Preparing the patient for a chest x-ray. Deciphering a chest x-ray What can be seen during the examination

X-ray research methods remain fast, convenient and reliable diagnostic methods, are often used in modern medicine and, despite the abundance of new methods, confidently take their place in the planning of patient examinations.

In the X-ray room

Types of X-ray diagnostics

There are two main methods of X-ray examination:

Fluoroscopy(otherwise called x-ray transillumination) ─ x-rays, passing through their amplifying apparatus, are displayed on the monitor screen. The advantage of this type of diagnosis is that the study takes place in real time. The features of the structure and function of the organ, as well as the features of the movement of contrast along it, are evaluated.

A significant disadvantage of fluoroscopy is the relatively high radiation dose when compared with radiography.

Radiography─ projection of the object under study using X-rays onto a special film.

For X-ray examination, depending on its purpose and scope, various radiopaque agents (for example, oily or aqueous suspensions of iodine preparations for bronchography) can be used.

These types of diagnostics differ in the method of execution, the preparation of the patient is similar.

Doctor Tactics

Before assigning any study to his patient, the doctor interrogates and examines him, carefully gets acquainted with the anamnesis, medical history. Having put forward a hypothesis about a possible disease, the doctor may resort to x-rays as one of the ways to confirm it.

The doctor gives the patient a referral for x-ray

At the same time, it is important to be guided by the principles of necessity and sufficiency ─ to use only those diagnostic methods and methods that will be sufficient to determine the disease, but not redundant.

Before proceeding to the diagnosis, it is important to explain to the patient the purpose of the study, the reasons why this particular method was chosen, and not another, and also explain what the preparation is.

Contraindications

Any x-ray examination has a number of contraindications:

Children's age up to 15 years.
Pregnant women.

In pregnant women, X-ray radiation can adversely affect the development of the fetus, and in children ─ cause disruption of the growth and development of organs and systems.

The doctor may insist on an examination if it is impossible to use other methods to verify the diagnosis.

With the upcoming x-ray examination, it is necessary to remember that there are basic principles for preparing for it for conducting high-quality diagnostics.

General principles of preparation

X-ray technologist helping patient into correct position

It is necessary to free the area under study from clothing as much as possible.
The area of interest should also be free of dressings, plasters, electrodes, and other foreign objects that may reduce the quality of the resulting image.
Make sure that there are no various chains, watches, belt, hairpins, if they are located in the area that will be examined.
Only the area of interest to the doctor is left open, the rest of the body is covered with a special protective apron that shields x-rays.

X-ray of the skull, spine and joints

Both an overview and an aiming image of the area of interest to the doctor can be assigned.

For x-rays of the skull and several sections of the spine: there is no preparation from the cervical to the thoracic.

With x-rays of the lumbar and sacral spine, examination of the pelvic bones, as well as x-rays of the hip joints, the patient is prescribed a diet and bowel cleansing, all of which are described in detail in the preparation for the study of the gastrointestinal tract.

No preparation is needed to examine the joints and limbs.

Radiography is widely used in traumatology

X-ray of the chest

Plain chest x-ray allows diagnosing pathological changes in the skeleton, lung tissue, the state of the pleural cavity, assessing the size and shape of the shadow of the heart and adjacent vessels.

There is no need to prepare for this study.

Bronchoscopy and bronchography allow you to get x-rays of the trachea and bronchi after the introduction of contrast. They are needed to study parts of the lungs that are inaccessible to endoscopy, when diagnosing various bronchopulmonary diseases and / or planning a surgical intervention.

As a preparation, in the presence of sputum, the lungs should be cleared of it, for example, with the help of expectorants prescribed in advance of the study. On the day of the study, it is forbidden to eat and drink.

breast x-ray

X-ray examination of the mammary glands (mammography) reveals pathological changes in the glands, mainly of a tumor nature. It is prescribed according to indications by a gynecologist, oncologist or other specialist.

As a screening method, it is used for the early diagnosis of breast cancer in women over 40 years of age.

No preparation is required for a breast x-ray.

X-ray of the digestive system

Plain radiography of the abdominal cavity gives a general idea of the state of the gastrointestinal tract in the patient. Allows you to diagnose intestinal obstruction, the presence of free gas (if there is a perforation of a hollow organ).

No special preparation is required.

X-ray of the esophagus. No contrast agent is needed to search for foreign bodies.

Most often, a study with contrast is necessary ─ to assess the motor function of the organ, to determine the presence of possible narrowing or expansion, neoplasms, hernia of the esophageal opening of the diaphragm.

Preparation for fluoroscopy includes ingestion of the required amount of contrast agent before examining.

X-ray of the stomach and duodenum shows the size and shape of the stomach, its motor activity, the presence of defects in the mucous membrane, neoplasms, stenosis.

A few days before the study, the patient is prescribed a diet that excludes dishes and foods that provoke increased gas formation. The study is carried out on an empty stomach.

X-ray of the stomach is performed on an empty stomach

On the eve of the examination, a cleansing enema is made or a laxative is prescribed. Use of enterosorbents is possible.

X-ray of the large intestine shows the size and position of the intestine, as well as its motor function.

During irrigoscopy, a barium suspension is administered rectally and fluoroscopy is performed. A combination of barium suspension and air is possible (double contrast technique).

Preparation is similar to preparation for the study of the stomach and duodenum 12.

X-ray of the gallbladder and biliary tract

These research methods allow you to determine the shape and position of the gallbladder, the presence of stones or neoplasms in its lumen.

The contrast agent may be administered orally or intravenously.

Preparation for the study is the same as in the study of the gastrointestinal tract.

X-ray of the organs of the urinary system

The patient is preparing for an x-ray examination of the kidneys and urinary tract

Plain radiography of the kidneys and urinary tract helps to make a general impression of the shape and position of the kidneys, the condition of the ureters, to determine radiopaque calculi.
Several types of urography(excretory, retrograde) give more information than the previous study.

As a preparation, a diet is prescribed, already described above, laxatives on the eve of the study.

Preparation for radiography and fluoroscopy is quite simple, and with proper and high-quality performance, it allows the doctor to get the most informative result.

Radiography(English projection radiography, plain film radiography, roentgenography,) is the study of the internal structure of objects that are projected using X-rays onto a special film or paper.

Chest X-ray- used to take pictures of the lungs and airways, heart, blood vessels and bones of the chest and spine.

PREPARATION FOR THE PROCEDURE

In most cases, a chest x-ray does not require any preparation.

For the duration of the examination, it is necessary to remove some or all of the clothes and put on a special hospital gown.

Remove all jewelry, glasses, removable dentures, and any metal or clothing items that may interfere with the x-ray image.

Women should inform their physician and radiologist of any possibility of pregnancy. As a rule, X-ray examinations are not performed during pregnancy in order to avoid exposure of the fetus to radiation. If x-rays are necessary, special precautions must be taken to protect the developing child.

