Pyelonephritis and its consequences. Purulent pyelonephritis diet

Pyelonephritis is the most common infectious disease of the urinary system. In the treatment, conservative methods are mainly used. But often with pyelonephritis, surgery is required. Surgical intervention is inevitable if drug therapy does not improve, and the disease has become purulent. The main task of the operation is the elimination of purulent foci. In severe cases, complete removal of the kidney is indicated. If both kidneys are affected, both are drained. Pyelonephritis occurs not only in adults, but also in children.

When is an operation to remove a kidney indicated?

Modern medicine has armed itself with the latest diagnostic technologies, so the need for a nephrectomy () has decreased. The need for surgical intervention depends on the degree of damage to the diseased organ and possible complications that may threaten the patient's life. Kidney removal is necessary in such cases:

• oncological lesion of an organ or pelvicalyceal segment;
• knife or gunshot wound that led to the destruction of the kidney;
• closed injuries with significant damage to the kidneys;
• complication of urolithiasis in the form of hydronephrosis or pyonephrosis;
• severe form of pyelonephritis.

Methods of surgical intervention

Kidney decapsulation

In urological diseases, it becomes necessary to relieve intrarenal pressure or reduce edema. For this, the decapsulation method is used, which consists in removing the fibrous capsule of the diseased organ. The use of this technique is recommended for uremia, anuria, lead and sublimate poisoning, acute purulent pyelonephritis. Decapsulation is used both as an independent procedure and in combination with other surgical interventions on the kidneys.

Nephropyelostomy

This surgical intervention consists in the formation of an external urinary fistula to drain one of the kidneys. The application of the method is indicated in violation of the outflow of urine. During this operation, the pelvis is opened and a metal probe is passed through it, with the help of which a drainage tube is inserted into the pelvicalyceal system of the organ. In case of purulent acute pyelonephritis, decapsulation is carried out after nephropyelostomy, since suturing of decapsulated areas in the area of ​​drainage fixation will be impossible. Therefore, a part of the fibrous capsule with a size of 3×4 cm is not decapsulated.

Pyelostomy

This method, unlike nephropyelostomy, is for temporary use. It is easier for the surgeon and safer for the patient. By cutting the wall of the pelvis, a drainage tube is inserted and fixed with a catgut suture. Drainage must be under constant supervision. If it falls out, doctors put it back in. If this fails, a second operation is necessary. When establishing the process of outflow of urine through the bladder, the drainage is removed.

Opening and excision of purulent-necrotic foci

If purulent formations or carbuncles are detected, an operation is necessary to remove them. To begin with, a pyelostomy or neuropyelostomy is performed, then - decapsulation of the kidney. Only after that, the purulent-necrotic foci are opened and excised. Small pustules are opened, and carbuncles are excised. After excision of the latter, the edges of the deformed tissue are not sutured, but drained with a gauze swab. Excision for large carbuncles is necessary, since opening delays the wound healing process.

Nephrectomy

Before the operation to remove the kidney (nephrectomy), a number of studies are prescribed both to determine the general health of the patient and to diagnose the organ that they plan to leave. For this purpose, a blood and urine test is prescribed. The operation takes place under general anesthesia, and before it the patient must be examined by an anesthesiologist.

The course of the operation for pyelonephritis

On the operating table during nephrectomy, the patient is laid on the side of a healthy organ. During the operation, the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and muscles are first obliquely dissected. With a finger, the kidney is removed from the fatty capsule. This is followed by ligation of the renal vessels and ureter. The kidney is removed after complete cutting off of the renal pedicle. The operation may be complicated by the discovery of bleeding. After neutralization of the hemorrhage, drainage is established at the site of the removed organ and layer-by-layer suturing of the wound is performed.

Pyelonephritis is the most common infectious and inflammatory disease of the kidneys that requires treatment. In the absence of timely and correct therapy, complications of pyelonephritis develop, which lead to kidney dysfunction and require a long recovery.

Pyelonephritis in urological practice occurs in more than half of the patients who applied to medical institutions with kidney problems. The inflammatory process develops as a result of the penetration of an infectious agent with blood, lymph or from the lower organs of the urinary system.

The main reason for the development of inflammation is the stagnation of urine as a result of a violation of its discharge. Urination is disturbed when the ureter is blocked by stones, blood clots, pus, mucus, benign or malignant tumors. Also, squeezing of the ureter by organs that are nearby, whose size increases due to infectious and inflammatory diseases (prostatitis, inflammation of the tissues of the uterus, ovaries, and others) also leads to stagnation of urine.

Often, pyelonephritis develops with an abnormal structure of the organs of the urinary system, which leads to difficulty in passing urine. Such anomalies are hereditary or formed during fetal development under the influence of negative factors.

The development of inflammation can be affected by autoimmune diseases, endocrine pathologies, hypothermia, chronic inflammatory and other infectious diseases.

With pyelonephritis, the patient experiences a sharp increase in body temperature, which is accompanied by chills and a deterioration in the general condition. Stagnation of urine leads to swelling of the limbs, face, in the last stages, the whole body swells. The inflammatory process is indicated by pain in the lower back and lower abdomen, loss of appetite, flatulence, nausea, and vomiting.

Diuretic disorders are manifested by frequent urination to the toilet. In this case, the process of emptying the bladder is accompanied by pain, burning in the urethra. Urine changes its color against the background of an increase in the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes.

Complications of pyelonephritis develop with untimely access to a medical institution, which does not allow timely diagnosis and treatment. Self-treatment is especially detrimental to the health of the patient. Treatment that is not prescribed in accordance with the current stage of the pathology can also have an impact on the development of complications. Often, non-compliance with bed rest and diet, hypothermia, and other chronic diseases lead to unpleasant consequences.

Most often, pyelonephritis accompanies bacteriotoxic shock, hypertension. Acute pyelonephritis leads to the development of paranephritis, retroperitonitis, urosepsis, acute renal failure. Complications of chronic pyelonephritis: nephrosclerosis, pyonephrosis, chronic renal failure.

Bacteriotoxic shock

This complication is diagnosed most often in the purulent form of pyelonephritis. It develops more often in older people. It is formed as a result of the entry of pathogenic microorganisms into the blood.

The main contributing factors for the development of a complicated course of the inflammatory process are anomalies in the structure of the organs of the urinary system, the occurrence of obstacles to the passage of urine (stones, mucus, blood clots, tumors). Often, serious injuries to the pelvic organs, polycystic disease, and inflammatory diseases of organs that are close to the kidneys and ureter can lead to bacteriotoxic shock. Sometimes toxic poisoning is caused by kinking or compression of the ureter during nephroptosis or pregnancy under fetal pressure.

