What is the pressure difference between upper and lower pressure. Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Norm of arterial pressure

The reasons for the small difference between upper and lower pressure may be different, but in any case, this condition is not normal and requires, at a minimum, a medical examination.

Blood pressure (BP) is considered one of the important indicators of the state of the body. Systolic (upper) is the pressure in the arteries at the time of contraction of the heart, diastolic (lower) is the pressure in the arteries during relaxation of the heart muscle. The difference between the upper and lower pressures is called the pulse pressure. What should be the pulse pressure? Normally, the interval between systolic and diastolic pressure should be 40 mm Hg. Art. (at an ideal pressure of 120 to 80 mm Hg), a deviation of 10 units up or down is also normal. The answer to the question of how much the normal pulse pressure is in a child is similar to that for an adult, that is, 30–50 mm Hg. Art.

Why is too small a gap between indicators dangerous? Too small a difference between the upper and lower pressure, confirmed by several measurements, indicates the presence of serious diseases and can even pose a threat to the patient's life, as it is a sign of dysfunction of the cardiovascular system.

If, according to the results of the examination, no serious diseases that could cause low pulse pressure were detected, the condition is corrected by changing the lifestyle in a healthy direction.

How to spot a small gap in pressure

Low pulse pressure is determined during the measurement of blood pressure, subtracting the lower value from the upper pressure value.

Measurement of pressure should be carried out after the patient has been in a state of complete rest for at least 10 minutes. The hand on which the measurement is taken should be approximately at the same level as the heart. The cuff of a mechanical tonometer is put on the shoulder and fixed slightly obliquely, since the thickness of the arm in this place is not the same. The cuff is then inflated to approximately 20 mm Hg. Art. more than the level at which the pulse will cease to be heard. Then the air is slowly released from the cuff, fixing the first and last blow. The first indicates that the pressure in the cuff is equal to systolic, the latter corresponds to diastolic. To measure blood pressure with an automatic tonometer, you do not need to manually inflate the cuff, just fix it on your wrist and turn on the device. The measurement results will be displayed.

In order to determine the cause of pathologically low pulse pressure, an additional examination may be prescribed to the patient: electrocardiography, echocardiography, ultrasound examination of the kidneys, magnetic resonance angiography of the aorta and / or blood vessels of the kidneys, general and biochemical blood tests, etc.

Why can be a small pulse pressure

A small difference between the upper and lower pressure in the case when the upper one is normal most often indicates the development of arterial hypotension. This condition is typical for women under 35 years of age. Other causes include diseases of the urinary system, an inactive lifestyle, heart disease, somatoform autonomic dysfunction of the nervous system, spasms of blood vessels. A small difference between systolic and diastolic pressure in a patient against the background of injuries may indicate internal bleeding.

Transient, i.e., a transient decrease in pulse pressure occurs with a lack of nutrition, increased physical and / or mental stress, lack of sleep, hypothermia.

Pulse pressure can also decrease with an increase in the lower or a decrease in the upper indicator. Such conditions are observed in chronic kidney disease, atherosclerotic lesions of the blood vessels of the kidneys, coronary vessels and / or aorta, aortic valve stenosis, aortic aneurysm, neoplasms of the kidneys or adrenal glands, constrictive pericarditis, high pulse rate, ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular failure, cardiogenic shock, low concentration iron in the blood, dehydration of the body.

A small gap between upper and lower pressure with increased upper pressure is observed in arterial hypertension.

A transient, i.e., transient decrease in pulse pressure occurs with a lack of nutrition, increased physical and / or mental stress, lack of sleep (overwork), hypothermia. In this case, the elimination of the cause, i.e. eating, rest, warming, leads to the normalization of blood pressure.

How does too little pulse pressure manifest itself?

With an excessively small interval between upper and lower pressure, the patient experiences dizziness, headache, muscle weakness, pallor of the skin, decreased concentration, impaired short-term memory, drowsiness, apathy, irritability, increased sensitivity to sounds, photophobia, and sometimes fainting . A person does not feel rested even after a long sleep.

