The relationship of philosophy and science, art, morality, religion. Philosophy of Religion, Morality, Art: Dialogue of Cultural Traditions

The value of philosophy in the system of culture is a consequence of its functions. This can be traced through the identification of the relationship of philosophy with such areas of culture as science, politics, art, religion. Philosophy and Science. Despite the fact that philosophy is a field of theoretical knowledge in the strict sense of the word, it cannot be put on a par with other sciences. Philosophy and science are brought together by the study of laws, as well as the desire to know the truth. Both use a rational way of knowing the world and the principles of its theoretical description. However, even the most highly developed science (for example, modern physics), which has a huge theoretical potential and includes independent sciences, still remains a private science. Its subject is a specific area of reality. Philosophy, as already discussed, explores the world as a whole. In addition, shaping the general worldview of a particular era, philosophy acts as a leading historical type, while the sciences taken together participate in this process. Scientific knowledge basically strives for consistency and axiomaticity, for consistency, while in philosophy, contradiction, along with antinomy (two contradictory, but equally justified judgments), is one of the main concepts. Science is largely a collective process of reaching the truth, and philosophy largely bears the stamp of the personality of its creator, which brings it closer to art. Evaluation and value in philosophy are no less important than truth. Philosophy and religion. Religious and philosophical pictures of the world are largely on the same level, since they are fundamental worldview ideas. Both of them strive to understand the world as a whole, in its unity and numerous contradictions. However, unlike philosophy, which relies on rational explanation when creating models of the world, religion makes faith its main method. The basis of the religious picture of the world is God, whose existence is undoubted, while in philosophy the basis of the universe can be an impersonal principle, or even have several principles. Philosophy and Art. Being a spiritual expression of human activity, both philosophy and art try to understand various aspects of the world through the prism of the unique personality of a particular person, to understand the world as completely inexpressible in the language of logical concepts and rational schemes. However, if in art it is the artistic experience that acquires the dominant role, then in philosophy the main place is given to attempts to rationally explain the world. Philosophy and Politics. Both philosophy and politics are not only spheres of the spiritual life of society, but also have a desire for an active reorganization of social life. The difference between them lies in the fact that philosophy in its moral and socio-philosophical aspect is the sphere of development of common strategic tasks for politics. The world of politics, in comparison with philosophical problems, appears as a world that is dynamically changing and radically revising universal human values. The preservation of the latter - in this regard, is the task of philosophy. Another question is how ready representatives of art, politics, and science are to address representatives of philosophy.

spiritual culture is a set of intangible elements of culture: norms of behavior, morality, values, rituals, symbols, knowledge, myths, ideas, customs, traditions, language.

Spiritual culture arises from the need for comprehension and figurative-sensual development of reality. In real life, it is realized in a number of specialized forms: morality, art, religion, philosophy, science. All these forms of human life are interconnected and influence each other.

Morality- this is a system of norms and rules that regulate communication and behavior of people, ensuring the unity of public and personal interests. Morality fixes the idea of good and evil, honor, conscience, justice, etc. These ideas, norms regulate the behavior of people in society.

Moral principles:

humanism

Patriotism

optimism

Tolerance

Morality is a system of values that exist in the form of unconditionally universal principles of human existence; a system of unwritten laws that reflect generally accepted norms and assessments of human actions.

Morality is manifested in a person's attitude to friends, family, team, homeland, people as a whole, to himself.

The main criterion of morality is a sense of responsibility to the team, society, oneself, the homeland, etc.

Morality is due, and morality is real

Conscience is the internal regulator of all our actions.

Moral norms are rules of conduct that prescribe to a person what actions he should or should not perform.

Religion- this is a worldview, attitude and the behavior of people determined by them. Based on the belief in the existence of a supernatural realm.

religious studies- a special science that studies religion as a special sphere of human culture.

World religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam

National religions: Confucianism (China), Judaism (Polestina), Sintaism.

Religion serves the needs of the spirit, a person turns his gaze to God. Science demonstrates the progress of the knowing mind of man.

In the values of spiritual culture (moral, aesthetic, religious) the social nature and creative activity of man himself are embodied and realized, the conditions of his specifically human existence are reproduced.

· MORALITY acts, as a rule, as an "unwritten law", realizing its regulatory function, primarily through everyday consciousness.

