and the operation of diesel engines. A special float valve protected the mine from water ingress.

The use of RDP made it possible to both go under water on a diesel engine and use diesel engines to charge batteries without surfacing.

Artillery armament consisted of a twin automatic installation CM-24-ZiF caliber 57 mm, and a twin automatic anti-aircraft gun 2M-8 caliber 25 mm model 1945. In 1956, due to the development of jet aircraft, the placement of artillery on submarines was deemed not to provide air defense, and the guns were dismantled, which reduced the crew and increased underwater speed.

The torpedo armament of the submarine consisted of six 533 mm torpedo tubes: 4 bow and 2 stern. For bow tubes in the first compartment, 6 spare torpedoes were stored on racks. Instead of 10 bow torpedoes, a submarine could take 20 AMD-type mines, two mines in each apparatus and 12 mines on racks. Torpedo firing was carried out from depths up to 30 meters.

The complex of electronic equipment of the project 613 in the process of construction and operation has changed several times. Submarines received a radar station for detecting surface targets "Flag". Sonar "Tamir-5L" and noise direction finding station "Mars-24KIG"

(subsequently replaced by the "Phoenix") ensured the detection of targets in a submerged position.

New submarines were supposed to be built in large numbers and at various enterprises, so it was necessary to develop a number of new technologies, including the flow-section method of construction, the widespread use of automatic welding using X-ray inspection of welds, the unification of parts of products and materials, the aggregate assembly of mechanisms and devices , the elimination, as a rule, of manual adjustments during installation, and much more.

In 1948, shipbuilding enterprises in the cities of Nikolaev and Gorky began preparing production for the construction of a large series of medium submarines of project 613. To provide designer supervision and provide technical assistance to the plants, special groups of designers of the Central Design Bureau - 18 were formed, who headed the Chernomorsky Shipbuilding Plant - chief designer of the project Ya.E. Evgrafov, at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant - deputy chief designer V.S. Dorofeev. In 1950, Ya.E. Evgrafov was relieved of his duties as the chief designer of project 613 and Z.A. Deribin, chief engineer of the Central Design Bureau - 18, was appointed to this position concurrently.

To develop working documentation for the serial construction of submarines in 1952. a group of designers from TsKB - 18 was sent to the Chernomorsky shipbuilding plant. The group developed a set of working drawings for serial construction, but did not have time to draw up drawings in tracing paper, since by the decision of the Ministry of the shipbuilding industry all materials of project 613 were transferred to the newly organized on the basis of the design department of the Krasnoye plant Sormovo" SKB-112 (now the Central Design Bureau "Lazurit"), the head of which was appointed the chief designer of the project Z.A. Deribin, who was transferred there from the Central Design Bureau - 18 along with a group of leading specialists. In 1952, work on the construction of Project 613 submarines was launched at the Baltic Shipyard named after.

S. Ordzhonikidze in Leningrad, and a year later - at the plant. Lenin Komsomol in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

At the Krasnoye Sormovo plant, the laying of the first S-80 submarine (serial number -801) took place on March 13, 1950, and the launch on October 21 (with about 70% readiness). On November 1, the S-80 submarine arrived at the commissioning base in Baku for completion. Mooring trials began on December 31, 1950 and continued until April 26, 1951. From April 27 to June 28, 1951, they underwent factory tests, during which they conducted a deep-sea dive on June 9. The act of acceptance was signed by the commission of the CPC on December 2, 1951. In total, 113 Project 613 submarines were built and handed over to the fleet at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. The last of them, the S-349 submarine (serial number -191), was launched on July 4 and accepted into the Navy on December 31, 1956.

The first S-61 submarine (serial number -376) was laid down on April 11, 1950 at the Black Sea Shipyard (with the flow-sectional method of construction, the laying of a submarine was considered to be the installation of the first section on the slipway).

On June 26, a hydraulic test of the pressure hull was carried out, and almost a month later, on July 22, the submarine was launched (with a technical readiness of 70%). In the course of outfitting work on November 6, 1950, when the submarine was withdrawn from the dock, a major accident occurred - since the fuel tanks, in violation of the instructions, were not filled with water, the submarine lost stability and capsized.

The elimination of the consequences of the accident affected the construction time and the S-61 submarine came to Sevastopol for factory and state tests only on May 5, 1951. During the tests, on July 14, a deep-sea dive was carried out, and after working out the factory test program, on October 15, the S-61 submarine was presented to the Commission of the State Acceptance of Navy Ships. State tests began on October 17 and lasted almost six months. On May 24, 1952, after all the comments were eliminated, the act was signed, and the S-61 submarine became part of the fleet.

In total, 72 Project 613 submarines were built at the Black Sea Shipyard.

The last submarine S-384 (serial number) was launched on April 15, 1957 and in the same year became part of the USSR Navy.

The construction of submarines of project 613 at the Baltic Shipyard began on August 9, 1952 with the laying of the S-153 submarine (serial number-404).

On January 30, 1953, the submarine was launched and handed over to the fleet on December 31. The last 19th submarine of this plant, S-365 (serial number-254), went into the water on February 21, 1958 and joined the fleet on June 30.

The first submarine of project 613 at the plant. Leninsky Komsomol S-331 (serial number was laid down on March 30, 1954 and launched on October 19, it entered the Navy on December 31, 1954. In total, 11 Project 613 submarines were built at this plant in two years.

The last submarine S-393 (serial number-61), launched on September 18, 1956, entered the fleet on July 24, 1957.

In the process of testing the first submarines, the hydraulic system was significantly improved, the sealing units of the retractable devices were improved, antivibrators were installed on the shaft line and the design of the couplings was changed, a number of structures and mechanisms were improved, and a little later they abandoned anti-aircraft weapons. The Commission of the CPC gave a high appraisal to the new submarines. In the acceptance certificate for the S-80 submarine, it was noted that it “is a completely modern ship capable of performing a combat mission in any maritime theater of war.” But, in the process of building and operating Project 613 submarines, not everything happened as we would like: in In 1954, during tests in the Caspian Sea, an explosion occurred on one of the serial submarines when the diesel engine was stopped in the RPD mode. Both diesels are out of order. The master of the technical control department (OTC) of the Krasnoye Sormovo plant died, and many received severe burns. The cause of the explosion is erroneous actions when stopping the diesel engine. It was urgently necessary to install safety interlocks and make the necessary changes to the diesel maintenance instructions, after which such accidents did not happen again.

Project 613 submarines for a long period formed the main core of the USSR submarine fleet. They have become an excellent school for a new generation of submariners, as well as for designers and shipbuilders, who used them both to test and develop new types of weapons, and as experimental ones when looking for directions for the further development of underwater shipbuilding. In order to increase the autonomy of navigation, submarines S-66, S-67, S-70, S-74, S-86, S-88, S-140, S-141, S-145, S-150, S-154 , S-160, S-161, S-168, S-172, S-176, S-178, S-181, S-185, S-194, S-195, S-197, S-222, S -224, S-226, S-294 and S-331 were converted according to project 613V, and the submarine S-384 according to project 613Ts (increase in the depth of torpedo firing).

Submarines S-62, S-73, S-144 and S-151 were converted into radar patrol submarines (project 640), an underwater launch of ballistic missiles was practiced on the S-229 submarine (project 613D4), and on the S-65 submarine tested the use of new torpedoes (project 613РВ). Submarines SS-46, S-69, S-80, S-158 and S-162, converted according to project 644, and submarines S-61, S-64, S-142, S-152, S-155 and S-164s (project 665) were armed with cruise missiles.

The S-63 submarine was converted into a carrier for divers (project 666), the S-144 submarine tested the T-5 nuclear torpedo in Novaya Zemlya in 1957.

Project 613 submarines were also used to test fundamentally new ways to rescue submariners from emergency submarines.

On the S-43 submarine, converted according to project 613C, an experimental pop-up rescue chamber was tested, and the S-63 submarine was converted into an experimental rescue submarine (project 666) to test the feasibility and effectiveness of rescuing submariners from a sunken submarine by the so-called " dry"

and wet methods. However, the use of Project 613 submarines was not limited to this.

Ten Project 613 submarines were transferred to Egypt, twelve to Indonesia (received the names: KRI Cakra (401), KRI Nanggala (402), KRI Nagabanda (403), KRI Trisula (404), KRI Nagarangsand (405), KRI Candrasa (406 ), KRI Alugoro (407), KRI Cundamani (408), KRI Hendrajala (409), KRI Pasopati (410), KRI ? (411), KRI Bramastra (412), four - North Korea, three - Syria, four - Poland, two - Bulgaria, one - Cuba and four more submarines were captured by Albania at the base in Vlora at the time of the break in Soviet-Albanian relations.

The S-148 submarine in 1957 was transferred to the Ministry of Fisheries and converted for oceanographic, biological and fishing research, was named "Severyanka".

Two Project 613 submarines were lost:

S-80 (project 644) in January 1961 in the Barents Sea and S-178 in 1981 in the Pacific Fleet in the Eastern Bosporus Strait.