A similar complication of pyelonephritis with bilateral kidney damage is extremely dangerous, since in more than half of the cases it ends in the death of the patient. With unilateral pyelonephritis, the probability of death is 35%. During pregnancy, bacteriotoxic shock leads to fetal death.

kidney failure

Acute renal failure is a complication of acute pyelonephritis, which develops a few days after the onset of the inflammatory process. Kidney failure is caused by infectious agents, pus, and tissue breakdown products. Under the influence of pathogenic compounds, there is a violation of the working capacity and death of the tissues of the organ.

The rate of development of renal failure depends on the degree of tissue damage. The acute form of renal failure is treatable with timely diagnosis. To restore the health of the body, it is necessary to reduce the load by monitoring nutrition and the amount of fluid you drink. During therapy, antibiotics and diuretics are prescribed to eliminate the bacterial infection and its speedy removal. With bilateral pathology or significant damage to one kidney, extrarenal blood purification is used.

You can recognize the development of renal failure by severe edema, pain in the lumbar region and symptoms of general intoxication of the body. Damage to the tissues of the kidneys leads to a decrease in the volume of daily urine.

A complication of chronic pyelonephritis is chronic renal failure. Predisposing factors along with pyelonephritis include urolithiasis, nephropathy, hydronephrosis, polycystic.

The course of the chronic form of renal failure occurs abruptly. During the period of remission, the patient has an improvement in the general condition and a relative normalization of the urinary function. During the period of relapse, urine output is disturbed (the daily volume decreases, while night diuresis increases). The patient is tormented by severe edema, disorders of the digestive system. Anemia, hypertension, tachycardia develop. The patient complains of poor sleep, depression.

Treatment of chronic renal failure includes diet, antibiotic therapy, physiotherapy, hemodialysis. In severe cases, a kidney transplant is needed.

Secondary paranephritis

Complicated pyelonephritis can occur with paranephritis, which is characterized by fever, general deterioration, malaise, chills. Paranephritis, like pyelonephritis, is accompanied by pain in the lumbar region, which radiates to the lower abdomen, thigh and inguinal region.

The disease is characterized by damage to the perirenal tissues, in which, under the influence of pathological microorganisms, an inflammatory process develops.

To treat this complication after pyelonephritis, antibiotic therapy is necessary, which is aimed at the underlying disease. With paranephritis, the removal of pus from the perirenal tissues is required, for this purpose a drainage system is used.

Necrotic papillitis

Necrotizing papillitis is the most rare consequence of pyelonephritis. It develops as a result of a violation of the process of production and discharge of urine. Against the background of a disturbed urination process, an increase in intrarenal pressure occurs, which leads to a violation of blood flow to the organ. As a result of these pathological processes, the papillae of the kidneys are damaged and their further oxygen starvation, which is fraught with necrosis.

Accompanied by necrotic papillitis with back pain, colic, leukocyturia, hematuria, hypertension, fever, chills. In addition, the discharge of urine is disturbed, its volume decreases. In severe forms, necrotic masses (renal papillae, pus) can be detected in urine.

Treatment of this complication is accompanied by drug therapy, which is aimed at suppressing the development of pathological microorganisms in the kidneys and their excretion. For this purpose, antibacterial drugs are used. In a complicated form, surgical intervention is required to clean the organ from necrotic masses.

Arterial hypertension

Pyelonephritis, complicated by renal failure, glomerulonephritis, papillitis, often leads to an increase in blood pressure. Hypertension develops against the background of increased intrarenal pressure. The main causes are necrosis of the kidney parenchyma or inflammatory pathologies that affect the circulatory and lymphatic systems of the kidneys.

Signs of the onset of the development of the disease are a sharp increase in blood pressure of more than 140/90 mm, while in the future there is a rapid increase in the lower indicator. The patient is tormented by headaches, swelling develops, vision is impaired, dysfunctions in the work of the heart are noted.

With arterial hypertension as a complication of pyelonephritis, the probability of complete recovery after conservative therapy does not exceed 25%. The most effective method is the removal of the kidney or partial removal of its affected part.

Effects

Complications of acute and chronic pyelonephritis do not go unnoticed. More than half of patients suffer from relapses of pathology that develop under the influence of negative internal and external factors.

The consequences of pyelonephritis for each age group are different. Newborns after suffering pyelonephritis and its complications are often exposed to other infectious diseases, among which pneumonia occupies the first place. Less commonly, children under one year old experience disturbances in the development of internal organs and oxygen starvation of the brain.

In almost all newborns and preschool children, against the background of antibiotic therapy, a change in the intestinal microflora occurs - dysbacteriosis develops. Preschool children are often exposed to diseases associated with metabolic disorders (rickets, dermatitis, and others). There are frequent cases of iron deficiency anemia.

In adulthood, after suffering pyelonephritis, problems with urination may remain. There is a high probability of recurrence of pathology, as well as late development of complications.

During pregnancy, pyelonephritis is especially dangerous, since in the second half of pregnancy it can lead to spontaneous abortion. Infection of the kidneys of the mother can lead to the development of intrauterine pathologies in the fetus or its death.

During the period of gestation, pyelonephritis and its complications affect the metabolic processes between the mother and the fetus, causing oxygen starvation. After birth, hypoxia manifests itself as iron deficiency anemia, tachycardia and vegetovascular dystonia.

Pyelonephritis in the absence of timely treatment leads to serious complications, including bacteriotoxic shock, papillitis, paranephritis, hypertension and others. Therapy of complications always begins with the treatment of the underlying disease with antibacterial drugs. If indicated, artificial methods of blood purification or surgical intervention are used.

Pyelonephritis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the renal pelvis, calyces or parenchyma of the kidney.

Treatment

In the treatment of pyelonephritis, our clinic uses acupuncture, massage, moxibustion, hirudotherapy on the energy meridians of the kidneys in combination with Tibetan herbal remedies, which have a directed anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory effect. Thanks to these methods:

• improves blood supply to the kidneys,
• venous blood flow normalizes,
• the inflammatory process is eliminated,
• stimulates the regeneration of kidney tissue at the cellular level,
• kidney function is normalized,
• local immunity increases, which helps to avoid relapses of the disease.

Treatment with Tibetan medicine methods makes it possible to stop the development of the inflammatory process and eliminate it against the background of an increase in local immunity of the urogenital area (pelvic area), improvement of metabolic processes, and an increase in the energy of the body.
Such treatment not only eliminates pain and other symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis, but also significantly reduces the risk of other diseases of the urogenital area (including gynecological diseases in women).

Symptoms

When diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis, symptoms include high fever (up to 39-40 degrees), chills, lower back pain, profuse sweating, headache, nausea, vomiting, malaise, joint and muscle pain.

At the initial stage of acute pyelonephritis, its symptoms are often mistaken for symptoms of cholecystitis, appendicitis, influenza, which can cause misdiagnosis.

When diagnosed with chronic pyelonephritis, symptoms may sometimes be absent or mild. In general, this disease is characterized by an undulating course. Thus, the symptoms may worsen periodically.