Low pulse pressure due to a cardiogenic or other shock condition is manifested by pallor and / or cyanosis of the skin, cold sweat, shortness of breath, confusion or fainting.

The difference between the upper and lower pressure of less than 20 units is critical, i.e., it means that the patient needs emergency medical care.

Low pulse pressure is determined during the measurement of blood pressure, subtracting the lower value from the upper pressure value.

What to do if pulse pressure is low

First of all, you should not self-medicate. The pathology is serious enough to seek medical help as soon as possible in order to find out the cause.

If, according to the results of the examination, no serious diseases that could cause low pulse pressure were detected, the condition is corrected by changing the lifestyle in a healthy direction. Such patients are advised to eat a balanced diet, give up bad habits, spend more time outdoors, get rid of physical inactivity, take a short break every hour of work, monitor the condition of the cervical spine, and be sure to get enough sleep. The minimum duration of sleep should be 8 hours.

In the event that the cause of a small difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is determined, the treatment consists in eliminating the causative factor.

So, with atherosclerotic lesions of the blood vessels, the patient needs to take drugs that reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood, vitamin therapy can be prescribed, taking unsaturated fatty acids.

In the case of chronic inflammatory diseases of the urinary system, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial drugs, physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed.

In chronic left ventricular failure, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and cardiac glycosides are indicated. In some cases, surgery is required. In the acute form of the disease, diuretics, glycosides, ganglion blockers are used.

Normally, the interval between systolic and diastolic pressure should be 40 mm Hg. Art.

In coronary heart disease, surgical treatment may be required - bypass surgery, stenting, laser angioplasty, etc.

Aneurysms require surgery.

For constrictive pericarditis, pericardectomy is performed.

If the pathology is caused by aortic valve stenosis, it is replaced with an artificial one.

In case of severe cardiac arrhythmias, antiarrhythmic drugs are prescribed, and if they are ineffective, implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator is indicated.

If the patient has neoplasms, both conservative and surgical treatment can be carried out.

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Blood pressure (BP) reflects the state of the circulatory and cardiovascular systems. The indicator is made up of two numbers: the first indicates the upper (systolic), the second through the dash - the lower (diastolic). The difference between the upper and lower pressure is called pulse pressure. This parameter characterizes the work of blood vessels during the period of heart contractions. Find out how dangerous is the deviation from the norm of this indicator to a smaller or larger side.

What does high and low pressure mean?

Measurement of blood pressure is a mandatory procedure in the doctor's office, which is carried out according to the Korotkov method. The top and bottom pressures are taken into account:

Upper (systolic) - the force with which blood presses on the walls of the arteries during the contraction of the ventricles of the heart, causing blood to be ejected into the pulmonary artery, the aorta.
Lower (diastolic) means the strength of the tension of the vascular walls in the intervals between heartbeats.

The upper value is affected by the state of the myocardium and the force of contraction of the ventricles. The indicator of lower blood pressure directly depends on the tone of the walls of blood vessels that deliver blood to tissues and organs, the total volume of blood circulating in the body. The difference between the readings is called pulse pressure. An extremely important clinical characteristic will help characterize the state of the body, for example, show:

the work of blood vessels between contractions and relaxations of the heart;
vascular patency;
tone and elasticity of the vascular walls;
the presence of a spasmodic area;
presence of inflammation.

What is the lower and upper pressure responsible for?

It is common to measure upper and lower blood pressure in millimeters of mercury, i.e. mmHg Art. Upper blood pressure is responsible for the functioning of the heart, shows the force with which blood is pushed out of its left ventricle into the bloodstream. The lower indicator indicates vascular tone. Regular measurement is extremely important in order to notice any deviations from the norm in a timely manner.

With an increase in blood pressure by 10 mm Hg. Art. the risk of circulatory disorders of the brain, cardiovascular diseases, coronary disease, damage to the vessels of the legs increases. If headaches occur, manifestations of discomfort, dizziness, weakness are frequent, this means: the search for causes should begin with blood pressure measurements and immediate contact with your doctor.

