Benzylpenicillin how to dilute with water. Penicillin in surgery. Novocaine and procaine salts of benzylpenicillin - instructions for use

In a solution with novocaine (100,000-200,000 units of penicillin and 1 ml of 0.25-0.5-1% novocaine solution), penicillin is administered intramuscularly up to 5 times a day.

Penicillin can be used in combination with other antibiotics and sulfa drugs. Combination therapy can contribute to greater effectiveness of drugs, prevention of the development of resistant forms of bacteria, etc.

At the same time, an increase in side effects is also possible. Endolumbally crystalline sodium salt of benzylpenicillin is administered in inflammatory diseases of the brain and spinal cord and meninges, inflammatory processes after injuries and operations on the central nervous system.

Depending on the age of the patient and the nature of the disease, 10,000 to 100,000 IU are administered endolumbally once a day. Children under 1 year old are prescribed 10,000 IU per day, from 1 to 2 years - 15,000-20,000 IU, from 2 to 3 years - 20,000-30,000 IU, from 4 to 8 years - 30,000-40,000 IU , over 8 years old - 40,000-50,000 units. Adults are administered 50,000-70,000, but not more than 100,000 IU per day.

Dilute penicillin in 3-10 ml (depending on the amount of penicillin) of sterile double-distilled water or sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution.

With a small volume of penicillin solution (3-4 ml), 3-4 ml of cerebrospinal fluid is additionally drawn into the syringe. Before the introduction of the solution, 5-10 ml of cerebrospinal fluid is removed. The drug is administered slowly, over 1-2 minutes. Simultaneously with endolumbar administration, penicillin is injected into the muscles in usual doses.

"Medications", M.D. Mashkovsky

Benzylpenicillin potassium salt and benzylpenicillin sodium salt are administered intramuscularly, into a vein, under the skin or into the abdominal or pleural cavity. These same substances can be produced in the form of eye drops or aerosols.

Inject sodium salt only endolumbally. For injection under the skin or into the muscles, make the solution with 1% novocaine.

Use benzylpenicillin novocaine salt as a suspension, prepare it with isotonic sodium chloride solution or sterile water for injection. The drug is administered once a day, only intramuscularly.

A suspension of novocaine salt of benzylpenicillin with an aqueous solution of ecmolin is also injected intramuscularly once a day. It is available in 2 bottles, which must be mixed according to the instructions and stored at room temperature.

The long-acting drug is bicillin 1, it is injected with diseases that are caused by pathogens sensitive to penicillin. Prepare the suspension with isotonic saline.

ED - 1 ml of solvent

Solvents for antibiotics:

0.25% and 0.5% novocaine

Water for injections

Dose ratio a/b in gr. and ED:

In a vial of UNITS of penicillin.

We know that for a standard a/b dilution, you need to take 1 ml of solvent for every U, so for this vial we need: U:U = 10 ml of diluent.

In a vial of penicillin.

ED:ED = 5 ml of solvent.

In a vial of penicillin.

For this bottle we need a solvent:

ED:ED = 2.5 ml of solvent.

The patient needs to enter a unit of penicillin. There are 0.25 g bottles in the treatment room. How many bottles should I take? How many ml.

Synonyms: Baclofen, Lioresal, Penbak, Penglob.

Pharmachologic effect. Semi-synthetic antibiotic from the penicillin group for oral administration. It has a bacteriolytic (destroying bacteria) effect. It has a wide spectrum of action, including gram-positive (streptococci, pneumococci, staphylococci that do not produce penicillinase -

an enzyme that destroys penicillins) and gram-negative microorganisms (enterococci, gonococci, Escherichia and Haemophilus influenzae, as well as Branhamella catarralis, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella species). Acid-resistant, does not break down in the intestines.

Indications for use. Bacterial infections: bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), dysentery, salmonellosis, colienteritis (inflammation of the small intestine caused by Escherichia coli), pyelonephritis (inflammation of the tissue of the kidney and renal pelvis), purulent infections of the skin and soft.

Purpose: parenteral administration of drugs.

Indications: doctor's prescription.

Contraindications: expired medicinal product, violation of the vial sterility.

Equipment: a bottle of medicines, a syringe with a needle; 70% alcohol, cotton balls, scissors.

Rules for breeding antibiotics:

Solvents: 0.25% or 0.5% novocaine solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, sterile water for injection.

The most popular is the antibiotic penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of, ED. Dosed in units of action.

1 ml of solution should contain a unit of penicillin

Thus, if in a bottle of ED, then you need to take 5 ml of novocaine.

Algorithm of actions of a nurse:

1. Read the name on the vial.

Intramuscular administration of penicillin, especially in massive doses and for a long time, can lead to aseptic infiltrates at the injection site. Aseptic infiltrates result from hemorrhages at the injection site and compression of the vessels that feed the tissue. In the latter cases, tissue necrosis develops. More often, necrosis is observed in infants and with an insufficient depth of needle insertion (when solutions enter the subcutaneous fatty tissue). Therefore, injections must be given slowly. The occurrence of infiltrates is usually not a contraindication for further injections, but it requires appropriate measures. The resorption of infiltrates is facilitated by thermal procedures: paraffin and ozocerite applications and UHF. The use of compresses is undesirable, as they lead to maceration of the skin in the injection area. Less commonly, septic abscesses occur at injection sites of penicillin or other antibiotics, caused by staphylococcus aureus resistant to them, falling on the needle with.

Most often, antibiotics are administered intramuscularly. Antibiotics for injection are produced in the form of a crystalline powder in special vials. Before use, it is dissolved in a sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution (physiological solution of 0.9% sodium chloride), water for injection or 0.5% novocaine solution.

