The originality of love lyrics a to Tolstoy. A.K. Tolstoy. Life and creation. The main themes, motives and images of poetry. Questions and tasks
S.I. Khramova
The main motives of early lyrics (1840s) by A.K. Tolstoy are thoughts about the withering life of the old, well-born nobility (“Do you remember, Maria ...”, “The weather is noisy in the yard.”, “Empty House”), complaints about the loss of a former happy life (“Blagovest”, “ Oh, stacks stacks...") and an appeal to the historical past of Ukraine and Russia with its heroic deeds (the first edition of "The Bells", "You know the land where everything breathes in abundance...").
Lyrica A.K. Tolstoy devoted himself almost entirely to the pre-reform decade. From 1851 to 1859, he wrote more than eighty poems, and then for many years he practically did not turn to this literary type, and only in the first half of the 1870s did he write a few more poems.
Elegies by A.K. Tolstoy are distinguished by the depth of content and the perfection of the artistic form. Following Lermontov and Tyutchev A.K. Tolstoy contrasts deep and pure love as a great moral value with "vanity" and "insignificant fuss" of the life he led before meeting his beloved woman, and the whole "world of lies" of secular society that surrounded him in the future. The best of these poems are “I recognized you, holy convictions ...”, “To my soul, full of insignificant fuss ...”, “When the dense forest is silent around ...”, “Passion has passed, and its ardor is disturbing. ."
The same motifs were developed in the poem "Let the one whose honor is not without reproach ...", which expresses the main moral principle of the poet - the principle of moral stamina and independence. Lyrical hero A.K. Tolstoy is not afraid of people's opinions, is not afraid of their blasphemy, does not flatter "wrong prejudice", does not hide his convictions "before any earthly power"
Not before the crowned kings,
Not before the judgment seat of rumor
He doesn't trade in words
He does not bow his head slavishly.
Such a moral ideal was reflected in the poem "John of Damascus", and in ballads, and in the poem "If you love, so without reason ...", remarkable for its expressive brevity, and in later lyrics.
Once a 15-year-old boy in one of his first poems by A.K. Tolstoy wrote prophetically:
I believe in pure love
And in the shower connected;
And all thoughts, and life, and blood,
And every vein is beaten
I will give it with joy
Which image is cute
Me holy love
Execute to the grave.
So, in fact, it happened ... This bright dream was destined to be embodied both in fate and in the poetry of A.K. Tolstoy: all his life he loved Sofya Andreevna Miller. The poet was not exaggerating when he wrote:
My love, as big as the sea,
The shores cannot contain the life.
The romantic story of the acquaintance of Alexei Konstantinovich and Sofya Andreevna in the winter of 1850-1851 at a masquerade ball at the Bolshoi Theater is widely known.
In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance,
In the turmoil of the world,
I saw you, but the mystery
Your features are covered.
Full of unfading charm, the poem “Among the noisy ball” is difficult to read today: in order to comprehend the text, one has to “resist” the music of P.I. Tchaikovsky. In the center of the poem is an introspection of a lyrical hero who is trying to understand what is happening in his soul after a recent meeting with an unusual woman, whose eyes looked sadly,
A.K. Tolstoy was able to convey the very atmosphere of tender love, the subtle interest that people suddenly get to know each other only yesterday.
Sofya Andreevna was twenty-five years old. Clever, educated, far from being a beauty, but at the same time unusually feminine, she could not help but be liked by someone who was attracted primarily by the beauty of her soul and mind.
Sofya Andreevna became not only the inspiration for the lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy, but also as an assistant, adviser, and first critic. With her assistance, many Tolstoy masterpieces appeared - both poetic and dramatic. “I attribute everything to you: fame, happiness, existence,” wrote A.K. Fat wife.
Love poems by A.K. Tolstoy are read like a lyrical diary, telling about the history of his feelings. The image of the beloved woman in them is specific and individual; he is imbued with purity of moral feeling and genuine humanity; sounds distinctly in A.K. Tolstoy, the motive of the ennobling effect of love.
How good and pleasant it is here,
How I love the smell of trees!
fragrant hazel leaf
I will put you in the shade.
I am there, at the foot of the village,
You mulberries, narva,
And the horse and the brown mule
We'll let it into the thick grass.
You lie down here by the fountain,
Until the heat passes
You smile at me and say
That you are not tired of me.
All the details of this poem, all its images appear as if by chance, imperceptibly and create an atmosphere of tenderness and light, which is focused at the end, as if in an insignificant phrase. But the hero is so organically and fully manifested in it - his love, care, attention, and the heroine - her tenderness, femininity and even fate, and something else, the third, most important - high poetry and the joy of spiritualized human love. A.K. Tolstoy creates an atmosphere of involvement in the sublime idea of the meaning and value of human feelings and aspirations.
A.K. Tolstoy has the following verses:
Not the wind blowing from above
Sheets touched on a moonlit night;
You touched my soul
She is anxious, like sheets,
She, like a harp, is multi-stringed.
“You touched my soul” - it would seem how little! In fact - so much, because the awakened soul will continue to live on a different, new, real, not necessarily happy, but certainly a living human life.