Difference between upper and lower pressure

Cardiologists often use the term "working pressure". This is a state where a person is comfortable. Everyone has their own individual, not necessarily classically accepted 120 to 80 (normotonic). People with frequent high blood pressure 140 to 90, normal health are called hypertensive patients, patients with low blood pressure (90/60) can easily cope with hypotension.

Given this individuality, in the search for pathologies, the pulse difference is considered, which normally should not go beyond 35-50 units, taking into account the age factor. If you can correct the situation with blood pressure indicators using drops to increase pressure or pills to lower it, then the situation with the pulse difference is more complicated - here you need to look for the cause. This value is very informative and indicates diseases requiring treatment.

Little difference between top and bottom pressure

It is widely believed that the level of low pulse pressure does not have to be 30 units. It is more correct to consider, based on the value of systolic blood pressure. If the pulse difference is less than 25% of the upper, then it is considered to be a low indicator. For example, the lower limit for BP 120 mm is 30 units. The total optimal level is 120/90 (120 - 30 = 90).

A small difference between systolic and diastolic pressure will manifest itself in the patient in the form of symptoms:

weaknesses;
apathy or irritability;
fainting, dizziness;
drowsiness;
attention disorders;
headaches.

Low pulse pressure should always cause concern. If its value is small - less than 30, this indicates probable pathological processes:

heart failure (the heart is working for wear and tear, can not cope with a high load);
insufficiency of internal organs;
stroke of the left ventricle;
aortic stenosis;
tachycardia;
cardiosclerosis;
myocarditis;
heart attack on the background of physical overstrain.

A small difference between blood pressure (systolic / diastolic) can lead to hypoxia, atrophic changes in the brain, visual impairment, respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrest. This condition is very dangerous, because it tends to grow, become uncontrollable, poorly amenable to drug treatment. It is important to monitor not only the upper numbers of blood pressure, but also the lower ones, calculating the difference between them in order to be able to help your loved ones or yourself in a timely manner.

Big difference between top and bottom pressure

Dangerous, fraught with consequences is a large difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. The condition may indicate a threat of stroke/myocardial infarction. If there was an increase in the pulse difference, this suggests that the heart is losing its activity. In this case, the patient is diagnosed with bradycardia. One can talk about prehypertension (this is a borderline state between the norm and the disease) if the difference is more than 50 mm.

A large difference is indicative of aging. If the lower blood pressure decreases, and the upper one remains normal, it becomes difficult for a person to concentrate, there are:

fainting states;
irritability;
tremor of the limbs;
apathy;
dizziness;
drowsiness.

A difference above the norm may indicate a violation of the digestive organs, damage to the gallbladder / ducts, tuberculosis. Do not panic when you see that the tonometer needle showed unwanted numbers. Perhaps this is due to errors in the operation of the device. It is better to consult a doctor to find the cause of the ailment, to receive appropriate medical prescriptions.

Permissible difference between upper and lower pressure

For young healthy people, the ideal allowable difference between upper and lower pressure is 40 units. However, with such an ideal blood pressure, it is difficult to find patients even among young people, therefore, slight differences in the range of 35-50 by age are allowed for the pulse difference (the older the person, the larger the gap is allowed). According to deviations from the norm figures, the presence of any pathologies in the body is judged.

If the difference is within normal limits, and the lower and upper blood pressure creeps up, this indicates that the patient's heart has been working for a long time. If all indicators are too small, then this indicates a slow work of blood vessels and the heart muscle. To get an accurate interpretation of the parameters, all measurements should be taken in the most relaxed calm state.

Video: difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

More and more people are striving to maintain their health, including controlling blood pressure indicators so that they do not go beyond the norm. Thanks to modern blood pressure monitors, everyone gets the opportunity to regularly measure their own blood pressure. The device displays 2 values - systolic and diastolic. You need to pay attention not only to these numbers, but also to their difference.