The reasons

Another important reason for the decrease in kidney immunity is external cooling through the lumbar region or through the feet, which are connected with the kidneys by internal energy meridians.

In pyelonephritis, the inflammatory process affects the renal pelvis, calyces and parenchyma of the kidney. According to the nature of the course, acute, chronic pyelonephritis and chronic with exacerbation are distinguished.

Women are six times more susceptible to this disease than men, which is explained by the peculiarities of the structure of their urinary system (the urethra is very short, straight, which facilitates infection).

The following factors contribute to the development of the disease:

• hormonal disorders, gynecological diseases in women;
• promiscuous sex life;
• urological diseases (cystitis, urethritis, urolithiasis);
• intestinal dysbacteriosis;
• reduced immunity;
• nervous stress, psychological overload;
• hypothermia (local exposure to cold, primarily on the lumbar region);
• diabetes.

In addition to pain and dysuric phenomena, pyelonephritis is characterized by symptoms caused by intoxication (intoxication syndrome): fever, chills, general weakness, lack of appetite, nausea. Children may have abdominal pain (abdominal syndrome).

Chronic pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis in children

This disease is relatively common in children. In childhood, infection often occurs from the focus of an inflammatory disease (caries, tonsillitis).

The most common causative agent of pyelonephritis is Escherichia coli against the background of a general decrease in immunity (Bad-kan system - Tib.).
One of the reasons why pyelonephritis occurs in children may be a side effect from the use of antibiotics (in particular, in the treatment of respiratory diseases).

Symptoms are usually associated with intoxication of the body, which is manifested by a decrease in appetite, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, fatigue, chills and fever. In addition, pyelonephritis in children is often manifested by abdominal pain.

When diagnosed with chronic pyelonephritis in children, treatment with Tibetan medicine methods includes measures to eliminate not only the inflammatory process in the kidneys, but also other extrarenal inflammatory processes, measures to increase overall immunity, and eliminate intoxication of the body.

Treatment in Tibetan medicine

Treatment is prescribed individually. It may include a different set of herbal remedies and procedures. In particular, in addition to anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory herbal remedies, methods can be used to eliminate the imbalance of the nervous system, treat dysbacteriosis, cystitis, urolithiasis, diabetes mellitus, and gynecological diseases in women. Thus, treatment in Tibetan medicine is carried out in a complex manner. It allows you to eliminate both the main and concomitant diseases, to comprehensively improve the body.

In Tibetan medicine, the kidneys are considered as extremely important organs responsible for the level of vital energy and vitality of the whole organism. This explains the special importance that Tibetan medicine attaches to the treatment of kidney diseases.

Features of chronic pyelonephritis in women

The second system is responsible for nervous regulation and in women is closely related to the Mucus system. This means that nervous stress, mental trauma, emotional overload and negative emotions suppress the immune system and disrupt the hormonal background. Against this background, diseases such as chronic pyelonephritis, gynecological and other hormone-dependent diseases, as well as diseases associated with immunodeficiency develop.

Thus, the high incidence in women is explained not only by the anatomical structure of the urogenital area and urinary tract, but also by the peculiarities of the regulation of the body. In particular, chronic pyelonephritis in women can occur during menopause, postmenopause, and also against the background of neurasthenia. Other provoking factors are cystitis, ovarian cyst (polycystic) and other diseases of the female genital area. At a young age, pyelonephritis may occur after defloration.

If chronic pyelonephritis in women develops against the background of a gynecological disease, it is diagnosed as complicated. Such diseases include uterine fibroids, endometriosis, fibroids, ovarian cysts, inflammation of the appendages. Other diseases that complicate the course of the disease are urolithiasis, diabetes, kidney cyst. Chronic pyelonephritis is defined as complicated by pregnancy.

Often, the symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis in women resemble inflammation of the bladder - cystitis. This is frequent and painful urination, aching pain in the lower back (usually unilateral), spasms at the end of urination, frequent urge to urinate, fever to subfebrile (37-38 degrees), more often in the evening.
Other characteristic symptoms are a feeling of heaviness and chilliness in the back, headaches, irritability, post-somnia sleep disorder (difficulty waking up in the morning), swelling of the face, legs and arms, loss of strength, weakness, lethargy, high fatigue, dry skin, poor appetite, nausea.

Another characteristic symptom of chronic pyelonephritis is an increase in blood pressure, or hypertension, which is accompanied by shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches and pain in the heart.

As for nighttime urination, or nocturia, it is less characteristic of pyelonephritis, and in older women it is rarely observed at all. At the same time, it is characteristic of some neurological disorders with similar symptoms. This allows you to differentiate chronic pyelonephritis from neurological dysuria.

Other diseases that resemble the symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis are prolapse of the bladder (cytostele), pollakiuria (for example, against the background of cystitis), cystalgia. Unilateral aching pain in the lower back can be a sign of lumbar osteochondrosis, protrusion or herniated disc.

In order to accurately diagnose chronic pyelonephritis in women, a comprehensive diagnosis is carried out at the Tibet clinic. Examination by methods of oriental medicine is free of charge. It includes a detailed survey, the study of bioactive points on the meridians of the kidneys, bladder, as well as the study of the pulse. By changing the pulse at the points of the kidneys on the wrists of the patient, the doctor determines the presence of an inflammatory process. One of the advantages of pulse diagnostics is that it allows you to identify diseases at the earliest, initial stage, when treatment requires less effort and time.

After the eastern diagnosis, examinations are prescribed to clarify the diagnosis. In the case of pyelonephritis, these are urine tests, blood tests, ultrasound and MRI of the kidneys. MRI and ultrasound of the kidneys of the patient "Tibet" can be done here in the clinic. Only after collecting all the data, the doctor establishes a diagnosis and prescribes individual treatment using the methods of reflex, phyto- and physiotherapy.

Folk remedies

The anti-inflammatory effect is exerted by oat grass, yarrow, parsley root, cornflower flowers, strawberry, blueberry, plantain leaves, flowers and herb of chamomile, birch buds and leaves, calamus and licorice roots, calendula flowers, immortelle and tansy, knotweed and veronica herb.
Orthosiphon (kidney tea), horsetail, burdock, coltsfoot, dandelion (roots), heather, oregano, lovage, rue have a diuretic effect.

Some plants give a complex, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effect - these are bearberry (bear's ear), motherwort, St. John's wort, clover, hops, cinquefoil (galangal), fireweed.

The treatment of kidneys in folk medicine also includes juices and fruit drinks of cranberries, mountain ash, viburnum, sea buckthorn, blueberries, lingonberries, pumpkin juice, grapes, apples, celery, as well as melons and watermelons. Drinking in chronic pyelonephritis should be a lot. The drink should be warm or hot.