LIMITATION OF CHEST RADIOGRAPHY

Chest x-ray is a very useful diagnostic tool, but it has some limitations.

Since routine x-ray examination does not reveal some conditions of the internal organs, it does not always allow an accurate diagnosis. For example, chest x-rays do not always detect malignant tumors of small diameter. In addition, a clot in the lungs, which appears with pulmonary thromboembolism, cannot be seen on the x-ray. Therefore, to clarify the results of chest x-ray, in some cases it is necessary to use other imaging methods.

CARRYING OUT A CHEST RADIOGRAPHY PROCEDURE

Radiologist(a doctor who specializes in X-ray examinations) or a nurse presses the patient's shoulders and pelvis against the surface of the device where the photoplate is located.

A chest x-ray is itself painless.

As a rule, it is necessary to obtain two pictures of the chest organs: in frontal and lateral projection.

The patient at this time is located opposite the holder of the photographic plate.

For the second exposure, the patient is positioned sideways with arms raised.

If the patient is unable to stand, then he is placed on a special table. In this case, you should remain as still as possible, and during the picture itself, hold your breath for a few seconds, which reduces the likelihood of blurring the image.

When the X-ray machine is in operation, the doctor goes to the wall or leaves the treatment room to the next room.

After the examination is completed, the radiologist asks the patient to wait until the analysis of the received images is completed, as an additional series of images may be required.

A chest x-ray takes, in general, about 15 minutes.

The cool temperature in the treatment room and the cold surface of the photographic plate can bring some discomfort to the patient.

The inconvenience causes the need to stand still, especially in the presence of arthritis, injuries of the chest wall and upper or lower extremities. To find the most comfortable position, which also provides high-quality images, the patient is helped by a doctor or a doctor's assistant.

An additional x-ray may be needed to assess changes in the state of the chest organs after a few days, weeks or months.

RESULTS ANALYSIS

The analysis of the images is carried out by the radiologist: a doctor who specializes in taking x-rays and interpreting the results.

After examining the images, the radiologist draws up and signs a report, which is sent to the attending physician. In some cases, the conclusion can be picked up at the X-ray department itself. The results of a chest x-ray can be obtained fairly quickly.

Often a follow-up examination is required, the exact reason for which the attending physician will explain to the patient. In some cases, an additional examination is carried out when obtaining doubtful results that require clarification during repeated images or the use of special imaging techniques.

Dynamic observation allows timely detection of any pathological abnormalities that occur over time. In some situations, re-examination allows us to talk about the effectiveness of treatment or stabilization of the state of tissues over time.

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF CHEST RADIOGRAPHY

BENEFITS:

After the examination is completed, no radiation remains in the patient's body.

When used for diagnostic purposes, x-rays do not cause any side effects.

X-ray equipment is relatively inexpensive and available in most emergency departments, diagnostic centers, clinics, and other facilities, making X-ray imaging convenient for both patients and clinicians.

Since X-ray examination is carried out quickly and easily, it is of particular use for the diagnosis and treatment of emergency conditions.

RISKS:

With excessive exposure to x-ray radiation on the body, there is always an extremely small risk of developing malignant tumors. However, the benefits of accurate diagnosis far outweigh this risk.

The effective radiation dose for bone x-rays varies.

A woman should always inform her doctor or radiologist about the possibility of pregnancy.

Biopsy - Puncture biopsy for nodular formations in the lungs
Puncture biopsy for nodular formations in the lungs - Procedure
MRI of the spine and spinal cord - Procedure
Biopsy of the mammary glands under the control of MRI - Procedure
Ultrasound-guided Breast Biopsy - Procedure
Stereotactic Breast Biopsy - Procedure
Chest x-ray - Performing the procedure
X-ray of the upper gastrointestinal tract - Performing the procedure
X-ray of the lower gastrointestinal tract - Performing the procedure

Each of us at least once in his life underwent an X-ray examination. Children from the age of 15 and adults are annually given preventive examinations, which include fluorography. However, many people wonder why a chest x-ray is needed, what does it show, and is it so harmless?

X-ray is the most important method for examining the chest

Despite the fact that X-rays were discovered more than a hundred years ago, they are often used in the diagnosis of various diseases. X-ray has gone through many modifications and reincarnations: a simple film apparatus almost everywhere has given way to a more accurate digital one, computer technology allows the use of X-rays for virtual reconstructions of internal organs, and so on. But the essence remains the same - X-rays pass through objects of different density, leave shadows of different intensity, due to which an X-ray image is obtained.

For the chest X-ray is an indispensable method of research and there are several reasons for this. Firstly, due to ease of use, low cost and information content, x-rays are available in every medical institution.

Secondly, x-rays are the most popular of the few ways to get an image of the bronchi, thoracic spine, ribs, heart, and great vessels.

In addition to x-rays, there are also CT and MRI, but they are less accessible, more expensive and are used when it is impossible to make a diagnosis from an x-ray. Echocardiography is also used to visualize the heart.

Thirdly, since diseases of the respiratory system are the most common, x-rays play a key role in making such diagnoses. A chest x-ray (X-ray) is the main way to make a diagnosis of pneumonia.

In children, due to anatomical features, sinusitis often occurs, which is well visualized when performing an x-ray of the paranasal sinuses (X-ray of the PPN).

Indications and contraindications for chest X-ray

Understanding the importance of x-rays, we will clarify why a chest x-ray is done and what diseases are diagnosed:

Plain chest x-ray is prescribed after examination by the attending physician. The main complaints in which the patient is sent for an x-ray:

shortness of breath expiratory (on exhalation) or mixed;
tachypnea (rapid breathing);
temperature above 37.5 degrees without an identified cause;
the appearance of wheezing in the lungs during auscultation (listening);
cough;
pain in the chest area;
posture disorder.

By themselves, these complaints are not a direct indication for chest radiography. The conclusion about the need for x-rays is still made by the doctor.

Like many other medical procedures, x-rays also have contraindications and limitations. Firstly, with caution are the appointment of X-rays for children under 15 years of age and pregnant women. These populations must have a good reason for taking x-rays.

Secondly, patients in a serious condition, as well as in the presence of bleeding or tension pneumothorax, are also difficult to obtain x-rays. Their condition must be stabilized.

Various X-ray options for OGK

A chest x-ray in direct projection is the most common variation, since it allows you to detect pathology in most cases. But other options are used to clarify the diagnosis.

The standard direct projection has two variations:

front - the patient is facing the detector (film);
back - the subject's back is directed towards the detector.

It plays a role in the diagnosis of certain diseases. A conventional normal chest x-ray is taken in a direct anterior projection.

Another option is chest x-ray in lateral projection. It is used to clarify the pathology found on the radiograph in direct projection. In addition, it is important in orthopedics. For a complete study of the thoracic spine for the presence of pathological and physiological bends, a chest x-ray is performed in 2 projections.

In addition to direct and lateral projection, there are many different oblique projections that are used in individual cases, most often when tuberculosis is suspected.