· RELIGION(piety, piety, shrine) - worldview, worldview, worldview, as well as the behavior of people associated with them and the forms of its conceptualization, determined by belief in the existence of a supernatural sphere, articulated in mature forms.
Religion presupposes the dominance in the soul of a person of a sense of dependence and duty in relation to a transcendent and secret power that gives support and is worthy of worship.
Religion reflects the desire of man and society for direct connection with the Absolute (God, gods). This is an ideological mechanism that ensures the solidarity of people and the integrity of society through the sacralization of basic social ties. In ethics and ritual, religion reveals a wide horizon of concepts to people, explains to them the meaning of life, guarantees the highest values and norms, makes a person a member of the spiritual community, endows him with a spiritual homeland, provides a rationale for protest and resistance to everything unrighteous.

The historical interaction between religion and philosophy is always concrete, expressed in the teachings of a philosopher or school of thought, connected with a particular religious tradition. The interest of philosophers in religion is due to the significant role of the latter in the worldview and self-determination of a person. Religious tradition is one of the important factors in the formation of worldview and value orientations. It spiritually instructs a person, offers a deep interpretation of being, gives a sacred dimension to social space.
As forms of spiritual manifestation, religion and philosophy are in complex interaction. They never confront each other as such, entering into relationships in historically defined forms. In the teachings of particular philosophers, as they intersect with the beliefs of religious traditions, we find a living combination of religious and philosophical aspects. An example of the interaction between religion and philosophy is the work of the Christian Platonists Clement of Alexandria (150-215 AD) and Origen (185-254 AD). A similar type of interpretation, involving the use of Greco-Roman philosophical systems to express the foundations of the biblical tradition, was used in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
The original European educational project, formed at the intersection of philosophy and religion within the framework of the culture of modern times, is the philosophy of religion. The term "philosophy of religion" is relatively new, its appearance dates back to the end of the 19th century. This term became widespread thanks to the works of G. W. F. Hegel. The philosophy of religion is one of the important sections of the philosophical knowledge of the modern era. Its formation is associated with the development of Christian thought in various confessional variants and ideological modifications. The object of the philosophy of religion is religious knowledge. The main problems of the philosophy of religion are the arguments for or against the existence of God, the doctrine of human nature, free will, the problems of the influence of religion on morality, the nature of evil and the problems of the epistemology of religious faith.
So, the philosophy of religion is a special section in the fundamental philosophical systems or an independent direction in philosophy that explores the concept of God as an infinite, eternal, uncreated perfect Personality, transcendent in relation to everything that exists and at the same time maintaining an effective presence in the world, the nature and functions of religion, attitude God and man.
The main types of philosophy of religion are philosophical religious studies, aimed at a philosophical and critical study of the existing system and epistemological status of religious beliefs, features of religious and mystical experience, the specifics of religious language, conditions of validity, rationality and truth of religious beliefs and traditions of the world, religion as a sociocultural phenomenon, history religion and freethinking, as well as philosophical theology, which performs the functions of substantiating the doctrine of God, his nature, relation to man, interpretive, justifying and constructive functions regarding religion.
Theology (theology) is one of the significant intellectual formations located on the borderline of religion and philosophy. In the broad sense of the word, theology is understood as a conceptual form of religion, that is, the doctrine of God and His relationship to the world and man. Like philosophy, theology creates a systematic doctrine of being. Expressing and summarizing the religious tradition, theology acts as its intellectual tool.
Philosophical reflection within the philosophy of religion is exposed to the concept of religious worldview.
Religious worldview is a specific way of worldview and worldview based on belief in the existence of the supernatural, on the recognition of a certain system of norms, values and beliefs that shift a person's orientation from the sphere of socially and materially necessary life tasks to the sphere of spiritual and individual interests, where personal salvation is of decisive importance, directly associated with the doctrine of the immortality of the soul and afterlife retribution.
The desire of people, especially in critical, crisis eras, to look for stable universal values in the culture of the past, the acceptability, universality and general accessibility of religious constructions ensure their relevance, popularity and attractiveness. World religions have enriched and developed the moral experience of mankind. The highest value, a role model in which all the virtues are combined and embodied, an integral moral ideal of the highest order in each of the world religions are Christ, Buddha, Allah. The affirmation of God as the only source and criterion of morality, the interpretation of evil as a deviation from divine prescriptions became the basis of religious ethics.
Along with the philosophy of religion, in the process of a real dialogue of cultural traditions, such sections of philosophy as the philosophy of morality and the philosophy of art are born.
The philosophy of morality is a philosophical direction that explores morality as one of the main ways of normative regulation of human actions in society. Within the framework of the philosophy of morality, such problems as the genesis and dynamics of moral norms, the specifics of normative regulation in different cultures, the principles, functions and imperatives of morality, the status of moral values in certain areas of culture - science, art, religion, politics, economics, law are analyzed.
The philosophical doctrine of morality and ethics is called ethics. Ethics clarifies the place and role of morality in the system of other cultural phenomena (science, politics, law, economics, religion, art, and others), analyzes its nature and internal structure, studies the origin and historical development of morality, substantiates its various systems.