A further development of the diesel submarine of project 613 was its improved modification - the diesel submarine of project 633. Project 613 had many modifications designed to improve the performance of boats, test new types of weapons, and perform additional tasks. A number of modifications were not implemented.

The construction of the largest series of medium submarines of project 613 was a significant contribution to the country's defense capability and the development of domestic submarine shipbuilding.

–  –  –

Project 613 submarine.

Section along the diametrical plane and plan:

1 torpedo tube; 2 - emergency telephone buoy; 3 – electric motor of economical running; four

- compressed air cylinder; 5 - diesel 37D; 6 - artillery mount SM-24-ZIF; 7 - diesel gas outlet 37D; 8 - antenna "VAN"; 9 - antenna "Roll"; 10 - attack periscope; 11 - magnetic compass GON-23M; 12 - artillery mount 2M-8; 13 - four-bed cabin for officers; 14 - battery; 15 – horizontal steering wheel; 16 - sonar station "Tamir-5L"; 17 - chain box; 18 - trim tank; 19 - fresh water tank; 20 - torpedo replacement tank; 21 - fuel tank inside a durable housing; 22 – anti-aircraft periscope; 23 - fixed air mine RDP; 24 - antenna "Flag"; 25 - living quarters for senior officers; 26 - compressor DK-2; 27 - fuel tank outside the pressure hull; 28 – propeller motor PG-101; 29, 39, 40,41,42 - main ballast tanks; 30 – vertical steering wheel; 31 – propeller; 32 - stabilizer, 33 - VVD compressor; 34 - radar cabin; 35 - main compass; 36 - double cabin for officers; 37 – spare torpedo; 38 - firing cylinder.

–  –  –

Section along the diametrical plane.

Project 613 submarine model.

Section through the nose.

In the compartments of the submarine project 613.

In the compartments of the submarine project 613.

In the compartments of the submarine project 613.

In the compartments of the submarine project 613.

In the compartments of the submarine project 613.

In the compartments of the submarine project 613.

Submarine of project 613 with artillery mounts 2M-8 and SM-24-ZIF Project 613 submarine with artillery mount 2M-8 Submarine of project 613 without artillery mounts Modification of a submarine of project 613 - project 613RV Modification of a submarine of project 613 - project 640 Modification project 613 submarine - project 640C Modification of a project 613 submarine - project 644 Modification of a project 613 submarine - project 665 Stages of modification of one of the project 613 submarines.

Sad sunset of Project 613 submarines.

Project 613 submarines in the paintings of marine painters P.Pavlinov. Naval parade in Sevastopol.

Unknown artist. Submarine mooring.

Unknown artist. Submarines 613 project in the BP range.

–  –  –

The Project 613 submarine was laid down on December 12, 1953 on the slipway of the shipbuilding plant No. -112 in Gorky, launched on April 10, 1954. In May 1954, S-178 was transferred via inland water systems to the city of Molotovsk (now Severodvinsk) for acceptance tests. On October 20, 1954, it entered service and on October 29, 1954, the S-178 was included in the Northern Fleet, became part of the 297th Submarine Brigade of the 33rd DiPL of the Northern Fleet, based in Polyarny.

In the spring of 1955, a navigation repair, demagnetization, acceptance of all supplies and other measures necessary to prepare for the transition in ice conditions took place at the Shipyard in the village of Rosta S-178 - removable wood-metal shields were installed instead of breakwaters of torpedo tubes, towing devices for towing a submarine right behind the icebreaker, and the fairings of sonar stations are also protected.

From July 7 to August 19, 1955, S-178 made an inter-naval transition as part of EON-65 along the Northern Sea Route from Ekaterininskaya Harbor (Polyarnoye) to the Far East to Provideniya Bay with a call at the port of Dixon. The submarine was in the group of the cruiser "Admiral Senyavin". In the B. Vilkitsky Strait, C-178 and C-77 were covered with ice. The Special Purpose Expedition was forced to stop, and the Yermak icebreaker freed both submarines from ice captivity.

In August 1955, a submarine as part of the Submarine Brigade moved from Provideniya Bay to Krashenninikov Bay. On September 7, 1955, the S-178 was assigned to the Pacific Fleet and became part of the 125th Submarine Brigade of the Kamchatka Military Flotilla of the Pacific Fleet based in Krashenninikov Bay. In November 1956, in connection with the aggression of England, France and Israel against Egypt, as well as the events in Hungary, and due to the possible open intervention in these events by the United States and NATO, the S-178 was on duty and was deployed southeast of Paramushir. The campaign took place in the most difficult storm conditions with hurricane winds. The submarine received damage to the skin of the light hull.

From December 12, 1961 to October 2, 1962, the submarine was upgraded according to project 613B. On the submarine, the REV was strengthened and the cruising range was increased due to the conversion of two TsGB into fuel and ballast tanks numbered 2 and 6. A water cooling system for the battery was also installed.

In June 1963, the S-178 was reorganized into the 72nd ObrSRPL Pacific Fleet, based at the Bolshoy Kamen settlement (Primorsky Territory), and in May 1966 it was enrolled in the 126th Submarine Brigade of the 6th Submarine Squadron of the Red Banner Pacific fleet based in Severnaya Bay of Vladimir Bay (Rakushka settlement). In 1968, the S-178 completed the tasks of combat service in the Sea of ​​Japan, in 1970 - in the Philippine Sea, in 1976 - in the East China and Yellow Seas. In 1979, the submarine completed the tasks of combat duty.

October 21, 1981 C-178 returned to base after a two-day trip to the sea for deep diving and noise measurements. The submarine was moving on the surface at a speed of 9 knots. Sea waves reached two points, the quality of visibility was excellent at night. For the convenience of diesel and electricians, the bulkhead between the compartments was torn apart. At that moment, dinner was starting, so the bulkhead doors between the 4th and 5th compartments were opened.

At 19:30 Khabarovsk time, 13 cables from Skrypleva Island, S-178 received "Good!" to the entrance to the Golden Horn Bay, and in order to reduce the travel time, the route was laid through the Combat Training Range. A little earlier, the duty officer of the OVR of the Primorsky Flotilla gave permission to the crew of the RFS-13 "Refrigerator-13" motor ship to leave the bay, and this information was not timely transmitted to the S-178 crew.

The first officer of the RFU-13, wanting to leave the bay as soon as possible, turned off the navigation lights, independently changed course and ended up on the same Pacific Fleet training ground, which included the S-178 submarine. At 19.30, the ships on duty noticed the lights of an oncoming vessel, which they mistook for a fishing trawler.

At the same time, the first mate received a message on the radar screen about the target mark. The bearing to the oncoming ship did not change, and they were rapidly approaching. The acoustician reported the sighting of an oncoming ship, however, no one actually took his statement seriously. The trawler was obliged to give way to the submarine in accordance with the rules of navigation in the port of Vladivostok, but the ship's manager, the first officer V. Kurdyukov, did not do this for reasons unknown so far. The lights of the trawler from the bridge of the submarine were noticed too late. The commander only had time to give the order “Right on board! The signalman to illuminate the oncoming vessel.

At 19.45 "Refrigerator-13" at a speed of eight knots at a rate of 20-30 degrees rammed a submarine and hit it on the port side in the region of 99-102 frames, TsGB No. square meters.

As a result of the impact, a dynamic roll of about 70 ° to starboard arose. The people on the bridge were thrown into the sea. Water through the resulting hole flooded the VI compartment within 15 seconds. A series of short circuits in the electric power system followed. All electrical networks were out of order, part of the general ship systems due to broken pipelines.

After about 35 seconds, as a result of the complete flooding of the electromotive and about 15% of the diesel compartments, a loss of longitudinal stability occurred. The sharp decrease in longitudinal stability was not felt by the personnel, since the trim to the stern increased relatively slowly. The submarine remained afloat, retaining about 3% of its buoyancy. From that moment on, the rate of increase of the emergency trim and the average draft increased sharply. This process was facilitated by the compression of air cushions of non-kingston central hospitals.

Forty seconds after the collision, the S-178, having taken about 130 tons of outboard water into a strong hull, lost its buoyancy and went under water. Due to the small depth at the site of the death of the submarine, with a trim of 25-30 °, it first touched the stern, and then lay down on the ground at a depth of 32 meters with a roll of 32 ° to starboard.

Immediately after the collision, the senior assistant commander, captain-lieutenant V. Kubynin, arrived at the GKP from the II compartment. The commander of the warhead-5, captain-lieutenant-engineer V. Zybin, was thrown down by a stream of water from the bridge. With his fall, he almost prevented the sailor Maltsev from closing the lid of the lower wheelhouse hatch. Rapid flooding of compartment III was prevented. The senior assistant and the commander of the electromechanical warhead decided on the position of the submarine. Emergency lighting did not turn on. Conducted a control purge for a minute of all the CGB. The middle group of TsGB No. 4 and No. 5 was blown through until the commander of BCH-5 was convinced that the submarine was on the ground. They tried to equalize the list by opening the ventilation valves of the middle group of tanks on the left side. The position of the submarine has not changed.