Normal levels are 120/70 and 120/80 mmHg. Art. To understand why a large difference between upper and lower pressure is dangerous, it will be necessary to clarify what both indicators mean.

Upper

Upper or systolic blood pressure - this indicator depends on the force of blood pressure, which affects the vascular walls during contraction of the heart muscle. Large vessels are involved in the process. In addition, systolic blood pressure depends on:

elasticity or simply extensibility of the vascular walls;
stroke volume of the left ventricle of the heart;
maximum rate of blood ejection.

lower

Lower pressure or diastolic - an indicator of the resistance of blood vessels in relation to moving blood. In this case, the cardiac (cardiac) muscle is in a relaxed state. Lower pressure is formed when the valve in the aorta closes. Blood is no longer able to enter the myocardium and move through the vessels, and the heart is filled with oxygen and continues to contract.

Normal difference between indicators

The norm is 120/80 mm Hg. Art., in accordance with the individual characteristics of a person, there may be small deviations. This is influenced by age, physical activity, etc.

The permissible limit of the levels of upper and lower blood pressure is 30 - 50 mm. rt. Art. If after several measurements the difference is confirmed, there is a disease.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure (PP). The greatest difference in this case is 50 m Hg. Art., if higher - then the myocardium pumps blood with great tension. The minimum allowable difference is 30 mm Hg. st..

You should pay attention to which of the indicators is increased or decreased. This will help to quickly identify possible causes of violations. To get the most accurate blood pressure measurements, they are taken several times on both arms. It is important to consider that the pressure difference between the left and right hand is 5 units. If this figure is higher, then the violation affects only one limb.

120/80 - ideal indicators. A difference within 40 units is acceptable, but the exact data depends on the person's comfortable state of health. Comfortable measurements for different categories of people are the following numbers:

Normotonic - 120/80.
Hypertensive - 140/90.
Hypotonic - 90/60.

The boundary is strongly influenced by a person's age group, body weight, work activity and lifestyle. Normal blood pressure for one person will not always be comfortable for another. The doctor necessarily fixes such a criterion as well-being for the diagnosis of hypertension.

Reasons for the large difference in indicators

The difference between systole and diastole should normally not exceed 50 units. Even with a slight deviation, it is still a violation, which indicates excessive tension of the myocardium. Various reasons can provoke pathology. To narrow the range of etiological factors, one should understand which indicator decreases and which increases and why. In addition, to make a diagnosis, the doctor pays attention to the accompanying symptoms that the patient complains about.

If systolic blood pressure rises, then the causes are correlated with excessive activity of the heart muscle. The myocardium pushes blood into the vessels more intensively due to the influence of pathological factors on it. This condition contributes to hypertrophy and premature wear of the myocardium.

A large difference between systolic and diastolic pressure can be caused by the following factors:

With a decrease in lower blood pressure, the vessels lose their elasticity. Their condition is directly correlated with the work of the kidneys. The body produces renin, which is required for the normal contraction and relaxation of blood vessels.
Low cerebral pressure. Violation of blood flow provokes brain injury under the influence of a lack of oxygen, and soft tissue hypoxia also develops.
Chronic stress or frequent emotional upheavals cause strong changes in pulse pressure and vascular pathologies.
Taking sedatives provokes large gaps between the two indicators and an increase in pulse pressure.
The age of the person. Over time, the state of human vessels deteriorates, they wear out, become brittle, lose their elasticity. All these factors cause the development of arterial stiffness, when the vessels no longer respond correctly to changes in blood flow.
Cholesterol deposits on the vascular walls - such a violation leads to lability of indicators, increasing pulse pressure.
Too much physical activity.
Sudden changes in ambient temperature.
Viral damage to the body.

Also, a large difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressure provokes a lack of iron, dysfunction of the endocrine system, increased intracranial pressure.