Let's look at the rules for diluting antibiotics.

The most popular is the antibiotic penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of, ED. Dosed in units of action.

Cefotaxime is used to treat pneumonia, meningitis, blood poisoning, endocarditis, infections of the genitourinary system, bones and joints. The use of this antibiotic in immunocompromised patients is also effective.

Dosage and dilution of cefotaxime

Before diluting cefotaxime, its dose is calculated, it depends.

Benzylpenicillin - drugs (sodium salt, potassium salt, novocaine salt, benzathine benzylpenicillin, etc.), action, instructions for use (how to dilute, dosages, methods of administration), analogues, reviews, price

Varieties, names, composition, release forms and general characteristics

Benzylpenicillin sodium salt (trade names of drugs - "Benzylpenicillin sodium salt", "Novocin", Penicillin G);
Benzylpenicillin potassium salt (the trade name of the drugs is "Benzylpenicillin potassium salt");
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt (trade name of drugs - "Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt");
Benzylpenicillin procaine salt (trade name of drugs - "Procaine Penicillin");
Benzathine benzylpenicillin (trade names of drugs - Retarpen, Extencillin, Bicillin-1, Benzathine benzylpenicillin, Moldamine);
Bicillin-5 (a mixture of benzathine and procaine salt of benzylpenicillin).

All of these varieties of benzylpenicillin contain benzylpenicillin in the form of various salts as the active substance. The dosage of any kind of medicinal product is indicated in IU (international unit) or ED - units of action of pure benzylpenicillin. Since the dosage for all varieties of the drug is universal, they can be easily compared with each other and, if necessary, replace one with another.

Benzylpenicillin drugs

Benzylpenicillin potassium salt;
Benzylpenicillin sodium salt;
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt;
Benzathine benzylpenicillin;
Bicillin-1 (benzathine benzylpenicillin);
Bicillin-3 (a mixture of benzathine, sodium and procaine salts of benzylpenicillin);
Bicillin-5 (a mixture of benzathine and procaine salt of benzylpenicillin);
Moldamine (benzathine benzylpenicillin);
Novocin (benzylpenicillin sodium salt);
Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin sodium salt);
Procaine Penicillin (benzylpenicillin procaine salt);
Retarpen (benzathine benzylpenicillin);
Extencillin (benzathine benzylpenicillin).

Action

Gonococci (Neisseria gonorrheae);
Meningococci (Neisseria meningitidis);
Pneumococci;
Staphylococci that do not produce penicillinase;
Streptococcus groups A, B, C, G, L and M;
Enterococci;
Alcaligenes faecalis;
Actinomycetes;
Bacillus anthracis;
Clostridiae;
Corynebacterium diphtheriae;
Erysipelothrix insidosa;
Escherichia coli;
Fusobacterium fusiforme;
Leptospirae;
Listeia monocytogenes;
Pasteurella multocida;
Spirillim minus;
Spirochaetaceae (causative agents of syphilis, yaws, lime borreliosis, etc.);
Streptobacillus moniliformis;
Treponema pallidum.

Indications for use

Sodium, potassium, novocaine and procaine salts of benzylpenicillin

Infectious diseases of the respiratory organs (pneumonia, pleurisy, pleural empyema, bronchitis, etc.);
Infectious diseases of the ENT organs (tonsillitis, scarlet fever, otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, etc.);
Infections of the urinary tract (gonorrhea, syphilis, cystitis, urethritis, adnexitis, salpingitis);
Purulent infections of the eye, mucous membranes, skin and bones (for example, blenorrhea, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, mediastinitis, osteomyelitis, phlegmon, erysipelas, wound infection, gas gangrene, etc.);
Purulent meningitis or brain abscess;
Sepsis or septicemia;
Peritonitis;
Arthritis;
Treatment of diseases caused by spirochetes, such as syphilis, yaws, pint, anthrax, etc.;
Treatment of fever provoked by rat bites;
Treatment of infections caused by Clostridium, Listeria and Pasteurella;
Prevention and treatment of diphtheria;
Prevention and treatment of complications of streptococcal infections such as rheumatism, endocarditis and glomerulonephritis.

Preparations containing benzylpenicillin benzathine

Long-term prevention of recurrence of rheumatism;
Syphilis;
Yaws;
Infections caused by group B streptococci, such as tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections, erysipelas;
Prevention of postoperative infections.

In general, the main difference between benzathine benzylpenicillin preparations and other salts of this substance is that they are optimal for long-term therapy, since they have a long-term effect and are therefore recommended for the treatment of chronic diseases. All other salts of benzylpenicillin (potassium, sodium, novocaine and procaine) have a short duration of action and are therefore optimal for the treatment of acute infections.

Instructions for use

Rules for choosing a salt of benzylpenicillin

Breeding benzylpenicillin

Sterile water for injection (can be used for any type of injection - intravenous, intramuscular, lumbar, subconjunctival, etc.);
Physiological solution (used only for the preparation of solutions for intravenous, intramuscular, lumbar, pleural, subcutaneous administration);
2.5% and 5% Novocain (used only for the preparation of a solution for intramuscular injections);
5% glucose (used only for the preparation of solutions for intravenous infusions, the so-called "droppers").

To prepare a solution for injection, choose a suitable solvent and draw it into a sterile syringe in a volume of 1-3 ml if intramuscular injection is planned, or 5-10 ml for any other type of injection (intravenous, pleural, etc.). Then, the top aluminum cap is removed from the vial with benzylpenicillin powder with the required dosage. The needle of the syringe with the solvent is pierced through the rubber stopper of the vial with benzylpenicillin powder and the entire volume of liquid is carefully released. After that, the needle is raised above the surface of the liquid and the vial is gently shaken, achieving complete dissolution of the powder. When a clear solution without impurities and flakes is formed in the vial, shaking is stopped. When using Novocain as a solvent, the finished solution may be slightly cloudy, but without flakes. Then the syringe needle is lowered to the very bottom of the vial and the entire volume of the solution is drawn into it. The needle is then removed from the stopper and injected.