The difference between the concepts of "morality" and "morality" is based on the opposition of what a person should strive for (the world of due) and the actually practiced mores of everyday life (the world of existence). At the same time, morality is understood as a specific sphere of culture in which the ideals and norms that regulate human behavior and consciousness in various areas of public life are concentrated and generalized. The concept of "morality" has a more mundane, mundane meaning. These are the principles and forms of real practical behavior of people, in which the severity of moral norms is significantly relaxed.
The non-institutional nature of morality (since there are no institutions, organizations and institutions in society that ensure the functioning and development of morality), its all-pervasive and comprehensive nature is manifested in the indissoluble connection of morality with other cultural phenomena (science, politics, economics, ecology, art, etc.)
Art as a form of human creativity is comprehended within the framework of the philosophy of art. Art is a specific kind of practically-spiritual, creative activity aimed at creating works of art and aesthetically expressive forms of painting, music, theater, literature, on the one hand, and at the same time it is mastery, skill, craft, dexterity - doneness, completeness of the work, its expressiveness.
Art, generating the world of artistic works, at the same time constitutes its own world - artistic culture, a world different from empirical reality, having its own, immanent nature.
From the point of view of the philosophy of art, two complementary characteristics or coordinates of art can be distinguished: one of these coordinates is necessarily connected with the question of the existential presence of man in art through artistic culture, his appeal to the supreme values and ideals of the social order; the second coordinate determines the epistemological orientation of art as an artistic process of searching for truth, the possibility of its manifestation for aesthetic consciousness.
As specific modifications of art, various types of art can be distinguished (music, painting, literature, architecture, theater, cinema, and so on); various kinds of art (epic and lyrical); genres (poem, novel, oratorio and symphony, historical painting and still life, and so on); historical types (eg Gothic, Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism, etc.).
The most important problem of the philosophy of art is to identify the specifics of classical and non-classical models of art.
The classical model of art is correlated with the programs and patterns of the Eurocentric world order. She assumed that the subject of creativity, the creator-artist, is distant from the world, which is opposed to him in the form of an object and subject of empirically set goals; art was presented as the ability to describe, depict the world in works of art that "do not pretend to be reality" (L. Feuerbach). Artistic creativity was dominated by aspects of "techne" - skill, skill and imitation - reproduction as a representation of a thing; the world of classical art was considered as a specific system of adequate description (display) in non-artistic reality, the main expressive element of which is the artistic image; the artistic image was interpreted primarily as a product of creative imagination, arising in the process of creating and perceiving a work; the classical world of art assumed exemplary (normative) both in terms of focusing on a beautiful ideal, and in terms of transforming life, expressed in the actualization of the relationship between "beautiful" and "life", "artistic" and "real" worlds.
Profound transformation of classical art and the design of post-classical art at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. were associated with the conflict of classical and innovative cultural paradigms, which led to the emergence of completely new forms of understanding human existence. According to M. Heidegger, "... a work of art becomes an object of experience and, accordingly, art is considered an expression of human life." ways and forms of art existence, which is perceived mainly as a system of sign formations (discourses). Actual art takes shape as a complex system of various directions and forms that communicate and interact with each other within the framework of various modernist and postmodernist projects. the contemplator of the classical model of art comes directly present in the implementation of the artistic act and represented in various artistic artifacts by the author-performer, who chooses the strategy of blind intellectual provocation. Contemporary art in its most characteristic forms is an open humanitarian-anthropological project with a variety of programs and forms of artistic reflection, an active dialogue between marginal and temporarily organized communities in the process of an artistic act, often existing in conflict with socio-political and economic references that are totally asserting themselves. .
However, contemporary artistic and aesthetic culture is not limited to avant-garde forms of contemporary art. The classical model of art is represented here by the programs of the classical educational space and academic institutions, museums involved in the processes of mass communication and setting certain patterns of artistic creativity, with which actual models of artistic activity inevitably correlate. An essential element of the picture of modern artistic culture is the phenomenon of mass culture, representing the political, ideological and economic references of society, and fundamentally addressed to the mass art market with the inevitable reproduction of the ideologemes of mass consciousness, mass phobias and mindsets, the system of stars, the formation of consumer preferences, etc. .
The global interaction of cultural traditions, leaving no illusions about the preservation of "pure", local formations in their primordial ethnic and socio-cultural isolationism, leads to the formation of a global culture in the 21st century, with a deep dialogue of philosophy, religion, morality, art, science and a new scale of general human values. The problem of comprehending the nature of human values with its eternal question "What is good?" inevitably arose and arises in the era of depreciation and discrediting of cultural tradition, the crisis of universal ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, beauty and ugliness.
At the same time, as world history testifies, any cultural crisis that can cause the collapse of a particular type of culture in its former form, at the same time, is a powerful impetus to the self-knowledge of culture as a whole, the disclosure of its internal potentialities, a new round of cultural creativity.
1 Topics for discussion