In some situations, the position of the patient is important. If pleurisy is suspected, an x-ray in the supine position is possible.

In modern medicine, the study of the pleural cavity is often carried out using ultrasound.

A separate option for chest x-ray is chest x-ray. This method allows you to visualize the organs of the chest cavity in real time and take a series of images that capture the key points of the study or record the entire process on video.

There are radiographs and depending on the installation on which they are performed. There are two options - film and digital cameras. Film x-ray is inferior to digital x-ray in all respects: it is less informative, and the load from radiation on the patient is greater. Therefore, digital chest radiography has pushed aside studies using a film apparatus. Thanks to digital technologies, it is possible to change the quality and parameters of the image for the better. In addition, the resolution of digital X-ray can be adjusted individually for each patient and based on the purpose of the study.

Special programs allow you to divide the chest on a radiograph and measure the necessary structures, as well as adjust the brightness and contrast of the image, which allows you to detect, for example, the slightest foci of inflammation in the lungs.

A digital image can be recorded on modern electronic media or sent to another medical institution via the Internet.

Preparation and procedure of chest X-ray

Despite the fact that the picture looks quite simple and clear, for many experienced doctors, an x-ray can hide some details. It is not always possible to understand how to count the ribs on an x-ray, although they can be seen very well. But due to the fact that in direct projection both the back and front of each rib are visible, and the first rib is partially covered by the clavicle, their counting can become a problem, although this point is sometimes very important.

Determining the location of a lung abscess in relation to a specific rib plays an important role in further management.

The main purpose of chest X-ray in the diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory system is to detect foci of inflammation in the lung tissue. They can be different in shape, size, merge, be single or multiple. The main difficulty lies in the fact that small foci of inflammation can be hidden by other structures - vessels, bronchi or ribs. Therefore, the result of a chest x-ray sometimes causes controversy among doctors.

On the other hand, in radiology there are specific parameters that do not raise questions. For example, an increase in size or displacement of certain structures. The expansion of the shadow of the heart may mean hypertrophy of a particular ventricle or atrium, and the displacement of the mediastinal organs is due to pneumothorax, hydrothorax, or pleurisy. The expansion of the mediastinum on x-rays may indicate the presence of cardiovascular pathology.

Another important task of x-rays is the detection of tuberculosis and oncological diseases. Foci of tuberculosis infection look similar to pneumonia, but differ in their location. Most often, the tuberculous focus is found in the upper lobe of the lung, and pneumonia is diagnosed in the lower.

It is even more difficult to recognize the signs of a benign tumor of the mediastinum on an x-ray, since the shadows of the entire complex of organs merge into one and the shadow of the tumor can overlap and go unnoticed, especially in the early stages. Against the background of an air lung, a tumor is much easier to detect. Therefore, to clarify such diagnoses, additional research methods are used.

Features of chest X-ray in children and pregnant women

X-ray radiation can cause cell changes, which leads to the development of neoplasms. This fact has been established for a long time and causes concern among many people. However, in order for the change to occur, a person must receive a dose that exceeds 500 times the chest X-ray. And if we talk about digital x-rays, then a thousand. Therefore, skeptical doubts about whether a chest x-ray is harmful for adults should be discarded.

X-ray caution applies only to children and women during pregnancy. The danger of an x-ray for a pregnant woman lies in the fact that the cells of the embryo are in a state of active division, and the laying of vital organs occurs. If X-rays damage these mechanisms, the baby will be born with malformations.

This also applies to children. The cells of a growing organism are exposed to X-ray radiation only in case of emergency and according to strict indications. Therefore, in accordance with the sanitary rules and regulations (clause 7.21. Section VII SanPiN 2.6.1.1192-03 “Hygienic requirements for the arrangement and operation of X-ray rooms, apparatus and X-ray examinations” (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on February 14, 2003) ), annual fluorography is allowed only from the age of fifteen.

There are no restrictions on how often a chest x-ray can be taken. The frequency of the procedure is based on indications and necessity. In addition, there are situations when the picture failed (for example, the child moved and “blurred” the picture) and the x-ray has to be repeated after a few minutes.

Analogues: what can replace the X-ray of OGK

There is no alternative that replaces X-rays in all respects. What a chest x-ray shows is only available with computed tomography (CT). It is more informative, but more expensive and gives more radiation exposure to the subject.

The harmless ultrasound method is quite specific and is suitable only for certain pathologies of the OGK (for example, pleurisy, heart defects).

There are situations when the pathology of the chest organs can be determined even without an x-ray. For example, simple bronchitis is diagnosed only with a phonendoscope, and there is no point in taking x-rays. There are more serious situations, for example - costal chondritis or Tietze's syndrome. Although the ribs and cartilage are clearly visible on x-rays, Tietze's syndrome is not detected on x-rays.

Conclusion

X-ray examination of the chest organs plays a very important role in modern medicine. The method is very simple, accessible and informative. But an X-ray cannot always give answers to the questions posed, due to the complexity of deciphering the result and the characteristics of some organs. Therefore, chest radiography, like any other research method, should be used only if there are necessary indications and in the direction of the attending physician.

Located behind the sternum.

X-ray examination allows you to recreate the image and image of the organs located inside by means of "transmission" of the chest with radiation.

The difference between an x-ray and a fluorograph

Yes, that's right, X-ray examination and fluorography are not the same procedure. The fluorograph is a more outdated diagnostic technique that allows you to determine the pathology of internal organs. X-rays are considered a less dangerous procedure that allows you to get more accurate results of the study, exposing the person to less radiation.

Despite the above facts, the radiographic procedure is prescribed to patients much less frequently, and a fluorograph is strongly recommended to be performed annually for prevention purposes. Nevertheless, with the help of this analysis, the patient receives a result in his hands, indicating the general condition of the internal organs, without any specifics.

X-rays are prescribed only when any deviations from the norm are found on the fluorographic image. In order not to expose yourself once again to radiation, you can go to a medical institution that has an X-ray room equipped according to all the rules and undergo a less harmful procedure for diagnosing the internal organs of the chest.

A chest x-ray is necessary for those people who have the following

symptoms:

the appearance of shortness of breath;
the presence of a pronounced cough;
the presence of pain in the chest.

An X-ray procedure is necessary if a pathology of soft tissues and anatomical structures in the sternum is suspected. In the detection of heart failure, this study also plays an important role. Diseases such as pneumonia, cancer, tuberculosis, and inflammation of the lung parenchyma can be detected by a chest x-ray. How is this procedure done? What exactly is its effectiveness?

The course of the diagnostic procedure

Performing a chest x-ray is quite simple. The whole procedure consists in placing the patient between the sensing device and the beam tube. The receiving device (film or cassette) registers the vibrations of the rays that occur during the passage through the human body.

Before the procedure, the patient puts on lead protection that covers the reproductive organs. It is also important to remove all metal jewelry and objects located in the chest area, as this may confuse the interpretation of the data obtained during the study.