Sterile water for injection;
Saline;
2.5% and 5% Novocain.

To prepare the solution, 5 ml of the selected solvent is drawn into a sterile syringe, aluminum foil is removed from the powder vial and the rubber stopper is pierced through with a needle. Then the entire volume of the solvent is released into the vial with the powder and gently shake it until a clear solution is formed. After that, the entire volume of the resulting solution is drawn into the syringe, the needle is removed from the stopper and the injection is carried out.

Methods of administration of salts of benzylpenicillin

Intramuscularly;
Intravenously;
Subcutaneously;
Pleural (in the pleura of the lung);
Lumbar (in the spinal canal);
Subconjunctival (in the tissue of the eye);
In the ear canal in the form of drops;
In the nasal passages in the form of drops;
Intraorganically (introduced directly into the tissues of an organ during a surgical operation).

During therapy, you can change the method of administration of benzylpenicillin preparations or combine them if necessary. For example, at the beginning of therapy, Benzylpenicillin can be administered intravenously to achieve a therapeutic effect as soon as possible, and after a few days, switch to intramuscular injections, etc.

How to dilute penicillin

Typically, penicillin antibiotics are produced in a powder state, packaged in special bottles, and in this form they are delivered to pharmacies and medical institutions. As a rule, any solution prepared from these powders is subject to rapid decomposition, therefore it is usually advised to dilute penicillin immediately before its use. It is not allowed to dilute penicillin with other drugs, except for the liquid in which its powder was mixed. The rule is relevant even when such drugs are used together in complex therapy.

Before inviting a patient to dilute penicillin for appropriate injections, the clinician is likely to weigh the possible risks, the hypothetical harms of using just such an antibiotic, and the benefits that it can bring. If the former outweigh, another antibiotic will almost certainly be prescribed. In the event that such injections are recognized as the best option, it will be possible to dilute penicillin for their implementation in novocaine, the so-called. injection water and saline (water with sodium chloride). Each of them has its own dosage.

If it is planned to dilute penicillin with novocaine, it is permissible to use a 0.25-, 0.5- or 1% solution of the latter, depending on medical prescriptions. For one-time mixing, thousand. units of the antibiotic itself. The dosage in each case is prescribed strictly individually, based on the age of the sick person and the nature of the course of the disease. Do not worry if you dilute penicillin with novocaine, and the resulting solution becomes a little cloudy. Such a reaction in this case is considered normal.

As for how much novocaine penicillin should be diluted with, these drugs are usually combined at the rate of 5-10 thousand units of the latter per milliliter of the former. By the way, approximately the same proportion is observed when it is prescribed to dilute penicillin with other substances: sterile injection water or saline. In this case, you should definitely adhere to a certain daily dosage of the drug. For adults, its maximum is 500 thousand-2 million units, based on the characteristics of the disease, for children - no more than 60 thousand units. for every kilogram of body weight.

For some ailments: inflammation of the brain or spinal cord, etc., endolumbar (into the spine) injections are required. In this case, it is also recommended to dilute penicillin with cerebrospinal fluid - the fluid of the spinal cord of the patient himself. For 3-4 ml of a regular penicillin solution, a similar volume of cerebrospinal fluid is taken, and thus an injection is made, strictly according to medical prescriptions and only by medical personnel. Dilute penicillin and to create eye drops. Then, with saline or injection water, completely, but without top, fill the vial with penicillin and mix well.

Penicillin (in solution with novocaine)

In a solution with novocaine (-ED of penicillin and 1 ml of 0.25-0.5-1% novocaine solution), penicillin is administered intramuscularly up to 5 times a day.

At the same time, an increase in side effects is also possible. Endolumbally crystalline sodium salt of benzylpenicillin is administered in inflammatory diseases of the brain and spinal cord and meninges, inflammatory processes after injuries and operations on the central nervous system.

Depending on the age of the patient and the nature of the disease, an endolumbar dose is administered once a day. Children under 1 year old are prescribed ED per day, from 1 to 2 years - ED, from 2 to 3 years - ED, from 4 to 8 years - ED, over 8 years - ED. Adults are administered 70,000, but not more than ED per day.

Dilute penicillin in 3-10 ml (depending on the amount of penicillin) of sterile double-distilled water or sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution.

"Medications", M.D. Mashkovsky

Talk to the master and ask him how and with what needles he works. Ask for a portfolio, a good specialist is always happy to show it to clients. If the explanations are too vague or the master offers to pierce with a special gun, it is better to refuse his services and continue the search.

Alexander Fleming

It was this Scottish scientist who discovered penicillin. Born August 6, 1881. After graduation, he graduated from the Royal College of Surgeons, after which he remained there to work. After the entry of England into the First World War, he became a captain in the military hospital of the Royal Army. After the war, he worked on the isolation of pathogens of infectious diseases, as well as on methods of dealing with them.

History of the discovery of penicillin

Fleming's worst enemy in his laboratory was mold. A common gray-green mold that infects the walls and corners of poorly ventilated and damp rooms. More than once Fleming lifted the lid of the Petri dish and then noticed with annoyance that the cultures of streptococci he was growing were covered with a layer of mold. It took just a few hours to leave the bowl with the biomaterial in the laboratory, as soon as the nutrient layer on which the bacteria grew was covered with mold. As soon as the scientist did not fight with her, everything was in vain. But one day, on one of the moldy bowls, he noticed a strange phenomenon. A small bald patch formed around the colony of bacteria. He got the impression that bacteria simply couldn't grow in moldy places. The antibacterial effect of mold has been known since ancient times. The first mention of the use of mold for the treatment of purulent diseases was mentioned in the writings of Avicenna.