Culture as an evolving system.
The main types of cultural communication.
Subculture and counterculture in the system of cultural dynamics.
Modern trends in the analysis of culture.

"5. Religion, morality, arts as a form of cultural creation.
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Religion, morality, art as forms of philosophical understanding of reality have always existed, every day we come across these concepts and seem to understand their meaning remotely. But who can give a full description of each of these terms, as well as determine the role they will play in our lives? Forms of philosophical understanding of reality are considered and studied in detail both in philosophy and in psychology. A person has several types of perception in his mind: he comprehends what surrounds him, what is real and what is not, studies himself and realizes his personality in this world, the connection of things, what we see and what we feel. Knowledge is one of the greatest blessings of mankind. René Descartes in his Search for Truth gives us one very popular and important thought: “I think, therefore I am ...

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Photo gallery: Religion, morality, art as forms of philosophical understanding of reality

But we do not think as clearly as we would like. We cannot perceive the world as mathematics, know the exact answers to all our questions. Everything that we see and cognize is distorted through the prism of our understanding of reality, and each person has this prism built individually. Forms of philosophical understanding of reality, such as religion, morality, art, can both distort and truly complement the information that surrounds us. Yet each of these forms is an integral part of the culture itself, society, and each of the individuals. Religion, morality and art - this is what shapes ourselves, our personality, individuality. Some philosophers believe that a person who has excluded these concepts from his life can no longer be considered complete. From birth, we know nothing about religion, morality and art as forms of philosophical understanding of reality. We acquire these concepts in society, among people who associate each of them with their culture. We have only been given a biological opportunity to comprehend, penetrate, develop, use and realize.

What is religion? What forms of philosophical understanding of reality does it conceal? Religion acts as a special form of human experience, the main basis of which is faith in the sacred, higher, supernatural. It is the difference in belief in the presence or absence of the sacred that distinguishes both our perception and behavior, the formation of personality associated with it. Religion is a systemic cultural entity that includes religious organizations, a cult, consciousness, religious ideology and psychology. From this we see that often the psychology of a person depends on religious ideology, as his formative and regulating factor, which is formed in the environment. The awareness of reality associated with the sacred is fundamentally different from a person who does not accept religion. Therefore, it is one of the main forms of philosophical understanding of reality.

Art is a form of human creativity, the sphere of his activity and self-realization in the world that surrounds him. Creativity and art are forms of awareness not only of reality, but also of oneself. Having created, a person puts into art that prism of awareness or even distortion, which his thinking is capable of. Both modern and long-standing philosophies define art in different ways. Unlike every other form of perception, art expresses the degree of sensuality of the individual, his individuality.

The main characteristics of art are the unity of sensuality and fantasy in it, polysemy and multilingualism, the creation of an image and a symbol. Art is studied not only by philosophy, but also by psychology, since having created, an individual always leaves a particle of himself in the work, a reflection of not only his perception of the world, but also the characteristics of his personality. Berdyaev Nikolai Aleksandrovich said about creativity as follows: “Knowledge is being. New knowledge about the creative power of man and the world can only be a new being... Creativity of created beings can be directed only to the growth of the creative energy of being, to the growth of beings and their harmony in the world, to the creation by them of unprecedented values, an unprecedented ascent in truth, good and beauty, i.e., to the creation of the cosmos and cosmic life, to the pleroma, to the supra-dimensional fullness.”

Morality is a system of norms created by a person to regulate his behavior in society. Morality differs from morality, since it is also a special form of human consciousness, as it is expressed by the sphere of striving for the ideally due. Morality is also part of culture and is provided by public opinion, it is ubiquitous and penetrates into all spheres of a person, which also has such a characteristic as a person, despite the fact that this is a valuable and moral attitude of the whole family.