A.K. Tolstoy left a short, but surprisingly capacious formula for every genuine feeling:
The passion has passed, but its anxious fervor no longer torments my heart,
But I can't stop loving you
Everything that is not you is so vain and false, Everything that is not you is colorless and dead.
In lyrical poems by A.K. Tolstoy sometimes almost verbatim repeats the thoughts expressed by him in letters to Sofya Andreevna. Researcher R.G. Magina found several cases of similar analogies. So, in October 1851, the poet writes to Sofya Andreevna about his great feeling: “I swear to you, as I would have sworn before the Judgment Seat of the Lord, that I love you with all my abilities, all thoughts, all movements, all the sufferings and joys of my soul. Accept this love as it is, do not look for reasons for it, do not look for names for it, as a doctor looks for names for a disease, do not assign a place to it, do not analyze it. Take her as she is, take it without delving into it, I can’t give you anything better, I gave you everything that I had the most precious thing, I don’t have anything better.
October 30, 1851, on the same days when this letter was written, the poet creates one of his most wonderful, extremely sincere poems:
Don't ask, don't question
Mind-reason do not scatter:
How I love you, why I love you
And why do I love, and for how long?
Loving you, I didn't ask
Didn't guess, didn't question;
Loving you, I waved my hand,
Outlined his wild head!
Many lines of letters from A.K. Tolstoy to his beloved woman are no less poetic than the poems themselves, dedicated to her for 25 years.
“There are moments when my soul, at the thought of you, seems to remember the distant, distant times, when we knew each other even better and were even closer than now, and then it seems to me that a promise that we will again become just as close , as they once were, and at such moments I experience happiness so great and so different from everything available to our ideas here that it is like a foretaste or premonition of a future life. “Not for your mind, not for your talents, I love you. I fell in love with you for your moral height and thanks to the kinship of our souls ... Life before meeting Sofya Andreevna seemed to A.K. Tolstoy with a heavy sleep: “Without you, I would have slept like a groundhog, or suffered from a constant illness of my soul and heart. Loving you is my motto! Loving you means living for me." In a poem written in the summer of 1856 we read:
If I were the god of the ocean
I would bring it to your feet, oh friend,
All the riches of the royal dignity,
All my corals and pearls!
It is difficult to convey in words the depth of the poet's overflowing feelings:
Joyful and sorrowful to my heart,
Silently I warm your little hands and press,
Looking into your eyes, silently pouring tears,
I can't express how much I love you.
A.K. Tolstoy is a great master of capturing and capturing the finest nuances of moods and feelings.
Everyone loves you so much!
One of your quiet views
He makes everyone kinder and reconciles with life.
But you are sad; you have a hidden pain,
Some kind of sentence sounds in your soul;
Why is your affectionate gaze always so timid
And sad eyes so pray for forgiveness,
As if the sun is light, and spring flowers,
And a shadow in the midday heat, and a whisper through the oak forests,
And even the air you breathe
Does everything seem wrong to you?
The lyrical hero of this poem seeks to penetrate the character of the beloved woman, to understand and explain it. And as her nature is comprehended, tenderness for her subtly arises, this tenderness grows towards the end of the poem, where the height of the spirit and charm of the heroine become especially clear. In fact, this poem is very close to the poem “How good and pleasant it is here”; here is the same high, spiritual attitude towards love and a woman, the perception of the beloved as a bright spiritual principle.
In the intimate lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy captures all shades of true love - and understanding, and compassion, and pity, and tenderness, and the desire to protect the beloved, to become her support.
Tolstoy's heroine was constantly accompanied by "longing", "timidity", "unknown torments", "doubts and worries". The feeling of guilt that took possession of Sofya Andreevna from her youth, who became the unwitting culprit of the death of her brother, who stood up for her honor, did not subside over the years.
You are like apple blossoms
When heavy snow covered them:
You can't shake off the sadness
And life has bent you down;
You are like a hollow in a spring day:
When the whole world is fragrant
The neighboring mountains cast a shadow
And she alone prevents her from blooming;
And how from the tops beokit into it
Snow melted heap,
So in your poor heart
Sorrow flows from everywhere!
The weakness of the beloved evokes in the lyrical hero a strong chivalrous feeling, courageous and noble.
You lean against me, little tree, against the green elm:
You lean against me, I stand securely and firmly!
Tolstoy's hero seems to be afraid of losing something very important and precious, which was won back from life with difficulty, but which can easily be lost. This intonation gives the poems of A.K. Tolstoy has a special charm. At the same time, the major tone is felt in the saddest lines of A.K. Tolstoy.
Oh, if you could, even for a single moment
Forget your sadness, forget your troubles?
Oh, if only once I saw your face,
How I knew him in his happiest years!
When a tear shines in your eyes
Oh, if this sadness could pass in a rush,
Like a passing thunderstorm in a warm spring,
Like a shadow from the clouds running across the fields!
Yes, there is sadness here, but there is no hopelessness, this is Pushkin's bright sadness (“I am sad and light; my sadness is light; My sadness is full of you. You, only you ...” - A.S. Pushkin. “On the hills of Georgia”) at A.K. Tolstoy, even a tear shines lightly, “glows”. The reader is captivated by the bright feeling of love, the desire for joy and goodness for the beloved woman, conveyed by the poet so easily and sublimely.