Discovery of penicillin

Having kept the "strange" mold, Fleming grew a whole colony out of it. As his studies showed, streptococci and staphylococci could not develop in the presence of this mold. Having previously carried out various experiments, Fleming concluded that under the influence of some bacteria others die. He called this phenomenon antibiosis. He had no doubt that in the case of mold, he had seen the phenomenon of antibiosis with his own eyes. After careful research, he finally managed to isolate an antimicrobial drug from the mold. Fleming named the substance penicillin after the Latin name for the mold from which he isolated it. Thus, in 1929, in the dark laboratory of St. Mary's Hospital, the well-known penicillin was born. In 1945, Alexander Fleming, as well as the scientists who established the industrial production of penicillin, Howard Frey and Ernest Chain, were awarded the Nobel Prize.

Industrial production of the drug

Fleming's attempts to establish industrial production of penicillin were futile. It was not until 1939 that two Oxford scholars, Howard Frey and Ernest Cheyne, were able to make significant progress after several years of work. They received a few grams of crystalline penicillin, after which they began the first tests. The first person to have their life saved by the administration of penicillin was a 15-year-old boy suffering from blood poisoning.

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HomeHealth and BeautyBath, Massage, Fitness How to dilute penicillin?

How to dilute penicillin?

Antibiotics of the penicillin series are among the oldest, are of low toxicity and have high antibacterial activity. A sufficient amount of penicillins can only be taken in the form of injections, since they are destroyed in an acidic environment, then their effect is imperceptible.

Penicillin is prescribed for inflammatory processes arising under the influence of streptococci, staphylococci. Spirochetes, pneumococci.

Antibiotics of the penicillin series are available in powder form and are sold in vials. For intramuscular administration, the powder must be diluted immediately before injection, since the diluted solution quickly decomposes. It is excreted from the body very quickly, very frequent administration is required in a course of five to seven days.

Powder for injection must be diluted with isotonic solution, water for injection or novocaine.

You can dilute with any solvent, but keep in mind that novocaine is an anesthetic, but penicillin diluted with novocaine can become cloudy, this does not affect the quality of the medicine. Keep in mind that novocaine is ndash; allergen. You need to know how your body reacts to this remedy.

If 250 mg of sodium oxacillin is required intramuscularly, then this amount is diluted with 1.5 ml of water for injection, 500 mg ndash; 3 ml of water.

Ampicillin sodium and ampiox sodium are also diluted with water for injection, for this, 2 ml of solvent is taken per bottle of powder.

Penicillin: how to breed correctly?

In modern times, penicillin is widely used in the fight against various diseases, including purulent ones. This drug is obtained from the extract of mold fungi, and its effectiveness has already been proven.

Penicillin is an antibiotic, that is, a broad-spectrum antiviral and antimicrobial agent. It is produced in powder form. This begs the question, if the powder is penicillin on sale, how to dilute such a drug. In a diluted form, penicillin does not participate in the processes of cell decay and is not adsorbed in the liver. It is these properties that distinguish it from many other drugs. Therefore, penicillin is the most effective remedy that is not harmful to health.

This medicine is widely used for purulent inflammation, conjunctivitis, infections. Few people know how to make penicillin. Mostly penicillin is used intramuscularly. Of course, we allow ingestion in a diluted form, but only under the supervision of a doctor. Dilution of penicillin is made immediately before use. Depending on the severity and nature of the inflammatory process, the dosage of dilution of the drug may vary. For example, for each disease, penicillin, how to inject and in what dosage the doctor prescribes, and you must follow his recommendations when using this drug. Penicillin is always diluted with saline (sodium chloride) and novocaine. With the drip of the drug, penicillin is diluted with glucose.

If it is necessary to use penicillin intramuscularly, it is necessary to clearly consider the possible harm to health and its fundamental benefits. Therefore, before you get penicillin in a pharmacy, you should read the annotation. The standard dilution scheme for penicillin is as follows: 1:1/3:1/3. That is, one dose of penicillin, one third of the dosage of the antibiotic, sodium chloride and one third of novocaine. Changes in the dosage of the drug can only be adjusted by a doctor.

Each person was directly contacted with penicillin at home. What is penicillin, how to get this miracle drug, many would like to know. In principle, penicillin is a fungus that everyone has repeatedly encountered when spoiling bread and other products, but the use of such penicillin is not safe. It is important to remember that for any disease, you need to contact a specialist, you should not self-medicate.

Inject sodium salt only endolumbally. For injection under the skin or into the muscles, make the solution with 1% novocaine.

Use benzylpenicillin novocaine salt as a suspension, prepare it with isotonic sodium chloride solution or sterile water for injection. The drug is administered once a day, only intramuscularly.

The long-acting drug is bicillin 1, it is injected with diseases that are caused by pathogens sensitive to penicillin. Prepare the suspension with isotonic saline.

ED - 1 ml of solvent

Solvents for antibiotics:

0.25% and 0.5% novocaine

Water for injections

Dose ratio a/b in gr. and ED:

In a vial of UNITS of penicillin.

We know that for a standard a/b dilution, you need to take 1 ml of solvent for every U, so for this vial we need: U:U = 10 ml of diluent.

In a vial of penicillin.

ED:ED = 5 ml of solvent.

In a vial of penicillin.

For this bottle we need a solvent:

ED:ED = 2.5 ml of solvent.