Religion and morality, as well as art as forms of philosophical understanding of reality, are the system that fully complements the prism of human perception, forms his personality and regulates his behavior. Forms of perception are formed in society and are a reflection of its culture, so it is not strange that different times and peoples have different forms of understanding reality. The nature of culture, the correlation of traditions and innovations in it, the forms of its comprehension are also the basis of its historical dynamics, set its direction and content. The consciousness and awareness of the people is formed according to its history, therefore it is so important to understand and realize who you are and the society that surrounds you.

The relationship between morality and politics is ambiguous, since they depend on historical circumstances, the forces that turn politics, and also on the place of morality in the system of social life. In totalitarian political systems, moral motives in the structure of political consciousness often take the form of opposition, resistance to the authorities, despondency, and political nihilism. In democratic states, the ideological and psychological mood of people is focused on creative ideals, the implementation of the principles of humanism and social justice.

The functions and essence of morality and politics as forms of social life are not always the same. Morality is focused on the harmonization of social relations and interpersonal relations, and politics as a whole is aimed at the subordination of one will (individual, group) freedom to another. Consistency of interests and the vast majority of citizens of the state contributes to the humanization of politics and the improvement of the moral culture of the people. Not every morality is an unconditionally positive phenomenon, since it can be not only natural (formed as a result of a long spontaneous process), but also "artificial" - specially designed, one that would satisfy a certain ideological doctrine or social group, it is imposed on citizens in various ways in an effort to achieve your goals. Politics often appeals to the moral feelings of people, trying to impose "false morality" (denunciations against comrades, friends, relatives were proclaimed highly moral). However, this is not a morality).. However, it is not a morality.

Morality and art

Being forms of social consciousness, i.e. ideal (non-material) phenomena, morality and art (their positive varieties) contribute to the harmonization and humanization of relations between people. Morality and the arts are future-oriented, since moral consciousness is manifested in the norms of desired behavior, and art - in ideals, focused on the desired future. Often they perform the same functions. Thus, thought has always expressed the complex and contradictory problems of the moral life of society and the individual, actively fought for the freedom, dignity and happiness of man as a means of spiritual and practical development, transforming reality "according to the laws of beauty", art indirectly contributed to its transformation in accordance with the principles the principles of goodness.

There are differences between morality and art. Morality is the property of the people (humanity), the creators are individuals who are able to express the aesthetic vision and experience of being with the help of artistic images. The bearer of moral norms is public opinion, and aesthetic ideals are artists. Morality as a form of social consciousness is manifested through the norms, rules, prescriptions of people's behavior, art - through artistic images. Morality is more conservative than art, because its norms are formed over the centuries and are very rarely revised. Art is constantly correcting, refining its ideals, resorting to new artistic means, styles, artistic image. Morality uses general definitions, what are the norms of the desired behavior of people, and art creates images that combine the general and individually unique, personal art before, and other forms of social consciousness, recognizes the moral meaning of social problems and contradictions that society is experiencing.

Morality and religion

Morality, like religious consciousness, regulates social relations, manifests itself in the norms of behavior. Religious norms are presented in the form of commandments, teachings, parables. They contribute to the comprehension of the problems of death and without death, the meaning of human life, the nature and essence of good and evil, justice, happiness, to say the least.

Thanks to morality (moral theory) and religion, ideas about moral qualities and shortcomings are formed. However, secular ethics considers the emergence, formation and development of morality as a natural-historical process, religions iina - proclaims the creator of the norms of human behavior. God, who created the world, owns it, deals with the world order, opposes chaos, destruction, degradation. All norms of human life are conditioned by divine order.

Religion considers the human body to be mortal and the soul to be immortal. At the same time, various creeds explain the immortality of the soul in their own way. Buddhism claims that the soul is immortal, it only moves from one body to another, according to the principle of karma. According to Christian and Muslim teachings, the souls of the righteous go to heaven, the sinners go to hell.

The secular theory of morality proclaims the good of a high absolute universal value, its aspiration fills a person's life with meaning, the religious one - with creation. God. He is the highest perfection (standard of perfection e), truth, goodness.

The main commandments that religion recognizes do not contradict the principles of secular ethics: "Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long on the land that the Lord your God gives you", "Thou shalt not kill", "Do not commit adultery" , "Do not steal", "Do not bear false witness against your neighbor" they equally interpret human virtues (mercy, generosity, truthfulness, honesty, justice, wisdom, patience, moderation) and moral shortcomings (pride, stinginess, envy, laziness, parasitism, etc., stinginess, arrogance, lazy nights, parasites too).