Nootropic drugs are prescribed. Pharmacological group — Nootropics. Features of the use of nootropics in children

Nootropic drugs - what are these medicines? You will receive the answer to the question asked from the presented article. In addition, you will learn the history of their occurrence, principles of action, properties, indications and effects from the application.

General information

Nootropic drugs - what is it? Such drugs improve brain function, rejuvenate the body and prolong life. These are neurometabolic stimulants that have an activating effect on learning. In addition, they significantly improve mental activity and memory. The term "nootropic" is made up of two Greek words νους and τροπή, which means "mind" and "change" respectively.

Description

Nootropic drugs do not have their own class in the classification of medical drugs. That is why they were combined with psychostimulants and began to belong to the pharmacotherapeutic group with the following ATC code: N06BX.

History of occurrence

In 1963, the Belgian pharmacologists S. Giurgea and V. Skondia synthesized the first drug from the presented group - Piracetam. Today, such a nootropic drug is known to most patients under the name "Nootropil". Like a psychostimulant in the middle of the 20th century, it increased mental and at the same time did not have any side effects.

In 1972, one of the creators of this drug proposed the term "nootropic" to refer to a group of drugs that improve intellectual memory, learning and attention, and also affect the transcallosal potential, have antihypoxic activity and do not have a negative effect on the body.

Unlike well-known psychostimulants, nootropics stimulate, which further leads to an increase in their activity, which is quantitative, not qualitative. It should be especially noted that the effect of most of these drugs does not appear after the first dose, but with long-term treatment.

Latest Nootropics

At the moment, more than 10 original nootropics of the pyrrolidine series have been synthesized, which are in phase 3 clinical trials or have already been registered in a number of countries. Among these drugs, one can single out Oxiracetam, Nefiracetam, Etiracetam, Aniracetam, Rolziracetam, Isacetam, Pramiracetam, Cebracetam, Dupracetam, Detiracetam, etc. The presented medicines have common name "Racetams".

Among others, other families of nootropic agents have been synthesized, including GABAergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, and peptidergic systems. It should also be noted that the nootropic active ingredient is also present in other medicines that have a different chemical origin.

Operating principle

Nootropic drugs - what are these drugs, and what are they prescribed for? The therapeutic effect of such drugs is based on several mechanisms:

activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system due to increased protein and RNA synthesis;
improvement of the energy state of neurons, which is manifested in increased ATP synthesis, as well as antihypoxic and antioxidant effects;
improved glucose utilization;
strengthening the processes of synaptic transmission in the central nervous system;
membrane stabilizing effect.

Features of drugs

The main mechanisms of such drugs are considered to be their direct effect on bioenergetics and metabolic processes in nerve cells, as well as interaction with brain systems (primarily neurotransmitter systems).

It has long been proven that nootropics are able to activate adenylate cyclase and increase its concentration in the neuron. In addition, an increased level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate leads through a change in the flow of intracellular Ca2+ and K+ ions to a rapid release of the mediator from the sensory neuron.

It should also be noted that activated adenylate cyclase is able to maintain the stability of ATP production in cells without oxygen, and, under hypoxic conditions, transfer brain metabolism to a conserved mode.

Nootropic drugs for the elderly and children are urgently needed to increase their creativity and restore intellectual retardation. Manufacturers of such stimulants claim that their drugs improve the metabolism of nucleic acids, activate the synthesis of protein, ATP and RNA, penetrate the BBB well, and also increase the rate of glucose utilization.

Properties of nootopes

The effect of a number of nootropic drugs is sometimes mediated through the neurotransmitter system of the brain (cholinergic, monoaminergic, glutamatergic).

According to manufacturers, nootropics can also have other types of effects, including:

antioxidant;
membrane stabilizing;
neuroprotective;
antihypoxic.

Other drug options

Nootropics are recommended to be used in combination. After all, this is the only way to improve the bioelectrical activity and integrative activity of the brain, which manifests itself in the form of characteristic changes in electrophysiological patterns (a noticeable increase in the level of wakefulness, as well as a dominant peak, facilitated the passage of information between the hemispheres of the brain, an increase in the relative and absolute power of the EEG spectrum of the hippocampus and cortex).

Due to the increase in cortico-subcortical control, the improvement of information exchange in the brain, the positive effect on the reproduction and formation of a memory trace, we can safely say that such drugs lead to an increase in the ability to learn, improve memory, thinking, attention, perception, as well as the activation of intellectual functions. .

By the way, many manufacturers claim that such tools can significantly improve and accelerate cognitive (or However, these statements have not been scientifically confirmed.

effects

According to manufacturers, nootropic drugs have the following effects on a person:

Are Nootropics Effective for Stroke Prevention?

What are these drugs, we figured out. But this raises a new question about how effective they are in the treatment and prevention of strokes. It should be noted that this practice is questionable. This is due to the fact that the use of nootropics in relation to such deviations has not been confirmed.

Clinical Application

Before explaining why such drugs are used in official medicine, it should be noted that nootropic drugs without prescriptions from attending physicians are not dispensed in pharmacies. This is due to the fact that they belong to the same drug group as strong psychostimulants.

Initially, the drugs presented were used to treat brain disorders in older people with an organic brain syndrome. Although in the past few years (usually in third world countries) they have become quite widely used in various fields of medicine, including surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, neurology, narcology, as well as obstetric and geriatric practices.

