Vinpocetine and glycine which is better. Nootropic drugs - what is it? Nootropics. Nootropic drugs. Composition and characteristics of the components of new nootropics

Urban people do not have time to take care of their health. The fast pace of life makes you work hard and relax with a rare opportunity. Vitamins, which are considered a panacea, in fact, do not help to adapt to the high requirements of the metropolis.

A person often needs help in resisting stress factors, speeding up brain activity and maintaining psycho-emotional balance. Preparations from the group of nootropics, in this case, become indispensable and help to avoid negative consequences due to nervous tension.

What are nootropics

Nootropics are a group of drugs that have a positive effect on brain activity and cognitive functions. Due to the ability to improve metabolic processes in the nervous tissue, these drugs enhance higher integrative activity, as well as increase mental abilities.

In the human body, special substances are physiologically produced, which are called neurotransmitters. Their role is to ensure the flow of chemical reactions that are necessary for the proper functioning of organs. Such connections exist in the brain. They are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses, and with their deficiency, various disorders occur. Medicines from the group of nootropics are similar in chemical structure to some neurotransmitters, therefore they are able to perform the same functions, eliminating their deficiency in pathological conditions.

The nervous system and the brain work in an increased rhythm if a person is in a state of stress, worries, or under conditions of increased psychological stress. In this case, there is a higher need for certain chemicals and the activation of additional body capabilities. Nootropic drugs can help to cope with adverse factors and enhance the protective properties of cells.

The mechanism of action is to increase the utilization of glucose, which leads to increased energy production and the full functioning of cells. Nootropics affect the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, which improves the structure of tissues, and also accelerates the regeneration process.

An important pharmacological effect is antioxidant - by eliminating free radicals, drugs of this group stabilize cell membranes and increase resistance to adverse factors. Complete nutrition of the nervous tissue leads to the restoration of the structure and functions of cells. After the use of nootropics, hypoxia conditions are better tolerated, blood circulation and metabolic processes are normalized.

The advantage of this group of drugs is the absence of toxicity and dangerous side effects. Nootropics are used in conditions of existing stress, as well as to prepare for it (for example, during exams or reports), as a protective agent for brain cells.

However, despite the results of treatment and wide experience of use, some doctors believe that nootropics are drugs with unproven effectiveness. Studies of this group of drugs are ongoing, since the possibilities of their use and the need for such drugs are quite large.

Indications for use

The list of conditions for which nootropics are effective is as follows:

• Decreased mental or physical performance.
• Neuroinfection.
• Impairment of memory or attention.
• Ischemic stroke.
• Exposure to toxic substances.
• Senile dementia.
• Violation of cerebral circulation.
• post-traumatic period.
• encephalopathy.
• Withdrawal syndrome, including alcohol.

Encouraging results of treatment for brain tissue damage of various origins are explained by a wide range of pharmacological effects of this group of drugs:

• Improving the metabolic processes of the cortical layer, a positive effect on human judgment, speech, thinking.
• Getting rid of depression or fatigue.
• Antiasthenic action is manifested by the elimination of lethargy, physical and psychological weakness.
• The adaptogenic effect is to enhance the protective properties and increase resistance to adverse factors.
• Increase learning ability, improve memory.
• Decreased irritability and emotional excitability.

The instructions for use of most nootropic drugs allow their over-the-counter dispensing from pharmacies. During a stressful period or mental exhaustion, everyone can take them on their own according to the scheme indicated by the manufacturer.

Contraindications

For a healthy person, nootropics are safe. But people with diseases need to be careful, since the group of drugs in question has contraindications:

• hemorrhagic stroke.
• Individual intolerance to the drug component.
• Hereditary degenerative diseases of the CNS.
• Renal failure.
• Pregnancy period.
• Arterial hypotension.

Before starting treatment, you should study the instructions for the specific remedy that the doctor prescribed to the patient.

Which drug to buy

Given that most of the drugs in the group of psychostimulants and nootropics are sold without a prescription, it becomes necessary to understand the differences and selection criteria:

• If the drug is chosen without the help of a doctor, the patient should first read the contents of the instructions. The decision is made on the basis of the active substance, indications, regimen of administration or indicated restrictions.
• After that, the patient must decide which form of release of the drug is suitable in a particular situation. For example, it is more convenient for children to give the product in liquid form, so many manufacturers offer syrups or nootropic powders. Adult patients are suitable capsules or tablets.
• Based on one active substance, a pharmacy may offer several trade names. To make a final decision, you need to pay attention to the price, the reception scheme and the manufacturing company.

Despite non-prescription leave, self-medication is still not recommended. Before you start taking any medication, it is better to consult a doctor or consult a pharmacist.