Tibetan herbal medicines used in the Tibet clinic for the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis have a much more powerful effect than any herbal preparations. This is due to their special composition, precise proportions and complex production technology. These phytopreparations also show high efficiency in the treatment of gynecological diseases and cystitis.

Compared with folk remedies, the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis in oriental medicine has a deeper and more complex effect. It eliminates not only the inflammatory process and its symptoms, but also the cause of the disease. The complex, individual use of herbal remedies, reflexology and physiotherapy provides the most stable and long-term results of treatment.

Good day, dear readers!

In today's article, we will consider with you such as pyelonephritis, as well as everything connected with it. So…

What is pyelonephritis?

Pyelonephritis- an inflammatory disease of the kidneys, in which their pyelocaliceal system is predominantly affected (calyces, pelvis, tubules and parenchyma of the kidneys, more often its interstitial tissues).

main cause of pyelonephritis- infection of the kidneys with E. coli (Escherichia coli), staphylococci, enterococci and other pathogens, but to a greater extent, still bacteria. It is not uncommon for the disease to develop due to the simultaneous damage to the organ by several types of infection, especially a pair of E. coli + enterococci.

Synonyms of pyelonephritis - pyelitis (inflammatory-infectious process is limited only to the pelvis of the kidney).

Pyelonephritis is characterized by a severe course and symptoms such as severe pain in the area of ​​the affected kidney and increased, often to high body temperature.

If we talk about the distribution by gender, then pyelonephritis in women occurs almost 6 times more often than in men, and this inequality is observed even among children.

The appearance and development of pyelonephritis, as we said, is due. Pathogenic microflora reaches the pyelocaliceal system in an ascending way - from the reproductive system to the bladder and above, to the kidneys. Such a phenomenon usually produces poor urine patency, for example, with (prostatic hyperplasia), prostatitis, decreased tissue elasticity due to aging of the body. It is also allowed to get the infection downstream, when a person becomes seriously ill, and the infection, getting into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, spreads throughout the body.

The onset of the disease is predominantly severe - acute pyelonephritis. The kidney at the same time increases in size, its capsule becomes thickened. After, the surface of the kidney may bleed, signs of perinephritis may appear. In the kidney itself, during acute pyelonephritis, a large number of perivascular infiltrates are observed to the interstitial tissue, as well as a tendency to abscess formation (formation).

Purulent formations in combination with bacterial microflora move further and capture the lumen of the tubules and begin to form pustules in the medulla of the kidney, which in turn form serous-yellowish purulent stripes reaching the papillae. If the process is not stopped, the blood circulation in the kidney is disturbed and the parts of the organ cut off from the blood supply, and, accordingly, the nutrition, begin to die (necrosis).

If you leave everything as it is, do not consult a doctor, or take any antibiotic without consultation that did not completely stop the spread of the infection, the disease often becomes chronic.

Acute pyelonephritis is accompanied by high body temperature, chills, acute pain, bacteriuria, leukocyturia.

Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by less pronounced symptoms, however, exacerbations of the disease may occur periodically, especially when exposed to various pathological factors (hypothermia and others).

Pyelonephritis can be primary and secondary.

Primary pyelonephritis develops as an independent disease - with direct infection of the kidneys.

Secondary develops against the background of various diseases, for example, with urolithiasis.

Distribution of pyelonephritis

The disease pyelonephritis is annually diagnosed in 1% of the world's population (about 65,000,000 people).

Most of the pyelonephritis is in women, in a ratio of 6 to 1 compared to men.

The preponderance was also noticed between children, towards the female body. However, in old age, pyelonephritis in men is more common, which is associated with some characterized by urodynamic disorders.

Pyelonephritis accounts for 14% of all kidney diseases.

Pyelonephritis in pregnant women, on average, occurs in 8% of women, and the trend is increasing - over the past 20 years, the number of cases has increased 5 times.

This kidney disease is considered difficult to diagnose. So, autopsies show that every 10-12 deceased had pyelonephritis.

With adequate therapy, symptoms are minimized in almost 95% of patients already in the first days from the start of treatment.

Pyelonephritis - ICD

ICD-10: N10-N12, N20.9;
ICD-9: 590, 592.9.

Among the main signs of the disease can be identified ...

Symptoms of acute pyelonephritis

• Severe pain in pyelonephritis is one of the main signs of the disease, the localization of which depends on the affected kidney. Pain can also carry a girdle character, radiating to the lower back. Increased pain is observed on palpation or deep breathing;
• Symptoms of intoxication of the body, which are accompanied by a lack of appetite, and malaise;
• , which during the day can either drop to 37 ° C, then rise again, ;
• , muscle pain;
• increased frequency of urination;
• Moderate swelling of the patient;
• The presence of bacteria and leukocytes in the urine and blood of the patient;
• Approximately 10% of patients may develop bacterimic shock;
• Among non-specific symptoms, there may be -,.

Symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis

• Frequent urge to urinate;
• Pain during urination, with a feeling of cutting;
• Urine is dark in color, often cloudy, sometimes bloody, and may smell like fish.

In urine and blood tests, the inflammatory process may not make itself felt - only a certain amount of leukocytes can be observed in the urine, and the period of remission, the indicators are mostly normal.

Complications of pyelonephritis

Among the complications of the disease can be identified:

• kidney failure;
• kidney abscess;
• septic shock;
• Kidney carbuncle;
• kidney necrosis;
• paranephritis;
• Uronephritis;
• Necrotic papillitis;
• Lethal outcome (mainly due to sepsis).

The main cause of pyelonephritis is infection in the kidneys, mainly Escherichia coli, and others (Proteus, Clesibella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, mycotic microorganisms).

A secondary reason is a decrease in the reactivity of the immune system, due to which the body is not able to repel the attack of pathogens, stopping the infection, preventing it from settling and further spreading.

A decrease in the protective properties of immunity is facilitated by -, an inactive lifestyle, uncontrolled intake of medications.

How does infection get to the kidneys?

The source of E. coli, which is responsible for the development of pyelonephritis in 90% of all cases, is the intestine. Other types of infection can get through contact with dirty hands, personal hygiene items.

During emptying, from the anus, the infection often enters the urinary system - the urethra, due to their close location. It is because of this feature that pyelonephritis in women develops most often.

Pyelonephritis in children often develops due to a pathology such as vesiculourethral reflux (vesicoureteral reflux)

Vesiculourethral reflux is characterized by the reverse flow of urine from the bladder to the ureters and partly to the renal pelvis. If this pathology is not detected in time, frequent reflux of urine and its stagnation lead to the multiplication of pathological microorganisms throughout the urinary system, resulting in the development of an inflammatory process in the kidneys.

Another negative consequence of vesiculourethral reflux is a violation of the structure of the kidneys - the more often there is stagnation of urine with an acute inflammatory process, the faster normal renal tissue is replaced by scars. As a result, the work of the kidneys is disrupted, it is becoming more and more difficult for them to perform their function.