The patient needs to enter a unit of penicillin. There are 0.25 g bottles in the treatment room. How many bottles should I take? How many ml.

Synonyms: Baclofen, Lioresal, Penbak, Penglob.

Purpose: parenteral administration of drugs.

Indications: doctor's prescription.

Contraindications: expired medicinal product, violation of the vial sterility.

Equipment: a bottle of medicines, a syringe with a needle; 70% alcohol, cotton balls, scissors.

Rules for breeding antibiotics:

Solvents: 0.25% or 0.5% novocaine solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, sterile water for injection.

The most popular is the antibiotic penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of, ED. Dosed in units of action.

1 ml of solution should contain a unit of penicillin

Thus, if in a bottle of ED, then you need to take 5 ml of novocaine.

Algorithm of actions of a nurse:

1. Read the name on the vial.

Let's look at the rules for diluting antibiotics.

The most popular is the antibiotic penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of, ED. Dosed in units of action.

Dosage and dilution of cefotaxime

Before diluting cefotaxime, its dose is calculated, it depends.

Penicillin: the history of creation and the present

Penicillin is a legendary drug. It started the era of antibiotics that saved millions of human lives. Until now, this tool is used in the treatment of certain infections. Today it is fashionable to scold antibiotics, attributing to them all conceivable and unthinkable shortcomings. But with the advent of penicillin, the world has changed forever and has certainly become a better place.

Who Discovered Penicillin?

At the beginning of the 20th century, an infection control agent became a necessity. The population grew, especially in industrial cities. And with such crowding, any infection threatened with a large-scale epidemic.

Scientists already knew a lot about bacteria, the causative agents of the most common and dangerous diseases were isolated and studied, and some drugs were also used. But a truly effective drug did not exist.

In the late 1920s, Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) actively studied pathogenic microorganisms, including staphylococcus, the cause of many diseases.

Discovery history

Literature, including fiction, colorfully describes that the Scottish scientist was careless and did not deactivate bacterial cultures immediately after working with them. And one day he noticed that the growing mold had dissolved the staphylococcus colonies in one of the Petri dishes.

You need to understand that it was not an ordinary mold, but brought in from a neighboring laboratory. It turned out that it belongs to the genus Penicillium (penicillum). There were doubts about its variety, but experts determined that it was penicillium notatum.

Fleming began growing this fungus in nutrient broth bottles and testing it. It turned out that even with a strong dilution, this antiseptic is able to suppress the growth and reproduction of not only staphylococcus, but also other pathogenic cocci (gonococcus, pneumococcus), diphtheria bacillus. At the same time, Escherichia coli, cholera virions, typhoid and paratyphoid pathogens did not respond to the action of penicillium notatum.

But the main questions were how to isolate a pure substance that destroys bacteria, how to preserve its activity for a long time? - There was no answer to them. Fleming tried to use the broth topically - for the treatment of purulent wounds, for instillation into the eyes and nose (for conjunctivitis, rhinitis). But massive research has come to a standstill.

In the 40s, attempts to isolate pure penicillin were continued by the so-called Oxford Group of Microbiologists. Howard Walter Flory and Ernest Chain received a powder that could be diluted and injected.

Research was spurred on by the Second World War. In 1941, the Americans joined the research, who invented a more efficient technology for producing penicillin. This medicine was needed on the fronts, where any injury and even just an abrasion threatened blood poisoning and death.

The Soviet government approached the Allies for a new drug, but received no response. Then the Institute of Experimental Medicine headed by ZV Ermolyeva began its own work. Several dozen variants of the Penicillium fungus were studied and the most active one, Penicillium crustosum, was isolated. In 1943, domestic "penicillin-crustosin" began to be produced on an industrial scale.

This drug turned out to be more effective than the American one. Flory himself visited Moscow to see this. He, too, wanted to get the original culture of our antibiotic. They did not refuse him, but they gave him Penicillium notatum, already known in the West.

The modern concept of antibiotics

Antimicrobial drugs today are divided into many groups. According to the method of production, they are divided into:

Biosynthetic - natural - they are isolated from cultures of microorganisms;
Semi-synthetic - they are obtained by chemical modification of substances released by microorganisms.

The classification by chemical composition is widely used:

β-lactam - penicillin, cephalosporin, etc.;
Macrolides - erythromycin, etc.;
Tetracyclines and so on.

Antibiotics are also divided according to the spectrum of action: broad spectrum, narrow spectrum. By predominant effect:

bacteriostatic - stop the division of bacteria;
bactericidal - destroy adult forms of bacteria.

Modern penicillin and natural antibiotics

Today, the ancestor of all antibiotics is called benzylpenicillin. It is a β-lactam natural bactericidal preparation. In its pure form, it does not have a wide spectrum of action. Some types of gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes, spirochetes and some other pathogens are sensitive to it.

It is to natural penicillins that most of the “claims” that they now like to make to all antibiotics can be attributed:

They often cause allergies - immediate and delayed reactions. Moreover, this applies to any means in which penicillin is present, including cosmetics and food products.
The toxic effect of penicillins on the nervous system, mucous membranes (inflammation occurs), and kidneys are also described.
When suppressing some microorganisms, others can multiply extremely. This is how superinfections arise - for example, thrush.
This medicine must be administered in injections - it is destroyed in the stomach. In addition, the drug is rapidly excreted, which requires frequent injections.
Many strains of microorganisms have or develop resistance to its action. Often people who misuse antibiotics are to blame.

But it is important to understand that this (and wider) list of undesirable effects of penicillins appeared due to their excellent knowledge. All these shortcomings do not make this drug "poisonous" and do not cover the obvious benefits that it still brings to patients.

Suffice it to say that all international medical organizations have recognized the possibility of treating pregnant women with penicillin.