Nootropics: a list of drugs

Below is a list of drugs from the group of nootropics that have earned positive feedback from patients and the trust of doctors.

The main active ingredient is a synthetic analogue of the natural neurotransmitter - gamma-aminobutyric acid. The drug affects the processes of inhibition in the brain, and also regulates the metabolism of the central nervous system. Acts as an antioxidant and detoxifier.

Glycine is able to improve mood, increase mental activity, reduce negative vegetovascular manifestations, protect cells from the toxic effect of alcohol or the adverse effects of stress.

The drug has a high safety profile, rarely causes adverse reactions and is approved for use in children from the age of three. It is a cheap plus effective remedy that every patient can buy at a pharmacy without a prescription.

Piracetam

The main component is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is produced by the human body. This nootropic improves the cognitive functions of the brain. For the patient, this is manifested by an increase in concentration, better memorization and a high ability to learn.

Positive effects are achieved due to a decrease in pathological excitation in the brain, an increase in the metabolism of nerve cells, and the normalization of microcirculation. The drug is produced in the form of capsules and tablets, it is used only for the treatment of adults.

Available in several dosages. The main active ingredient is piracetam. Pharmacological action is similar to the two previously described medicines. Not applicable to children. The choice of patients is often stopped in favor of this drug because of the Belgian quality.

A remedy with nootropic properties, however, belongs to a group of drugs intended for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Contains two active ingredients - vitamin pyridoxine and threonine. The second of them regulates the processes of tissue metabolism (cells are quickly restored, and the patient's craving for alcohol decreases).

The first active substance (vitamin) also performs important functions: it stimulates redox reactions, respiration and energy metabolism of cells. The drug is prescribed for the treatment of alcoholism, as well as for the relief of withdrawal symptoms. In the second case, it is better to take the pill under the tongue, then the positive effect will come in 20 minutes.

Produced in the form of capsules. It is a combined remedy based on cinnarizine with piracetam. Individually, they exhibit nootropic properties and improve brain microcirculation, and when combined, they enhance each other's action.

The therapeutic effect begins within an hour after the start of administration, however, to achieve a stable result, doctors prescribe the drug in a course. In addition to affecting nerve cells, Combitropil has a positive effect on the rheological properties of blood. It protects red blood cells from destruction, reduces viscosity and improves blood flow.

Nootropic based on a synthetic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The composition differs from other drugs in this group, while exhibiting similar pharmacological effects. In addition to psycho-emotional disorders, it is also prescribed in the complex therapy of migraine, autism, alcoholism, and even urological diseases. Effective in depression and other conditions that are accompanied by anxiety. Approved for use from the age of three. In most cases, it is well tolerated and does not cause side effects.

A unique nootropic that comes in the form of nasal drops. Contains a mixture of amino acids needed to treat brain damage. It is prescribed in the post-traumatic period, during neurosurgical operations, neurotic disorders. It has a good positive effect when used under conditions of stress or psycho-emotional overload. In addition to increasing the adaptive properties of the nervous system, the drug has found application in ophthalmology (neuritis) and pediatrics (autism). The method of operation of the drops is described in detail by the instruction.

The medicine has a positive effect on the nervous system. Indications for use are very wide - from traumatic brain injuries to functional disorders and withdrawal symptoms. Due to the parenteral form of release, it is often prescribed for acute conditions (intoxication, inflammatory processes, cerebrovascular accidents).

Nootropics of the latest generation

Application to children

Recently, pediatric neurologists have begun to prescribe nootropics more often. Doctors from various fields of medicine, especially pediatricians, do not always agree with such decisions and doubt the validity of such prescriptions.

There are direct indications that nootropics of any generation should be used in childhood. In practice, it often happens that drugs are prescribed for other reasons. For example, a hyperactive baby, a delay in speech or the first steps do not always indicate a developmental disorder. Due to the high safety profile of nootropics, some doctors still prefer to prescribe these drugs, which does not comply with the instructions and official treatment protocols.

When drugs are really needed, the choice of the active substance and the specific dosage is made by the doctor. Drugs that are allowed to be used in children have an additional form of release, for example, syrup or powder. Diagnoses in which nootropics are indicated for childhood:

• encephalopathy.
• Cerebrosthenia.
• Consequences of neuroinfection.
• Mental retardation.
• Speech delay.