But the difference may be too small. Low pulse pressure means a problem in the work of blood vessels. The disorder is diagnosed when PD is less than 30 mm. rt. Art. Insufficient, small difference between systolic and diastolic pressure can be triggered by the following problems:

Left ventricular stroke.
Aortic stenosis.
Tachycardia.
Internal or external profuse bleeding.
Myocarditis.
Vegetative-vascular dystonia.
Unbearable loads.
Ischemia of the kidneys and a strong increase in the content of renin in them.

When the pulse pressure is too low, the risk of atrophic disorders in the brain increases. A low level provokes problems with vision, breathing, and can cause cardiac arrest. With low PD, a person will complain of such manifestations:

constant fatigue;
drowsiness;
rapid fatigue;
apathy
loss of attention and distraction;
dizziness leading to fainting.

Reduced pulse pressure is typical for patients at a young age, and increased for people in old age against the background of abnormalities in the work of the cardiovascular system.

Symptoms of a violation of pulse pressure

The main problem of violations of pulse pressure is that high systolic blood pressure may not appear in hypertension, but at the same time, against the background of pulse pressure, the doctor can make this diagnosis. But most often people talk about specific symptoms that indicate a pathology:

congestion or tinnitus;
headaches, dizziness, feeling of heaviness in the temples;
unsteadiness of gait, problems with coordination of movements;
memory impairment;
unstable psycho-emotional state;
heart pain, palpitations.

The main distinguishing feature of such a deviation is a stable mild course, but if concomitant complications occur, the condition can deteriorate sharply - hypertensive crises and problems with blood flow occur. Aggravating factors include:

obesity;
diabetes;
lack of physical activity;
functional failure of the heart;
renal failure in a chronic form;
history of heart attack or stroke.

What to do in case of deviations

At home, if you feel unwell, you should immediately measure blood pressure. For more accurate data, do this several times. Sometimes violations are a tonometer error.

The normal PD in a person of the middle age group is 40 units. Any deviations are a reason to visit a specialist and find out the reason. An exception is made only for teenagers - their numbers can drop to 30 units, and for people in old age, on the contrary, they can rise to 50 units.

There is no need to panic if the difference between upper and lower blood pressure is too large. Anxiety only exacerbates the situation. If several times in a row the device shows a large difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, you should go to a cardiologist. He will conduct an examination, establish the cause, give recommendations for correction. It is not recommended to solve the problem yourself. Any drugs that lower or increase blood pressure, if taken without the doctor's instructions, will only complicate the situation.

You can normalize the level of pulse pressure in non-drug ways, adhering to the following recommendations:

Compliance with these simple rules will help at least get closer to the norm. Pressure must be measured several times a day in order to track the beginning pathology and visit a specialist in time, avoiding a huge number of health problems. For accurate diagnosis, an ECG, echocardiography, ultrasound diagnosis of the thyroid gland and kidneys is mandatory. Therapy is organized only after making an accurate diagnosis and obtaining specific data on the physical condition of the patient.

Treatment for deviations

When it is required to increase or decrease the difference, synthetic drugs are prescribed to normalize exactly the pulse pressure. This approach is used as a last resort. The therapy is carried out jointly by a cardiologist and a therapist based on the results of a thorough examination. The conditions for correcting violations of pulse pressure in order to prevent diseases of the heart and blood vessels are necessarily observed:

A sharp change in the level of blood pressure is prohibited. Systolic should decrease slowly so that the vessels can adapt to the new state. Otherwise, the risk of stroke, heart attack and other ischemic pathologies increases.
Drugs should have a greater effect on systolic blood pressure. Treatment begins with the lowest possible doses, gradually, if necessary, they increase.
Medicines should not adversely affect the kidneys or cause cerebrovascular accidents.

To properly equalize the difference between upper and lower pressure, drugs of the following groups are used:

Antihypertensives - medicines for high blood pressure. Preference is given to calcium antagonists, beta-blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors. The listed groups of funds will help to cope with the task at the right reception.
Diuretics are diuretics. They will reduce the volume of circulating blood, thereby reducing cardiac output and systolic pressure.
Medicines to normalize blood circulation in the brain, kidneys, heart. They also protect these organs from the negative effects of high systolic blood pressure.
Neuroprotectors and cerebroprotectors are drugs that normalize the nutrition of brain tissues and nerves. They are used to prevent stroke and problems with blood flow in the brain.