To expand the spectrum of action of a natural antibiotic, it is combined with substances that destroy the protection of bacteria - β-lactamase inhibitors (sulbactam, clavulonic acid, etc.). Forms of prolonged action have also been developed.

Modern semi-synthetic modifications help to overcome the shortcomings of natural penicillin.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group

benzylpenicillin (penicillin G);
phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V);
benzathine benzylpenicillin;
benzylpenicillin procaine;
benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin.

Extended spectrum -

Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa -

Combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors -

How to dilute penicillin

With each appointment of an antibiotic, the doctor must indicate the exact dose and dilution frequency. Attempts to "guess" them yourself will lead to dire consequences.

The standard dilution of penicillin is ED per 1 ml of solvent (sterile water for injection or saline). Different solvents are recommended for different preparations.

For the procedure, you will need 2 syringes (or 2 needles) - for dilution and for injection.

Following the rules of asepsis and antisepsis, open the ampoule with the solvent and collect the required amount of liquid.
Pierce the rubber cap of the penicillin powder vial with a 90-degree needle. The tip of the needle should show no more than 2 mm from the inside of the cap. Inject the solvent (required amount) into the vial. Disconnect the syringe from the needle.
Shake the vial until the powder is completely dissolved. Put the syringe on the needle. Turn the vial upside down and draw the desired dose of medication into the syringe. Remove the vial from the needle.
Change the needle to a new one - sterile, closed with a cap. Make an injection.

It is necessary to prepare the drug immediately before the injection - the activity of penicillin in the solution decreases sharply.

How to dilute penicillin

Alexander Fleming

History of the discovery of penicillin

Discovery of penicillin

Industrial production of the drug

Rules for breeding antibiotics

The most popular is the antibiotic PENICILLIN (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of, ED. Dosed in units of action.

It is better to dissolve penicillin in a 0.25% or 0.5% solution of novocaine, because. it stays better in the body. With individual intolerance to novocaine, saline or water for injection is used.

There is a rule: For 100 thousand units (0.1 g) of penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium salt), 1 ml of solvent is taken.

Thus, if in a bottle of ED, then you need to take 10 ml of novocaine.

The solution of penicillin must not be heated, because. under the influence of high temperature, it collapses. Penicillin can be stored diluted for no more than a day. Keep penicillin in a cool and dark place. Iodine also destroys penicillin, so iodine tinctures are not used to treat the rubber stopper of the vial and the skin at the puncture site.

Penicillin is administered 4-6 times a day after 4 hours. If the contents of the vial are intended for one patient, penicillin is diluted arbitrarily with 2-3 ml of novocaine or water for injection (if there is an allergy).

STREPTOMYCIN can be dosed both in grams and in units (action units). Streptomycin vials are available in 1.0 g, 0.5 g, 0.25 g. Therefore, in order to properly dilute it, you need to know TWO RULES:

1.0 gr. corresponds to ED.

UNITS of streptomycin diluted with 1 ml of 0.5% novocaine

ED - 2 ml of 0.5% novocaine

ED - 4 ml of 0.5% novocaine _

BICILLIN is an antibiotic of prolonged (extended) action. Bicilin - 1, Bicilin - 3, Bicilin - 5. It is produced in bottles of POED, ED, ED, ED.

The solvent used is isotonic sodium chloride solution, water for injection. It must be REMEMBERED that ED take 2.5 ml of solvent for dilution

Rules for performing bicillin injections:

1. The injection is made as quickly as possible, because. the suspension crystallizes. The injection needle should be wide lumen. The air from the syringe must be released only through the needle cone.

2. The patient must be fully prepared for the injection. We dilute in the presence of the patient carefully. When diluting the suspension, there should be no foaming.

3. The suspension is quickly drawn into the syringe.

4. The drug is injected only i/m, deep into the muscle , better in the thigh with a 2-moment method: before insertion, after piercing the skin, pull the piston towards you and make sure that there is no blood in the syringe. Enter suspension.

Penicillin: how to breed correctly?

Benzylpenicillin - drugs (sodium salt, potassium salt, novocaine salt, benzathine benzylpenicillin, etc.), action, instructions for use (how to dilute, dosages, methods of administration), analogues, reviews, price

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The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

Benzylpenicillin is an antibiotic of the group penicillins intended for injection. The drug is used to treat various infections caused by bacteria sensitive to its action, such as, for example, pneumonia, bronchitis and other severe infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract and respiratory tract, meningitis, syphilis, endocarditis, purulent infections, etc.

Varieties, names, composition, release forms and general characteristics

Benzylpenicillin is one of the oldest antibiotics penicillin group and, despite the long period of its use, has a wide spectrum of action, killing a large number of varieties of pathogenic bacteria. For example, benzylpenicillin is effective against anthrax, syphilis, meningococci, gas gangrene, and many staphylococci and streptococci.

Since benzylpenicillin is practically not absorbed in the digestive tract, it is administered exclusively by injection. Most often, drug solutions are administered intramuscularly or intravenously. However, in addition to this, it is possible to introduce benzylpenicillin into the spinal canal (for meningitis), under the skin or directly into the wound area.

Benzylpenicillin is an antibiotic that contains the active substance of the same name. However, in medicines, benzylpenicillin is not contained in its pure form, but in the form of salts. The salts of benzylpenicillin are stable and can be stored, in contrast to the pure active substance, which quickly decomposes. In the body, benzylpenicillin is released from salts and has a detrimental effect on bacteria.

Depending on the form of which salt benzylpenicillin is in a particular drug, varieties of benzylpenicillin are distinguished. In principle, all varieties of benzylpenicillin are the same in their spectrum of action, but differ in the duration of the effect and methods of administration. Therefore, for various diseases, it is recommended to select the type of drug that best suits the requirements of therapy.