Before taking a picture, the patient is asked to take a deep breath, and then hold his breath for a couple of seconds. This approach allows you to get a qualitative picture of the internal organs at the end of the study.

Why is an x-ray necessary?

An exploratory procedure, the chest x-ray, is used to detect many diseases and is an important diagnostic measure. In spite of
this, the conclusion about the disease is made only when considering the results of this study in conjunction with others: physical examination, patient complaints and anamnesis.

In most cases, the only way to rule out or confirm a presumptive diagnosis is through a procedure such as a chest x-ray. What does this diagnostic measure show, and what organs can be examined with its help?

Among the main organs undergoing X-ray diagnostics are:

bone base - ribs, spinal column, shoulder blades and sternum;
internal organs - heart, lungs, pleura, mediastinum, vascular bundle, thyroid and thymus.

A chest x-ray reveals not only infiltrated shadows, but also air cavities. The research procedure makes it possible to determine the presence of foreign bodies and pathological syndromes.

X-ray projections of the lungs

Performing x-rays in two projections is necessary if any diseases are suspected that have consequences such as damage to the chest cavity. The purpose of performing a side picture is also to determine the pathological process in the area of the lungs and nearby organs and systems.

Chest x-ray interpretation

When deciphering the received x-ray, the quality of the image is first of all evaluated (respectively, the correctness of the procedure). If the picture has inaccuracies, and the radiography was carried out in the wrong projection, then

it is difficult to draw a conclusion. X-ray assessment is carried out taking into account the size of the lungs, their shape, the structure of tissues and lung fields, the location of the mediastinal organs and the state of airiness.

With pneumonia, there is a pronounced deviation in the picture, which consists in the presence of intense additional tissues on the lateral and direct radiographs. Venous congestion in the area of the small circle is characterized by the presence of a special basal form, resembling "butterfly wings". The presence of uneven flaky darkening indicates swelling of the lung tissue.

As additional research activities, to obtain a more accurate picture, the following is carried out:

fluoroscopy of the ribs - allows you to assess the mobility of the lungs;
x-ray tomography - eliminates the possibility of shadow overlay shadow structures of the sternum.

In some cases, additional bronchography is required, which significantly increases the burden on the patient's body.

What do the inflammatory foci in the picture indicate?

If there are areas of blackout on the x-ray taken, we are talking about the presence of inflammatory foci. Such focal changes are not what

other than an infiltrate of an inflammatory focus in the lung tissue. A chest x-ray with similar features indicates the presence of pneumonia.

When deciphering the image, the specialist takes into account the shape, size, structure, number and position of blackouts. The size of the foci of inflammation can be divided into the following:

up to 3 mm - small focal;
from 3 to 7 mm - medium focal;
from 8 to 12 mm - macrofocal.

With an increased intensity of darkening of inflammatory foci on x-rays, we are talking about a decrease in airiness in the area of \u200b\u200bthe affected tissue. This indicates the progression of the inflammatory process and requires immediate therapeutic measures.

Examination of the roots of the lung and diaphragm

After studying the foci, the specialist proceeds to assess the roots of the lung, namely the shadows of the middle and large bronchi, blood and lymphatic vessels. It is important to determine the presence of structure, the presence of lymph nodes and changes in their size.

Next, the pleural sinuses of the interleaf spaces lining the inner cavity and the outer shell of the lungs are evaluated. Normally, they are free, which is noted in the picture in the form of enlightenments with sharp corners, diaphragms and formed areas in the chest area.

In the presence of fluid, a chest x-ray reveals areas of intense opacity with a horizontal upper level. The state of the diaphragm is evaluated at the very end. It takes into account the elevation, omission, the presence or absence of defects. The pulmonary pattern is studied and attention is paid to the state of the heart.

Chest x-ray for children

Many parents worry about the health of their child before an x-ray procedure. In this case, you should not draw hasty conclusions, because you first need to compare the possible harm of the procedure and the consequences that

may arise when it is withdrawn. Such a diagnosis is not dangerous if a chest x-ray is taken for a child in compliance with all the rules.

An important point is the use of an X-ray protective apron, which allows you to hide the stomach and pelvic region from radiation. To prepare for the procedure, the child is recommended to undress, exposing only the upper body. During the picture, make sure that the child is still. This is important because it affects the result of the x-ray.

Alternative to x-ray

Today there is an alternative to this study, which is absolutely harmless to children. It's about ultrasound. Ultrasound is not suitable for diagnosing all diseases, but most of the pathological processes in the body make it possible to determine. This type of research can be used to diagnose:

hip joints;
cartilage connections;
connective tissue structures.

Before prescribing an x-ray examination for a child, the doctor must compare the expected benefits of the procedure and the possible harm received from the radiation. A chest x-ray is an effective and efficient technique for detecting pathological processes in the lungs and tissues surrounding this organ. With the help of this study, it is possible to monitor the dynamics of the treatment of patients. Despite all the advantages of the diagnostic procedure, each person has every right to refuse to carry it out.

Radiography is the study of internal structures, which are projected using X-rays onto a special film or paper. Most often, X-rays are used in traumatology, but no less often it is used in pulmonology. A chest x-ray is used to diagnose and monitor treatment.

Patients do chest X-rays less often, but fluorography should be carried out every year for preventive purposes. Digital radiography has replaced the classical examination. Modern technologies provide clear images, eliminating the possibility of their distortion. And the main advantages of modern X-ray equipment are a lower radiation exposure to the patient.

X-ray vs fluorograph: main differences

X-ray examination is often confused with fluorography, however, these are two different types of human examination. They have fundamental differences between them. Radiography is considered a more informative study, so it is used to:

confirm the suspected diagnosis;
clarify the results of treatment;
track the pathology in dynamics.

The beam of X-rays penetrates through the organ that is being examined in two projections, and then transferred to a CCD matrix, or film (the old version). The study receives a picture with 256 shades of white and black. Dense structures are shown in light color, while hollow structures are shown in dark. As a result, the doctor receives an image and diagnoses the norm or pathology.

A fluorographic study is a technique in which a shadow image of organs is photographed in one projection from an optical screen or an X-ray screen onto a 70 or 100 mm film. To obtain a fluorogram, an X-ray fluorographic apparatus is used. It consists of an X-ray tube (RID), a diaphragm, a CCD matrix.

This technique is often used to diagnose tuberculosis, oncological diseases and pathology of the bronchopulmonary system. The advantage of fluorography is that it is a less harmful research method, so it is used in a mass examination of the population. It is recommended to undergo fluorography no more than once every two years, and for some categories of the population - once a year.

The disadvantages of fluorography are considered significant in the diagnosis of many pathologies:

a picture with fluorography does not differ in such sharpness and contrast as when conducting an x-ray;
reduced size of the chest in the image;
it is more difficult to distinguish pathologies of the lungs.

Therefore, doctors try, if necessary, to prescribe an x-ray, and in order to prevent tuberculosis, fluorography will be enough.