In compartment II, a battery breaker ignited, disconnecting the battery from the ship's consumers of electricity. Two officers of the electromechanical warhead - Tunev and Yamalov - brought down the flames with the foam of the IDP system. The commander of the BCh-4 - RTS captain-lieutenant Ivanov remained the senior in the compartment. The chief of staff, captain 2nd rank V. Karavekov, moved to the 1st compartment. There were twenty people in two forward compartments. Four submariners were sealed in compartment VII. Between the VI, V and IV compartments, due to the high pressure of the incoming water, they could not close the bulkhead doors. In the IV compartment, they did not manage to create an air cushion by closing the ventilation clinkers. Eighteen divers died in three flooded compartments within a minute and a half. In compartment III, the flow of water was significant and amounted to 120 tons per hour. The water continued to rise and in half an hour rose above the upper deck flooring.

Staying in the compartment became pointless. The submariners established contact with the second compartment. Equalized the pressure. Taking five IDA-59s with them, six people left the central compartment. Water filtration through the bow bulkhead of compartment VII was 10-12 tons per hour. A telephone connection was established between the end compartments.

According to a report from the stern about the situation that had developed, the brigade chief of staff ordered the personnel to come to the surface using the free ascent method. The divers released an emergency signal buoy, put on the ISP, opened the bottom cover of the access hatch, but could not open the top cover. We made an attempt to get out through the torpedo tube. They opened the front covers, but could not push out the torpedoes. A second attempt to open the top cover of the access hatch was unsuccessful. Four hours later, communication with the VII compartment ceased.

In the bow compartments, they came to the conclusion that the struggle to save the submarine was impossible.

Captain 2nd rank V. Karavekov gave the order to give an emergency buoy and get ready to go to the surface. Soon he became ill with his heart. In the future, all actions to exit the sunken submarine were led by the senior assistant commander, Lieutenant Commander S. Kubynin and the commander of the BCh-5, Lieutenant Commander V. Zybin.

All sailors were transferred to the survivability compartment.

For this, a pressure of 2.7 kg/cm2 had to be set. They took the necessary equipment with them.

To burn carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, a regenerative breathing device (RDD) was equipped. A single light bulb was connected from an autonomous source of a radio signaling device. The power supplies of the source were strictly protected, and the light was turned on in the most necessary cases.

The entire personnel was divided into groups of three people, senior groups were appointed, instructed according to the rules for going to the surface and the order in which the groups exited through the torpedo tube was determined by the locking method, but an insurmountable problem arose - there were 20 sets of ISP-60 for 26 submariners .. .

After the collision, the RFU-13 drifted and proceeded to rescue the sailors who were in the water.

Of the eleven submariners who were on the S-178 bridge, seven were rescued, including the commander of the captain of the 3rd rank Marango, ZKCH lieutenant commander Daineko, NMS senior lieutenant m / s Grigorevsky.

RFU-13 reported the collision with the submarine to the dispatcher of the Far East Sea Port at 19.57. At 20.15 on October 21, the operational duty officer of the Pacific Fleet announced a combat alert to the search forces and the rescue team based in Vladivostok.

Seven minutes later, we received an order to proceed from the combat training ranges to the area of ​​the accident with S-179, BT-284 and SS Zhiguli. From Vladivostok, the SS Mashuk, several boats and the rescue submarine BS-486 Komsomolets Uzbekistan (project 940 Lenok), which was under preparation for repair, left for the site of the tragedy. After the announcement of the alarm, the BS reached the crash site only after three and a half hours in a state of disrepair, which were such that the BS-486 itself almost drowned during the operation to rescue the S-178 submariners. At that time, no one dared to report on these malfunctions on command, and at present this reason is hushed up in every possible way. At 21.00, an emergency signal buoy was found from the RFU-13. Rescue forces and equipment arrived at the accident site in the following order: at 21.50 - SS "Mashuk" and a firefighting boat PZhK-43 of project 365; in

22.30 the beginning of the movement of the SS "Zhiguli"; at 1.20 on October 22 - BS-486 and sea diving vessel VMproekt 522.

From 10.55 on October 22, Bogatyr-2 and Chernomorets-13 floating cranes were in readiness for setting up raid equipment to accommodate rescue vessels over the emergency submarine.

Rescue work from the Mashuk was led by Vice-Admiral R. Golosov, Chief of Staff of the Pacific Fleet. At 0.30 on October 22, communication was established with the sunken submarine through the radio signal device of the bow CRS. The senior assistant to the submarine commander S. Kubynin reported on the situation in the compartments, on the condition of the surviving submariners, the loss of communication with the aft compartment and the lack of personal rescue equipment. Based on the data received, the rescue headquarters determined the time of allowable stay in the compartment. There were no stocks of food, water, warm clothes. The temperature in the compartment dropped to +12°C. The sailors could not measure the content of harmful impurities and oxygen due to the lack of instruments. The carbon dioxide content was 2.7%, despite the fact that five RDUs were equipped in two compartments. A supply of sixty cans of regeneration was enough to sustain life for 60 hours. Under pressure of 2.7 kg / cm2, submariners could be 72 hours from the moment it was created.

Based on time constraints and an unfavorable storm forecast for the next two days, the headquarters of the rescue squad refused to rescue the submariners by raising the tip of the submarine and decided to use a rescue submarine. Through a stable connection through a radio signal device, the senior assistant commander and the commander of the BS-5 received a detailed briefing on the conditions for exiting through the torpedo tube and moving along the guide cable to the niche of the receiving-input compartment of the rescue submarine, as well as on the conditional signals by tapping with divers. At 8.45 on October 22, BS-486 for the first time in world practice began an operation to rescue sailors from a sunken submarine. At 09.06 BS-486 anchored underwater 15 meters from the ground for a diving search for an object. But, only three hours later, divers discovered the C-178. For an hour they examined the stern and tried to establish contact with the 7th compartment with blows to the hull. There was no response signal. Having secured the buoy for a more accurate designation of the stern, the divers left. At 1300, the rescue submarine began maneuvering to position itself no more than 30 meters from the bow of the sunken submarine. The maneuver consisted of shooting from anchor and setting at a new point at a distance of 80 meters at a heading of 320. By that time, the situation in the area had deteriorated sharply: the northwest wind had risen to 15 m / s, the sea had increased to four points. The failure of the GAS and the lack of technical means for searching and detecting unmarked objects on the ground made it difficult to accurately aim. The shallow search depth under adverse weather conditions limited the ability to maneuver.

BS-486 had to surface and dive three times. Most of all, the situation was complicated by the loss of communication over the radio signal device in

14.10 October 22. The necessary property was not transferred to the submarine, the rescue submarine had been maneuvering for several hours without finding the bow of the sunken boat, and there was no real help from the actions of the rescuers. In the current situation, Lieutenant Commander S. Kubynin decided to release the first group to the surface. Torpedo tube No. 3 was prepared for locking. When equalizing the pressure in the apparatus, Captain 2nd Rank V. Karavekov gave an alarm. He was pulled out and left in the resting compartment.

Leaving the torpedo tube, the commander of the BCH-4 - RTS, Lieutenant Commander S. Ivanov, released a buoy, but the buoy got confused and it did not surface, which he reported to the submarine with a prearranged signal. At 15.45 on October 22, captain-lieutenant S. Ivanov and senior sailor Maltsev came to the surface by free ascent. On the water, the divers were found, taken aboard, and twelve minutes later they were placed in a decompression chamber to eliminate the consequences of a long stay under pressure and to carry out therapeutic measures.

BS-486 continued to maneuver around the bow of the sunken submarine, but could not detect it. Having no contact with the surface, lieutenant commanders S. Kubynin and V. Zybin at 18.30 on October 22 released the second group led by the foreman of the hold team through torpedo tube No. 4. Senior sailor Ananyev, sailor Pashnev and sailor Khafizov disappeared without a trace: they were not found on the water, since it was already dark, and constant monitoring of the water area in the area of ​​​​the submarine was not organized. At 20.15, a diver from the rescue submarine discovered the sunken submarine, climbed onto the hull and established contact with the submariners by tapping. BS-486 dropped the bow anchor and began to move, pulling up with a capstan or working out the motors back to take the desired position. After each movement, the divers corrected her place. A diver from the seventh trio secured the running end from the rescuer's diving platform to the right upper S-178 torpedo tube. Here he saw a tangled buoy-view, freed it, checked the fastening of the carbine to the hull and released the buoy to the surface. About seventeen hours BS-486 maneuvered to take up a starting position to provide practical assistance to the victims. At 03:03 on October 23, the divers of the rescue submarine began work. They loaded into torpedo tube No. 3 six IDA-59s, two wetsuits with diving clothes and a note instructing them to take ten sets of ISP-60s, emergency lights, food in two steps, and then, at the command of the divers, go out with the help of the running line into the rescue underwater boat by flooding the I compartment. By four o'clock the property was taken to compartment I.