To improve the effectiveness of medicines, they are taken in combinations, but strictly according to the doctor's prescription. To prevent a large difference between the levels of upper and lower pressure, it is necessary to constantly monitor the levels, normalize the work and rest regime, review the diet, completely eliminate bad habits, and avoid excessive physical and emotional stress. These simple measures and, if necessary, the help of a doctor will help restore the correct pulse pressure.

The force of pressure with which blood moves along the walls of blood vessels, measured in millimeters of mercury and is called blood pressure. During its functioning, the heart and blood vessels alternately narrow and relax, so the two digits of blood pressure are the blood pressure in the two phases of the heart and blood vessels, respectively. The top number is systolic and the bottom number is diastolic. To understand the meaning of these data, it is necessary to understand in detail what diastolic and systolic blood pressure are.

What is systolic blood pressure and diastolic pressure

The cardiovascular system works in such a way that it is constantly in two states: systole and diastole. The pressure in these two states is different. That is why there are indicators of upper and lower pressure, each of which can reflect different processes occurring in the body.

When the ventricles of the heart contract and the heart ejects blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, and into the pulmonary trunk from the right, this is systole. At this moment, in the vessels, the blood pressure on their walls increases, this is the arterial systolic pressure (ASP). Its indicators reflect the strength and speed of contraction of the heart and are a reflection of the state of the myocardium.

Pressure difference

Since pressure is highest during systole and minimal during diastole, systolic blood pressure is always higher than diastolic. Under different conditions of the body, the excess of the upper pressure over the lower one is different, and indirectly may indicate certain pathological processes in the body.

The difference between the upper and lower values is the pulse pressure. The norm is 40–60 mm Hg. Art. A high or low level of pulse pressure may indicate a deterioration in the functioning of the heart, the presence of diseases such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, stenosis of the aortic orifices, a persistent increase in blood pressure, myogenic dilatation of the heart.

High systolic and low diastolic pressure

High pulse pressure leads to isolated systolic arterial hypertension (ISAH), that is, when systolic values exceed the norm (more than 140 mm Hg), and diastolic values are lowered (less than 90 mm Hg), and the gap between them exceeds normal scores. In half of the cases, the manifestations of such hypertension are associated with age factors, but the second half of these cases indicate the presence of malfunctions in the heart in relatively young people.

Norm of ratio in pressure

With the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system, it should be 40–60 mm Hg. Art. So, with a blood pressure of 120/80, the pulse pressure will be 40 mm Hg. Art., that is, normal for a healthy body. But if the blood pressure is 180/100, the difference (80) exceeds the norm.

What is the difference in pressure indicators

An increase in excess of ASD with low diastolic increases the risk of mortality and heart disease by 2-3 times. ISAH is no less dangerous in its consequences than hypertension in its usual manifestation.

The lack of its treatment puts human health at risk, because the risk of developing complications such as:

heart attack;
stroke;
heart failure;
decrease in vascular elasticity.

Conclusion

Thus, two indicators of blood pressure - systolic and diastolic - are the main sources of easily accessible information about the normal / abnormal functioning of the body and its systems. If the difference in pressure indicators - upper and lower - exceeds the norm, it is necessary to consult a doctor to determine the type of ISAH: primary or secondary. Based on these data, the issue of treating hypertension directly or other diseases that caused it is being decided.

What is systolic and diastolic pressure? This is the upper and lower indicator of arterial, or blood pressure, that is, the one that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure (BP) is one of the main parameters that allow assessing the state of vital functions of the human body.

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Blood pressure depends on the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time and the resistance of blood vessels. It is written as two digits separated by a fraction sign. In this fraction, the numerator is the systolic pressure and the denominator is the diastolic pressure.

In people under 40, normal pressure is 110–120/70–80 mm Hg. Art. If the blood pressure is below these numbers, then the value is assessed as low.