The following varieties of benzylpenicillin are currently produced:

Benzylpenicillin sodium salt (trade names of drugs - "Benzylpenicillin sodium salt", "Novocin", Penicillin G);
Benzylpenicillin potassium salt (the trade name of the drugs is "Benzylpenicillin potassium salt");
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt (the trade name of the drugs is "Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt");
Benzylpenicillin procaine salt (trade name of drugs - "Procaine Penicillin");
Benzathine benzylpenicillin (trade names of drugs - Retarpen, Extencillin, Bicillin-1, Benzathine benzylpenicillin, Moldamine);
Bicillin-5 (a mixture of benzathine and procaine salt of benzylpenicillin).

All varieties of benzylpenicillin are available in a single dosage form - powder for solution for injection. The powder is placed in glass vials, sealed with rubber caps, topped with thick aluminum foil. The vials in which the antibiotic powder is packaged are commonly called "penicillin".

Benzylpenicillin drugs

Currently, the pharmaceutical market of the CIS countries has the following drugs containing benzylpenicillin salts as an active ingredient:

Benzylpenicillin potassium salt;
Benzylpenicillin sodium salt;
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt;
Benzathine benzylpenicillin;
Bicillin-1 (benzathine benzylpenicillin);
Bicillin-3 (a mixture of benzathine, sodium and procaine salts of benzylpenicillin);
Bicillin-5 (a mixture of benzathine and procaine salt of benzylpenicillin);
Moldamine (benzathine benzylpenicillin);
Novocin (benzylpenicillin sodium salt);
Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin sodium salt);
Procaine Penicillin (benzylpenicillin procaine salt);
Retarpen (benzathine benzylpenicillin);
Extencillin (benzathine benzylpenicillin).

Action

Benzylpenicillin has a detrimental effect on a wide range of bacteria that are the causative agents of infectious and inflammatory diseases of various organs and systems. Benzylpenicillin disrupts the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, due to which they die. However, the impact on the synthesis of cell wall components leads to the fact that the drug destroys only bacteria that are in the process of reproduction. And therefore, in order to completely destroy the entire pool of microbes that have entered the body, penicillin preparations must be used for at least 5 days so that all bacteria enter the stage of reproduction.

Benzylpenicillin penetrates into all organs and tissues, and therefore can be used to treat infectious diseases of various localizations, if they are provoked by bacteria that are sensitive to its action.

All varieties of Benzylpenicillin have a detrimental effect on the following types of pathogenic microorganisms:

Gonococci (Neisseria gonorrheae);
Meningococci (Neisseria meningitidis);
Staphylococci that do not produce penicillinase;
Streptococcus groups A, B, C, G, L and M;
Enterococci;
Alcaligenes faecalis;
Actinomycetes;
Bacillus anthracis;
Clostridiae;
Corynebacterium diphtheriae;
Erysipelothrix insidosa;
Fusobacterium fusiforme;
Leptospirae;
Pasteurella multocida;
Spirillim minus;
Spirochaetaceae (causative agents of syphilis, yaws, lime borreliosis, etc.);
Streptobacillus moniliformis;
Treponema pallidum.

Indications for use

Sodium, potassium, novocaine and procaine salts of benzylpenicillin

Sodium, potassium, novocaine and procaine salts of benzylpenicillin are indicated for use in the treatment of the following infectious and inflammatory diseases of various organs and systems:

Infectious diseases of the respiratory organs (pneumonia, pleurisy, pleural empyema, bronchitis, etc.);
Infectious diseases of the ENT organs (tonsillitis, scarlet fever, otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, etc.);
Infections of the urinary tract (gonorrhea, syphilis, cystitis, urethritis, adnexitis, salpingitis);
Purulent infections of the eye, mucous membranes, skin and bones (for example, blennorrhea, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, mediastinitis, osteomyelitis, phlegmon, erysipelas, wound infection, gas gangrene, etc.);
Purulent meningitis or brain abscess;
Sepsis or septicemia;
Treatment of diseases caused by spirochetes, such as syphilis, yaws, pint, anthrax, etc.;
Treatment of fever provoked by rat bites;
Treatment of infections caused by Clostridium, Listeria and Pasteurella;
Prevention and treatment of diphtheria;
Prevention and treatment of complications of streptococcal infections such as rheumatism, endocarditis and glomerulonephritis.

Preparations containing benzylpenicillin benzathine

Preparations containing benzylpenicillin benzathine are indicated for use in the treatment of the following infectious diseases of various organs and systems:

Long-term prevention of recurrence of rheumatism;
Syphilis;
Yaws;
Infections caused by group B streptococci, such as tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections, erysipelas;
Prevention of postoperative infections.

Instructions for use

Rules for choosing a salt of benzylpenicillin

Novocaine, procaine, potassium and sodium salts of benzylpenicillin are optimal for the treatment of acute infections of any localization. Therefore, in the presence of an acute infectious-inflammatory process, any indicated salt of benzylpenicillin should be chosen. However, it must be remembered that Novocaine and Procaine have a powerful allergenic effect, so people prone to allergic reactions should stop using benzylpenicillin novocaine and procaine salts.

Benzylpenicillin benzathine is optimal for the treatment of chronic infections and the prevention of various infectious complications. Therefore, preparations containing this salt should be used for long-term therapy of various chronic diseases.

When using benzylpenicillin in high doses (above 20,000,000 IU per day) for more than five days, it is necessary to control the concentration of blood electrolytes (potassium, calcium, sodium, chlorine), liver function (AST, AlAT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, etc.) and blood picture (general blood test with leukoformula).