Drugs that are approved for use in pediatrics:

• Glycine. Contains a substance that is synthesized by the body naturally, so the drug is very popular. It rarely causes adverse reactions. Despite the data in the instructions, it is prescribed by some doctors even to small children with a daily dose adjustment.
• Pantogam. Known in the pharmaceutical market as a children's nootropic. Available as a syrup for toddlers and tablets for older patients. Effectively eliminates the symptoms caused by vegetative disorders.
• Cogitum. Available in ampoules. It is safe and non-toxic.
• Picamilon. It has been used since the age of three for asthenic conditions, mental retardation.

The list of drugs is constantly expanding, and pharmaceutical companies are successfully working on the creation of new drugs that are of high quality, efficacy and safety.

Doctor's conclusion

Nootropics have a wide range of applications. Pharmacological properties of representatives of this group are indispensable for traumatic brain injuries, functional disorders caused by cerebrovascular pathologies. In addition, drugs are prescribed for children with developmental delays, adults during periods of strong psycho-emotional stress and the elderly to improve the functioning of the nervous system.

Nootropics show good compatibility with drugs from other groups and rarely cause side effects. Adults can safely take them along with multivitamin complexes 1 or 2 times a year to maintain the health of the body.

Nootropics, the list of drugs of which today is represented by a wide range of products, originate from 1963. At that time, Belgian clinicians and pharmacologists managed to synthesize and apply in medical practice the first drug from the group of nootropics - Piracetam.

Numerous studies have proven clinical improvements in patients of various groups on the background of continuous use of Piracetam, including memory enhancement, facilitating learning processes.

In 1972, the term "nootropics" was proposed, denoting a class of drugs for improving the integrative functionality of the brain. In modern neurology, nootropic drugs are an integral part of the treatment of various disorders in children and adults.

Characteristics of the pharmaceutical group

Nootropics(from the Greek noos - mind, thoughts and tropos - vector, direction) are widely used in neurological practice for a positive impact on the higher integrative functions of the brain. With the help of drugs, they correct some behavioral reactions in people and adults, increase resistance to stressful situations, the ability to learn, and chronic hypoxia. Other functions of drugs are:

maintaining the energy structure of a neuron (nerve cell);

improving the functionality of the central nervous system;

activation of the plastic functionality of the central nervous system;

providing a pronounced neuroprotective effect;

normalization and stabilization of the cell membrane;

minimizes the need for nerve cells in oxygen.

The nootropic effect can be primary with a direct effect on neurons and secondary with an improvement in general cerebral circulation. There are two main groups of nootropics:

true (improvement of mnestic functions of the brain and nervous system);

combined action (a combination of several functions at the same time).

Synonyms of the pharmacological group of nootropics are cerebroprotectors, neuroregulators, neuroanabolics, eutotrophic, neurometabolic drugs. All terms reflect the general effect of drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous structures of the human body.

Mechanism of action

Nootropic drugs directly affect a whole range of functional abilities of the brain, contributing to their vigorous activity. Thanks to adequate therapy, concentration of attention improves, interactions between the right and left hemispheres are facilitated. It has been proven that the drugs rejuvenate the body and prolong the life of patients with a burdened clinical neurological history.

The biogenic origin of the drug largely affects all processes of intracellular metabolism, stimulating the synthesis of proteins, the excretion of excess glucose, and the formation of ATP. The following mechanisms and effects of exposure are distinguished:

membrane stabilizing effect;

antioxidant;

antihypoxic;

neuroprotective.

There is a significant increase in the resistance of the brain to the negative effects of exogenous and endogenous factors. The effectiveness of drugs is enhanced with the simultaneous use of angioprotectors, psychostimulants. The main category of patients who are prescribed nootropics are children and the elderly.

Main indications for use

Typical indications for the appointment of nootropic drugs are the following conditions:

psychoorganic syndrome (dystrophic changes in the nervous tissue of any origin);

alcoholism with withdrawal syndrome;

drug addiction;

neuroleptic syndrome (as a combination therapy);

neurotic or organic asthenia;

cerebrovascular insufficiency;

sickle cell anemia;

ophthalmic pathologies (complex therapy).

With the help of nootropics, urinary disorders of a neurogenic nature are treated. Nootropic drugs are a necessary measure for Parkinson's disease, ischemia, cerebral palsy, epileptic seizures.

Contraindications and side effects

Nootropics may be prescribed for relative contraindications at the discretion of the attending physician. Among the absolute contraindications are acute or chronic renal failure, pregnancy and lactation, hepatic diseases with aggravated course, acute hemorrhagic stroke, hypersensitivity, severe psychomotor agitation. Side effects of the drug are the following conditions:

sleep disturbance, insomnia;

dyspeptic disorders;

hyperexcitability:

anxiety syndrome, panic attacks;

hypotension;

increased effect on hepatic or renal functions;

convulsive syndrome, epileptic seizures;

impaired coordination, unsteady gait;

redness of the face, feeling of heat;

pronounced iosinophilia;

hallucinations and confusion;

thrombophlebitis, febrile syndrome.