Doctors note the presence of vesicoureteral reflux in most children with diagnosed pyelonephritis, under the age of 6 years. In addition, kidney disease in childhood often causes serious harm to health for the rest of a person's life - about 12% of all patients on hemodialysis in childhood had pyelonephritis.

Another cause of pyelonephritis, but quite rare, is the infection of the kidneys through the blood and lymphatic system from other organs and systems. This is facilitated by the presence of common infectious diseases, especially with complications.

Other Causes of Pyelonephritis (Risk Factors)

• Urolithiasis, in which the normal outflow of urine is disturbed, and, accordingly, it stagnates;
• kidney stone disease;
• Transferred surgical methods of treatment of the pelvic organs;
• Spinal cord injury;
• , AIDS;
• Obstruction of the bladder due to the introduction of a catheter into it;
• Increased sexual activity in a woman;
• Other diseases and various pathologies of the urinary system - urethritis, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, uterine displacement, etc.

Pyelonephritis in pregnant women can develop due to bearing a child. This is due to the fact that sometimes during pregnancy the tone decreases, and the peristalsis of the ureters also decreases. The risk is especially increased with a narrow pelvis, large fetus or polyhydramnios.

Types of pyelonephritis

The classification of pyelonephritis is as follows:

By occurrence:

• Primary;
• Secondary.

Along the way of infection:

• Ascending - from the urethra to the kidneys, through the urinary canal;
• Descending - through the blood and lymph.

According to the patency of the urinary tract:

• obstructive;
• Not obstructive.

By localization:

• Unilateral;
• Bilateral.

With the flow:

Acute pyelonephritis- can proceed according to the following type (form):

• Serous;
• Purulent;
  - focal infiltrative;
  - diffuse infiltrative;
  - diffuse with abscesses;
• with mesenchymal reaction.

Chronic pyelonephritis- can be divided into the following forms:

• Asymptomatic;
• Latent;
• Anemic;
• Azometic;
• Hypertensive;
• Remission.

Outcome:

• Recovery;
• Transition to a chronic form;
• Secondary wrinkling of the kidney;
• Pyonephrosis.

Classification of chronic pyelonephritis, taking into account the developments of V.V. Serov and T.N. Hansen:

- with minimal changes;
- interstitial-cellular, which can have the following forms:

• infiltrative;
• sclerosing.

- interstitial-vascular;
- interstitial-tubular;
- mixed form;
- sclerosing pyelonephritis with wrinkling of the kidney.

Diagnosis of pyelonephritis

Diagnosis of pyelonephritis includes the following examination methods:

• Anamnesis;
• Gynecological examination;
• kidneys;
• Cystography;
• excretory urography;
• Nephroscintigraphy;
• renography;
• Retrograde pyeloureterography;
• Angiography of the arteries of the kidneys.

• General urine analysis;
• Bacteriological examination of urine;
• Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko;
• Zimnitsky's test;
• Gram stain of urine;
• prednisone test.

Pyelonephritis - treatment

How to treat pyelonephritis? Treatment of pyelonephritis includes the following items:

2. Drug treatment:
2.1. Antibacterial therapy;
2.2. antifungal therapy;
2.3. Anti-inflammatory therapy;
2.4. Infusion-detoxification therapy;
2.5. Strengthening the immune system;
2.6. Normalization of beneficial intestinal microflora;
2.7. Other medicines.
3. Physiotherapy.
4. Diet.
5. Surgical treatment.

1. Bed rest, hospitalization.

In the first days of acute pyelonephritis, it is necessary to observe bed rest, and it is especially important to focus on frequent lying in a horizontal position, i.e. lie.

Damp cold is very dangerous during this period, so try to stay warm so that complications and exacerbation of pyelonephritis do not form.

If the patient's condition does not allow outpatient treatment and taking medications at home, the patient is subject to hospitalization.

2. Drug treatment (drugs for pyelonephritis)

Important! Before using medications, be sure to consult your doctor!

2.1. Antibiotics for pyelonephritis

Antibacterial therapy for pyelonephritis is an integral part of the overall course of treatment, but only if the root cause of this disease is a bacterial infection.

Before obtaining data from a bacteriological study of urine, antibiotics are prescribed empirically, i.e. wide spectrum of action. After receiving these analyzes, therapy is adjusted - antibiotics are prescribed more purposefully, depending on the type of pathogen. This point is important enough so that in the future, not to develop resistance (resistance) to antibacterial drugs in the body.

Thus, at the beginning of antibacterial therapy against pyelonephritis, antibiotics fluoroquinolones ("Ciprofloxacin", "Ofloxacin") or cephalosporins ("Cefepin", "Cefixime", "Cefotaxime", "") are usually prescribed.

Further, combinations of more narrowly targeted antibiotics are prescribed - fluoroquinolones + cephalosporins or penicillin + aminoglycosides. The second combination is used less frequently, since many people of our time have developed resistance (resistance) of pathogenic microflora to penicillins.

To increase the effectiveness, it is best to use antibacterial drugs intravenously. Also, intravenous infusion of these drugs is advisable if the patient has nausea and bouts of vomiting.

The course of antibiotic therapy lasts from 1 to 2 weeks, which largely depends on the severity of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. After the first course, the doctor may prescribe a second course of treatment, but with other antibacterial drugs.

The diagnosis of "Healthy" is made if, within a year after treatment, a bacteriological examination of urine does not show the presence of an infection in the body.

2.2. Antifungal therapy

Antifungal therapy is prescribed if the cause of pyelonephritis is a fungal infection.

Among the antifungal drugs (antimycotics) for pyelonephritis, the most popular are Amphotericin, Fluconazole.

2.3. Anti-inflammatory therapy

An elevated temperature in pyelonephritis is considered normal, since this is an infectious disease, which is why the immune system raises the temperature to stop and destroy the infection.

If the temperature fluctuates around 37.5 ° C, you should not take any action, but to alleviate the course of the disease, you can apply a compress to the frontal part of the head (water at room temperature + vinegar).

In the case of a rapid increase in body temperature to high levels - up to 38.5 ° C and above (in children up to 38 ° C), then the administration of antipyretic drugs of the NSAID group (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) is prescribed - Diclofenac, Metamizol, "" , "". Children can accept "".

It is also worth noting that taking drugs from the NSAID group also relieves pain in pyelonephritis.

2.4. Infusion-detoxification therapy

Symptoms of intoxication, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, high body temperature, headache, lack of appetite, general weakness and malaise, are the most common companions of infectious diseases. This is primarily due to the poisoning of the body not only by infectious agents, but also by the waste products of pathological microorganisms, which are actually toxins (poison). In addition, the use of antibacterial or antifungal drugs destroy the infection, but do not remove it from the body.