People using benzylpenicillin may have a false positive urine test for sugar.

In people with diabetes, the absorption of the antibiotic into the blood from the muscle is slowed down, so the effect of the drug in them begins more slowly.

Since the use of benzylpenicillin can lead to the development of a fungal infection, it is recommended to prophylactically take

In modern medicine, antibiotics of the penicillin group are widely used in standard forms of inflammatory diseases. Although semi-synthetic penicillins have been more frequently used recently, a simple version of this drug is often indispensable for otitis media, cystitis and tonsillitis in children.

The antibiotic penicillin is one of the first forms of targeted antibacterial agents invented by man. At the time of its discovery, it was a powerful drug that helped save the lives of patients with pneumonia and. Before the invention of penicillin, pneumonia was a deadly disease in almost 90% of cases. But, a few years later, doctors began to notice a decrease in the activity of the antibiotic penicillin against the vast majority of pathogens. This was the impetus for developing the latest antibacterial agents.

However, with each new generation, antibiotics acquired not only powerful antibacterial properties, but also strongest side effects. at the same time, simple, completely natural penicillin was gradually forgotten. To date, the use of first-generation penicillin is recommended by all foreign microbiologists. The essence of this is simple. Immediately after the invention of penicillin, a gradual decrease in its activity began to manifest itself due to mutations in bacteria. They began to adapt to this antibiotic, to develop a kind of immunity against it. Later this process progressed. Man invented new, bacteria - new forms of adaptation.

According to recent microbiological studies, resistance to the antibiotic penicillin in bacteria is low. This means that it can be successfully used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by bacteria sensitive to this drug.

The main pharmacological action of penicillin is aimed at disrupting protein synthesis in bacterial cells. As a result of violation of the permeability of the cell membrane causes the destruction and death of bacteria. This causes its rapid bactericidal action. Unlike other antibiotics, it does not slow down the reproduction of pathogens, but provokes their disappearance.

Experimentally proven low resistance to penicillin in:

gram-positive bacteria that cause inflammation of the respiratory and urinary systems;
gram-negative bacteria of the cocci group, including those causing meningitis, gonorrhea, syphilis;
bacteria of the actinomycete group.

The maximum concentration in the biological media of the human body is achieved with intramuscular administration of the drug. In this case, the increase in the percentage begins 5 minutes after the injection of penicillin and reaches its maximum after 30 minutes. The antibiotic penicillin freely penetrates into the blood, urine, bile, binding to plasma proteins. Cerebrospinal fluid, tissues in the eye area and the prostate gland are inaccessible to him. Therefore, in the treatment of gonorrhea in men, penicillin is used in combination with other drugs.

The antibiotic penicillin is available in tablets and vials for injection in the form of a dry powder. Before use, it is diluted with saline sodium chloride or novocaine.

Where is penicillin used?

Penicillin is used in the treatment of inflammatory bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. In particular, it gives good performance in the treatment of catarrhal and lacunar tonsillitis. The drug is effective in combination with sulfonamides in the treatment of uncomplicated forms of pneumonia. It is used in the treatment of pyelonephritis, the consequences of urolithiasis, cystitis in combination with nitrofuran preparations.

Other indications for the use of penicillin include:

inflammation and purulent lesions of the epidermis, including erysipelas;
otitis and sinusitis;
chronic and acute forms of pleurisy with effusion;
endocarditis, pericarditis, rheumatic heart disease;
some sexually transmitted infections (syphilis, ureaplasmosis, toxicoplasmosis);
infectious diseases, among which scarlet fever and anthrax are most successfully treated with penicillin.

Penicillin is not effective for intestinal infections, in particular for dysentery, salmonellosis. This drug is not stable in an acidic environment and is rapidly destroyed in the intestine by penicillinase.

Treatment of inflammatory diseases with penicillin

Two factors are important for the effective treatment of inflammatory diseases with penicillin. This is the correct selection of the method of administration and the exact determination of the daily and single dosage. It is recommended that the course of treatment for acute conditions and severe diseases begin with intramuscular injection. The half-life of penicillin in tissues and body fluids is just over 4 hours. Therefore, to maintain the maximum concentration, injections should be done at intervals of 4 hours. Those. 6 times daily administration of penicillin is necessary to obtain a qualitative result of treatment.

The dosage is calculated based on the weight of the patient, the severity of his condition and the type of pathogen. Approximate dosages can be seen in the table below, the course of treatment is at least 10 days.

Is it possible for children to have penicillin?

Penicillin can be prescribed to children from 1 year. At an earlier age, this drug can have an otogenic effect, which in the future will negatively affect the development of hearing in a baby. Penicillin injections for children can only be done in a hospital setting. At home, only oral administration of the drug is allowed.

The use of penicillin during pregnancy and lactation

During pregnancy, penicillin is strictly prohibited for intramuscular and internal use. It is allowed to use in the form of an ointment on limited areas of the skin.

During lactation, penicillin should also be excluded. It easily passes into breast milk and has an extremely negative effect on the baby.

Allergy to penicillin

Allergy to penicillin is quite common. At the same time, an allergic reaction after intramuscular injection often develops according to the type of anaphylactic shock, which is dangerous for the patient's life. Therefore, before the appointment of penicillin, a mandatory skin test is necessary.

To do this, the nurse makes a small scratch on the inside of the patient's forearm. A solution of penicillin prepared for injection is applied to the wound surface. After 30 minutes, the reaction is checked. If even a slight redness is present at the site of the scratch, penicillin cannot be used in this patient.

To reduce the level of local irritation before injection, penicillin should be diluted with a solution of novocaine. Although dilution with sodium chloride solution is usually recommended.