Poems dedicated to the happiness of love, the fullness and harmony of life, from A.K. Tolstoy are even more integral, tangible and concrete.
Spring beyond the cherry orchard
Traces of bare girlish feet,
And immediately squeezed next to
Shoe lined with nails.
All is quiet at their meeting place,
But my mind feels jealous
And whispers, and passionate speeches,
And buckets of splashed noise...
The poet realized the high value of his love not only in the light of the moral ideal of independence and freedom; he connected it with his romantic ideal, with his religious and philosophical outlook. A.K. Tolstoy was convinced of the existence of a spiritual world beyond the limits of earthly existence and, feeling the sublimity of his love experiences, he realized them as a manifestation of this spiritual world, as his connection with it. He expressed this romantic-idealistic understanding of his spiritual life in a number of poems, very significant in depth of content and majestic expressiveness of the language: lark singing ... "," Oh, do not rush to where life is brighter and cleaner .. "and others.
Particularly distinguished by the development of the motives of philosophical romance are the poems “Me, in the darkness and dust ...” and “A tear trembles in your jealous gaze ...”, where the poet speaks of the existence of an invisible world of the mysterious life of nature, inspired by love and opening only to that, who loves himself. However, on earth, love is "fragmented", and earthly existence itself is only a "reflection of eternal beauty."
Keywords: Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy, lyrics by A.K. Tolstoy, criticism of the work of A.K. Tolstoy, analysis of A.K. Tolstoy, download criticism, download analysis, free download, Russian literature of the 19th century
The purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the lyrical poems of A. K. Tolstoy on the theme of love with a pronounced musical beginning.
Lesson objectives:
- To analyze the history of the creation of A. K. Tolstoy's poems "Among the noisy ball:", "That was in early spring:" and the romances written by P. I. Tchaikovsky based on these verses.
- The development of students' speech, vocabulary enrichment, the ability to work with the text of a work of art, analyze poems, the ability to work in small groups.
- Raising in children a sense of beauty, love for classical music, respect for the work of great artists.
Lesson equipment: portraits: A. K. Tolstoy, S. A. Miller, P. I. Tchaikovsky; illustrations on the theme of the ball; computer, two films based on romances by P. I. Tchaikovsky with reproductions of paintings by I. P. Glazunov, K. Bryullov, V. E. Borisov-Musatov; poems by A. K. Tolstoy, M. Yu. Lermontov; cards - tasks for individual work and for work in small groups; dictionary of emotional terms.
Epigraph to the lesson:
Let me explain my love to you
The great syllable of Russian romance.
I. Kokhanovsky.
"Tolstoy is an inexhaustible source for texts to music; he is one of my favorite poets." P. I. Tchaikovsky.
"What Russian heart does not tremble, does not startle, listening to P. I. Tchaikovsky's romance "Among the noisy ball:" Vl. Stasov.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment: communication of the topic, goals and objectives of the lesson; entry in a notebook. A lesson on the poetry of A.K. Tolstoy is dedicated to World Poetry Day - March 21.
2. Checking homework.
A. Card for individual work on the spot on homework.
B. Conversation on questions.
What is the range of the main themes in the lyrics of A. K. Tolstoy?
What values does the poet profess in his poems?
Which poem expresses this? (If you love, so without reason: ")
The conclusion made by the students. The author loves people and life, appreciates every moment of it and writes such works with pleasure. His lyrical hero is a strong, healthy, cheerful person who loves nature, valiant hunting, a friendly feast, a well-aimed, sharp word, and in its integrity is a purely Russian, national character. Therefore, he was so successful in living images of ancient Russian heroes and songs in the national taste, therefore he knew and appreciated Russian history and literature, their beautiful expressive language.
And in the poem "If you love, so without reason:" - this is a purely folk saying, very subtly, sweepingly and cheerfully listing the strong attractive features of an integral character. We see a sincere, hot-tempered, but quick-witted, fair person, alien to vindictiveness and vindictiveness, ready to fight for a just cause and feast with friends. Of course, this is not the poet himself, but his lyrical hero, but in him is all the poetry of A. K. Tolstoy and the personality of his good-natured and chivalrous creator.
3. teacher's word. Most importantly, it should be noted that the poetry of A. K. Tolstoy is distinguished by penetrating lyricism with a pronounced musical beginning.
- "Absolutely amazing was a man (and a poet, of course)." I. Bunin.
- "He is a man of wide heart:." S. Yesenin.
Yes, today we will talk about an amazing person, special, since it is he who is an inexhaustible source for texts to music for the great composer P.I. Tchaikovsky. The lyricist A. K. Tolstoy knew how to feel deeply, his poetic thoughts are deep and strong. Let's try to feel the music of a wonderful genre - a romance based on the verses of an amazing person - A. K. Tolstoy. (More than a hundred romances based on his poems were written by various composers).