Against the background of taking the drug, allergic rashes on the body like urticaria, itching, burning on the skin, mainly in the neck, face, back, are possible. If any discomfort occurs, it is recommended to stop treatment or adjust the daily dosage. Cases of drug overdose are not registered.

Basic nootropics

Which is better in the treatment of neurological diseases? The use of nootropic drugs can be combined and independent. Usually, nootropics as a stand-alone therapy are used for minor disorders. The following drugs with proven efficacy are widely used in neurological practice:

Piracetam.

Probably the most popular nootropic. The drug enhances metabolic processes in the brain. It is used to treat systematic dizziness, correction of dyslexic syndrome. In adult patients, the drug is used as a complex therapy for myocardial infarction, withdrawal syndrome with addictions of any origin. Doctors prescribe a remedy for the treatment of neuroinfections caused by viral agents.

Memoplant

One of the best herbal nootropics. The German drug Memoplant contains a highly purified extract of ginkgo biloba EGb 761®. Many preparations of ginkgo biloba contain a significant amount of harmful impurities - ginkgolic acids. Memoplant is devoid of this drawback, as it is cleaned during 27 production stages.
The drug increases the resistance of the nervous tissue to a lack of oxygen, improves cerebral circulation. It is effective for dizziness, noise in the ears or head, as well as for memory and performance problems.

Vinpocetine.


Against the background of constant intake, the vessels of the brain expand, microcirculation increases. The active substance of the drug provides a full transport of oxygen to the brain tissues, increases the absorption of nutrients. Vinpocetine has a pronounced neuroprotective and antioxidant effect. The treatment regimen changes from the introduction of intravenous solutions first with the transition after to the tablet form of the drug. It is used as an adjuvant in antihypertensive therapy.

Phenibut.


There is a high efficiency in functional disorders of the vestibular apparatus, sleep disorders, neurosthenia, asthenic syndrome. Against the background of long-term use, metabolic processes in the brain tissues at the cellular level are normalized. The strengths of the drug are psychostimulating ability and antioxidant effect. The drug is characterized by low toxicity, low side effects.

Phenotropil.


The drug belongs to a new generation of nootropics with a pronounced adaptogenic effect. Patients have resistance to stressful situations, without causing, at the same time, drug dependence. Phenotropil is prescribed to patients with severe emotional and mental stress.

Phezam.


Nootropic, directly intended for the treatment of impaired blood circulation in the brain. It is effective for serious diseases of the nervous system, circulation disorders in the vascular system of the brain. In complex therapy, headaches are stopped with increased intracranial pressure, improves the functioning of the organs of hearing and vision. Phezam is prescribed for amnesia, it is highly effective in hypoxic syndrome.

Cinnarizine.


A drug designed to strengthen the vascular walls of the brain during their dilatation (stretching). At the same time, blood pressure indicators remain in the usual norm. Effective as a prevention of motion sickness, disorders of the vestibular apparatus. It is prescribed for chronic migraines, with increased hypertension, accompanied by dizziness, tinnitus, headache. Cinnarizine is used in adult women to reduce symptoms of menopause.

Cerebrolysin.


The safety and efficacy of the drug has been proven by numerous studies. Used as adjuvant therapy against serious psychiatric and neurological disorders. With the correct dosage, mental processes are activated, concentration of attention and mood increase. Long-term use improves memory, increases the ability to learn.

Actovegin.


A drug related to nootropics-antihypoxants. Used to treat metabolic disorders in the brain, promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used as a complex therapy for radiation skin lesions, with diabetic polyneuropathy. Actovegin is available in the form of tablets, intramuscular, intravenous solutions and intra-arterial injections. There is a form of the drug for topical use.

Nootropic drugs for the treatment of serious neurological disorders are used in adult neurological practice. When used as a complex therapy, the probability of a decrease or increase in the activity of other drugs is taken into account.

Best nootropics for kids

In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat mental retardation, to improve attention, speech development, with poor school performance. Children's nootropics have been widely used since 1952. The main reasons for the appointment are the following conditions in children of different ages:

cerebrosthenia;

hypoxic syndrome in cerebral palsy:

poor development of speech;

intellectual insufficiency;

encephalopathy.

It has been proven that in childhood the tolerability of nootropic drugs is much better than in adults. The following are considered essential medicines for children:

Piracetam(Nootropil, Cerebril, Lucetam, Oykamid).