Thus, nootropic drugs are used by doctors for:

Indications for children

In developing countries, the presented funds are especially common in pediatrics. Thus, nootropic drugs are prescribed for children with:

mental retardation;
delayed speech and mental development;
children's cerebral palsy;
the consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system;
attention deficit disorder.

Other indications for use

The best nootropic drug is the drug that has a pronounced therapeutic effect and does not negatively affect the human body. It should be noted that such funds are sometimes used for:

stuttering ("Pantogam", "Phenibut");
correction of neuroleptic syndrome ("Hopantenic acid", "Pyritinol", "Deanol aceglumate", "Pantogam");
hyperkinesis ("Hopantenic acid", "Phenibut", "Memantine");
urination disorder ("Pantogam", "Nicotinoyl-GABA");
sleep disorders ("Fenibut", "Calcium gamma-hydroxybutyrate", "Glycine");
migraine ("Pyritinol", "Nicotinoyl-GABA", "Semax");
dizziness ("Ginkgo biloba", "Phenibut", "Piracetam");
for the prevention of motion sickness ("GABA", "Phenibut").

By the way, in ophthalmic practice, such drugs are used as part of combination therapy for open-angle glaucoma, vascular diseases of the retina and macular degeneration (Nicotinoyl-GABA), as well as senile and diabetic retinopathy (Ginkgo biloba).

Natural Nootropics

In addition to drugs, natural substances with similar properties are often used to obtain a therapeutic effect. Of course, natural nootropics are not as effective as pharmacological agents, but within a few weeks after use, patients still begin to notice an improvement in cognitive functions and so on.

Nowadays, new generation nootropic drugs are used to stimulate the brain and protect nervous reactions, the list of which is so impressive that it takes several pages. Basically, these are complex remedies consisting directly of a nootropic component and auxiliary substances that improve the nutrition of nerve cells - amino acids, vitamins,.

How do new nootropics differ from old ones?

People have been using nootropics for a long time and don't even know it. For example, the simplest nootropic - choline - is found in eggs, meat, fish and seafood. By eating food rich in animal protein, we stimulate the production of the hormone serotonin, which is not only responsible for the feeling of pleasure, but also has a beneficial effect on neural connections. The brain begins to work more actively, memory and thought processes improve. The simplest nootropics also include coffee, green tea, nicotine, amphetamines. These are the so-called stimulants of brain activity. The well-known vitamin B6 and Glycine tablets also belong to this type of remedy, they improve metabolic processes in the spinal cord and brain.

In the middle of the 20th century, there was a strong leap forward in the field of studying the work of the brain. The following types of nootropic drugs have been developed, studied and classified:

reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors;
vasodilators and metabolic enhancers;
stimulants;
racetams.

There is another classification based on the origin of the main active substance and its functions, but it is quite complex and confusing, and therefore only of interest to physicians. In addition, racetams are mainly used in therapy today. This is the basis of new generation nootropic drugs. Racetams are chemical structures derived from pyrrolidine. Here is a short list of the most popular drugs in this category:

Piracetam;
Oxiracetam;
Etiracetam;
Aniracetam;
Pramiracetam;
Nebracetam;
Nefiracetam;
Isacetam;
detiracetam;
Dipracetam and others.

Unlike natural stimulants, these drugs have a very precise effect on certain areas of the brain, which allows them to be used not only to improve memory and intelligence, but also in the treatment of strokes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. These are the most effective nootropic drugs.

Latest Nootropics

Since the latest products are combined, they combine new generation racetams and excipients. Such modern nootropic drugs are very popular, such as:

Diapiram;
Orocetam;
Yukamen;
Thiocetam;
Apik;
Binotropil.

Most often, patients who have had a stroke are prescribed Phezam. This medicine is a combination of piracetam and cinnarizine. This antihistamine improves blood circulation in the brain and strengthens the walls of even the smallest blood vessels. Many consider it the best nootropic drug. We agree with this statement, but we want to note that other means have shown themselves very well. In addition, almost all nootropic drugs have few contraindications and side effects, which greatly facilitates the appointment and use.

It is better for elderly patients to give preference to the latest combination drugs. But young people seeking to improve brain function can buy any racetam and supplement it with regular exercise and proper nutrition. The effect will be no worse, since the body reacts to moderate physical activity with the release of serotonin and other hormones that have a beneficial effect on neural connections and the nervous system as a whole.

Modern medicine offers a wide range of different drugs for children. These include tools that are used in neurology. Often, with any deviations in the neurological development of the child, the doctor prescribes nootropic drugs. Are nootropic drugs safe for children and what effects will their intake entail, we will tell in the article.

What is a nootropic drug?

These drugs got their name from the merger of two Greek words noos - mind and tropos - direction. The main effect of these funds is to improve mental activity. In addition, nootropics help level neurological deficits and increase the endurance of nerve cells under extreme conditions (stress, hypoxia).

In scientific circles, it is believed that the difference between nootropics and other psychotropic drugs is the absence of such effects on the nervous system as stimulation and sedation (sedation). When taking these drugs, the bioelectrical activity of the brain does not change. The only drug that is an exception is Cortexin.

Another positive quality of drugs in this group is low toxicity and inability to disrupt blood circulation.