At 5.54 on October 23, the third group began to exit through the torpedo tube No. 3. At that moment, a diver with property approached the submarine and saw the front cover of the torpedo tube opening - the commander of the motor group, lieutenant engineer Yamalov, was leaving the submarine. The diver helped him get out of the apparatus and tried to direct him along the running cable to the rescue submarine, but the submariner did not allow him to fasten his carbine to the guide, escaped and surfaced. The diver broke off the hull. While he was falling a meter and a half or two to the ground, a sailor Mikushin came out of the torpedo tube. Captain 2nd rank V. Karavekov remained in the torpedo tube. The divers examined the torpedo tube No. 3, found nothing in the apparatus within sight, after which they loaded the previously agreed property and handed over to the divers a note instructing them to expedite the exit. In all these operations, divers and submariners understood each other very poorly. There are no signals of this kind in the "Manual on the exit of personnel from a sunken submarine" - they had to be invented on the go. Therefore, locking took a lot of time. In addition, divers who worked at depth for a long time froze. They were replaced by others in an hour and a half.

New divers received the necessary information from their predecessors in the rescue submarine, planned their actions and. approaching the sunken submarine, they had to establish contact with the submariners. While working underwater, for the first time, divers had to practically use many devices and devices to assist the victims. For example, canisters designed to transfer property to an emergency submarine proved to be bulky and very inconvenient. Therefore, the property was transferred in burnt wetsuits, and the IDA-59 fit into regular bags.

At about ten o'clock on October 23, the submariners closed the front cover of the torpedo tube No. and drained it. A dead officer was lying in the apparatus. Captain-lieutenants S. Kubynin and V. Zybin organized preparations for going to the surface by flooding the compartment. The divers carried all unnecessary items into compartment II, including air regeneration facilities. Unlocked the covers of the torpedo tube No. 3, dressed in ISP-60. There was not enough woolen diving underwear for everyone - it was given to those who, according to the established order, were the last to leave. In total, eighteen submariners were preparing for the exit.

At 15.15, they gave a signal to the divers by tapping:

“Wait for us at the exit of the torpedo tube. Ready to go."

Began to flood the compartment. They feared an increase in roll and trim, which could lead to the displacement of rack torpedoes from their regular places. Because of this, the compartment was flooded slowly through the open front cover of the left upper torpedo tube and the footstock of the torpedo replacement tank. Excessive air pressure from the compartment was released through the depth gauge kingston. Thus, compartment I was flooded to a level 10-15 centimeters above the top cover of torpedo tube No. 3. At 19.15 on October 23, the exit began.

The first one to leave came across a foreign object in the torpedo tube and was forced to return to the compartment. The path was closed. When extracting the deceased V. Karavekov, the torpedo tube was not completely freed from the property loaded by divers. The divers also loaded hydrosuits and IDA into torpedo tube No. 4.

In this situation, the commander of the warhead-5, captain lieutenant V. Zybin, went to the torpedo tube No. 3. He was able to push unnecessary things out of the apparatus. Then, with a prearranged signal, he informed the submariners of a free exit, drew the attention of the divers to the submariners following him, and moved to the rescue submarine along the guide cable. At 20.30 on October 23, the last to leave the submarine was the senior assistant commander, Captain Lieutenant S. Kubynin. Personally switching to breathing from the atmosphere in a closed cycle and directing his subordinates into the torpedo tube, S. Kubynin lost a lot of strength. By an effort of will, he was able to get out of the torpedo tube without meeting divers, went to the cabin of the submarine and lost consciousness. A minute later, he was picked up on the surface of the rescue boat.

Of the entire group leaving the compartment by flooding, sixteen people survived.

Sailor P. Kireev lost consciousness and died in the compartment. Neither the boats of the rescue squad nor the divers, who carefully examined the torpedo tube and the ground around the submarine, could find the sailor Lenshina. Six submariners transferred to a rescue submarine. On the BS-486, they were placed in a pressure chamber for a smooth transition to a normal human environment. During a medical examination, they found oxygen poisoning, residual effects of barotitis and colds that developed as a result of a long stay in the water. The sailors who came out by the method of free ascent were placed in pressure chambers on the SS Mashuk. All of them had severe decompression illnesses, unilateral and bilateral pneumonia developed, complicated by lung barotrauma in four people. One of the seriously ill patients required surgery. For more than two days, doctors carried out therapeutic, surgical and special treatment in a closed barocomplex of a rescue submarine. This required the connection of all pressure chambers into a single system, which made it possible, if necessary, to access medical specialists to the injured. After the end of the decompression, the rescued submariners were taken by ambulance to the hospital of the Pacific Fleet.

On October 24, 1981, work began on raising the sunken submarine. Initially, the C-178 was raised by pontoons to a depth of fifteen meters, towed to Patrokl Bay and laid on the ground, after which the divers carried the bodies of the dead out of the compartments. In total, the sea took 32 submariners from the crew of the S-178 submarine. On November 15, 1981, S-178 was raised to the surface, after draining the compartments and unloading torpedoes, the submarine was towed to the Dalzavod dry dock. Restoration of the submarine was considered inexpedient. Soon a closed trial took place, according to the decisions of which the commander of the S-178 captain of the 3rd rank V. Marango and the first officer of the RFU-13 V. Kurdyukov were sentenced to prison for a term of 10 years each, and the captain of the ship - to 15 years, respectively. In a mass grave at the sea cemetery in Vladivostok, sixteen S-178 submariners were buried, ten sailors were buried at their place of residence, the bodies of six submariners were never found.

After the sinking of the S-178 submarine, by a joint decision of the fleet and industry, flashing orange lights were installed on the submarines, warning that a submarine was on the surface.

On July 9, 1982, the S-178 submarine was excluded from the USSR Navy. On October 21, 1982, the fence for the cabin of the S-178 submarine was installed at the burial place of the dead submariners at the Marine Cemetery in Vladivostok. The monument is a metal fence of the conning tower armed with a granite pedestal.

The forward part of the felling fence is directed to the north. On the front side of the monument, on a granite tablet, the words are engraved: "To the sailors of the Pacific submarine S-178, who died on October 21, 1981 in the Sea of ​​Japan." On the right side of the felling fence there is a sign with the inscription: "Eternal memory to submariners who died in the line of military duty" and a list of the dead submariners. The names of thirty-two dead submariners are engraved on granite tablets, which are located on three common burials. The burial took place on November 5, 1981. Sixteen submariners were buried in a mass grave, ten sailors were buried at their place of residence, the bodies of six were not found.

During its service in the Pacific Fleet, the S-178 submarine traveled 163,692 miles in 30,750 sailing hours.

Tactical and Technical Data of the submarine S-178:

Displacement: surface / underwater - 1080/1350 tons. Dimensions: maximum length (according to design waterline)

- 76 meters, the largest width of the hull - 6.3 meters, the average draft (according to DWL) - 4.6 meters.

Speed: surface / underwater - 18.2 / 12 knots. Power plant: two diesel engines 37D, 2000 hp each. s., two PG-101 electric motors (1350 hp each), two PG-103 electric motors (50 hp each), two groups of a 46SU battery with 112 elements each, two propeller shafts. Armament: four 533 mm bow and two 533 mm stern torpedo tubes (12 torpedoes). Maximum diving depth: 180 meters. Autonomy: 45 days. Team: 52 submariners.

–  –  –

ADIATULIN Yergali Nurmukhanovich, senior sailor, torpedo electrician.

Born in 1961 in the village of Volodarovka, Novovarshavsky District, Omsk Region.

ANANIN Dmitry Savelyevich, foreman of the 2nd article, foreman of the hold group. Born in 1961 in the village of Rochevo, Ust-Tsilemsky District, Komi ASSR.

ARISTOV Vladimir Arkadyevich, sailor, VUS-308. He was buried in the city of Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk region.

ASTAFYEV Alexander Vladimirovich, foreman of the 1st article, foreman of the VUS-305 team. Born in 1960 in Balakovo, Saratov Region.

Buried in Vladivostok.

BALAEV Alexander Sergeevich, sailor, VUS-305. Born in 1961 in Okha, Sakhalin Region. Buried in Vladivostok.

DEMESHEV Sergey Alekseevich, foreman of the 2nd article, instructor of VUS-317.

Born in 1960 in the village of Urdzhar, Semipalatinsk region. Buried in Vladivostok.

EMELYANOV Vladislav Pavlovich, foreman of the 2nd article, commander of the VUS-308 squad. He was buried in the village of Sitmishi, Urmarsky district, Chuvash ASSR.

ENDIUKOV Valeriy Anatolyevich, senior sailor, commander of the VUS-305 squad. He was buried in the village of Srednyaya Yakushka, Novomalyklinsky District, Ulyanovsk Region.