They are used in children from 1 year old, available in tablets, ampoules, capsules. It is not prescribed for children with increased emotional excitability. The active substance has a beneficial effect on the brain, enhances susceptibility to intellectual stress, stabilizes concentration, and promotes learning.

Pantogam.


An anticonvulsant drug suitable for children from the first days of life. From pharmacies it is released in the form of syrups and tablets. It is used to treat cerebral palsy, improve the condition in autism, schizophrenia. Pantogam is used for children with neurogenic or stress urinary incontinence. Also, against the background of constant use, the emotional background of the child is normalized, especially with a delay in mental and speech development. Reduced and the likelihood of side effects: drowsiness, allergic reactions, dyspeptic disorders.

Picamilon.

The drug, designed to expand the vessels of the brain, is an analogue of Piracetam in terms of active substance and effectiveness. It has a slight tranquilizing effect. From pharmacies it is released in the form of injections for intravenous and intramuscular administration, in tablets. In pediatrics, it is prescribed for children from 3 years old. The nootropic agent is especially effective at high emotional stress, with increased physical and mental activity.

Phenibut.


The tool belongs to the latest generation of drugs. It is prescribed for children to stimulate the normal functioning of the nervous system, increase mental and intellectual activity, at the same time helping to cope with overload. The drug has a low degree of toxicity, suitable for children over 2 years old. The main side effects include nausea, increased drowsiness, dizziness. From pharmacy chains it is released in the form of powder and tablets.

Pyritinol.


The drug is intended for the effect of mild sedation. Necessary in the treatment of depressive syndrome in adolescents, with vegetative-vascular dystonia, excessive fatigue. It is a complex drug for mental retardation and mental development. Not recommended for use in children under 12 months of age. Despite the high activity, the remedy has a number of side effects: loss of taste, dyspnea, polymyositis, nausea and dizziness.

Cinnarizine(Vertizin, Diziron, Tsirizin, Baltsinnarzin, Cinnaron).


It is used in pediatrics for the treatment of children over 12 years old, but recently it has been practiced to use the remedy in children from 1 year of age. The drug has many side effects from typical nausea to epileptic seizures, impaired renal and hepatic function, arterial hypotension. The effectiveness of the drug has not been proven. The drug is released in the form of capsules and tablets.

Semax.


The drug is widely used in pediatric practice due to its high efficiency and convenient pharmacological form. The drug eliminates excessive capriciousness, emotional excitability. Side effects are expressed in dizziness, nausea, irritation of the nasal mucosa. It is used in children with delayed speech development, with sleep disorders.

Glycine.


The active ingredient is aminoacetic acid. The drug is well tolerated by young children, effective in case of excessive emotional arousal. Against the background of long-term use, working capacity, learning ability are activated, night sleep is regulated, concentration of attention increases. Glycine is suitable for the treatment of children at any age.

Gammalon.


New from Japan, is a follower of Piracetam. A similar composition of Gammalon is contained in Aminalon, but the price of the drug is much lower. If the cost of a Japanese nootropic reaches 2500 rubles. per package, then Aminalon costs 100-150 rubles. for packing. The effectiveness of both drugs has not been studied and proven. The price and quality of the Japanese product is more of a marketing ploy.

The opinions of experts about the effectiveness of nootropics in children differ. Some consider drugs indispensable in the treatment of any neurogenic disorders, psycho-emotional disorders. Others doubt the effectiveness of nootropic drugs due to the lack of clinical data for use in childhood. Basically, nootropics are used for "sedation" as an adjunct treatment to the base treatment. All drugs are dispensed from pharmacy chains without a prescription.

List of the best nootropics

What is better to take drugs in a particular clinical situation should be decided by the attending physician. To date, there are several of the most effective drugs that have found the widest application both in pediatrics and in adult practice in the treatment of diseases of a neurogenic nature:

Piracetam;

Nootropil;

• Cerebrolysin;

  Vinpocetine;

  Biotredin;

  Aminalon;

  Biotredin.

The effect of the constant intake of modern nootropic drugs begins only after a few months. As an independent drug, nootropics are used as a prevention of neurological diseases, decreased performance in adults, and impaired concentration.

Combined funds

Among nootropics, there are preparations with a combined composition. Such funds include two or more active components, which, to one degree or another, enhance or reduce the effect of each other. The main drugs of the series are:

Gamalate B6 (as part of Pyridoxine hydrochloride, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide);

Omaron, Phezam, Evryza, Noozom (Piracetam and Cinnarizine, auxiliary components);

Neuronorm (active substances Piracetam and Cinnarizine);

Olatropil (Piracetam and GABA);

(Piracetam and Thiotriazolin).