It is difficult today to meet a person who would not know anything about romance - a musical genre that is so popular these days. A small vocal work that combines two healing streams - poetry and music, tells us about the feelings of a person, about his love, joy, happiness. It tells about twilight days, about jealousy, passion, sadness. A romance can glorify the beauty of nature, raise lofty moral themes, mourn the past in a soft, trusting tone, turn the pages of history, look into the future. And we hear all this in ancient and modern romances. And I just want to "declare my love in the high style of the Russian romance."
Why high-pitched? (conversation with students on the background of F. Glinka's romance)
Romance conveys the subtlest shades of the psyche - personal emotional moods, and therefore closely soldered to lyric poetry. They are written to the most diverse poems, but the main goal of the composer is always the desire to express, with the greatest possible sensitivity, the poet's intention and to enhance the emotional tone of the poems with music.
Remember what romances we listened to? (to poems by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, F. I. Tyutchev, A. A. Fet).
Russian romance: How many secrets of broken destinies, trampled feelings he keeps! But how much charm, poetry, touching love is sung in it! Marvelous!
4. Work with the text of the poem "Among the noisy ball:"
Guys, looking at the title of this poem, we, of course, recall the wonderful pages of works where the theme of the ball sounds. We present chic halls, beautiful ball gowns for ladies and gentlemen. "The noisy whirlwind of the waltz is spinning:", polonaise, mazurka, cotillon. "The legs of lovely ladies flash:". A familiar phrase: "Mask, I know you:", casual acquaintances - the connection of destinies for life. (A.S. Pushkin - Natalya Goncharova, F.I. Tyutchev - Elena Denisyeva, A. Fet - Maria Lazich, etc.)
The story of a student about the meeting of A. K. Tolstoy with S. A. Miller at the ball - masquerade.
They first met at a masquerade ball at the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater. He accompanied the heir to the throne, the future Tsar Alexander II, there. From childhood, he was chosen as a playmate of the Tsarevich. She appeared at the masquerade because, after the break with her husband, the Horse Guardsman Miller, she was looking for an opportunity to forget, to dissipate.
In the secular crowd, for some reason, he immediately drew attention to her. The mask covered her face. But gray eyes looked intently and sadly. Beautiful ashen hair crowned her head. She was slender and graceful, with a very thin waist. They did not speak for long: the fuss of the motley ball - masquerade separated them. But she managed to impress him with the accuracy and wit of her fleeting judgments.
She, of course, recognized him.
In vain he asked her to open her face, take off her mask: But she took his business card. Quite a bit of time will pass, and he will write to her about another ball - a masquerade, at which he was again in the retinue of the heir. Perhaps it was on that January night of 1851, when he was returning home, that the first lines of this poem formed in his mind:
In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance,
In the anxieties of worldly fuss,
I saw you, but the mystery
Your veiled features:
This poem will become one of the best in Russian love lyrics, but it will be famous when it turns into a romance to the music of P. I. Tchaikovsky. And soon after this meeting at the masquerade ball, he received an invitation from her.
This time you won't escape me! - said Alexei Konstantinovich, entering the drawing room of Sofya Andreevna Miller.
In her he found not only his only woman, but also an intelligent friend.
(Reading by heart a poem and listening to a romance performed by Yuri Gulyaev, watching a slide-film)
5. Analytical discourse on the text.
Guys, what did you feel after listening to the romance?
How did you feel what this meeting was for the poet: a discovery, a strong shock or a sudden understanding of the proximity of long-awaited happiness?
What does he see in an unfamiliar woman - a mask, discarding "anxiety of worldly fuss"? (SECRET)
WHAT IS THIS SECRET? (student answers)
He cannot unravel this mystery, he cannot unravel this riddle. The image of a woman is woven from strokes that are inexplicable in their opposite: cheerful speech, but sad eyes; laughter is sad, but sonorous; voice - sometimes like the sound of a distant flute, sometimes like a wave of the sea playing. Not only the female image is contrasting, the whole poem is built on oppositions: a noisy ball and quiet hours of the night, a crowded secular crowd and night loneliness, a mystery in the everyday life. Here, as it were, prose and poetry are combined. Everyday life - I love to lie down tired - is connected with sublimely - poetic - sad eyes, the sea playing shaft. Romantic - unknown dreams with prosaic - I fall asleep so sadly. Two stylistic plans here are deeply meaningful, with their help the poet depicts the process of awakening sublime love in the very prose of life.
How is the poem structured? (opposition - contrast)
Is it possible to judge the completeness of the poem? Do the characters have a future, as the author says about it? (there is hope - the word "I love" (The inconsistency of the finale, the author's setting on the reader's thoughts, associations outside the text).
The poem is built and unfolds according to all the rules of romance. Name these rules. (He has his own melody, vivid images express strong feelings and follow one after another, a chance meeting gives rise to memories, becomes fate).
Tolstoy lived his own life. “And even in the midst of worldly bustle, we can be alone and be happy,” he wrote to his future wife Sofya Andreevna, drawing this other world with the power of poetic imagination (“: I see a house half-opened with trees, I see a village, I hear the sounds of your piano and this a voice that startled me immediately."