Fluorography and x-rays are different methods of studying the human body. Both of these methods are used to confirm a particular diagnosis or identify a specific pathology. To make an x-ray, a dose of 0.3-0.5 mSV is used, and for fluorography - 0.03-0.05 mSV, which is ten times less than with x-rays.

Where to make a child?

The child's body is particularly sensitive to radiation. This is due to the fact that the effect of R-radiation is most effective in relation to rapidly growing or replacing cells. In adults, this is the bone marrow and cells of the reproductive system, and in children, the whole body.

Therefore, if it becomes necessary to perform a pediatric chest x-ray, care should be taken to ensure that the procedure is performed on the latest devices, which are usually available in private diagnostic centers.

In addition, it is necessary to protect all other parts of the child's body from exposure to ionizing rays with special aprons and collars with lead inserts. So it will be possible to secure the chest x-ray to the child as much as possible. Where to make a radiograph is better - naturally, where there is more modern equipment.

Indications for the study

There are clear indications for a chest x-ray. If a pulmonary pathology is suspected, the doctor will prescribe an x-ray if the patient has complaints about:

cough lasting at least a week;
fever and fever;
sputum secretion;
chest pain;
wheezing in the lungs;
shortness of breath
coughing up blood.

These signs illustrate primarily pulmonary problems. After a visual examination, the doctor will make a preliminary diagnosis, but he can confirm it only with the help of an x-ray.

X-ray examination helps not only to make diagnoses, but also to carry out differential diagnostics, to separate one disease from another. This is extremely important, because many pulmonary pathologies have similar symptoms and it can be difficult to determine a specific diagnosis.

In addition to respiratory diseases, a chest x-ray also visualizes heart pathologies. Diagnosis is usually performed for heart disease along with electrocardiography, which will also illustrate abnormalities in the functioning of this organ. Chest radiography is indicated for the appearance of shortness of breath, pain behind the sternum, rapid fatigue from the slightest physical exertion. These signs may be symptoms of chronic heart failure.

With the help of a chest x-ray, doctors determine the following diseases:

heart attack and post-infarction changes in the heart;
thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery;
heart defects, both congenital and acquired;
chronic heart failure;
cardiomyopathy;
aortic aneurysm.

The procedure is performed for diseases of the skeletal system and the spinal column. First of all, an x-ray is taken if an injury is suspected, and 100% of patients who have already received damage to the sternum are subject to examination. The picture will show bruises, fractures. Most often, these can be injuries in the area of \u200b\u200bthe ribs, spine and collarbone. In the picture, the doctor sees not only the bone fragments themselves, but also the presence of foreign bodies, displacement of the bones in relation to each other. If the victim has a pneumothorax and air has entered the chest cavity, then this is also visible with the help of an x-ray.

Areas of use

Plain chest radiography is an X-ray examination that allows you to get an idea not only about the state of the lungs, but also about other structures of the upper half of the body: the heart, the anatomical space in the middle sections of the chest cavity, as well as the slit-like space between the parietal and visceral pleura.

Chest x-rays can detect the following:

pneumonia;
inflammatory disease of the pericardium, thickening of the myocardium, abnormal pathological changes in the heart;
pathological change in the lung tissue, characterized by its increased airiness;
oncopathology of the bronchi or lungs;
an increase in lymph nodes localized in the chest;
inflammation of the pleura with the formation of fibrous plaque on its surface or effusion inside it;
accumulation of air / gases or blood in the pleural cavity;
violation of the integrity of the ribs.

Radiography allows you to monitor the condition and operation of artificial pacemakers, implanted defibrillators and other medical devices. In addition, X-ray examination can be aimed at identifying certain pathologies of the thoracic spine.

An x-ray of the thoracic spine reveals the following pathologies:

structural and shaped changes in bone tissue;
incorrect position of the structural units of the spine;
curvature and decreased mobility of the joints;
possible complications after persistent displacement or violation of the integrity of the joints and bone structures;
pathology of bone tissue;
violations in the functioning of the intervertebral discs;
the presence of secondary foci of the oncological process;
metabolic diseases of the skeleton.

A separate place in radiology is occupied by fluoroscopy. It allows you to see the organs of the sternum during their working moment (in motion). All changes occurring in the chest at the time of diagnosis are recorded on the monitor.

Radiography is used to assess the healing process over time

How an x-ray is performed

Diagnosis of OGK is often prescribed - every person has done this study at least once in his life. The direction for the procedure can be issued by a therapist, traumatologist, cardiologist, pulmonologist, surgeon, oncologist and doctors of other specialties who believe that the cause of the disease is in the chest organs.

The procedure is carried out in a specially designated room where the installation is located. The research won't take long. Before taking the X-ray, the radiographer will instruct the patient on how to take a chest X-ray and what they need to do. Then the patient is placed in the desired position in front of the projection screen.

The picture is taken in different projections. This is done to avoid overlapping images on top of each other. Sometimes pathologies can be invisible on a direct projection, and perfectly visualized on a lateral projection.

During the procedure, the patient is required to remove clothes up to the waist and metal jewelry. During the AP X-ray, the radiologist will instruct you to hold air in your lungs for about 10-15 seconds. In the lateral projection, the same actions occur, only the patient's hand is brought behind the head and the patient is turned sideways to the screen. No special preparation is required before a chest examination.

Compaction syndrome. The focus of low and medium density. Tuberculosis.

Indications and contraindications

Focusing on the indications and preliminary diagnosis, the patient can be assigned an overview or local image. In the first case, it is possible to examine all the organs of the chest: the respiratory tract, lymph nodes, blood vessels, the windpipe and its branches, lungs and heart. A local x-ray gives an idea of a particular organ or part of it. In this case, the lesion focus is visualized even more clearly, which significantly increases the diagnostic value of this method.

Chest x-ray is indicated in such cases: a set of symptoms, which is subjectively characterized by a feeling of lack of air, chronic cough, sputum with pus impurities, chest pain, experienced injuries affecting the sternum, febrile conditions of unknown etiology.

In addition, there are a number of symptoms when an x-ray of the thoracic spine is recommended:

What is the difference between fluorography and chest X-ray?

discomfort in the sternum and upper limbs;
infectious diseases;
mechanical damage to the spinal column;
suspicion of oncopathology;
congenital, acquired or post-traumatic curvature of the spine;
anomalies in the development of the skeleton.

Radiography is mandatory after spinal surgery. However, radiography does not show soft tissues (muscles, ligaments). X-ray of the OGK is contraindicated in such cases: it is strictly forbidden for women to perform an X-ray examination during childbearing, especially in the first trimester, for patients in an extremely serious general condition, for patients with severe bleeding and open pneumothorax.

It is not recommended to take X-rays for people in a state of emotional arousal and increased physical activity (the quality of the images will be spoiled). X-ray examination has no age restrictions. The pediatrician decides on the need and expediency of performing an X-ray for a child, after consulting with other specialists. Radiation diagnostic methods performed on children have their own characteristics, which can be read in more detail in this article.