All funds are similar in effectiveness to Piracetam. Combined drugs are used for severe problems, similarly to popular drugs, they are used in monotherapy and in combination with other drugs.

All drugs, despite the absence of side effects, require a prescription from a doctor. Only on the basis of medical research data can an accurate diagnosis be established, which will determine further adequate treatment.

• Piracetam (Nootropil)

Currently, many people, especially those living in megacities, regularly experience mental stress. The bad ecological situation also has a negative impact on the organism of the inhabitants of large cities. Stress is far from harmless. Frequent overexertion of the nervous system eventually leads to its depletion, resulting in more or less pronounced nervous disorders and even mental illness. Exposure to stress factors greatly increases the likelihood of pathologies of the cardiovascular system. On "nervous soil" and often develop.

In a person subject to regular stress, the ability to memorize decreases and cognitive activity worsens. He becomes more irritable and susceptible. For many decades, experts have been trying to find means to prevent and minimize the adverse effects of stress on the human body.

Nootropics are medicines that improve the ability to remember, stimulate mental activity and make the human brain more resistant to factors such as oxygen starvation, the effects of toxic substances, and even injury.

Note:the first effective nootropic - Piracetam was obtained over half a century ago. It was created by pharmacologists from Belgium. The drug passed extensive clinical trials in 1963.

Work on the creation of new drugs-nootropics is actively underway today. Currently, there are a number of very effective means that increase the functional activity of the brain. They help people cope with psycho-emotional overstrain and stabilize the nervous system.

The nootropic effect is a positive effect on the higher functions of the cortex.

Other positive effects of modern nootropics include:

Note:antiasthenic action is to reduce the feeling of general weakness and lethargy, as well as to minimize the manifestations of mental asthenia. The mnemotropic effect implies an improvement in the ability to remember and learn in general. Under the vasovegetative action is understood the stimulation of blood circulation in the so-called. "brain pool". Nootropic drugs are strong adaptogens that allow the body to adapt to the effects of various (mostly unfavorable) environmental factors.

The latest generation nootropics are able to increase the clarity of consciousness. Modern drugs of this class do not provoke psychomotor agitation. They do not cause drug dependence (addiction) and even with prolonged use do not deplete the body's own resources.

Nootropics are able to activate the process of biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid and protein compounds in the central nervous system. They accelerate energy processes in the processes of cells of the nervous system and improve the transmission of nerve impulses. Preparations at the cellular level significantly reduce the formation of free radicals, i.e., have an antioxidant effect. They optimize the utilization of glucose and other polysaccharide compounds. Nootropics are responsible for the formation of proteins and phospholipids in neurocytes, due to which their membranes are stabilized. The drugs of this group increase the concentration of adenylate cyclase in the cells of the nervous system, due to which the ATP process, the main energy base of cells, is normalized. Adenosine triphosphoric acid in conditions of insufficient oxygen supply stabilizes metabolism in the brain.

Important:nootropic drugs increase the level of formation and release of neurotransmitters - serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

Classification of nootropic drugs

Nootropics include the means of several clinical and pharmacological groups.

1. Metabolic stimulants in nerve cells:
   • GABA derivatives:

• Phenibut;
• Aminalon;
• Hopantenic acid.
  • Pyrrolidone derivatives:
• Piracetam;
• Phenylpiracetam;
• Pramiracetam.

Note:pantothenic acid compounds include the common nootropic Pantogam, and Pyritinol is produced on the basis of vitamin B6.

• Products containing dimethylaminoethanol include:

• Centrophenoxin;
• Acephen.
  • Among the drugs with peptides and amino acids are the following drugs:
• Actovegin;
• Glycine;
• Cerebrolysin.

1. Nootropics that reduce the negative effects of oxygen deficiency include, in particular, Oxymethylethylpyridine succinate.
2. Vitamin-like preparations and nootropic adaptogens include succinic acid, vitamins E and B15, and an extract from ginseng root.
3. Vasotropic, i.e., drugs that positively affect cerebral blood vessels, are Vinpocetine, Cinnarizine and Instenon.
4. To improve memory, tools with a different mechanism of action are used:
   • Anticholesterase agents and cholinomimetics:

• Choline;
• Galantamine;
• Amiridin.
  • Hormonal preparations:
• endorphins;
• enkephalins;
• ACTH;
• Corticotropin.