Mechanism of action and effects of nootropics

The basis of the pharmacological action of these drugs is their beneficial effect on metabolic processes in the brain:

They enhance the synthesis of high-energy phosphates (biological molecules that store and transfer energy), proteins, and some enzymes.
Nootropics stabilize the membranes (shells) of neurons that have been damaged.

The following effects that nootropic drugs can have can be distinguished:

Reducing the manifestations of asthenic syndrome (weakness, fatigue, drowsiness, decreased concentration, sleep disturbances);
Stimulation by some mental activity;
Fight against depression;
Have a moderate inhibitory effect on the nervous system;
Contribute to the resistance of brain cells (neurons) to oxygen deficiency;
Reducing the manifestations of epilepsy (moderate anticonvulsant effect);
Improvement of cerebral blood flow in vegetovascular dystonia;
Promotes the activation of cognitive activity;
Contribute to the adaptation of the body to changing environmental conditions;
Strengthening immunity and overall resilience.

These funds have positive effects only with their long-term use. Nootropic drugs for children with speech disorders and developmental disabilities should be used for at least 2 weeks in combination with other therapeutic measures.

Indications and contraindications for use

Like any drug, nootropic drugs have their own indications and contraindications, which must be taken into account by the doctor when prescribing these drugs.

Cerebral palsy;
Epilepsy;
Lagging behind in physical and mental development;
Speech disorders and delay in its development;
Sequelae of traumatic brain injury;
Perinatal damage to the nervous system of various origins;
Transferred neuroinfections;
Restlessness, disinhibition, attention deficit.

In addition to positive effects, nootropics can also have a negative impact if the child has the following contraindications to their use:

Violation of the kidneys;
Increased intracranial pressure;
Severe psychomotor agitation;
Pathology of the liver;
Individual intolerance to any component of the drug

When new generation nootropic drugs are prescribed, the list for children is limited precisely to contraindications to their use. The use of any medication should be agreed with the attending physician.

The Best Nootropics for Kids

The modern pharmaceutical market offers a large number of nootropic products. Such drugs are used in children of any age. Modern drugs are available in various dosage forms that are suitable for use even in the neonatal period.

Cortexin

Produced in the form of bottles with a ready-made solution. The route of administration is only injection (intramuscularly). Contains a complex of polypeptide fractions obtained from the brain of piglets and/or calves.

The mechanism of action of the drug is in such processes as:

Activation of neuropeptides (proteins that regulate the functioning of nerve cells) and factors that provide nutrition to the brain;
Optimization of the balance of inhibitory and excitatory substances in the brain;
inhibitory effect on the nervous system;
Decreased seizure activity;
Prevents the formation of free radicals.

More information about indications and contraindications, the method of administration can be found in a separate article on Cortexin.

encephabol

The drug is available in the form of a suspension and tablets. Can be used from the neonatal period (the first 28 days of life). The main effects of this drug are as follows:

Improves metabolic processes in brain cells;
Promotes the transmission of nerve impulses;
Stabilizes the structure of cell membranes, preventing the effects of free radicals (antioxidant action);
Reduces blood viscosity and improves blood flow;
Improves blood circulation in ischemic areas.

Violations of memory, thinking, fatigue, reduced concentration of attention;
Delayed development of the psyche;
encephalopathy;
Conditions after suffering encephalitis (inflammation of brain tissue).

Encephabol is contraindicated in cases of:

Sensitivity to pyritinol (the main active ingredient);
Kidney disorders;
Severe liver damage;
Changes in peripheral blood tests;
Autoimmune diseases in the acute period;
myasthenia gravis;
Pemphigus.

The drug is prescribed in dosages depending on age. It is not recommended to take in the evening and at night. When using Encephabol in newborns with a risk of developing perinatal pathology, the duration of the course of treatment is 6 months, followed by repetition, if necessary, after 3 months.

Aminalon

The drug is produced and produced in tablet form. It is prescribed for children from 1 year. The main active ingredient of the drug is gamma-aminobutyric acid. The effects of the drug are expressed in the fact that it:

Restoration of metabolic processes in the brain;
Promotes the removal of toxic substances;
Improves memory and mental activity;
It has a mild stimulating effect on the psyche;
It has a positive effect on the restoration of movements and speech;
Stabilizes blood pressure.

In addition to the indications inherent in all nootropics, Aminalon is used for sleep disorders caused by increased pressure and motion sickness (seasickness, in land transport).

Of the contraindications, only hypersensitivity to the main component of the drug stands out.

Aminalon is dosed according to age. The daily dose is divided into 3 doses, before meals. The duration of treatment is from 2 weeks to 4 months.

Glutamic acid

This substance is produced in tablets. It is prescribed for children from infancy. Glutamic acid belongs to the group of non-essential amino acids. Actively participates in the metabolism and nutrition of the brain, protecting it from toxins and the effects of hypoxia.

Indications for use are:

Minor epileptic seizures;
Schizophrenia;
Cerebral palsy;
Mental exhaustion, insomnia;
Consequences of encephalitis and meningitis;
Consequences of birth trauma;
Polio;
Down's disease.

Glutamic acid is contraindicated in:

Damage to the kidneys and liver;
Anemia and oppression of bone hematopoiesis;
fever;
peptic ulcer;
Hypersensitivity to glutamic acid;
Obesity.