To cleanse the body of toxins, infusion-detoxification therapy is used, which includes:

• Plentiful drink, preferably with the addition of vitamin C, the use of mineral waters is especially useful;
• Intravenous infusion of glucose solutions, polysaccharides ("dextran") and water-salt solutions;
• The use of detoxification drugs - "Atoxil", "Albumin".

2.5. Strengthening the immune system

The development of pyelonephritis, as we said, is due not only to the infection itself, but also to weakened immunity, which is responsible for preventing the spread of infectious agents throughout the body.

To strengthen immunity, immunomodulators are prescribed, among which are Imudon, IRS-19, Timogen.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is considered a natural stimulant of immunity, a large amount of which can be found in, cranberries, dogwood, mountain ash, currants,.

2.6. Normalization of beneficial intestinal microflora

The disadvantage of antibiotic therapy is a number of side effects, one of which is the destruction of beneficial intestinal microflora, which is involved in the digestion and assimilation of food.

To restore the intestinal microflora, probiotics are prescribed - Linex, Bifiform, Acipol.

2.7. Other drugs and therapies

Treatment for pyelonephritis may additionally include the following medications:

• Anticoagulants - reduce blood clotting, preventing the formation of blood clots: "Heparin", "Hirudin", "Dicoumarin";
• Glucocorticoids (hormones) - are used to reduce the inflammatory process: "Dexamethasone", "Hydrocortisone".
• Antioxidants - are prescribed to normalize the state of biological membranes, which has a beneficial effect on the fastest recovery from diseases of the urinary system -, β-carotene, ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10), selenium and other substances;
• Oxidants - are prescribed when signs of renal failure appear - cocarboxylase, pyridoxal phosphate;
• For prescribe: beta-blockers ("Atenolol") or diuretics ("Furosemide");
• Hemodialysis - is prescribed if the kidneys do not cope with their function;
• To maintain the functioning of the kidney, functional passive gymnastics is sometimes used for them - 20 ml of furosemide is prescribed 1-2 times a week;
• Other drugs for the treatment of pyelonephritis are Canephron, Urolesan, Fitolizin.

3. Physiotherapy

Physiotherapeutic procedures (physiotherapy) for pyelonephritis help to eliminate the inflammatory process, relieve pain, normalize urine outflow, relax the muscles of the urinary tract, which generally leads to an improvement in the course of the disease and accelerate recovery. However, physiotherapy is not used in the following cases - the active phase of pyelonephritis, the terminal stage of the chronic form of the disease, polycystic kidney disease, and hydronephrosis in the decompensation stage.

Among the physiotherapeutic procedures for pyelonephritis are:

• Electrophoresis with the use of antimicrobial drugs ("Furadonin" and others);
• Magnetotherapy;
• ultrasound therapy;
• Microwave therapy;
• Amplipulse therapy;
• Laser therapy;
• Therapeutic baths, using carbon dioxide and sodium chloride.

The diet for pyelonephritis has the following goals:

• Reducing the burden on the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract;
• Normalization of metabolic processes in the patient's body;
• Lowering the patient's blood pressure to normal levels;
• Removal of edema;
• Removal of toxic substances from the body, in fact, this item duplicates the goal of detoxification therapy.

M.I. Pevzner developed a special therapeutic diet for the treatment of kidney diseases - with nephritis - which are often used in the treatment of pyelonephritis.

The daily calorie content of the diet is 2400-2700 kcal.

Diet - 5-6 times a day.

Cooking method - steaming, boiling, baking.

Other features - the amount of protein is slightly reduced, and fats and carbohydrates are consumed as in normal health. The amount of salt should not exceed 6 g per day.

It is necessary to focus on drinking plenty of water - at least 2-2.5 liters of water per day. The more you drink, the faster the infection with toxins is eliminated from the body.

When choosing food, remember that alkalization of the body contributes to the faster destruction of the infection, while acidity is favorable conditions for its reproduction.

What can you eat with pyelonephritis? Low-fat meats and fish (chicken, beef, hake), soups (with vegetables, milk, cereals), cereals, pasta, dairy products, butter, olive and sunflower oils, zucchini, pumpkin, carrots, beets, cucumbers, parsley, dill, unsalted yesterday's bread, watermelon, melon, pastries, weak tea, rosehip broth, cranberry and other fruit drinks, jelly, compote.
What can not be eaten with pyelonephritis? Rich broths, fatty meats and fish (carp, crucian carp, bream, pork), seafood, smoked meats, pickles, sauerkraut, marinades, semi-finished products (sausages, sausages, caviar), spinach, sorrel, radish, radish, onion, mushrooms, legumes (peas, beans, beans, chickpeas), margarine, alcoholic drinks, carbonated drinks, coffee, strong tea, cocoa.

Confectionery and pastries are limited. Eggs - no more than 1 per day.

4. Surgical treatment

Surgical treatment is advisable in the following cases:

• Obstruction of the urinary tract, in which percutaneous puncture nephrostomy is used;
• In violation of the outflow of urine from the affected kidney, ureteral catheterization is used;
• With purulent formations in the kidneys, the kidney is decapsulated;
• With apostematous pyelonephritis, decapsulation of the kidney is performed with opening of the apostem;
• When it is opened and excised;
• With an abscess, it is opened and the walls are excised;
• With sepsis, increasing renal failure, nephrectomy (removal of the kidney) is used.

Important! Before using folk remedies against pyelonephritis, be sure to consult your doctor!

Bearberry. The use of bearberry relieves the inflammatory process, normalizes the functioning of the kidneys, improves urination, inhibits the vital activity of bacterial microflora and removes toxins from the body. Exacerbation of pyelonephritis and others, as well as pregnancy, are a contraindication to taking funds with bearberry.

To prepare the product, you need 1 tbsp. pour a spoonful of dry raw materials with a glass of water and set aside the product overnight for infusion. In the morning, the infusion is filtered and drunk 1-2 tbsp. spoons 3 times a day, before meals. The course of treatment is from 1 to several months.

Harlay (spreading cornflower, prostrate cornflower). Harlay grass helps relieve pain in pyelonephritis, as well as accelerate the recovery of the kidneys and other organs of the urinary system.

To prepare a healing agent, you need to pour a pinch of chopped grass into a small saucepan / scoop and pour it with a glass of water. Then, over low heat, bring the product to a boil, boil it for another 2-3 minutes, remove from heat, cover and set aside to cool and infuse for 30 minutes. Next, strain the remedy and drink 3 approaches, 10 minutes before meals. The course of treatment is a month, after a monthly break is made and the course is repeated. The chronic form of the disease may require taking this remedy for a year or two.

Cranberry. Cranberry juice is very useful, which not only improves the general condition of the body due to the ascorbic acid and other vitamins it contains, but also helps to restore the immune system with other systems. To prepare cranberry juice, you need to squeeze the juice from a glass of cranberries and pour it into another container. Pour the remaining cake with 500 ml of boiling water, put on the stove and boil for 5 minutes, cool. Next, you need to mix boiled cake with pre-squeezed juice and drink 1 glass of fruit drink per day.