Indications for the use of nootropic drugs

Drugs of this clinical and pharmacological group are prescribed for such diseases and pathological conditions:

• decreased mental and physical activity;
• deterioration of mental abilities;
• problems with memory and concentration;
• neuroinfections (for example, encephalitis or poliomyelitis);
• effects on the brain of toxic substances;
• consequences of impaired cerebral blood flow;
• senile dementia;
• encephalopathy and abstinence against the background of regular alcohol abuse;
• stuttering;
• consequences of TBI (brain damage);
• ischemic stroke;
• enuresis;
• hyperkinesis.

Note:nootropic drugs are used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal pathology of vascular origin and open-angle glaucoma

Nootropics in Pediatrics

Pediatricians can prescribe nootropics to children suffering from the following pathologies:

• delayed speech development;
• deviations in general mental development;
• mental retardation of varying severity;
• defeat at the time of birth (for example, with hypoxia).

Contraindications to the use of nootropics

Nootropics are not prescribed to patients when diagnosing:

• hypersensitivity to the active ingredient or intolerance to auxiliary ingredients;
• pronounced decrease in the functional activity of the kidneys (acute or chronic renal failure);
• hemorrhagic stroke (acute period);
• chorea of ​​Hettington (hereditary degenerative disease of the central nervous system).

Important:Nootropics are not prescribed for pregnant and lactating women!

Side effects

The vast majority of patients tolerate nootropic therapy well.

In some cases, the following side effects may develop:

• unmotivated feeling of anxiety;
• night sleep disturbances;
• daytime sleepiness;
• increased irritability;
• instability of blood pressure;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• allergy.

Note:in elderly and senile patients, nootropics in rare cases can provoke an increase in the severity of clinical manifestations of coronary insufficiency.

Drugs that are currently most widely used in clinical practice

1. Piracetam (analogues - Nootropil and Lucetam) It is produced in tablet form for per os administration, as well as in the form of a solution for intramuscular injections and intravenous infusions. The tool improves metabolism in the central nervous system and stimulates cerebral circulation. Piracetam has a negative effect on platelet aggregation, and therefore, in cases of blood clotting disorders, it should be used with caution.

1. Pramiracetam, which is available in the form of tablets, is characterized by a high degree of affinity for choline. The drug increases cognitive abilities and improves memory. It does not have a sedative (sedative) property. The tool is recommended for long-term course treatment; The effect fully develops after 1-2 months from the start of the intake. Use with caution in patients with renal insufficiency!
2. Cavinton (analogues - Vinpocetine and Neurovin). The drug is produced by pharmaceutical companies both in the form of tablets and in an injection solution. It improves blood flow in the cerebral vessels. The tool is widely used in neurology, as well as in ophthalmic practice in the complex treatment of retinal pathologies. It is also effective in improving hearing acuity. Course treatment is recommended for 1-8 months, depending on the nosological form and dynamics. The drug should be canceled by gradually reducing the dose within 4-5 days. In the acute period of the disease, parenteral administration of the solution is indicated; as the condition improves, the injection form is replaced with tablets.

1. Phenibut (analogues - Noobut ​​and Bifren)- Produced in the form of powder, capsules and tablets. The drug allows you to deal with memory impairment and oxygen starvation of nerve cells. It increases not only mental, but also physical performance, allows you to reduce nervous tension, get rid of anxiety and normalize sleep. Phenibut should be prescribed with caution in parallel with hypnotics and antipsychotics, since the nootropic potentiates their effect. The drug is indicated for a decrease in intelligence and neurosis-like disorders. It is recommended to travelers as a remedy for seasickness and motion sickness. Shown course reception for 1-1.5 months.

1. Cerebrolysin- has a positive effect in the treatment of serious organic lesions and neurodegenerative pathologies of the central nervous system, including even Alzheimer's disease. The drug is widely used in the complex therapy of the consequences of head injuries and strokes. The tool is produced in the form of an injection solution.

1. encephabol- for adults it is available in tablets, and for children - in the form of a suspension with a pleasant taste and smell. The drug is a powerful neuroprotector and antioxidant. The tool normalizes behavioral functions and improves cognitive abilities.

Modern life is full of daily stresses. Problems at work, quarrels in the family or depression - all this not only spoils the mood, but also causes irreparable damage to the brain.

An excess of stressful situations negatively affects memory, slows down thought processes and affects the central nervous system. To avoid these consequences, scientists have invented nootropic drugs. In this article, we will review the list of new generation nootropics and their mechanism of action.

What are nootropics?

Nootropics are psychotropic drugs. They have a positive effect on the functioning of the brain, increasing its resistance to stress. Nootropics strengthen memory, enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate the desire to learn new information.

The prototypes of modern medicines were invented more than half a century ago. At that time, nootropics had one positive property - improved memory. With the development of medicine, it was possible to obtain new generation nootropics that have a complex effect on brain function.