Of the side effects, allergic reactions, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, overexcitation can be observed. With prolonged use, anemia and a decrease in the level of leukocytes may occur, therefore, when taking this drug, blood tests should be monitored.

Semax

The only nootropic drug that comes in the form of nasal drops. Approved for use in children from 7 years. It is used in pediatrics in the complex treatment of minimal brain dysfunctions.

1-2 drops are prescribed in each nasal passage in the morning and afternoon. The course of treatment is a month. Contraindicated in the presence of seizures in history and in acute mental disorders.

Phenibut

The release form of this drug is tablets. Approved for use in children. Phenibut is prescribed strictly according to indications and in doses according to the age of the child.

The positive properties of the drug are expressed in such effects as:

Improvement of cerebral circulation;
Increase mental and physical performance;
Reducing headaches, sleep disturbances;
Decreased irritability, emotional lability;
Improving the condition with motor and speech disorders;
Improving memory, attention.

The main indications for its use are:

Asthenic syndrome and anxiety;
Neurosis and obsessive states;
stuttering, tics;
Urinary incontinence;
Prevention of motion sickness.

Phenibut is contraindicated only with individual sensitivity to the drug, and is also used with caution in diseases of the kidneys and stomach.

Nootropic drugs are widely used in pediatric practice. They have a wide range of positive effects on the functioning of the nervous system. At the same time, they are classified as low-toxic agents. An experienced neurologist will be able to choose an effective drug and prescribe the proper treatment regimen. Therefore, before using a nootropic, you should definitely consult a doctor.

Valentina Ignasheva, pediatrician, specially for the site

Useful video

Nootropics, the list of drugs of which today is represented by a wide range of products, originate from 1963. At that time, Belgian clinicians and pharmacologists managed to synthesize and apply in medical practice the first drug from the group of nootropics - Piracetam.

Numerous studies have proven clinical improvements in patients of various groups on the background of continuous use of Piracetam, including memory enhancement, facilitating learning processes.

In 1972, the term "nootropics" was proposed, denoting a class of drugs for improving the integrative functionality of the brain. In modern neurology, nootropic drugs are an integral part of the treatment of various disorders in children and adults.

Characteristics of the pharmaceutical group

Nootropics(from the Greek noos - mind, thoughts and tropos - vector, direction) are widely used in neurological practice for a positive impact on the higher integrative functions of the brain. With the help of drugs, they correct some behavioral reactions in people and adults, increase resistance to stressful situations, the ability to learn, and chronic hypoxia. Other functions of drugs are:

maintaining the energy structure of a neuron (nerve cell);

improving the functionality of the central nervous system;

activation of the plastic functionality of the central nervous system;

providing a pronounced neuroprotective effect;

normalization and stabilization of the cell membrane;

minimizes the need for nerve cells in oxygen.

The nootropic effect can be primary with a direct effect on neurons and secondary with an improvement in general cerebral circulation. There are two main groups of nootropics:

true (improvement of mnestic functions of the brain and nervous system);

combined action (a combination of several functions at the same time).

Synonyms of the pharmacological group of nootropics are cerebroprotectors, neuroregulators, neuroanabolics, eutotrophic, neurometabolic drugs. All terms reflect the general effect of drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous structures of the human body.

Mechanism of action

Nootropic drugs directly affect a whole range of functional abilities of the brain, contributing to their vigorous activity. Thanks to adequate therapy, concentration of attention improves, interactions between the right and left hemispheres are facilitated. It has been proven that the drugs rejuvenate the body and prolong the life of patients with a burdened clinical neurological history.

The biogenic origin of the drug largely affects all processes of intracellular metabolism, stimulating the synthesis of proteins, the excretion of excess glucose, and the formation of ATP. The following mechanisms and effects of exposure are distinguished:

membrane stabilizing effect;

antioxidant;

antihypoxic;

neuroprotective.

There is a significant increase in the resistance of the brain to the negative effects of exogenous and endogenous factors. The effectiveness of drugs is enhanced with the simultaneous use of angioprotectors, psychostimulants. The main category of patients who are prescribed nootropics are children and the elderly.

Main indications for use

Typical indications for the appointment of nootropic drugs are the following conditions:

psychoorganic syndrome (dystrophic changes in the nervous tissue of any origin);

alcoholism with withdrawal syndrome;

drug addiction;

neuroleptic syndrome (as a combination therapy);

neurotic or organic asthenia;

cerebrovascular insufficiency;

sickle cell anemia;

ophthalmic pathologies (complex therapy).

With the help of nootropics, urinary disorders of a neurogenic nature are treated. Nootropic drugs are a necessary measure for Parkinson's disease, ischemia, cerebral palsy, epileptic seizures.

Contraindications and side effects

Nootropics may be prescribed for relative contraindications at the discretion of the attending physician. Among the absolute contraindications are acute or chronic renal failure, pregnancy and lactation, hepatic diseases with aggravated course, acute hemorrhagic stroke, hypersensitivity, severe psychomotor agitation. Side effects of the drug are the following conditions:

sleep disturbance, insomnia;

dyspeptic disorders;

hyperexcitability:

anxiety syndrome, panic attacks;

hypotension;

increased effect on hepatic or renal functions;

convulsive syndrome, epileptic seizures;

impaired coordination, unsteady gait;

redness of the face, feeling of heat;

pronounced iosinophilia;

hallucinations and confusion;

thrombophlebitis, febrile syndrome.