ZHURILKIN Alexander Vasilievich, senior sailor, VUS-305. Born in 1961 in the village of Zaprudnya, Taldomsky District, Moscow Region. Buried in the village of Zaprudnya.

IVANOV Gennady Alexandrovich, sailor, senior specialist VUS-308.

Born in 1962 in the village of Turmyshi, Yantikovsky District, Chuvash ASSR.

KARAVEKOV Vladimir Yakovlevich, captain of the 2nd rank, chief of staff of the Submarine Brigade. Born in 1943 in the village of Verkh-Ozernoye, Bystroistok District, Altai Territory. Buried in Vladivostok.

KIREEV Petr Fedorovich, sailor, VUS-276. Buried Vladivostok.

KIREEV Shamil Raufovich, senior sailor, foreman of the VUS-318 team.

He was buried in the village of Bashmakovka, Nariman district, Astrakhan region.

KOSNYREV Viktor Viktorovich, sailor, commander of the VUS-300 squad.

Born in 1960 in the city of Artem, Primorsky Krai. Buried in Vladivostok.

KOSTYLEV Vyacheslav Valerievich, sailor, commander of the hold department.

Born in 1961 in the village of Petrikovo, Kostroma Region. Buried in Vladivostok.

LARIN Nikolai Alexandrovich, senior sailor, helmsman-signalman.

Buried in the village Utchanka, Petukhovsky district, Kurgan region.

LENSHIN Viktor Ivanovich, sailor, OSNAZ specialist. Born in 1962.

LISKOVITCH Alexander Vasilyevich, cadet of the Leningrad midshipman school. Born in 1961 in the village of Kotashi, Kobrin district, Brest region.

LYSENKO Viktor Leonidovich, midshipman, foreman of the group of electricians.

Born in 1958 in Krasny Liman, Donetsk region. Buried in Vladivostok.

MEDVEDEV Ivan Ivanovich, senior sailor, commander of the VUS-292 squad.

He was buried in the village of Verkhnee Akkozino, Krasnochetaisky district, Chuvash ASSR.

PASHNEV Oleg Vladimirovich, senior sailor, radiotelegraph operator. Born in 1960 in Moscow.

PLYUSNIN Alexander Mikhailovich, sailor, VUS-305. Born in 1961 in the village of Aikino, Ust-Vymsky District, Komi ASSR. Buried in Vladivostok.

RYABTSEV Alexey Anatolyevich, sailor, VUS-297. Born in 1960 in Novo-Altaisk, Altai Territory. Buried in Novo-Altaisk.

SERGEEV Sergey Mikhailovich, senior sailor, commander of the VUSR department Born in 1961 in the city of Kuibyshev. Buried in Vladivostok.

SOKOLOV Alexey Alekseevich, senior lieutenant, commander of warhead-3.

Born in 1957 in the city of Artem, Primorsky Krai.

SOKOLOV Ivan Ivanovich, foreman of the 2nd article, commander of the VUS-305 department.

Born in 1960 in the village of Sarguz, Kuznersky District, Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

SMIRNOV Vladimir Stepanovich, foreman of the 2nd article, senior specialist of the Union of Right Forces. Born in 1962 in the village of Krasivaya, Ishim District, Tyumen Region.

STEPKIN Anatoly Nikolaevich, senior sailor, torpedo pilot. Born in 1961 in the village of Kulyasovo, Kameshkirsky district, Penza region.

TUKHVATULIN Vagiz Samigullovich, sailor, senior specialist VUS-305.

Born in 1960 in the village of Kuyanbaevo, Argalinsky district, Chelyabinsk region.

He was buried in the village of Kuyanbaevo.

KHAFIZOV Salih Vazihovich, senior sailor, commander of the helmsman's section. Born in 1961 in the village of Lineynoye, Narimanov District, Astrakhan Region.

SHOMIN Viktor Alekseevich, sailor, VUS-303. Born in 1962 in the village of Korsakovo, Novosilsky district, Oryol region. Buried in Vladivostok.

YURIN Oleg Gennadievich, sailor, senior specialist VUS-308. Born in 1962 in the city of Kurgan. Buried in Kurgan.

Submarine S-178 (presumably) with a tail number "S-56", models of a bow gun and a net cutter at the parade on Navy Day.

Vladivostok. July 1977

–  –  –

Submarine C-178 shortly before the disaster.

Submarine S-178.

(moored starboard side to a fixed pier).

S-178 in the Combat Training Range.

–  –  –

Loading a torpedo on the S-178.

In the center of the photograph is the commander of the warhead-3, senior lieutenant A. Sokolov.

Festive dinner on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the laying of the S-178 submarine.

Gulf of Vladimir. PKZ "Bakhmut". 1978

25 years since the launch of the S-178 submarine.

Standing: (from left to right) deputy commander for political affairs captain-lieutenant V.A. Vasiliev, boatswain V.I. Spiridonov, foreman of the engine team midshipman A. Mikhailov, senior assistant commander senior lieutenant S.M. Kubynin, NPO captain 1 rank L.A. Logvinenko, Deputy NPO (?), lieutenant commander V.A. Marango. Right: foreman of the team of electricians, midshipman VL Lysenko.

Sitting: (from left to right) senior battalion midshipman V. Lyzhin, commander of warhead-3 lieutenant A.I. Sokolov, chemist midshipman G.A. Trunov.

Map showing the location of the sinking of the S-178 submarine.

The rise from the ground of the submarine C-178.

C-178 after lifting. November 1981

Towing submarine C-178 after recovery.

S-178 in a dry dock at Dalzavod. November 1981

Damage to the hull of the S-178 submarine after a collision with the RFS "Refrigerator-13".

–  –  –

The military personnel of the S-178 submarine at the PKZ.

Bay Diomede. 1981

From left to right: foreman 1st class A.V. Astafyev, senior sailor E.N. Adyatulin, senior sailor I.I. Medvedev.

–  –  –

IN THE BOSPORUS - EAST THE Bachkovs were doing the dishes after supper. They knew that soon the submarine would be in the Eastern Bosphorus Strait and then, when passing through the narrowness, they would announce “Combat alert!”. It is necessary to have time to fix the tableware "in a storm" before the alarm signal of the howler.

Dinner has passed, which means that there is less than a day left before the demobilization, - said the commander of the radiometric department, foreman of the 2nd article, Sergey Lukomnenko, and crossed out with a bold felt-tip pen on the wall calendar attached to the ceiling of the cabin, October 21, 1981.

When approaching the shore on the bridge, submariners who were free from watches usually breathed fresh sea air. And this time there was no exception. Ten people crowded behind the commander in the superstructure near the upper hatchway. Even after a short trip to the sea, it is gratifying to return home. The colored lights of the navigation fence pleased the eye. Beads of lanterns on the streets appeared more and more clearly on the hills

Vladivostok. From the radio room they reported:

There is "Good!" OVRa1 for the passage of boom gates. Commander of a diesel submarine

S-178 Captain 3rd Rank Valery Marango replied:

There is "Good!" OVR, - for myself, deciding not to rush to sound an alarm when passing the narrowness. No targets are visible. People are tired for the trip, let them rest a little.

A few minutes later, the OVR gave a "Good!" to the exit from the Peter the Great Bay of the motor ship "Refrigerator-13", which was moving towards the submarine to the narrow neck of the passage in the boom. On the bridge of the "Refrigerator-13" was the senior assistant to the captain V. Kurdyukov.

So that the dashing maneuvers of his ship would not be noticed at the posts of the OVR, he ordered to turn off the navigation lights. Kurdyukov and the helmsman on watch saw the side lights approaching, sitting low to the water, but considered them to be the lights of a small fishing vessel. When they saw the silhouette of a submarine gliding along the swell of the bay, 2 cables in front of them, they simply froze for a moment. There was no time to maneuver.

At 19.45, the ship struck a submarine with a bow in the area of ​​​​the 6th compartment, forming a hole with an area of ​​​​about 10 m2. After 15 seconds, the warship sank at a depth of 30 meters with a list of 5 degrees to the port side. From the ingress of sea water on the battery machine of the 2nd compartment, a fire broke out. The fire was quickly brought down with the help of the IDP fire extinguishing system. But before they had time to look around in the compartment, the fire broke out again. This time they extinguished thoroughly.

The smoky compartment was immediately abandoned. More than twenty people turned out to be in the 1st torpedo compartment, including the chief of staff of the Submarine Brigade, Captain 2nd Rank V. Karavekov (recognized by the Military Medical Commission as unfit for service in seafarers) and senior assistant commander of the ship Lieutenant Commander S. Kubynin.

The tragic irony of fate brought together in one compartment of the sunken submarine the chief of staff of the formation, responsible for organizing service on ships, and the senior assistant commander of the ship, responsible for the availability of emergency rescue equipment on the ship, preparing the compartments and the submarine as a whole for a campaign and battle. In the barely perceptible reflections of a dim emergency lamp, two dozen people peered into the eyes of their commanders, expecting rescue from them.