Infectious diseases in the general structure of diseases are very common. Some of them end up in recovery. However, sometimes it happens that the pathology passes into a sluggish chronic form. In the first case, the severity of negative changes can lead to complications. In the second, many years pass before serious consequences make themselves felt. Both options are possible with an inflammatory process in the kidneys - pyelonephritis.

Pyelonephritis - an infection of the kidneys

The kidneys are round-the-clock workers, carrying out a daily multiple procedure for cleaning the blood from harmful chemical compounds formed in all cells and tissues. Getting rid of toxins occurs in a very original way. All the liquid part of the blood passes through the filter, after which the tubules of the kidneys return everything useful back. As a result, urine is formed, containing in dissolved form all unnecessary metabolic products.

Pyelonephritis is an inflammatory reaction of the kidneys to microbes entering the tissues of the cups and pelvis. Microorganisms penetrate where they should not be. Foreign objects are immediately recognized by the immune system. White cells called leukocytes are released from the blood to fight infection. They are able to neutralize bacteria by absorbing them. However, the leukocytes themselves die in large numbers and are excreted along with the urine.

Pyelonephritis - infectious inflammation of the kidney

Pyelonephritis rarely affects intact organs. Often the disease is accompanied by any additional problems - an abnormal structure of the kidneys, urolithiasis or other pathological conditions.

In terms of prevalence, pyelonephritis ranks second after acute respiratory viral infections. In 33% of patients, purulent-destructive forms of inflammation develop.

Official website of the Department of Urology of the Samara State Medical University

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Chronic pyelonephritis - video

Complicated course of pyelonephritis

Any disease, including inflammation of the kidneys, does not always proceed favorably. The first invasion of bacteria into the tissues of the cups and pelvis causes an acute form, which is characterized by pronounced clinical signs - back pain, fever, changes in the properties of urine. The severity of the disease is determined by two main factors: the type of pathogen and the activity of the immune system.

Bacteria of different species have an unequal ability to multiply, produce toxins and affect the kidney tissue. Streptococci and staphylococci can cause a purulent type of inflammation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lives up to its name. Its introduction into the kidneys can also cause pus to appear.

Features of inflammation depend on the type of pathogen

The activity of the immune system has a significant impact on the severity of kidney inflammation. A high ability to fight bacteria is by no means always a blessing. In this case, the inflammatory process can go beyond all reasonable limits. Leukocytes die in large numbers, pus is formed. This substance, locked in a limited space, will surely find a way out, even if for this it has to melt the surrounding tissues. This circumstance causes a complicated course of the acute form of pyelonephritis.

Weak activity of the immune system also leads to an unfavorable course of the disease. In this case, the bacteria settle in the tissues of the cups and pelvis for a long time. Immune cells neutralize only a part of them. The rest of the bacteria leave the influence of the main defender of the body and become the cause of the transformation of acute pyelonephritis into a chronic form. This type of course of the disease is often found among patients who, for special reasons, have a low activity of immunity.

Leukocytes are the main defenders of the body against infections.

First of all, they are children. Due to their age, their defense mechanisms have not yet often met with infections, therefore they cannot organize an adequate fight against microbes. Pregnant women are also at risk. During this period, the hormonal background and the activity of the immune system change significantly. The latter is programmed to be weakened for bearing a fetus, which is a foreign genetic material for the mother's body. Elderly people also suffer from a weakened immune system due to many chronic diseases of other organs, especially the circulatory system. Inadequate blood flow in the kidneys contributes to the long-term course of the chronic form of pyelonephritis.

Pregnancy is a period of natural decrease in immunity

Chronic pyelonephritis is able to flow secretly for a long time, but not without a trace. The inflammatory process in the kidneys has an extremely negative effect on their work and, as a result, can lead to disability and disability.

Purulent complications of pyelonephritis

Purulent complications, as a rule, are a negative consequence of the acute form of the disease. They can be localized both in the kidney itself and in the perirenal fatty tissue.

Apostematous nephritis

Apostematous nephritis is an inflammation in the kidney, consisting of many small foci (apostemes) of accumulation of pus. The disease is a direct consequence of the extremely active response of the immune system to the introduction of pathogens into the tissues of the cups and pelvis. This process can completely destroy the kidney. In this case, the general signs of the disease are especially pronounced: high fever, lack of appetite, weakness, back pain, changes in urine tests.

Apostematous nephritis - a collection of small purulent foci

Apostematous nephritis is especially well recognized according to ultrasound examination of the kidneys. The pockets of pus look like dark areas surrounded by lighter normal tissue. With an unfavorable course, small foci merge into one large one - the carbuncle of the kidney.

Ultrasound is an informative method for diagnosing apostematous nephritis

Kidney carbuncle - local purulent inflammation of large sizes. In this case, normal tissues are melted and cease to exist. The carbuncle has walls formed by inflamed areas. The focus is filled with pus and can reach very large sizes. Symptoms of inflammation are extremely pronounced. Such a complication of pyelonephritis must be treated in a hospital under the supervision of a specialist. Changes in urinalysis are significant: the number of leukocytes is high, the level of cylinders is overestimated - casts from the tubules of an inflammatory nature.

Carbuncle of the kidney - a large focus of accumulation of pus

When a large amount of organ tissue is turned off from work, renal failure is observed. It leads to an increase in the level of toxins in the blood and may require a regular artificial cleaning procedure - hemodialysis. Kidney carbuncle is well diagnosed by ultrasound. On the screen, it looks like a large dark area with no blood circulation.

Kidney carbuncle on ultrasound - a large dark area

Treatment of an inflammatory focus of this magnitude may require surgical intervention. Its main goal is to eliminate the accumulation of pus and provide it with an outflow path. However, the operation will not be able to restore the lost kidney tissue, so the carbuncle is an extremely serious complication.

Purulent paranephritis

The kidneys are separated from the intestines and other organs of the abdominal cavity. Together with the pancreas, they are located in the retroperitoneal space. The kidneys are surrounded on all sides by adipose tissue - perirenal fiber. Purulent inflammation can capture this area. In this case, the course of the disease worsens significantly.

Paranephritis - purulent inflammation of the perirenal fatty tissue

In the lumbar region, symptoms of the presence of a limited abscess appear - redness, extreme soreness, high fever, significant changes in blood and urine tests. To diagnose this complication, you may need not only ultrasound, but also computer (magnetic resonance) tomography technology. These techniques will help to establish the presence of paranephritis, to draw a conclusion about the degree of involvement of the kidneys and neighboring organs in the process. Purulent inflammation of the perirenal tissue without fail requires surgical intervention, similar to that in carbuncle.