Against the background of taking the drug, allergic rashes on the body like urticaria, itching, burning on the skin, mainly in the neck, face, back, are possible. If any discomfort occurs, it is recommended to stop treatment or adjust the daily dosage. Cases of drug overdose are not registered.

Basic nootropics

Which is better in the treatment of neurological diseases? The use of nootropic drugs can be combined and independent. Usually, nootropics as a stand-alone therapy are used for minor disorders. The following drugs with proven efficacy are widely used in neurological practice:

Piracetam.

Probably the most popular nootropic. The drug enhances metabolic processes in the brain. It is used to treat systematic dizziness, correction of dyslexic syndrome. In adult patients, the drug is used as a complex therapy for myocardial infarction, withdrawal syndrome with addictions of any origin. Doctors prescribe a remedy for the treatment of neuroinfections caused by viral agents.

Memoplant

One of the best herbal nootropics. The German drug Memoplant contains a highly purified extract of ginkgo biloba EGb 761®. Many preparations of ginkgo biloba contain a significant amount of harmful impurities - ginkgolic acids. Memoplant is devoid of this drawback, as it is cleaned during 27 production stages.
The drug increases the resistance of the nervous tissue to a lack of oxygen, improves cerebral circulation. It is effective for dizziness, noise in the ears or head, as well as for memory and performance problems.

Vinpocetine.

Against the background of constant intake, the vessels of the brain expand, microcirculation increases. The active substance of the drug provides a full transport of oxygen to the brain tissues, increases the absorption of nutrients. Vinpocetine has a pronounced neuroprotective and antioxidant effect. The treatment regimen changes from the introduction of intravenous solutions first with the transition after to the tablet form of the drug. It is used as an adjuvant in antihypertensive therapy.

Phenibut.

There is a high efficiency in functional disorders of the vestibular apparatus, sleep disorders, neurosthenia, asthenic syndrome. Against the background of long-term use, metabolic processes in the brain tissues at the cellular level are normalized. The strengths of the drug are psychostimulating ability and antioxidant effect. The drug is characterized by low toxicity, low side effects.

Phenotropil.

The drug belongs to a new generation of nootropics with a pronounced adaptogenic effect. Patients have resistance to stressful situations, without causing, at the same time, drug dependence. Phenotropil is prescribed to patients with severe emotional and mental stress.

Phezam.

Nootropic, directly intended for the treatment of impaired blood circulation in the brain. It is effective for serious diseases of the nervous system, circulation disorders in the vascular system of the brain. In complex therapy, headaches are stopped with increased intracranial pressure, improves the functioning of the organs of hearing and vision. Phezam is prescribed for amnesia, it is highly effective in hypoxic syndrome.

Cinnarizine.

A drug designed to strengthen the vascular walls of the brain during their dilatation (stretching). At the same time, blood pressure indicators remain in the usual norm. Effective as a prevention of motion sickness, disorders of the vestibular apparatus. It is prescribed for chronic migraines, with increased hypertension, accompanied by dizziness, tinnitus, headache. Cinnarizine is used in adult women to reduce symptoms of menopause.

Cerebrolysin.

The safety and efficacy of the drug has been proven by numerous studies. Used as adjuvant therapy against serious psychiatric and neurological disorders. With the correct dosage, mental processes are activated, concentration of attention and mood increase. Long-term use improves memory, increases the ability to learn.

Actovegin.

A drug related to nootropics-antihypoxants. Used to treat metabolic disorders in the brain, promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used as a complex therapy for radiation skin lesions, with diabetic polyneuropathy. Actovegin is available in the form of tablets, intramuscular, intravenous solutions and intra-arterial injections. There is a form of the drug for topical use.

Nootropic drugs for the treatment of serious neurological disorders are used in adult neurological practice. When used as a complex therapy, the probability of a decrease or increase in the activity of other drugs is taken into account.

Best nootropics for kids

In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat mental retardation, to improve attention, speech development, with poor school performance. Children's nootropics have been widely used since 1952. The main reasons for the appointment are the following conditions in children of different ages:

cerebrosthenia;

hypoxic syndrome in cerebral palsy:

poor development of speech;

intellectual insufficiency;

encephalopathy.

It has been proven that in childhood the tolerability of nootropic drugs is much better than in adults. The following are considered essential medicines for children:

Piracetam(Nootropil, Cerebril, Lucetam, Oykamid).

They are used in children from 1 year old, available in tablets, ampoules, capsules. It is not prescribed for children with increased emotional excitability. The active substance has a beneficial effect on the brain, enhances susceptibility to intellectual stress, stabilizes concentration, and promotes learning.

Pantogam.

An anticonvulsant drug suitable for children from the first days of life. From pharmacies it is released in the form of syrups and tablets. It is used to treat cerebral palsy, improve the condition in autism, schizophrenia. Pantogam is used for children with neurogenic or stress urinary incontinence. Also, against the background of constant use, the emotional background of the child is normalized, especially with a delay in mental and speech development. Reduced and the likelihood of side effects: drowsiness, allergic reactions, dyspeptic disorders.

Picamilon.