On the ship they played all hands on deck. The boatswain's crew prepared the boats for launching. The captain stepped onto the bridge. Turned on running lights, searchlights. They reported to the shore about the sinking of a submarine near Skryplev Island.

15 minutes after the disaster, two signal buoys surfaced from the light hull of the 1st and 7th compartments of the submarine to the surface of the sea.

On the boats launched from the "Refrigerator-13", they raised the crew members from among those who were in the conning tower of the submarine:

commander - captain 3rd rank Valery Marango, doctor - senior lieutenant of the medical service Viktor Grigorievsky, political officer - captain-lieutenant Vladimir Daineko, seconded navigator - captain-lieutenant Alexander Levun, boatswain - midshipman Vladimir Spiridonov, helmsman-signalman - sailor Anatoly Kostyunin, commander of the OVR - protection of the water area of ​​​​the department of radio telegraph operators - senior sailor Vladimir Usoltsev.

Operational duty officer of the search and rescue service (PSS) of the Navy Captain 1st rank V.

Averkov clarified the list of personnel of the sunken submarine.

On the submarine S-178, which sank at nineteen forty-five at Skryplev Island in the Bosporus Strait - Vostochny, there were fifty-nine people, including eight assigned to the exit, - he reported to the Operations Officer on duty at the Main Headquarters of the Navy. - The presence of the surviving crew members is specified.

The emergency rescue service of the Pacific Fleet was immediately alerted. After 2 hours, the Mashuk rescue ship approached the emergency buoys of the S-178 submarine. The senior assistant to the commander of the sunken submarine, Captain-Lieutenant Sergei Kubynin, reported upstairs by telephone of the emergency buoy that the situation was extremely tense. Emergency lighting is running out, there is no emergency food in the tanks, warm linen, IDA-59 devices and wetsuits are not enough for everyone. There was a short-term fire in the 2nd compartment, the compartment was smoky, so all the people were transferred to the 1st compartment.

At this telephone connection was interrupted, and the submariners were isolated from the outside world. However, life in the end compartments of the ship continued. We calculated how many personal breathing apparatuses and wetsuits are missing. They encouraged each other.

Sergei Kubynin took command of the submarine, as the Chief of Staff of the Submarine Brigade, Captain 2nd Rank Vladimir Karavekov, who was the senior on board, felt unwell: he was sitting at the rear covers of the torpedo tubes, his head thrown back and holding his hand to his heart. The divers looked at him with sympathy, but could do nothing to help.

The night passed almost without sleep. The next day, Captain-Lieutenant S. Kubynin decided to send two people up by free ascent to communicate with the outside world: Captain Lieutenant S. Ivanov (commander of the combat unit of communications) and senior sailor S. Maltsev (seconded to the output of the commander of the bilge machinists' department).

At 15.45 on October 22, the first group of two people left the submarine. By this time, a whole detachment of ships (a cruiser, two BOD2, SKR3) and ships, including the rescue ships Mashuk, Zhiguli and VM-10, cordoned off the place of the submarine flooding. On the "Mashuk" was the field headquarters of the search and rescue service of the Pacific Fleet, including the chief physician of the special physiologist of the Navy, lieutenant colonel of the medical service I. Kamardin. The senior physiologist of the PSS Pacific Fleet, lieutenant colonel of the medical service A. Ivanchenko, and the representative of the medical service of the Navy, colonel of the medical service E. Rukazenkov, were on the rescue ship Zhiguli.

A storm broke out at sea. Above the submarine were constantly moving three rubber inflatable boats with six rowers each. As soon as two submariners appeared on the surface, they were immediately picked up and taken to the VM-10. A few minutes later, captain lieutenant S. Ivanov and senior sailor S. Maltsev were already in the pressure chamber for therapeutic recompression.

A few hours earlier, 80 meters from S-178, the rescue submarine BS-486 (project Lenok) lay down on the ground. Deep-sea rescue vehicles from BS-486 could not dock with the coaming - a platform for an emergency submarine lying at a depth of 30 meters with a list of 5 degrees to the port side and a trim of 6 degrees to the bow. The undercurrent and storm wave dropped rescue vehicles from the coaming - the platform of the emergency submarine.

The divers handed over provisions, drinking water, warm clothes, emergency lights, IDA-59 breathing apparatus to the divers through the tubes of torpedo tubes. The note said that there is a rescue submarine nearby, to which you need to move along a cable - a conductor. But, the divers fixed the conductor cable from the wrong side, which was indicated in the note.

BOD is a large anti-submarine ship.

TFR - patrol ship.

In the evening of the same day, S. Kubynin prepared three more sailors for the departure: foreman of the 2nd article D. Ananin (foreman of the hold machinist team), senior sailor Sh.

But, at the top, they knew nothing about the new ascent of the submariners. The surfaced sailors had to rely only on themselves. These three, who emerged from the sunken submarine, were never found.

In the next batch, Lieutenant Mars Yamalov and sailor Vyacheslav Mikushin successfully surfaced from the submarine. After 10 minutes, their therapeutic recompression session began on the Zhiguli rescue ship.

Submarine rescue vessels always carry individual rescue equipment in the amount of up to 40% of the number of submarine personnel and additional helium cylinders for lifting people from a depth of more than 120 meters.

Several breathing apparatus IDA-59, transferred to the first compartment through the torpedo tubes by means of air lock, turned out to be faulty. In some devices, the oxygen cylinders turned out to be empty.

An attack of angina pectoris took away the physical and moral strength of the captain of the 2nd rank V. Karavekov. The first attempt to leave the compartment through the torpedo tube was unsuccessful for him, the second was tragic. The senior on board the sunken submarine got a breathing apparatus with a leaky regenerative cartridge (forensic experts subsequently established a burn of the upper respiratory tract).

The submariners dragged the senior officer who died in the torpedo tube back into the 1st compartment and "buried" in the 2nd, commander's.

Despite the unfavorable situation and incredible tension, Lieutenant Commander S. Kubynin continued to lead the personnel and took all possible measures to save the crew members. The sixteen men who remained with the chief mate in the compartment were instructed on the technique of exiting the torpedo tubes and that divers from the rescue submarine were waiting for them at the exit to the outside, who would show them how to walk along the cable - wire.

However, theory and practice in an extreme situation often diverge. Of the seventeen people remaining in the 1st compartment, sixteen came out through the torpedo tubes. Ten of them, not finding a guide cable at the exit that insures divers, rose to the surface by free ascent. Due to psychological and professional unpreparedness, the submariners could not overcome the feelings of fear when leaving the submarine. Salvation according to worldly criteria was at the top, and the cable-guide led down. Only six made it to the rescue submarine.

Sailors Viktor Andreev, Shamil Kireev and captain-lieutenant Sergei Kubynin came out in the last game. By that time, the compartment was already two-thirds filled with outboard water due to the repeated locking of people, IDA-59 and products. Breathe from an air bag.

Suddenly, sailor Sh. Kireev began to lose consciousness and, despite help, drowned in the compartment.

The senior assistant to the commander of the emergency submarine, Lieutenant Commander S. Kubynin, was the last to leave the 1st compartment.

Here is how the foreman of the radiotelegraph team, foreman of the 2nd article Vladimir Klimovich, spoke about his exit from the sunken ship: “When I got out of the torpedo tube, I did not meet anyone, it was very dark. I didn't see the cable guide. I felt for some kind of rope and sweated, holding on to it. I realized that I was going upstairs, so something was not right. Came back down, found a diver. Hooked on a cable-conductor and went to the BS-486. It didn't take long to get in.

There was no lantern near the vestibule - there was no gateway. Doubts arose - did you come there? They climbed into the airlock, and they pulled me into the boat. There they immediately undressed and took me to the pressure chamber.

The commander of the motor group, Senior Lieutenant Alexander Tuner, also did not meet the diver when leaving the torpedo tube. Long searched for a cable conductor. I found it at some distance from the cover of the torpedo tube and with difficulty reached the rescuers.

Four submariners who ended up in the 7th compartment failed to use rescue equipment due to the fact that they were not ready for action in such an emergency.

REPORT TO THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE NAVY4

We report the results of the medical examination of ten rescued today at about 20:00, who are on the Zhiguli SS:

1. Senior assistant to the commander of the submarine lieutenant captain Kubynin Sergey Mikhailovich - a serious condition, periodically regains consciousness.

2. The condition of two more survivors is grave, they periodically regain consciousness, their names have not yet been established.

3. The condition of the remaining seven people, whose names are being specified, is of moderate severity.

4. All ten are in a pressure chamber on an air-helium mixture according to mode 5; with them a physiologist and a diver instructor. The term of therapeutic recompression is approximately 4 days.

5. The condition of Lieutenant Yamalov and sailor Mikushin, who were rescued this morning, is satisfactory. Estimated time of their exit from the pressure chamber is 22.00 on October 26.