Compare this poem with the equally famous poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "From under the mysterious cold half-mask: (1841), and you will see completely different poetic and psychological solutions to one biographical topic. (Reading a poem by a student, working with text)
6. Guys, do not forget that the great composer guessed these magic notes in the poem, and he means a lot to him. Years passed. Tchaikovsky's children grew up, turned into boys and girls. Together with them, the composer experienced the anxieties of their youth. He rejoiced when music brought beauty to their hobbies. And especially the music of the romances "In the midst of a noisy ball:" and "That was in early spring:" again and again conveyed the awakening of the soul, the thrill of the first feeling.
Sofya Andreevna Tolstoy dedicated many poetic creations, namely romances: “A tear trembles in your jealous gaze” (1858), “Do not believe me, my friend:” (1856), “Autumn, Our poor garden is crumbling” and a romance written by Tolstoy and Tchaikovsky 20 years later - "That was in early spring:" (1871)
7. Working with text. Reading a poem by heart. Listening to Tchaikovsky's romance performed by M. Magomayev, viewing a slide-film.
Sad romance is disturbing and light.
And to you it is incomprehensible in every word
The revelation comes
How did you enter your destiny once. (I. Kokhanovsky).
Analytical discourse on the text.
This is the memory of a distant youth, the timidity of the first confessions, the happiness of bright hopes. The theme of the rapid passage of time runs through the entire poem as a leitmotif: "It was in early spring," it was in the morning of our years, "" among the birches it was." This is a recollection of the distant, irretrievably gone moments of the first youthful love. , a feeling of loss - inexorable, irrevocable. May morning merges with the "morning of our years", and life itself turns into a unique and elusive moment.
In Tchaikovsky, the beauty of nature, a peaceful landscape, a subtle description of morning, sunrise, a clear day are just a background that enhances, sets off the psychological state of a person, his heartache, thoughts, memories, deep emotional experiences. A number of exclamatory sentences that draw attention to themselves are pronounced not at all joyfully, but with aching pain.
Tolstoy's love lyrics are alien to tragic hesitations, male egoism, any accusations and claims against a woman, an admission of guilt; The author is confident in his feelings and expresses them directly. His very attitude towards his beloved is chivalrously respectful, generous and careful.
8. Group work.
1 group. Exercise 1. Determine the nature of the sound of a romance based on Tolstoy's poems, choosing the correct definition, in your opinion, using a dictionary of aesthetic emotions, and compose a short coherent story.
2 group. Exercise 1. The work of A. Tolstoy has passed the envious distance of time. Determine the closeness of the love lyrics of Tolstoy and other poets of the 19th century. Pick up poems by poets whose poetic traditions he inherited, in your opinion.
3rd group. Exercise 1. P. I. Tchaikovsky. Why did romance become one of the main genres in music for him? Based on the statements of the composer and critics, make up a coherent story.
(Performances of group students)
Conclusion. Tolstoy is true to himself. Without putting on masks, he broadly and generously gives us the wealth of his soul, and his lyre is organically incapable of making false sounds - too true a tuning fork at the poet's heart. I want to look into such faces, I want to communicate with such personalities. And it seems that he himself is getting better, cleaner:
9. Summing up. Marks. Homework: according to the textbook - pp. 120 - 122; p. 119 - written analysis of the poem: 1 gr. - "Not the wind, blowing from a height:"; 2 gr. - "Do not believe me, friend,"; 3 gr. - "A tear trembles in your jealous gaze.."; pick up poems for the painting by V.E. Borisov-Musatov "The Lady in Blue"; memorize.
10. Lesson conclusion. Generalization.
A. K. Tolstoy is the last romantic figure in the sky of Russian poetry. All his poetic practice is connected with romanticism. He didn't have followers. He had only predecessors: Novalis and Zhukovsky, Schiller and Byron. But
Tolstoy's voice is not lost in this company. Confidently and majestically, he recites poetry: “In vain, artist, you think that you are the creator of your creations! ..” - the apotheosis of the “spiritual hearing” and “spiritual vision” of an artist who hears the inaudible and sees the invisible. Then he creates under the impression of a "fleeting vision". For the romantic talent of the poet, inspiration is a kind of ecstasy or drowsiness, during which he throws off all ties with people and the world around him:
In the land of rays, invisible to our eyes,
Worlds revolve around worlds;
So hosts of souls lift up in harmonious chorus
Their prayers are silent gifts;
Bliss there shining faces
Turned away from the world of vanity...
Another motive of Tolstoy's poetry is also associated with romanticism - this is the poetry of love, where he achieves the highest heights. Love for Tolstoy is the divine universal principle, which is inaccessible to reason, but can be felt by a person in his earthly love. Even more significant for him is the range of moods and the general emotional tone of the lyrics, its music and intonations.
Sadness, sadness, longing - these are the words with which the poet often defines his own experiences and those of his beloved:
Why does the heart shrink so involuntarily,
When your eyes meet, and I feel so sorry for you,
And your every moment of sadness
Does it sound so long and so painful in my soul?
Sometimes it seems that the sadness in the heart of the poet has replaced love itself. But it only seems. True feeling lurks in the depths, at the bottom of the soul, like a hidden lake. And beautiful reflections of the mountain world, images of women, magical landscapes glide along its mirror surface.
The image of the beloved woman in Tolstoy's lyrics, when compared with its predecessors, is more concrete and individual. Tolstoy sees in her the purity of moral feeling and chastity:
In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance,
In the turmoil of the world,
I met you, but the mystery
Your features are covered.