The drug, designed to expand the vessels of the brain, is an analogue of Piracetam in terms of active substance and effectiveness. It has a slight tranquilizing effect. From pharmacies it is released in the form of injections for intravenous and intramuscular administration, in tablets. In pediatrics, it is prescribed for children from 3 years old. The nootropic agent is especially effective at high emotional stress, with increased physical and mental activity.

Phenibut.

The tool belongs to the latest generation of drugs. It is prescribed for children to stimulate the normal functioning of the nervous system, increase mental and intellectual activity, at the same time helping to cope with overload. The drug has a low degree of toxicity, suitable for children over 2 years old. The main side effects include nausea, increased drowsiness, dizziness. From pharmacy chains it is released in the form of powder and tablets.

Pyritinol.

The drug is intended for the effect of mild sedation. Necessary in the treatment of depressive syndrome in adolescents, with vegetative-vascular dystonia, excessive fatigue. It is a complex drug for mental retardation and mental development. Not recommended for use in children under 12 months of age. Despite the high activity, the remedy has a number of side effects: loss of taste, dyspnea, polymyositis, nausea and dizziness.

Cinnarizine(Vertizin, Diziron, Tsirizin, Baltsinnarzin, Cinnaron).

It is used in pediatrics for the treatment of children over 12 years old, but recently it has been practiced to use the remedy in children from 1 year of age. The drug has many side effects from typical nausea to epileptic seizures, impaired renal and hepatic function, arterial hypotension. The effectiveness of the drug has not been proven. The drug is released in the form of capsules and tablets.

Semax.

The drug is widely used in pediatric practice due to its high efficiency and convenient pharmacological form. The drug eliminates excessive capriciousness, emotional excitability. Side effects are expressed in dizziness, nausea, irritation of the nasal mucosa. It is used in children with delayed speech development, with sleep disorders.

Glycine.

The active ingredient is aminoacetic acid. The drug is well tolerated by young children, effective in case of excessive emotional arousal. Against the background of long-term use, working capacity, learning ability are activated, night sleep is regulated, concentration of attention increases. Glycine is suitable for the treatment of children at any age.

Gammalon.

New from Japan, is a follower of Piracetam. A similar composition of Gammalon is contained in Aminalon, but the price of the drug is much lower. If the cost of a Japanese nootropic reaches 2500 rubles. per package, then Aminalon costs 100-150 rubles. for packing. The effectiveness of both drugs has not been studied and proven. The price and quality of the Japanese product is more of a marketing ploy.

The opinions of experts about the effectiveness of nootropics in children differ. Some consider drugs indispensable in the treatment of any neurogenic disorders, psycho-emotional disorders. Others doubt the effectiveness of nootropic drugs due to the lack of clinical data for use in childhood. Basically, nootropics are used for "sedation" as an adjunct treatment to the base treatment. All drugs are dispensed from pharmacy chains without a prescription.

List of the best nootropics

What is better to take drugs in a particular clinical situation should be decided by the attending physician. To date, there are several of the most effective drugs that have found the widest application both in pediatrics and in adult practice in the treatment of diseases of a neurogenic nature:

Piracetam;

Nootropil;

Cerebrolysin;

Vinpocetine;

Biotredin;

Aminalon;

Biotredin.

The effect of the constant intake of modern nootropic drugs begins only after a few months. As an independent drug, nootropics are used as a prevention of neurological diseases, decreased performance in adults, and impaired concentration.

Combined funds

Among nootropics, there are preparations with a combined composition. Such funds include two or more active components, which, to one degree or another, enhance or reduce the effect of each other. The main drugs of the series are:

Gamalate B6 (as part of Pyridoxine hydrochloride, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide);

Omaron, Phezam, Evryza, Noozom (Piracetam and Cinnarizine, auxiliary components);

Neuronorm (active substances Piracetam and Cinnarizine);

Olatropil (Piracetam and GABA);

(Piracetam and Thiotriazolin).

All funds are similar in effectiveness to Piracetam. Combined drugs are used for severe problems, similarly to popular drugs, they are used in monotherapy and in combination with other drugs.

All drugs, despite the absence of side effects, require a prescription from a doctor. Only on the basis of medical research data can an accurate diagnosis be established, which will determine further adequate treatment.

Piracetam (Nootropil)

Nootropic drugs are drugs that have a direct effect on the higher functions of the brain, increasing its resistance to excessive stress and the influence of other negative factors (intoxication, trauma, hypoxia). The intake of such drugs helps to improve memory, increase intelligence and cognitive activity of the brain. Not without reason, translated from Greek, the concept of "nootropics" means "the desire to think." In the people, popular medicines were called "smart" pills.

Nootropic drugs are used in various fields of medicine - neurology, cardiology, psychology, psychiatry, narcology, pediatrics. With their help, you can "escape" from a stroke and maintain brain functions not only in old age, but also in a completely working age.

Good to know

Nootropics do not disrupt the functions of the brain, do not cause addiction and drug dependence, and do not have a hypnotic effect.

Today we will learn more about the properties and benefits of nootropics, tell you about the most popular drugs and how to use them.