X-rays are far from the only source of radiation that patients have to deal with. In the course of research, it has been calculated that the exposure that the body receives after one dose during an X-ray study is equal to the radiation load received from the usual ambient background radiation for 10 days.

Projection lung diagnostics

When conducting X-rays of the lungs, it is possible to do a study in two projections. Naturally, the harm from exposure is higher than with one shot. Nevertheless, with the help of a plain chest x-ray in two projections, a person's life can be saved, because not all diseases are visible in direct projection.

X-ray of the chest in two projections is performed for the diagnosis of:

pneumonia;
pulmonary tuberculosis;
cancerous growths;
pleurisy;
the presence of abscesses, cysts;
airiness of the lung;
pneumothorax;
heart sizes.

Lateral projection
Diagnosis of the chest in two projections is carried out in a direct and lateral image. Direct projection is otherwise called anteroposterior projection - the name is based on how x-rays pass through the patient's chest cavity. When examining the lateral position, there is no difference whether the patient is placed to the right or to the left side of the screen.

The image in the lateral projection is secondary - it helps to better consider those organs that were closer to the screen. Aimed lateral projection is extremely important for determining the volume of pneumonia and localizing the focus of inflammation, as well as for determining the location of neoplasms in the lungs.

Features of chest X-ray in children and pregnant women

Interpretation of diagnostic results

Healthy lungs. Plain chest x-ray
The image is interpreted by a radiologist. More often, doctors have to work with images in two projections. Normally, the lungs are unchanged, the roots are well visualized and do not have pathological extensions. The diaphragmatic contour and sinuses have no pathological signs. Vessels give a shadow of the usual configuration. Joints, bones and soft tissues are normal.

The above decoding data is typical for patients under the age of fifty. With age, changes occur that appear differently on an x-ray. Elderly people have an expansion of the cardiac shadow, their lungs are more transparent, and due to the loss of elasticity of the parenchyma, the vascular pattern is deformed. For a qualitative assessment of the results, it is necessary to contact experienced doctors, since the description of the results is often subjective.

Photo gallery

Photo images with pathologies:

lung infiltrate

Metastases in lung cancer

Pneumonia

Lungs' cancer

Heart failure

Tuberculosis

What do inflammatory lesions indicate?

In some cases, an X-ray of the lungs reveals foci of pathology, inflammatory foci. They indicate not so much inflammation as the presence of pathology. Lesions may be a sign of:

oncology;
pulmonary cysts;
tuberculosis;
benign neoplasms;
fungal infection of organs;
arteriovenous malformations.

If abnormalities are detected, the doctor needs to differentiate the pathology and determine which disease gave such a picture. For example, a small nodular formation may be a sign of thromboembolism, and a larger one may indicate a cyst or metastasis of oncology. For a detailed study and clarification of the diagnosis, doctors recommend a computed tomography.

What can be seen exactly on an x-ray

pneumonia on x-ray

The diagnostic procedure is most effective when the following pathologies are detected:

foci of inflammation in the lungs;
expansion of the shadow of the heart as a symptom of ventricular or atrial hypertrophy;
displacement of organs as a signal of pneumothorax or pleurisy;
enlarged mediastinum due to pathologies of the heart and blood vessels;
diagnosis of oncological diseases and tuberculosis.

Experienced doctors are able to see signs of benign tumors in the pictures, but in this case, additional examination methods are most often required to clarify the diagnosis.

Lung roots and diaphragm on x-ray

In the picture, the diaphragm is displayed below the lung field and forms a dome. The diaphragm stands high in the central part, and descends to the periphery, forming angles - sinuses. Normally, the dome of the diaphragm is at the level of the fifth or sixth rib. When you take a deep breath, it flattens out.

It is problematic to see the roots of the lungs during X-ray diagnostics, since they are blocked by the shadow of the mediastinum. In the picture, the visible part is divided into upper, middle and lower parts. The main shadow is given by the pulmonary artery and the smaller one by the veins, and the contrast to the image is given by the bronchi. Outwardly, the root of the lung is a whole plexus of vessels and bronchi, which give a shadow in the picture.

Types of radiography

Radiography is used for a comprehensive check of all organs and tissues of the human body, it is divided into several types that have certain differences:

panoramic radiography;
targeted radiography;
radiography according to Vogt;
microfocus radiography;
contrast radiography;
intraoral radiography;
radiography of soft tissues;
fluorography;
digital radiography;
contrast - radiography;
radiography with functional tests.

You can learn how to do an x-ray in this video. Filmed by the channel: "It's Interesting."

Panoramic radiography

Panoramic or panoramic radiography is successfully used in dentistry. This procedure involves photographing the maxillofacial region using a special device called an orthopontomograph, which is a type of x-ray. The result is a clear image that allows you to analyze the condition of the upper and lower jaws, as well as the soft tissues adjacent to them. Guided by the picture taken, the dentist can perform complex operations to install dental implants.

It also helps to perform a number of other highly technical procedures:

offer the best way to treat gum disease;
develop a technique for eliminating defects in the development of the jaw apparatus and much more.

Sighting

The difference between general and targeted radiography in a narrow focus. It allows you to get an image of only a specific area or organ. But the detail of such a picture will be several times higher than a conventional x-ray examination.

The advantage of the targeted radiograph is that it shows the state of the organ or area in dynamics, at different time intervals. X-rays passing through the tissue or area of inflammation, increase its image. Therefore, in the picture, the organs are larger than their natural size.

The size of the organ or structure in the picture will be larger. The object of study is located closer to the X-ray tube, but at a greater distance from the film. This method is used to obtain an image in primary magnification. An objective radiograph is ideal for examining the thoracic region.

X-ray according to Vogt

Vogt X-ray is a non-skeletal method of X-raying the eye. It is used when microscopic fragments enter the eye that cannot be tracked using a conventional x-ray. The image shows a clearly defined area of the eye (anterior compartment) in such a way that the bony walls of the orbit do not obscure the damaged part.

For research according to Vogt in the laboratory, two films must be prepared. Their size should be two by four, and the edges must be rounded. Before use, each film must be carefully wrapped in wax paper to prevent moisture from entering its surface during the procedure.

Films are needed to focus x-rays. Thus, any, the smallest foreign object will be highlighted and detected by shading in two completely identical places in the picture.

To perform a radiographic procedure according to the Vogt method, two images must be taken one after the other - lateral and axial. To avoid injury to the fundus, the images should be taken with soft x-rays.

Microfocus radiography

Microfocus radiography is a complex definition. The study includes various methods for obtaining images of objects on x-rays, the focal spot diameter of which is not more than one tenth of a millimeter. Microfocus radiography has a number of features and advantages that distinguish it from other research methods.

Microfocus radiography:

allows you to get a multiple increase in objects in images with increased sharpness;
based on the size of the focal spot and other features when shooting, it makes it possible to multiply the magnification without losing the quality of the photo;
The information content of an x-ray image is much higher than in traditional radiography, with lower doses of radiation exposure.