Only sad eyes looked
And the voice sounded so wonderful,
Like the sound of a distant flute,
Like the waves of the sea.
Undoubtedly, this is one of the best poems in Russian poetry.
Tolstoy avoids contrasts, bright, memorable strokes. He is all in semitones, all - in the unfinished, in the unsaid. And this is so natural for romanticism, in which the ideal is unattainable, and therefore the road to it becomes the main content of life, and, consequently, creativity. Awareness of one's fate, the fate of a romantic poet, required a certain amount of courage. Apparently, here lies the key to that sentimental sadness, the presence of which is read in every poem and in every stanza:
Listening to your story, I fell in love with you, my joy!
I lived your life and I cried with your tears;
Mentally, together with you, I suffered the past years,
I felt everything with you, both sadness and hope.
Life is a path of quiet suffering, where tears are colored with the joy of hope, where love is equal to the compassion and pity of one's neighbor. The poet is very folklore and very popular in understanding these feelings. It is known that rural women very rarely use the verb "I love" to express their feelings. Usually the word "sorry" is used for this.
Tolstoy's poetry is the poetry of such pity. A suffering human being needs it. For the poet, she is a guarantee of understanding, a condition for mutual affection of loving hearts:
The passion has passed, and its ardor is disturbing
It no longer torments my heart,
But I can't stop loving you
Everything that is not you is so vain and false,
Everything that is not you is colorless and dead.
Passions subside, “for no reason and right to be indignant, rebellious blood no longer boils,” jealousy ceases to disturb the soul. What is left for people? “The old love,” says Tolstoy, and the old eternal warm pity for the native being.
Tolstoy's lyrics became a notable phenomenon in the literature of the "golden age". It turned out to be fertile material for musical processing. More than half of his poems have been set to music, many of them several times. Rubinstein, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninov, Tchaikovsky and many others wrote to his poems. They, too, were seduced and fascinated by the “muse of sadness and sadness”, consonant with the soul and heart of a Russian person.
Love at Nekrasov: The theme of love is solved in Nekrasov's lyrics in a very peculiar way. It was here that his artistic innovation was fully manifested. Unlike his predecessors, who preferred to portray the feeling of love “in beautiful moments”, Nekrasov did not ignore the “prose” that is “inevitable in love” (“You and I are stupid people ...”). However, in the words of the famous non-krasovologist N. Skatov, he "not only prosaic the poetry of love, but also poeticized its prose."
It is natural to pay the main attention to the “Panaev cycle”. Avdotya Alekseevna Panaeva is the main addressee of Nekrasov's intimate lyrics. Relations with Panaeva became the theme of many of Nekrasov's poems, which were created over a period of almost ten years. This is a real novel in verse, which reflects various moments in the life of lyrical heroes. It's lyrical. Nekrasov himself saw in his poems not just a poetic appeal to a certain woman, but attached much more importance to them. He published these poems in magazines, which means that he deliberately made them the subject of poetry, the common property. We can say that the poems of the cycle are intentionally asocial, devoid of any specific details and hints. In the foreground here is the psychological motivation, the depiction of the feelings and experiences of the heroes, like in Tyutchev, “the fatal duel”. He is a reflective person, prone to suspiciousness, suspicion, despondency, anger. But at the center of the “Panaev cycle” is she. And it was in the creation of the character of the heroine that Nekrasov's innovation manifested itself. This character is completely new, and besides, it is “given in development, in various, even unexpected, manifestations of it, selfless and cruel, loving and jealous, suffering and causing suffering” (Skatov). the motives of the quarrel (“If, tormented by a rebellious passion ...”, “You and I are stupid people ...”); parting, separation (“So this is a joke? My dear ...”, “Farewell”) or their premonitions (“I do not like your irony ...”); memories (“Yes, our life flowed rebelliously ...”, “For a long time - rejected by you ...”); letters (“Burned letters”) and other “Panaevsky” verses are characterized by some pairing (cf., for example, “A hard year - an illness broke me ...” and “I got a heavy cross ...”, “Forgive me” and "Farewell").
Thus, the poems of the cycle unite not only the common content, but also artistic features: through images and details; “nervousness” of intonation, conveying almost “Dostoevsky” passions; fragmentation, indicated in writing by dots, which end many poems.
Speaking about the most famous Nekrasov cycle, one cannot do without comparing it with Tyutchev's "Denisiev cycle". Like Tyutchev, Nekrasov's love is almost never happy. The motifs of suffering, the "illegitimacy" of love, "rebellion" permeate both cycles and thus unite - in intimate lyrics - two very different poets.
In conclusion, let us once again return to the question of the innovation of Nekrasov's love lyrics. It consists not only in the novelty of the content (“the prose of life”), but also in the fact that the poet finds an appropriate artistic form to depict “non-poetic” phenomena: colloquial speech, prosaism, innovative versification.
The main motives and genre originality of A.K. Tolstoy.
His ideas about poetry, its place in human life, purpose, nature of poetic creativity developed under the influence of idealistic ideas. The highest manifestation of the beauty of life was for T. love.