Classification of nootropic drugs

The first representative of the pharmacological group of drugs that improve the functioning of the brain was Pirocetam. This drug was synthesized in 1963 and after a series of clinical trials that confirmed its therapeutic effect (improvement of mental abilities, memory), it was admitted to the pharmaceutical market and became the ancestor of the now popular medicinal group of nootropics. Today, all nootropics are conventionally divided into two categories:

Nootropics are true - the therapeutic effect is to improve memory, speech and mental abilities.
Neuroprotectors are combined agents that additionally exhibit anticonvulsant, sedative, antihypoxic and relaxing effects.

According to the mechanism of action, drugs are divided into the following subgroups:

drugs that accelerate metabolic processes in the brain (Piracetam, Phenibut, Actovegin, Glycine, Cerebrolysin, folic acid, vitamins E and B).
vasotropic agents that positively affect the vessels in the brain (Cinnarizine, Vinpocetine, Instenon);
medicines that improve memory and stimulate the processes of assimilation and perception of educational material (choline, galantamine, corticotropin).

Currently, pharmacological laboratories are developing the latest nootropics, which are distinguished by a minimum of contraindications, practically do not have a toxic effect on the body and provide high efficiency.

Beneficial features

Initially, doctors prescribed drugs from the nootropic group to older people suffering from brain dysfunction. But in recent years, drugs of this group are widely used in representatives of different age groups. This became possible due to the versatile spectrum of therapeutic action of nootropics. The positive effect of taking the drugs is as follows:

improves memory and speed of thought processes;
the processes of assimilation and preservation of new information, the ability to learn are activated;
the activity of brain cells is normalized by eliminating hypoxia and improving blood supply;
the ability to withstand stress factors is restored;
concentration of attention increases, brain functions are activated;
metabolic processes in the cerebral cortex are stimulated;
the work of the nervous system, disturbed due to injuries and insufficient supply of tissues with oxygen, is restored;
efficiency increases, symptoms of asthenia disappear, a feeling of cheerfulness and clarity of consciousness returns;
a psycho-stimulating factor is manifested, which allows you to fight apathy and lethargy;
intellectual abilities increase;
the body's resistance to the influence of adverse factors improves, as a result of which the risk of stroke and other vascular disorders is reduced.

At the same time, nootropic drugs do not provoke drug dependence, do not have a negative effect on higher nervous activity, do not cause psychomotor agitation and physical exhaustion of the body.

The latest nootropics have a positive effect on increasing physical activity and endurance, which allows them to be used without harm to health during intense sports loads.

Preparations from the group of nootropics are prescribed to representatives of different age groups. Nootropic drugs for the elderly are used to correct age-related intellectual disabilities. For students and schoolchildren, these tools help to assimilate information and support brain functions during intense mental stress during training and passing exams. For children, nootropics are used when it comes to developmental delay.

When are nootropics prescribed?

Drugs that improve nutrition and blood circulation of the brain are used in the following conditions:

chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency;
the consequences of a stroke (impaired cerebral circulation);
senile or vascular dementia;
neuroinfections, cortical myoclonus;
craniocerebral injuries;
with neurotic and neurosis-like disorders;
with manifestations of vegetovascular dystonia, depressive states;
psychoorganic syndrome, accompanied by impaired memory, decreased concentration and mental performance;
with drug addiction, and related conditions (withdrawal syndrome, delirium, encephalopathy);
with sleep disorders, frequent headaches, dizziness;
in chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency;
with organic disorders of the brain in the elderly;
with sickle cell anemia;
with urinary disorders caused by neurogenic causes;
with psychopathologies (schizophrenia, oligophrenia).

The list of indications for the use of nootropics is quite wide and allows them to be used in various fields of medicine.

Features of the use of nootropics in children

Today, new generation nootropic drugs are being produced, which are highly effective and have fewer contraindications and side effects. However, in pediatrics, their use is limited, since drugs in this group cause increased excitability and insomnia in children. And such a reaction is quite natural, because the mechanism of action of drugs is aimed at accelerating the metabolism in the brain and activating its functions.

Therefore, the use of nootropic drugs for children is limited to the following conditions:

delayed mental, speech, mental development;
attention deficit disorder;
congenital pathologies, cerebral palsy;
damage to the nervous system of the baby during childbirth.

With these pathologies, the use of nootropics is a necessity, but all drugs should be prescribed by a doctor, taking into account the condition and age of the child. Today, a new nootropic Pantogam has been developed specifically for use in pediatrics, which has a mild effect and is better tolerated by young patients, since it does not cause sleep disturbances and other side effects.

Contraindications for admission

Any drug from the group of nootropics has its own list of contraindications. Therefore, before using the drug, you need to consult a doctor and carefully read the instructions. However, there are a number of general limitations inherent in most nootropics. This list contains the following states:

renal and liver failure;
the period of pregnancy and breastfeeding;
individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
hereditary diseases of the nervous system (Huntington's disease);
recovery period after a hemorrhagic stroke.

Nootropic drugs, even of the new generation, can cause a number of adverse reactions, of which the most common are anxiety, insomnia, weakness or hyperactivity, dyspeptic disorders, impaired coordination of movements, convulsive syndrome and other manifestations.

It should be borne in mind that most nottrops have a toxic effect on the liver and kidneys. Therefore, you should not self-medicate, all drugs should be prescribed by a specialist, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient and possible contraindications.