Microfocus radiography is an innovative research method used in cases where conventional radiography is not able to determine the area of damage to an organ or structure.

Contrast radiography

Contrast radiography is a set of x-ray studies. Their characteristic feature is the principle of using radiopaque substances in order to increase the diagnostic accuracy of the resulting image.

The method of contrasting is used to examine the cavities inside the organs, to assess their structural features, functionality and localization. Special contrast solutions are injected into the area under study, so that due to the difference

One of these methods is irrigoscopy. During it, radiologists examine the structure of the walls of organs in the course of getting rid of contrast agents.

Contrast radiography is often used in research:

genitourinary system;
with fistulography;
to determine the characteristic features of blood flow.

Intraoral radiography

With the help of an examination using the method of contact intraoral (intraoral) radiography, all types of diseases of the upper and lower jaw and periodontal tissue can be diagnosed. An intraoral x-ray helps to detect the development of dental pathologies at an early stage, which cannot be achieved during a routine examination.

The procedure has several advantages:

high efficiency;
rapidity;
painlessness;
wide availability.

The procedure for intraoral radiography is not associated with particular difficulties. The patient is seated in a comfortable chair, then asked to freeze for a few seconds, clenching the jaws of the film for the picture. During the procedure, you need to hold your breath for a while. A picture is taken within three to four seconds.

X-ray of soft tissues

Examination of soft tissues using radiography is carried out to obtain operational information about:

muscle condition;
articular and periarticular bags;
tendons;
ligaments;
connective tissues;
skin;
subcutaneous adipose tissue.

With the help of a detailed picture, the radiologist can examine the structure, density and size of the connective tissues. During the study, X-ray beams penetrate soft tissues, and the machine displays the scanned image on the screen.

During an examination using this method, the doctor asks the person to tilt their head in different directions, up and down. In this case, the bones are fixed in a certain position, which is subsequently displayed on the pictures. This is called radiography with functional tests.

For most of today's children and adolescents suffering from problems associated with dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system, this type of x-ray examination is especially important.

In order to reveal hidden pathologies in time, children should have x-rays with functional tests of the cervical spine. This examination is suitable for all children, regardless of age. In infants, the examination allows you to identify injuries and abnormalities received immediately after childbirth. Children's radiography can report problems with the development of the skeleton (scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis) in time.

Photo gallery

intraoral

Contrasting

Microfocus

X-ray of soft tissues

Panoramic

X-ray according to Vogt

Sighting

X-ray with functional tests

Fluorography

Digital

Chest x-ray for children

MRI is the safest research method
For children, diagnostics is recommended only according to indications. If the child has a dubious Mantoux reaction, as well as signs of tuberculosis, then the doctors refer the patient to an x-ray. An x-ray is also required for a child in case of a chest injury, since the bones in children are fragile and any blow can lead to a fracture or crack in the rib, collarbone, etc.

With the help of X-rays, congenital pathologies of organs are visible, so doctors, no doubt, will send the baby for an X-ray. Many mothers worry about the dangers of research - this is in vain, because it is much more important to diagnose the pathology in a timely manner and cure it.

What does the X-ray diagnosis of OGK show?

On x-rays, it is easy to recognize shadows that indicate possible diseases, as well as foreign bodies and other signs of abnormalities:

air cavities;
tumor growth in plus-shadow syndrome;
an annular shadow indicating cysts;
limited or subsegmental blackouts, which are related to signs of cancer, tuberculosis and pneumonia;
local gaps in emphysema and pneumothorax;
deformation of the pattern of the lungs and their roots.

During the diagnosis, the patient is exposed to radiation, so it must be performed according to strict medical indications.

Alternative to x-ray

The most harmful research method
An x-ray is not the only chest examination that can help provide an image of the internal organs. No less informative is computed and magnetic resonance imaging, and sometimes doctors can make a diagnosis even after receiving the results of fluorography. In this case, the patient will even receive much less radiation compared to the classical one. Therefore, when prescribing an x-ray, you should not despair - a conventional study can be replaced by a digital one, and sometimes an alternative diagnostic method can be used.

An X-ray of the OGK is an informative study of organs that cannot be seen otherwise. Therefore, when prescribing an x-ray, it must be done correctly, following the recommendations of the doctor. Then you can get a reliable result and, if necessary, start timely treatment.

Why X-ray gives a false result

Due to the layering of different structures, the radiograph may give a false positive result.

As with other diagnostics, a chest X-ray can lead to an incorrect first diagnosis. Reasons for a false positive result may include:

shadows of the diaphragm, fractures, deformed vessels;
layer-by-layer imposition of different structures that form pathological syndromes, but not detected by other diagnostic methods;
a false negative result may be obscured by a reflection of another anatomical structure.

Despite possible false results, the chest radiograph remains an informative and useful diagnostic tool.

It is impossible to avoid the appearance of inaccurate and incorrect results during the examination by additional diagnostics. The main thing is to remove all metal objects from the body and inform the diagnostician about the presence of foreign elements in the examination area.

Features in the analysis of lung fields

For the convenience of describing the localization of pathological shadows in the fields, they are usually divided into segments. On the description of the radiograph, the doctor indicates the serial number of the segment and the exact size of the formation.

Digital code

In the right lung, it is customary to distinguish 10 segments, in the left, since its field is smaller due to overlapping with the heart shadow - 9. The principle of dividing into segments is based on the study of the branching of large bronchi. One segment is formed by one large bronchus.

The use of radiography in medicine

A radiograph is one of the ways to determine the internal structure of organs and the state of the human skeleton. The method is inferior to MRI and CT in terms of information content, but it is simple and affordable. For the diagnosis of many diseases, x-ray data is sufficient. This has made the medical procedure in demand by patients all over the world.

To better understand what an x-ray is, knowledge of the principle of action of x-rays will help. Passing them through tissues, medical equipment registers radiation of different intensity. Its brightness depends on the density of the medium and the structure of the cells.

The calcium found in the bones absorbs most of the rays. Therefore, the skeleton appears bright white in the picture. Body fluids, fat, muscle, and connective tissue absorb less of the rays and appear as grayscale. The minimum number of rays absorbs air. The cavities filled with it look dark. Therefore, in the picture, the internal organs appear in black and white.

According to the x-ray, doctors can judge:

Actions after the procedure

At the end of the procedure, the patient is given an x-ray, which is then examined by the attending physician. The information obtained is entered into the patient's outpatient card, a diagnosis is made and treatment is prescribed. Immediately after that, the person can go home. Radiography does not affect a person's condition in any way, so there is no rehabilitation period, a person can immediately eat, drink, smoke or drive. There are no restrictions after the procedure.

For the speedy removal of radioactive substances from the body, it is recommended to consume more fermented milk products, nuts, carrots and seafood. X-ray allows you to study the bone segments in detail, but does not provide any information about the soft structures. Therefore, often after this study, additionally more informative diagnostic methods are prescribed - CT or MRI.