One of the manifestations of the highest love is earthly love, love for a woman. A significant place in the poetic heritage of T. is occupied by love lyrics, cycles of poems associated with the image of S.A. Miller (Tolstoy). These are such works as “Among the noisy ball”, “The sea is swaying”, “Friend do not believe me”, “when the forest is silent around”, etc.
Beauty for T. is full of not only the world of human feelings, but also the world of nature. A hymn to earthly beauty sounds in the poem "John of Damascus". Recreating the beauty of nature, the world, the poet resorts to sound, visual. tactile impressions. Often, especially in early works, pictures of nature in T.'s poetry were accompanied by historical and philosophical reasoning. So in the famous poem "My Bells" the poetic picture of nature is replaced by the thoughts of the lyrical hero about the fate of the Slavic peoples. Landscape sketches often merge in T.'s works with ballad motifs. In the poem “Pine forest in a lonely country stands” the nature of the landscape has ballad features - a night forest immersed in fog, a whisper of a night stream, an obscure moonlight, etc.
The world of beauty is opposed in his poetry by the world of secular prejudices, vices, the world of everyday life, with which T., like a warrior, but with a good sword, enters the battle. The motives of open opposition to the evil of the surrounding world are heard in the poems “I recognized you with holy convictions”, “Heart, flaring up more strongly from year to year”, etc.
The poet had a bright humorous and satirical gift. One of the significant successes in humor was the image of Kozma Prutkov created by him (“Letter from Corinth”, “To my portrait”, “Ancient plastic Greek”). He subjected to ridicule everything that from his position violated the laws of naturalness, freedom, beauty and love. Therefore, some works were
directed against the so-called democratic camp, others against official government circles.
A significant place in the poetic heritage of T. is occupied by historical ballads and epics. The poet idealizes the pre-Mongolian period in the history of the Fatherland, sees in it an expression of the prowess of the people, a manifestation of moral freedom, a democratic, just state system (“The Song of Harald and Yaroslavna”).
A.K. Tolstoy invariably laughed at nihilism - in the poem "Sometimes a Merry May ..." ("Ballad with a Tendency"), the poet ridiculed "false liberalism" with its desire to "humiliate the lofty": a flowering garden must be sown with turnips, nightingales must be exterminated for uselessness, a shady shelter must be to spoil for the fact that it is fresh and clean.
It is love that lifts a person above the mediocrity of everyday life, freeing his soul (“Me, in darkness and dust…”). Love, like creativity, transforms a person and the world, introduces the hero to the harmony of the world. We find the same motifs in the dramatic poem Don Juan, where the spirits speak of love:
The artist - and just a person - at A.K. Tolstoy is distinguished by the desire for the ideal, the constant feeling of his presence in the world. This motive is easy to notice in the poem "Darkness and fog cover my path ...":
A noticeable motif of A.K. Tolstoy - a memory. As a rule, this motive sounds traditionally elegiac and is associated with “lost days” (“Do you remember, Maria ...”), “bitter regrets” (“Silence descends on the yellow fields ...”), past happiness (“Do you remember the evening how the sea roared…”), loneliness (“I’m sitting on a steep cliff by the sea…”), “in the morning of our years” (“That was in early spring…”).
Hence another motive in the poetry of A.K. Tolstoy - the motif of desolation, destruction and decline of estate life, dear and invariably valuable for our poet. (Empty house)
About the same poem “Bad weather is noisy in the yard ...”, “Greetings to you, devastated house ...”, and in the poems “Our path is hard, your poor mule ...” and “Where is the bright key, going down ...” the motive of destruction is complicated by the traditional in general the theme of the death of entire civilizations (the last three poems are included in the cycle "Crimean Essays").
26. "Denisiev cycle" in the works of F.I. Tyutchev's innovation of poetic principles. Features of the figurative system.
The image of muse-poetry.
The cycle has been formed since the early 1850s. Lear's heroine is Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva.
Fatal love, sweeping away all barriers and prohibitions.
Love is a duel fatal (Predestination). tragic grotesque. Predestination
In the cycle, an image of a double being is created, this is a through moment in the work of T.
E. A. Denisyeva Tyutchev became interested in 1850. This late, last passion continued until 1864, when the poet's girlfriend died of consumption. For the sake of the woman he loves, Tyutchev almost breaks with his family, neglects the displeasure of the court, ruins his very successful career forever. However, the main burden of public condemnation fell on Deniseva: her father disowned her, her aunt was forced to leave her place as an inspector at the Smolny Institute, where Tyutchev's two daughters studied.
These circumstances explain why most of the poems of the "Denisiev cycle" are marked by a tragic sound, such as this:
Oh, how deadly we love
As in the violent blindness of passions
We are the most likely to destroy
What is dear to our heart!
In the poem "Predestination" (1851), love is interpreted as a "fatal duel" in the unequal struggle of "two hearts", and in "Gemini" (1852) - as a disastrous temptation, akin to the temptation of death:
And who is in excess of sensations,
When the blood boils and freezes,
I did not know your temptations -
Suicide and Love!
Tyutchev, until the end of his days, retained the ability to revere the "unsolved mystery" of female charm - in one of his latest love poems, he writes:
Is there an earthly charm in it,
Or heavenly grace?