Systolic pressure is the pressure that occurs in the vessels at the time of systole, i.e., the ejection of blood from the heart. It is also called the top. In fact, it shows with what force the myocardium pushes blood from the left ventricle into the system of arterial vessels.

Diastolic pressure is the pressure of the blood in the vessels at the time of diastole of the heart (lower blood pressure). This indicator allows you to evaluate the resistance of peripheral vessels.

The difference between the upper and lower pressure is called pulse pressure. Normally, its value is 35–55 mm Hg. Art.

Blood pressure: normal value

Blood pressure is a purely individual indicator, which is influenced by many factors. However, for people of different ages, averaged norms have been determined. They are presented in the table.

Causes of high and low blood pressure

In people under 40, normal pressure is 110–120/70–80 mm Hg. Art. If the blood pressure is below these numbers, then the value is assessed as low. Pressure 121–139/81–89 mmHg Art. is considered elevated, and 140/90 and above is considered high, indicating the presence of a particular pathology.

Low blood pressure may be due to the following reasons:

intensive sports;
accommodation in the highlands;
work in hot shops;
decrease in the volume of circulating blood (massive burns, blood loss);
cerebral and spinal injuries;
decreased tone of peripheral blood vessels (septic, anaphylactic shock);
sepsis;
some violations of the functions of the endocrine system.

Pressure 121–139/81–89 mmHg Art. is considered elevated, and 140/90 and above is considered high, indicating the presence of a particular pathology.

Low blood pressure is often observed against the background of chronic fatigue, systematic lack of sleep, depression, and also often occurs in the initial period of pregnancy.

High blood pressure may be due to one of the following reasons:

pathology of the vessels of the kidneys (atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, thrombosis or aneurysm of the renal arteries);
bilateral kidney damage (polycystic, interstitial nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis);
unilateral kidney damage (unilateral tuberculosis, hypoplasia, single cyst or tumor of the kidney, pyelonephritis);
primary salt retention (Liddle's syndrome);
long-term use of certain drugs (corticosteroids, oral contraceptives, ergot alkaloids, cyclosporine);
endocrine diseases (acromegaly, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma, congenital adrenal hyperplasia);
vascular diseases (renal artery stenosis, coarctation of the aorta and its large branches);
OPG-gestosis (late toxicosis of pregnant women);
neurological diseases (brain tumors, intracranial hypertension, respiratory acidosis).

What causes high and low blood pressure

Often there is an opinion that hypotension, unlike hypertension, does not pose a danger to human life, because low pressure does not lead to the development of diseases such as myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke. But in fact, hypotension can cause the following conditions:

worsening of the course of diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and endocrine systems;
deterioration in the quality of life (increased fatigue, decreased performance, impaired concentration, drowsiness, muscle weakness);
sudden onset of fainting;
decrease in potency in men.

Blood pressure is a purely individual indicator, which is influenced by many factors.

With age, people with hypotension develop hypertension. At the same time, even a slight increase in pressure leads them to the occurrence of a hypertensive crisis, the treatment of which presents certain difficulties. This is due to the fact that in this situation, even small doses of antihypertensive drugs can lead to a sharp drop in blood pressure, up to the development of collapse and acute cardiovascular failure, which, in turn, can cause death.

A single high blood pressure does not mean that the patient suffers from arterial hypertension. Only if the increased numbers of systolic and diastolic pressure (or one of them) are recorded in at least three control measurements, a diagnosis of hypertension is made and appropriate treatment is prescribed. Without therapy, the disease will progress and can lead to a number of complications:

atherosclerosis;
cardiac ischemia;
acute and chronic heart failure;
acute and chronic cerebrovascular accident;
retinal disinsertion;
metabolic syndrome;
chronic renal failure;
erectile dysfunction.

What treatment is needed for high or low blood pressure? Only a doctor can answer this question after examining the patient. Relying on the advice of friends and relatives is not worth it, because if a drug helps one person well, this does not mean at all that it will be just as effective for another.

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