How often can a child be carried out?

Many moms and dads are worried - how often can an x-ray of a child's lungs be done? Radiation exposure can harm the growing cells of a child's body, sometimes provokes gene mutations, damage and breakage of DNA chains.

In this regard, an X-ray examination of the state of the lungs in children, as well as adults, is desirable to be carried out no more than 1 time per year.

The only exception is the suspicion of severe forms of pulmonary diseases (malignant neoplasms, tuberculosis, acute inflammation, etc.), when there are no other diagnostic methods, and the complications from the disease are higher than the damage caused to health by the procedure. How many times can children's lungs be x-rayed in these cases? Each episode requires a personal decision, approximately 5-6 x-rays per year. In some cases:

if tuberculosis is suspected - 1 time in 3 months to track the dynamics of the treatment process;
with pneumonia - 3-4 days after taking antibiotics, to establish the effectiveness of their use;
in radiation therapy of malignant neoplasms of the lungs, when the primary is the destruction of cancer cells, and not the effect of radiation on healthy cells - daily.

It is desirable for children to perform X-rays on digital equipment, which will significantly reduce the proportion of radiation exposure.

Attention: X-ray of a minor child is done only with the consent of the parents, up to 12 years old one of the parents is present during the X-ray session in the X-ray room.

X-ray description protocol

Any therapist can decipher an x-ray of the lungs and see a gross pathology, but a detailed conclusion is provided by a radiologist, based on a special protocol. For convenience, the protocol highlights a special analysis algorithm, which includes the following items:

Is the procedure possible at home?

It happens that a person is not able to visit the x-ray room for a number of reasons:

due to advanced age;
for health;
due to any physical defect.

In these cases, it is possible to make an x-ray of the lungs at home.

The procedure is performed on a portable mobile x-ray device. The most modern of them - digital - have microprocessor control, work in parallel with a computer. According to the results of the x-ray, the radiologist immediately draws up a detailed conclusion. X-rays are handed over to the patient.

Diagnosis during pregnancy and lactation

X-rays of the lungs during pregnancy are not recommended. The reason is the negative impact of the corresponding radiation on the fetus. However, there are situations when the described examination is indispensable (cough with hemoptysis, suspicion of a tumor).

Fact! For maximum protection of the child, the woman's stomach is shielded. The essence of the procedure is to put on special lead aprons. Metal delays x-rays, which reduces the risk of negative consequences. Routine use of the appropriate technique is not permitted.

Which is better: CT or X-ray?

The CT (computed tomography) method is also based on scanning with x-rays, but passing through the body at different angles.

The resulting images are combined into a common picture using a computer, which makes it possible to view the organ from all sides. CT or X-ray of the lungs - which is better and more informative, which is less harmful?

CT has great diagnostic capabilities, since thanks to it you can see not only the structure of the lung, but also blood vessels, anatomical processes in the lungs, their internal structures, even differing from each other in density by only 0.1%. The use of a contrast agent brings the accuracy of the obtained data up to 98%.

But x-rays have their advantages:

the dose of radioactive radiation is much lower (for CT it is from 3 to 10 mVz);
its cost is several times cheaper;
Almost all, even municipal, medical institutions have X-ray equipment, so it is more affordable.

When deciding where to take an X-ray of the lungs would be more correct, and where you still need to undergo a CT scan - listen to the point of view of professionals: they will compare the share of radiation exposure received, take into account the nature of the diagnosed disease and be able to give the right direction.

Preparation for radiography

To properly prepare for the x-ray procedure, you must:

Get a referral for x-rays from your doctor.
To get a clear and unblurred image, you need to hold your breath for a few seconds before starting the x-ray.
Be sure to get rid of all metal objects before starting the examination.
If we are talking about the study of the gastrointestinal tract, you need to minimize the amount of food and drink consumed a few hours before the start of the study.
In some special cases, the patient may require a cleansing enema prior to X-ray examinations.

How is osteochondrosis GOP treated?

Treatment is almost always carried out through conservative methods aimed at preventing the development of the disease, eliminating pain, restoring the functions of the spine.

If that doesn't work, then surgery should be done.

Conservative treatment includes:

physiotherapy;
special diet
therapeutic blockade;
massage;
drug therapy;
manual technique;
spinal traction;
reflexology;
physiotherapy exercises (LFK). What exercises can be done - see the video:

Decryption: what does the darkening in the picture mean?

Available enlightenment (they are also darkening in the lungs on an x-ray, since the picture is a negative), their shape, shade, intensity of the lines allow the radiologist to make an accurate conclusion about the condition of the lungs, to draw up a brief description of the x-ray.

The decoding must indicate in which projection the x-ray was performed. Various blackouts indicate the following diseases:

Pneumonia. Both on the direct and on the lateral projection, pronounced high-intensity shadows, large and small focal blackouts are noticeable. Reduced transparency of the lung fields.
Tuberculosis. There are many small darkened foci, an intense pulmonary line, increased pulmonary pattern.
Exudative pleurisy. Due to the accumulation of fluid in the costophrenic sinus, a thin darkened strip appears on the image at the lower edge of the costal arch. The trachea is displaced or pulled forward.
Pulmonary edema. Uneven shadows in the form of flakes.
Venous stasis of the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary circulation). The expansion of the roots, giving them a shape similar to the wings of a butterfly.
Malignant neoplasms (lung cancer). On the radiograph, rounded darkening of various sizes with clear boundaries can be traced.
Emphysema of the lungs. The picture shows a thickening of the diaphragm, increased airiness in the lung fields.
Peritonitis. Deciphering the x-ray of the lungs indicates the accumulation of gases in the abdominal cavity in the absence of an enlightened area under the domes of the diaphragm.
Atelectasis (falling lobe of the lung). Lateral x-ray shows darkening of the posterior mediastinum.
Heart disease. The rounded border of the shadow of the heart speaks of an increase in the ventricle and atria: the left - on the right, the right - on the left. In addition, the enlarged right ventricle gives increased opacity on the left side of the AP X-ray.

It is very important to start decoding an x-ray with an assessment of the quality of the image, because incorrect projection, the patient's posture will give inaccurate images. On the correct radiograph, 2–3 thoracic vertebrae are visible, the spinous processes of the vertebrae are located at an equal distance between the clavicles. The right dome of the diaphragm is higher than the left, projected in the region of the 6th rib.

Diagnostics - specialists in Moscow

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When you need to start panicking and the main nuances

There is no need to panic at all. Regardless of the results of x-rays, an emotional breakdown only exacerbates the patient's condition. However, you can not reassure yourself if there is a serious pathology in the pictures.

Changes on radiographs that require special attention:

the appearance of ring-shaped shadows or spots;
a sharp darkening of one lung against the background of an increase in symptoms of respiratory failure;
the presence of fluid in the pleural cavity.

These symptoms are the first to alert doctors. However, the presence of other pathological changes also require verification and selection of adequate therapy.