Complications of chronic pyelonephritis

Chronic pyelonephritis is not always manifested by obvious signs. Often, short periods of exacerbation are replaced by long periods when the disease makes itself felt only by changes in urine tests. However, since pyelonephritis often occurs against the background of other problems in the structure and functioning of the urinary system, the process is protracted. Inflammation in the kidneys inevitably leads to the restructuring of organs and disruption of their work.

shriveled kidney

The kidney is an organ made up of various related components. Glomeruli filter the blood, tubules separate useful and harmful substances, cups and pelvises accumulate and excrete urine. The inflammatory process affects not only the latter. Over time, the disease spreads to all structures of the kidneys.

At the site of the foci, specialized anatomical components are replaced by connective tissue. Over time, a series of exacerbations leads to wrinkling of the kidney - nephrosclerosis. In this case, not only the organ itself decreases in size. The space of the pelvis increases. The area containing the glomeruli gradually becomes thinner. Over many years of chronic pyelonephritis, the kidney can turn into an organ that has completely changed its structure and is unable to purify the blood from harmful substances.

Shrinkage of the kidney is accompanied by a decrease in its size and impaired function.

Ultrasound and tomography are used to diagnose this complication. They help to determine the size of the damaged organ and the nature of its structure.

The shriveled kidney is significantly reduced in size

hydronephrosis

The fundamental symptom of chronic pyelonephritis is the expansion of the size of the renal pelvis. However, the process of its stretching can go very far. In extreme cases, the expansion of the renal pelvis is called hydronephrosis. The affected organ bears little resemblance to a healthy kidney.

Hydronephrosis - an extreme degree of expansion of the pelvis

The glomerular zone, subjected to constant pressure, becomes thinner. This process inevitably leads to kidney failure. It is very difficult to cure inflammation in this case. The kidney does not do its job, but remains in the body only a source of infection. Hydronephrosis often becomes an indication for surgical intervention to remove the altered organ.

Hydronephrosis is diagnosed during ultrasound and tomography. The picture is striking in the degree of enlargement of the renal pelvis. Sometimes it may seem that the body consists entirely of only it, although in fact it is not. The glomerular zone is present, but thinned so much that it is invisible to the naked eye.

Hydronephrosis leads to thinning of the zona glomeruli

Hydronephrosis - video

Chronic renal failure

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is the most formidable complication of long-term inflammation. The basis of this disease is a decrease in the ability of the kidneys to filter toxins and waste products from the blood. Kidney failure affects not only the urinary system, but the entire body as a whole.

Chronic renal failure involves many organs in the process

To recognize it, a blood test is enough. It pays attention to two main indicators - the level of urea and creatinine. These substances are formed in the body as a result of protein metabolism. In addition, kidney failure leads to the accumulation of another chemical compound - potassium. These changes affect the work of other organs - the heart, brain, liver, hematopoietic system.

Kidney failure leads to increased potassium levels

The activity of the brain suffers from high levels of toxins in the blood. A person does not remember current events and any new information badly. With a particularly elevated level of urea and creatinine, consciousness is disturbed and a person can fall into a coma.

The activity of the heart also suffers significantly in chronic renal failure. If the potassium level is high, the heart rhythm is disturbed, which can lead to a complete stop and death. In addition, the pathology of the kidneys leads to another typical companion of kidney failure. In the later stages of the disease, inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart, the pericardium, develops.

Pericarditis is caused by the presence of toxins in the blood in large quantities.

It is chronic renal failure that eventually leads to death. It is impossible to cure it completely. There is a method of artificial purification of blood from toxins using a special apparatus. This procedure is called hemodialysis. In severe cases, it takes several hours and can be done two to three or more times a week. All the patient's blood is driven through special filters and returned back. Hemodialysis allows you to maintain the vital activity of the body for quite a long time, but is not a radical solution to the problem. In this case, the only way out is a complex procedure for transplanting an organ from a healthy donor, including a relative. Currently, this type of surgery is a successful method for the treatment of patients with severe chronic renal failure.

With the help of hemodialysis, the blood is artificially cleansed of toxins

Kidney failure - video

Urolithiasis disease

Urolithiasis is often not a direct complication of chronic pyelonephritis. However, the process of formation of stones (calculi) in the kidneys is often accompanied by inflammation, which aggravates the patient's condition. The building material for stones are salts of uric, oxalic acid - urates and oxalates. It is from their crystals that stones are formed. They can be localized in all parts of the urinary system - the pelvis, ureter, bladder. The size of the stones varies from a few millimeters to very large objects. So, a coral-like calculus can occupy the entire space of the pelvis, repeating its shape.

Coral-like kidney stone completely occupies the pelvis

Kidney stones create many problems. First, they tend to move down the urinary system. This process is accompanied by extremely painful sensations called renal colic. This condition requires urgent medical attention.

Secondly, the calculus can cause a complete blockade of the outflow of urine. The expansion of the pelvis is accompanied by sensations similar to those of renal colic. In this case, to correct the situation, an artificial path for urine is used to bypass the stone - a nephrostomy - through a small puncture in the lumbar region.

Nephrostomy - the procedure for creating an artificial way for the outflow of urine from the pelvis

The stones are a very dense structure, which is clearly visible on ultrasound, X-ray and tomographic pictures. The problem of the presence of calculi is solved in one of several ways:

Kidney stones - video

Kidney cysts

Kidney cysts are a common complication of chronic pyelonephritis. They appear on the site of former foci of inflammation. In fact, a cyst is a closed cavity inside the organ, surrounded on all sides by kidney tissue. It has a connective tissue shell - a capsule. The resulting cavity is filled with liquid.

Cyst - a cavity filled with fluid

In the kidney, against the background of long-term inflammation, several similar objects can form. In exceptional cases, they can occupy the entire tissue of the kidney with the formation of polycystic. The cysts themselves do not lead to an exacerbation of the infection or disruption of the kidneys. They are clearly visible on the ultrasound or tomographic picture of the organ.

Polycystic - a collection of cysts of different sizes in the kidney tissue

Kidney cysts - video

Disability and rehabilitation

Complications of acute and chronic forms of pyelonephritis can lead to disability and disability. When establishing a particular group, experts are guided by the degree of impaired renal function. Fitness for military service is determined by the commission according to the Schedule of Diseases after examination in a hospital.

Rehabilitation is mandatory after suffering an acute form or exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis. It includes taking herbal preparations - uroseptics: Canephron, Cyston, Phytolysin. Physiotherapy also plays a positive role: magnetotherapy, ultrasound therapy, mud therapy. Rehabilitation in sanatorium conditions is carried out after the disappearance of clinical symptoms and the normalization of the patient's condition.

Kanefron - natural herbal uroseptic

Pyelonephritis is a serious kidney disease. It is characterized by many complications, many of which can cause disability and disability. Timely access to a doctor and the implementation of all recommendations is the key to a successful outcome of the inflammatory process.