6. The condition of those rescued this morning in the pressure chamber on the "VM-10" - lieutenant commander Ivanov and senior sailor Maltsev is satisfactory.

–  –  –

1. We report the names of those rescued in the evening, located in the pressure chambers of her "Lada":

Captain-Lieutenant Kubynin S. M. (last to leave) - senior sailor Verkholyak V. V. (second last to leave) - sailor Sharipov R. Sh.

Sailor Noskov P.V.

Foreman of the 2nd article Lukyanenko S.V.

Sailor Butorin A.N.

Sailor Ivanov S. D.

Sailor Anisimov V. A.

Senior sailor Lekhnovich A.N.

Sailor Fedulov V. A.

The state remains the same.

2. An application for the Zhiguli SS for additional medicines that are not included in the personnel pack of the medical reinforcement groups was reported to the Chief of Staff of the Fleet.

3. There is a need to transfer a medical reinforcement group - four doctors and two diving specialists to the Link. An attempt to transfer them at 23.00-23.10 was unsuccessful. "Link" could not accept them due to weather conditions.

Rukazenkov Komardin

From the personal archive of the colonel of the medical service of the reserve E.D. Rukazenkova At the time of the announcement of the alarm on the rescue submarine BS-486, out of three full-time doctors, only one was on board - physiologist senior lieutenant of the medical service Sergey Shklennik. Just before leaving the pier, a candidate of medical sciences, Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service A.E. Ovchinnikov and a group of experienced divers, who had just arrived from Martyshkino (near Leningrad), boarded the rescue boat.

Six divers who switched to BS-486 were immediately placed in pressure chambers and a recompression regime was started for 47 hours and 30 minutes. Physiologist S. M. Shklennik was with the divers in the pressure chamber.

From the characteristics of S. Shklennik:

“Major of the Medical Service Sergey Mechislavovich Shklennik graduated from the Military Medical Academy. S. M. Kirov in 1978. From 1978 to 1984 he was a physiologist and head of the medical service of the rescue submarine of the Pacific Fleet.

In October 1981, when rescuing the personnel of a sunken submarine, he provided assistance to divers who emerged from the submarine directly in the pressure complex of the Linkok rescue submarine, and from there he supervised the recompression. If the survivors had a chronic form of oxygen poisoning, he reduced the oxygen content in the gaseous medium, which gave a pronounced therapeutic effect.

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was awarded the medal "For saving the drowning."

In December 1981, during an emergency situation associated with mass poisoning of personnel with carbon monoxide, he himself lost consciousness four times. Providing medical assistance to the poisoned, he carried out the evacuation of personnel from gassed compartments. Nine people in a state of clinical death were placed in a pressure chamber in order to undergo oxygen barotherapy. Directly in the pressure chamber, he provided resuscitation assistance, as a result of which seven people were brought back to life.

In insulating equipment, he carried out decompression of divers who were in the pressure chamber after descent.

The commander of the Red Banner Pacific Fleet was awarded a nominal watch.

Currently serving as Deputy Head of the 19th Medical Laboratory. The service is characterized positively.

Head of the Medical Service of the Pacific Fleet L. Grishaev

Ten divers went up by free ascent. From a cold 25-meter depth, they, like bubbles, flew out onto the waves of a restless night sea and ended up in a ring of spotlights. Hands and feet were numb and heavy. The head was spinning. The whole group was immediately lifted onto boats and taken to her Zhiguli.

A few minutes after surfacing, ten submariners were placed in the pressure chambers of the SS Zhiguli, where Lieutenant Yamalov and sailor Mikushin were already there. The recompression regime was planned for 100 hours, starting from 21:00 on October 23, 1981.

The unconscious submariners stripped naked were placed on the couches of the articulated pressure chambers and numbered with green paint. By coincidence, the first number was assigned to the senior assistant commander of the submarine Lieutenant Commander S. Kubynin. To ensure medical and diagnostic measures, diving specialist midshipman Mikushin and four doctors also entered the pressure chambers: therapist - major of the medical service K.P.

Shabalov, surgeon - major of the medical service A.A. Bagiyan, physiologist - senior lieutenant of the medical service V.N. Korneev, head of the medical service of the Zhiguli SS, captain of the medical service O.V. Vasiliev. The number of doctors on her Zhiguli during rescue work increased from six to thirteen.

In the morning, tired doctors woke up from pitching. The rescue ship went to the open sea.

The senior medical specialist on board the Zhiguli at that time was the chief toxicologist of the Navy, colonel of the medical service E.D. Rukazenkov.

Where are we in such a hurry? - he turned to the commander of the ship, climbing into the wheelhouse. - Yes, the radio has come, - the commander held out an open magazine, - follow to the combat training area to provide firing practice. - You reported that there are twelve submariners in the pressure chambers on recompression? - I am following orders from above, and not having a discussion with the fleet command.

It took a lot of work for the colonel of the medical service to ensure that a radiogram was given ashore, and the ship with seriously ill patients returned to Vladivostok. At the pier, the Zhiguli rescue ship was met by the head of the medical service of the Pacific Fleet, Major General of the Medical Service B.G. Makarenko, surrounded by two dozen medical colonels.

A signal was received from the pressure chamber that the submariners were regaining consciousness, asking for food. There was a hitch on the rescue ship, what means to feed the divers? By what standards?

Rear Admiral S.P. Vargin, a representative of the political department of the Navy, joined in resolving this issue. He contacted the commander of the submarine formation, located in Vladivostok, a few tram stops away from the fleet headquarters. After 40 minutes, compotes, condensed milk, eggs, stew and other products were delivered to the Zhiguli.

Food is good, but how to transfer food if the entire system of pressure chambers is occupied by patients and medical staff? It is possible to transfer food (to pass through) only with technical locks with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 40 cm. Aluminum bowls were crumpled, “like Ilyich cap”; food was passed into them, and urine and feces were taken back into them.

The clinical picture of all rescued submariners fit into the post-accident syndrome, which includes general hypothermia, overwork, situational neurotic reactions, combined inhalation poisoning of O2, CO and CO2. Fourteen submariners developed decompression sickness.

On October 25, in the pressure chamber, a general practitioner major of the medical service Konstantin Petrovich Shabalov fell ill with hepatitis in a severe form. The disease was accompanied by chills, general weakness, repeated vomiting.

At 5 am on October 28, the decompression mode ended for ten divers. The evening before, they reported this to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.

Pressure chamber reduced type RKUM:

1 - access hatch, 2 - outdoor lamp, 3 - air inlet fitting, 4 - instrument panel, 5 air outlet fitting, 6 - air outlet valve, 7 - air inlet valve, 8 safety valve, 9 - telephone exchange, 10 - porthole, 11 - gateway, 12 - table, 13 bed, 14 - seat, 15 - air bypass valve, 16 - prechamber.

–  –  –

Ten people are on the 5th mode of therapeutic recompression from 21:00 23.10. 1981

The duration of the mode is 100 hours. The time from leaving the submarine to the start of therapeutic recompression is 30 minutes. Stay in the pressure chamber until 0:00 on 10/28/1981, and then a day at the chamber.

2) who are on the 5th mode of therapeutic decompression on the SS "Mishuk"

–  –  –

Lieutenant Yamalov M.T. and sailor Mikushin V.M. are on the 5th mode of therapeutic recompression in a satisfactory condition. The time from leaving the submarine to the start of therapeutic recompression is 10 minutes. End of compression 11.30 10.26.198

–  –  –

“We will not meet them with flowers!” - said Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union S. G.

Gorshkov and departed for a country villa of the Primorsky Territory Party Committee.

The recompression mode ended successfully. Patients and their doctors came out of the pressure chambers, from the open hatches of which there was a smell of sweat, stench and medicines. They inhaled deeply the fresh sea air, with pleasure kneading the muscles that had become stiff from sitting. None of the command and political workers came to meet people at the exit from the barocomplex. Complete callousness and indifference to the submariners who received professional barotrauma, as well as to the doctors who fought for their lives, reigned in the morning coolness on the “royal” pier of the Golden Horn Bay.

At 3 pm on October 26, 1981, at the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union S.G. Gorshkov held a meeting with members of the commission created to analyze the circumstances and causes of the death of the S-178 submarine and part of its crew. The meeting was attended by vice admirals V.N. Burov, R.A. Golosov, major generals of the medical service I.A. Sapov, A.N.

Generals in naval uniforms with medical emblems on shoulder straps highly appreciated the activities of Pacific Fleet medical workers in assisting submariners.

They offered:

1) develop and include in the list of equipment of rescue ships transport pressure chambers;

2) to include in the educational process of training submariners the technique of entering a rescue submarine.

The Commander-in-Chief appreciated the proposals of the doctors. He conveyed to the audience the instructions of the Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union Ustinov to raise the capabilities of the Emergency Rescue Service of the Navy to the proper height, for which he ordered to prepare proposals for the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the decision of the military-industrial commission under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the joint decision Navy and the Ministry of the shipbuilding industry.