Nootropics are included in the pharmacological group of psychostimulants, but have a number of important advantages over classic psychostimulants:

• do not have a negative impact on a person;
• do not correct brain activity;
• do not slow down the physical reaction;
• do not have a hypnotic effect;
• do not cause dependence.

The main action of nootropics is the normalization of the central nervous system. Also, drugs protect the brain from mental illness, prevent the formation of blood clots and hypoxia. Medicines of nootropic action are prescribed to patients with ischemia, poisoning or brain injury.

Nootropics are divided into 2 types:

• Single-tasking. Drugs showing one positive effect - improving memory;
• Multitasking. Means that have antihypoxic, sedative and muscle relaxant effects.

Leading experts in pharmacology are still developing in the field of nootropics. Every year they become more effective, and the list of possible side effects is constantly decreasing. The list of nootropic drugs is regularly updated, which indicates their high efficiency and importance in medicine.

How do brain nootropics work?

A group of nootropics actively affects the functionality of the brain. The substance stimulates its work, enhances memory functions and normalizes mental activity. Nootropics act as a link to improve the interaction of the two hemispheres. Experts say that regular use of nootropics slows down the aging process.

Neurometabolic cerebroprotectors have their roots in biogenetics. These drugs stimulate increased glucose excretion and ATP formation, strengthen the interaction of proteins and ribonucleic acid (two of the three key macromolecules in the body).

There are 4 main mechanisms of action of nootropic substances:

1. Membrane stabilizers. Regenerate cell membranes, their structure and properties;
2. Antioxidants. Neutralize oxidative processes in the human body;
3. Antihypoxants. Normalize the excretion of oxygen from the body, thereby increasing resistance to hypoxia;
4. Neuroprotectors. Protect brain neurons from damage.

The impact of nootropics is enhanced in conjunction with psychostimulants. Similar combinations are prescribed for people suffering from severe disorders.

Nootropics - list of drugs

We present to your attention the best nootropics of the latest generation, which are widely used in various fields of modern medicine.

Piracetam (Nootropil). The drug is available in tablets or injection ampoules. Piracetam improves metabolism in the central nervous system and has a positive effect on blood circulation in the brain. The tool is used for speech disorders, memory impairment, frequent dizziness and viral diseases of neurons.

Pramiracetam. The drug is available in tablet form. The mechanism of action is similar to vitamin B4. Strengthens the main functions of the brain: memory, speech, perception, concentration. Pramiracetam is not characterized as a sedative. A more effective result is achieved with course therapy (1-2 months).

Important! People suffering from kidney failure should consult a doctor before starting the course.

Vinpocetine (Neurovin). Available in the form of tablets or injection solutions. Helps improve cerebral circulation. The drug is especially popular in neurology and ophthalmology in the elimination of pathological diseases of the retina. It is also used for hearing loss.

It is recommended to use the remedy for 1 to 2 months, depending on the disease and the dynamics of its course. Cancellation of the drug should be done gradually, reducing the dosage during the week. As the condition improves, the injections are replaced with a tablet form.

Phenibut (Noobut). The product is produced in powder, capsule and tablet forms. The substance fights the lack of oxygen in nerve cells and the deterioration of memory. It has a positive effect on both the mental and physical condition of a person. Eliminates anxiety, relieves depression and normalizes sleep patterns.

Important! It is necessary to combine Phenibut with sleeping pills with increased care, since the drug enhances the effect of the latter.

Nootropic is prescribed for disorders of the nervous system and the decline of intellectual abilities. A course therapy lasting from 1 to 2 months is recommended.

Pantogam. A common nootropic drug used in pediatric medicine. Produced in the form of tablets. Suppresses excessive excitability and hyperactivity in children. The effect of the application appears within 2-3 weeks after the start of the course. Duration of treatment - up to 6 months, depending on the patient's condition.

Glycine. The drug is in the form of tablets, which has a pronounced sedative effect. Helps the body cope with stress by suppressing anxiety and irritation.

Phezam. A nootropic that normalizes blood circulation in the brain. It has a positive effect on the work of the central nervous system, promotes vasodilation. Slightly affects the auditory and visual organs. The tool effectively fights against dizziness, memory loss, the consequences of a stroke or encephalitis.

The composition of the drug includes a bunch of two other nootropics (Piracetam and Cinnarizine). This bundle enhances the antihypoxic effect and accelerates metabolism in nerve cells.

Conclusion

We answered the main question: "Nootropic agent: what is it and how does it work?". The use of nootropics is absolutely safe if you consult a doctor in advance. A wide range of medicines will allow you to point to the problem, which will significantly speed up the treatment process.