The best nootropic drugs that improve brain nutrition

In the list of the best drugs, true nootropics hold the palm, which do not have additional effects and directly affect the improvement of thought processes. Among them are the following drugs:

(nootropil). This is the first drug that has been used in clinical practice to improve memory and activate brain functions. Available in the form of tablets and solution for intravenous injection. It is used to treat patients from different age categories. It improves the nutrition of nerve cells, eliminates hypoxia, increases the resistance of the brain to high mental stress. Often recommended to schoolchildren and students in the learning process and passing exams. Helps to stop the withdrawal syndrome in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. Contraindications for use are renal failure and the recovery period after a stroke. The cost of the drug - from 250 rubles.
(vinpocetine). Corrects cerebral circulation, alleviates the effects of hypoxia, dilates brain vessels, protects nerve cells from free radicals. Available in tablet form and in the form of solutions for parenteral administration. The scope of its application is wide - the drug helps to cope with the consequences of strokes, is used for vascular disorders, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy. A powerful nootropic effect allows it to be included in the complex therapy of traumatic brain injuries and concussions. The drug is well tolerated at any age and is used in both elderly and young patients. The average price of Cavinton is from 280 rubles.
Pantogam. One of the best and modern nootropics used in pediatric practice. The basis of the drug is hopantenic acid. This substance has been well studied and has been successfully used to treat children with organic and functional disorders. Pantogam is produced in the form of tablets, capsules and cherry-flavored sweet syrup, which is very popular with young patients. Mild action and a minimum of side effects allows you to use the drug from the first days of a child's life. Pantogam successfully combines a stimulating effect with a slight sedative effect and well levels out various toxic effects on brain tissue. The drug is used to treat cerebral palsy, mental retardation and mental development. It allows you to eliminate neurosis-like conditions and hyperactivity syndrome, is used in the treatment of urinary incontinence (enuresis). The cost of the drug is from 500 rubles.

The best nootropics with an additional energizing effect

. A drug from the group of neuroleptics, which has a pronounced psychostimulating effect, therefore it is widely used in the treatment of asthenic syndrome, which develops against the background of severe infections and somatic diseases. Phenotropil has a powerful activating effect on subcortical structures, accelerates the exchange of information, improves the emotional background and additionally exhibits an anticonvulsant effect. The drug is able to increase the pain threshold, so it can be used as an anesthetic for neuropathic pain. Phenotropil helps the body adapt to high mental and physical stress and it is easier to endure stress. Additionally, it improves color perception, increases the field of view, and can be used as part of the complex therapy of varicose veins and obesity. The average price is from 900 rubles.

The best nootropics with calming effects

. The drug relieves increased anxiety, relieves unreasonable fears, normalizes sleep, and provides a slight sedative effect. It is successfully used in the complex therapy of encephalopathy, helps to recover from a stroke, improves psychological performance. It is used to prevent seasickness. It is well tolerated by patients, does not have a depressing effect on the psyche when used in the elderly. The price of the drug is from 350 rubles.
. The most inexpensive and affordable nootropic drug based on a purified amino acid. It is used to improve memory in the process of teaching schoolchildren and students, as well as in the treatment of the consequences of strokes. Glycine helps to fight mental burnout, relieves neurosis-like states, relieves manifestations of vegetative-vascular dystonia, alleviates the condition during hypertensive and hypotensive crises, and increases the body's resistance to stress factors. The drug has practically no side effects and can be used in different age groups. The price of Glycine is from 40 rubles.

Popular New Generation Nootropics

Orocetam. Combined remedy with a nootropic effect based on piracetam and orotic acid. Available in the form of a solution for intravenous injection. It is used for severe intoxication of the brain, improves metabolic processes in nerve cells and activates the detoxification functions of the liver. The price of one ampoule of Orocetam is about 50 rubles.
. Combined drug, which includes piracetam and cinnarizine. Produced in the form of capsules. The drug improves blood microcirculation in the brain, promotes the expansion of blood vessels, improves visual and auditory perception. Phezam relieves headaches well, fights dizziness, the effects of hypoxia and cerebrovascular accidents, and helps to fight the manifestations of amnesia. The new nootropic agent is included in the complex therapy of encephalitis, craniocerebral injuries, and is used to combat the consequences of a stroke. The cost of the drug - from 260 rubles.
Thiocetam. The basis of the drug is a combination of piracetam and thiotriosalin. Available in the form of tablets and solution for injection. They will be used to treat speech disorders caused by impaired cerebral circulation, as well as to eliminate the consequences of intoxication of the body in chronic alcoholism. The price of tablets is from 550 rubles.

The list of nootropic drugs used to eliminate functional disorders of the brain and improve intellectual abilities is not limited to the above means. Demanded drugs widely used in neurological practice are such drugs as:

cinnarizine,
Actovegin,
Cerebrolysin.

This list is supplemented by such popular medicines as Semax, Tanakan, Lucetam, Instenon or Biotropil. Only a specialist can decide which drug will be the most effective in a particular case.

Nootropics are widely used in various fields of medicine, in their practice they are used by ophthalmologists, cardiologists, pediatricians or neurosurgeons. But most often, neurologists and psychiatrists resort to the appointment of nootropics.

It is this group of medicines that helps a person cope with intellectual and physical stress, which are inevitable in the frantic pace of modern life. Patient reviews indicate that nootropics normalize the state of vascular disorders, help to cope with cerebrovascular insufficiency and reduce the risk of stroke.