Addressing representatives of the shipbuilding industry, the Commander-in-Chief noted the slow implementation of industrial developments. In particular, the terms of reference for the construction of the rescue submarine of the Lenok project was issued in 1967, and the submarine was built only 9 years later.

The Commander-in-Chief ordered Vice Admirals Golosov and Slavsky to form a special detachment to retrieve the bodies of the dead submariners from the sunken ship. To do this, on a submarine of project 613, similar to the sunken one, work out the descents, organize five shifts, work around the clock. - Raise the sunken submarine and bring it to Patroclus Bay. The term for the transfer of the submarine and the removal of the bodies of the dead is until October 30, - the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy summed up harshly. - Instructions to write today, training on the submarine project 613 start tomorrow.

During the work of the commission, five officers made reports to the Commander-in-Chief at the dacha of the Primorsky Regional Committee of the CPSU daily at 7 am right at the dacha of the Primorsky Territory Committee of the CPSU: Rear Admiral from Moscow (on the operational situation), Major "wind blower" (on weather conditions), an employee of the counterintelligence service, a specialist of the Search and Rescue Service and doctor - colonel of the medical service E.D. Rukazenkov.

That morning, four officers fit in the back seat of the Volga on duty, and the admiral operative with the driver sat comfortably in front. At the dacha, the officers were met by the adjutant of the commander-in-chief, Lieutenant Colonel Malaev Leonid Tikhonovich, who grew up under the tutelage of his boss from midshipmen. “Today I ordered to keep the dacha indoors plus twenty-four degrees, although it is usually twenty-six,” said the adjutant, “this is a sign of good mood.

Watch the change in mood of the Commander-in-Chief after my information, - the admiral from the operational department turned to the doctor, meaningfully squinting at the suitcase.

The Commander-in-Chief sat alone at a huge oval table, served with china, cupronickel and crystal for two dozen people.

In Swedish waters, our submarine sat on the rocks, - the admiral-operative reported and, looking at the Commander-in-Chief, was waiting for his reaction, the submarine had already been dubbed the Swedish Komsomol member. Not a single muscle twitched on the admiral's face. Long years of service in high positions have developed in him the ability not to express his emotions under any circumstances.

He understood perfectly well that if you give vent to your feelings, now "court rumor"

will spread throughout the Far East a colorful picture of his reaction to another accident.

The law of “paired cases,” the Commander-in-Chief calmly replied, and now he himself carefully looked at the reaction of the officers present. Slowly he wiped his lips with a starched napkin, put it on the edge of the table. He got up, leaning heavily on the arm of his chair, and went to the next office to the government telephone.

“On a stormy morning in October 1981, I received stunning news: a Baltic submarine was discovered aground by the Swedes near the naval base of Karlskrona. At first I couldn't believe my ears when I heard the news report of foreign radio, then I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw the news report of foreign programs on the TV screen. Counted as another provocation. But this is a very risky insinuation: even the side number of the boat and the name of the commander are named. I am calling from Severomorsk to Kaliningrad to the headquarters of the twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet, commanded by my old colleague Vice Admiral Kapitanets. The voice is angry and discouraged. From the very first words I understand that for him this is the same inexplicable absurdity as for me.

A detailed investigation is yet to come, but for now one can only guess what the hell happened to St. Sweden when she was supposed to return home. Navigation error? But it didn’t fit in my head, how can one make such a mistake in order to climb so deep into other people’s skerries?

I imagine how unconvincing these references to an error are for the Swedes. I do not envy our diplomats. I don't envy the captain. I do not envy the commander of the S-137, Captain 3rd Rank Gushchin. Well, at least they were brought to Denmark or Germany! But after all, it happened precisely in Sweden, as if by order of those who “caught” red-star submarines near Stockholm for so many years ...

It was a shame for the brand of the submarine profession, for the honor of weapons, for the prestige of the state in the end. After all, there has probably never been a more ridiculous and shameful “adventure” with warships in the Baltic in the entire history of our fleet.

The criminal case initiated on the fact of the accident with the S-178 submarine ended with the sentencing of the commander of the submarine and the senior assistant of the ship "Refrigerator-13". Both received ten years in prison.

Four years later, Valery Marango was amnestied, but the family broke up.

Of the fifty-nine people on board the S-178 submarine, thirty-two died.

–  –  –

Chernavin V.N. Sink us, please, or a muddy swell in the Swedish skerries // Fleet in the fate of Russia. M.

Andrew's flag. 1993.

For organizing the rescue of submariners, the senior assistant commander of the S-178, Lieutenant Commander S. Kubynip and the commander of the electromechanical warhead, Lieutenant Commander V. Zybin, were presented with the Order of Lenin in the Navy, but the high bosses felt that submarine officers did not deserve such an award.

The parents of the dead submariners were given 300 rubles each (in 1981 prices).

Every year on October 21, at the maritime cemetery in Vladivostok, fresh flowers are laid on the grave of the dead S-178 submariners ...

–  –  –

DISASTER or whatever it was… It was a nice, clear day. Sea roughness - two points, visibility is excellent. We were returning to Vladivostok, from where we left three days earlier to ensure deep-sea diving of the S-179 submarine, on which I had previously served. A brigade commander was on board the S-179, and the chief of staff of the brigade was on board. That is the order. S-179 dived one hundred and eighty meters, completed the task, and went back to the course. When we were approaching our base, we received a radio message: to go to the 24th district near the Russian Island and measure the noise level of the submarine. Our submarines worked much louder than American ones. They heard us, but we didn't hear them. And at a closed meeting of the Politburo, they decided to do everything to make our submarines work quieter. And our S-178 just got into this program - it was headed by academician Alexander Alexandrov. After completing this task, move on. They sailed on the surface, at a speed of nine and a half knots. There was an hour and a half left to the base, when, eleven cables from Skryplev Island, we were rammed by the ocean fishing trawler "Refrigerator-13", having made a hole in the sixth compartment ...

I was in the second compartment and was about to go up to the bridge to announce "Combat alert!". This is what the Ship Charter prescribes to increase combat readiness at certain lines. Our entrance to the base was coordinated with the Operative Duty Officer for the raid of the 47th Brigade of the protection of the water area of ​​the Pacific Fleet. The submarine went through the entrance Shkotovsky target, then - the East Bosporus Strait. However, we didn't get there...

On the "Refrigerator-13" in the morning they celebrated the birthday of the senior assistant captain Kurdyumov and by the evening they were so "celebrated" that they went to sea without turning on the signal lights, although it was already relatively dark. Later we learned that the civil dispatcher of the port of Vladivostok, who had given permission to Refrigerator-13 to weigh anchor in that very strait, did not report this to the Operative Duty Officer of the brigade, although he was obliged to. The observation posts, which recorded that the ship had begun to move, did not react in any way. After all, no one could have thought that the senior officer who commanded the fishing trawler was drunk. "Refrigerator-13" changed course, turned off the lights and went through the combat training area, which could not even be approached close.

The fourth assistant captain of the fishing trawler, who was on watch, noticed our bearing, but Kurdyumov did not change course, he just waved it off: they say, it doesn’t matter, some small vessel is hanging, she will give way. Let's get through! But, the fishermen saw us, but we didn’t see them! This is also recorded in the materials of the criminal case.

The acoustician heard the noise of the propellers, but there were many other floating craft around, they created a single hydro-noise background. What do you pick out there? In addition, the RT was moving along the coast, from the side of the Russian Island. You won't get it!

On our bridge were the submarine commander, captain of the third rank Valery Marango, navigator, boatswain, helmsman, signalman, watch officer, sailors ... Twelve people.

And no one noticed! We saw the silhouette of the ship when it came very close. They didn’t even understand right away whether the ship was standing or moving. The commander shouted to the signalman standing above: “Illuminate him with the Ratier!” This is such a special lamp, a special device.

The sailor turned on the spotlight: dear mother! Huge stem in front of the nose! Distance - two cables, 40 seconds of travel! Where are you going to turn around? "Refrigerator - 13" went almost head-on to us and could hit the first compartment, where there were eight combat torpedoes, and these are two and a half tons of explosive explosives. They would not have taken a direct hit and would have detonated for sure. It would have exploded so that both the submarine and the fishermen would have left a wet place in the literal sense! There would be a variant of the Kursk. A huge nuclear submarine, and he died. And our submarine is six times smaller...

The commander ordered: "Right on board!". If the target is on the left, and according to all maritime laws, it is necessary to disperse on the left sides. If this fishing trawler were illuminated, V. Marango would have a choice, room for maneuver, and in the dark he acted at random. We barely managed to slip through, a few seconds were not enough. In fact, we saved Refrigerator-13. The impact was not frontal, but at an angle. A fishing trawler crashed into the sixth compartment, blasting a twelve-meter-square-meter hole and slamming the submarine to starboard. Water immediately poured into three compartments, and after half a minute, having scooped up about one hundred and thirty tons of water, we fell to the ground at a depth of 34 meters.

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