The soul would like to pray to her,
And the heart is torn to adore ...
"Denisiev cycle" is an artistic expression of spiritual drama. In it, love appears in various guises: as a spiritual feeling that elevates a person, as a powerful, blind passion, as a secret feeling, a kind of night element, reminiscent of ancient chaos. Therefore, the theme of love sounds in Tyutchev either as "the union of the soul with the soul of one's own", or as anxiety, or as a warning, or as a sorrowful confession.
Burning with love, the poet suffered, dooming his beloved to suffering. At that time, the cohabitation of an unmarried couple was a scandalous affair. Her father renounced Elena, and her aunt lost her post at the Smolny Institute. Their children were stigmatized as "illegal". Unable to protect his beloved woman from the "human court", the poet turned a bitter reproach to himself:
Your love for her was a terrible verdict of fate, And she fell on her life as an undeserved shame.
Elena did not like poetry at all, even written by Tyutchev. She only liked the ones that expressed his love for her. Tyutchev, with the utmost frankness, determined his role in the life of his beloved woman. Tyutchev's understanding of love in these years is bleak. He sees an inexorable law operating in human relations: the law of suffering, evil and destruction:
The union of the soul with the soul of the native - Their connection, combination,
And their fatal merger,
And fatal duel...
Passions are blind, they have a dark element, chaos, which the poet saw everywhere. But not only love itself is destructive. It is also destroyed by those who condemn, and thereby defile the “lawless” feeling. These guardians of legalized morality trample the feelings of the woman beloved by Tyutchev into the mud. And he cannot fight this, he accuses, reproaches himself, but remains powerless before the accusers. She, on the other hand, fights and wins in a fight with the crowd, having managed to save her love. Tyutchev never ceases to be amazed at the strength of her love and devotion. He writes about it over and over again.
Oh, how in our declining years We love more tender and superstitious ...
Shine, shine, farewell light of the last Love, evening dawn!
But tenderness does not fail in the heart ...
Oh, last love!
You are both bliss and hopelessness.
Finally, that “fatal” outcome of events is approaching, which Tyutchev foresaw before, not yet knowing what could happen to them. The death of a beloved woman comes, experienced twice - first in reality, and then in verse. Death is painted with frightening realism. There are so many small, clearly traced details in the poem that the room where the dying woman lies, and the shadows running across her face, and the summer rain rustling outside the window, clearly appear before the eyes. A woman who loves life infinitely is fading away, but life is indifferent and impassive, it continues to boil, nothing will change with the departure of a person from the world. The poet is at the bedside of the dying, "killed, but alive." He, who so idolized her, his last love, who suffered so many years from human misunderstanding, was so proud and surprised at his beloved, now can do nothing, unable to return her. He is not yet fully aware of the pain of loss, he has to go through all this.
All day she lay in oblivion, And shadows covered her all,
Lil warm, summer rain - its jets sounded merrily through the leaves,
And she slowly came to her senses
And I started listening to noise...
“Oh, how I loved all this!”
On August 7, 1864, Elena Denisyeva was buried, who died on August 4 from consumption. In Tyutchev, a revolt against death was seething. "The two greatest sorrows" he called the death of his first wife Eleanor and the death of Elena Denisyeva.
You loved, and the way you love -
No, nobody has succeeded yet!
Oh Lord! .. and survive this ...
And my heart didn't break into pieces...
Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy is the greatest writer and poet of the 19th century. Love poetry occupies a huge place in his work. In his collections there are more than 20 poems dedicated to this feeling. Tolstoy puts human experiences and thoughts in the foreground, showing the depth of the soul of a person in love. Consider this fact on the example of one famous poem: >, written by the author in the 50s of the 19th century.
The poem was written by the author at the age of 33, being a little-known novice writer and womanizer, he was in love with the married Sofya Alekseevna Miller, but public criticism could not overshadow the happiness of the beloved. The poet dedicates this poem to her, expressing the secret of his sincere feelings that overwhelm his soul from the first meeting.
The title of the lyrical work characterizes the emotional state of the lyrical hero, who, in the hustle and bustle of a secular visit, is flattered by the beauty and voice of a young lady.
He believes that it is he who can appreciate the talent of a girl who is smart and very erudite for her age.
The genius of the poet allows us to present a more complete picture of the actions. The author describes the atmosphere of a noisy ball, which subsides after the appearance of a magnificent girl, whose beauty captivates everyone around.
Thanks to the richness of the author's literary language, it is possible to carry out a full-fledged linguistic analysis of the work. Alexei Konstantinovich uses various means of expression that help the reader get a very vivid and sensual picture of what is happening. In the poem, the poet uses the comparison: >, >.
This fact is very characteristic of the poet and gives the lyrical work a special artistic load. The author also uses inversion. The wrong word order allows the author to place more emphasis on individual segments and give the text a special rhythm. The dots used by Tolstoy express understatement, which symbolizes the inexpressible feelings of the poet.
This lyric has had a huge impact on me. The feelings conveyed by the author are very close to me. I believe that the author masterfully conveyed the depth of love and tenderness between a man and a woman.
