What are nootropics for? Good quality latest generation nootropics: list, price. What pharmacological group do they belong to?

Nowadays, new generation nootropic drugs are used to stimulate the brain and protect nervous reactions, the list of which is so impressive that it takes several pages. Basically, these are complex remedies consisting directly of a nootropic component and auxiliary substances that improve the nutrition of nerve cells - amino acids, vitamins,.

How do new nootropics differ from old ones?

People have been using nootropics for a long time and don't even know it. For example, the simplest nootropic - choline - is found in eggs, meat, fish and seafood. By eating food rich in animal protein, we stimulate the production of the hormone serotonin, which is not only responsible for the feeling of pleasure, but also has a beneficial effect on neural connections. The brain begins to work more actively, memory and thought processes improve. The simplest nootropics also include coffee, green tea, nicotine, amphetamines. These are the so-called stimulants of brain activity. The well-known vitamin B6 and Glycine tablets also belong to this type of remedy, they improve metabolic processes in the spinal cord and brain.

In the middle of the 20th century, there was a strong leap forward in the field of studying the work of the brain. The following types of nootropic drugs have been developed, studied and classified:

reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors;
vasodilators and metabolic enhancers;
stimulants;
racetams.

There is another classification based on the origin of the main active substance and its functions, but it is quite complex and confusing, and therefore only of interest to physicians. In addition, racetams are mainly used in therapy today. This is the basis of new generation nootropic drugs. Racetams are chemical structures derived from pyrrolidine. Here is a short list of the most popular drugs in this category:

Piracetam;
Oxiracetam;
Etiracetam;
Aniracetam;
Pramiracetam;
Nebracetam;
Nefiracetam;
Isacetam;
detiracetam;
Dipracetam and others.

Unlike natural stimulants, these drugs have a very precise effect on certain areas of the brain, which allows them to be used not only to improve memory and intelligence, but also in the treatment of strokes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. These are the most effective nootropic drugs.

Latest Nootropics

Since the latest products are combined, they combine new generation racetams and excipients. Such modern nootropic drugs are very popular, such as:

Diapiram;
Orocetam;
Yukamen;
Thiocetam;
Apik;
Binotropil.

Most often, patients who have had a stroke are prescribed Phezam. This medicine is a combination of piracetam and cinnarizine. This antihistamine improves blood circulation in the brain and strengthens the walls of even the smallest blood vessels. Many consider it the best nootropic drug. We agree with this statement, but we want to note that other means have shown themselves very well. In addition, almost all nootropic drugs have few contraindications and side effects, which greatly facilitates the appointment and use.

It is better for elderly patients to give preference to the latest combination drugs. But young people seeking to improve brain function can buy any racetam and supplement it with regular exercise and proper nutrition. The effect will be no worse, since the body reacts to moderate physical activity with the release of serotonin and other hormones that have a beneficial effect on neural connections and the nervous system as a whole.

Nootropics for adults and children are medicines that have a stimulating effect on learning. They strengthen memory and mental activity. Such funds increase the resistance of the brain to trauma, hypoxia, intoxication. This group has such actions as sedative, antidyskinetic, vasovegetative, mnemotropic and others.

Such drugs are prescribed only by specialists with a decrease in working capacity, sleep disturbances, dizziness, alcoholism and other conditions. Consider the mechanism of action of funds and a list of the best nootropics.

Nootropics: what is it

Nootropic drugs of the new generation are drugs that improve cerebral circulation, the ability to assimilate, and stimulate mental activity. they make the brain more resistant to oxygen starvation and the influence of toxic substances.

A number of substances related to nootropics have a wide spectrum of action. The latest drugs help patients survive psycho-emotional stress, normalize the functioning of the nervous system. When taking this group of funds, nutrition plays an important role. Nootropics increase the resistance of the brain to various adverse effects.

How nootropics work

Natural nootropics can trigger the synthesis of ribonucleic acid and protein compounds in the central nervous system. The drug at the cellular level reduces the appearance of free radicals. The main one is such an action as antioxidant. The main effects of drugs are:

calming;
psychostimulant;
antidepressant;
antiepileptic;
adaptogenic;
mnemotropic;
vasovegetative;
antiparkinsonian;
nootropic;
increased clarity of consciousness and others.

Nootropics of the new latest generation do not cause psychomotor agitation and dependence in patients. They are based on the following processes:

launch of energy processes in neurons;
improving procedures for the processing of polysaccharides;
decrease in the need of nerve cells for oxygen;
suppression of the occurrence of free radicals in cells;
launch of plastic processes in the central nervous system.

New effective nootropics trigger adenylate cyclase, increasing its concentration in nerve cells. Thanks to all the effects, a person's memory, thought processes, attention are strengthened, and the ability to learn increases.

Nootropics for VVD are prescribed to improve the metabolic processes of the nervous tissue and blood supply. But courses of nootropics are only part of complex therapy.

Nootropics and harmful alcohol are incompatible during therapy. Drinking alcohol has a negative effect on the body. Alcohol damages the cells of the nervous system. Stimulants are used to bring the brain into a natural rhythm.

With alcoholism, there will be no therapeutic effect. The drug improves blood flow in the brain, for this reason, alcohol quickly seeps into the tissues and cells of the nervous system. The result is a stronger destructive effect of alcohol.

Indications and contraindications

Modern effective nootropic drugs are prescribed for such problems and autological conditions:

reducing physical activity and mental abilities to zero;
difficulties with concentration and memory;
ischemic stroke;
complications of changes in cerebral blood flow;
stuttering
senile dementia;
neuroinfections;
enuresis;
consequences of TBI.

Important! Medicines can be used in the treatment of such ophthalmic diseases as retinal pathologies of vascular origin, open-angle glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy.

Children's doctors prescribe nootropics of the new latest generation for such ailments:

delayed speech development;
changes in the mental development of the child;
damage to the central nervous system;
mental retardation of varying degrees of manifestation.

Nootropics for children are indicated in case of diagnosing the syndrome.

A nootropic agent cannot be prescribed to patients who have:

hypersensitivity to the components in the composition;
hemorrhagic stroke;
manifested decrease in kidney activity;
bearing a baby and lactation;
chorea of Hettington.

Side effects

Usually, the drug is well tolerated by patients, but in some cases there may be such third-party reactions:

allergic reactions;
night sleep disturbance;
inconsistency in blood pressure;
excessive nervousness;
sleepiness during the day;
dyspeptic pathologies.

In older people, manifestations of coronary insufficiency may become more pronounced. If you take nootropics with severe epilepsy, then seizures may become more frequent.

TOP 9 best nootropics for adults and children: a list of drugs

Consider the best nootropic drugs that can be taken by both adults and children. The best nootropics can improve brain function, human memory, and concentration. After admission, sleep and the general condition of the patient are improved.

Such funds can be released in the form of tablets, syrup, nasal drops. Solutions for intramuscular injection. Drops are instilled into each nasal passage for a long period of time.

Many are interested in the question of which drugs are harmful and which are the most effective and beneficial for the mind. The effectiveness rating is based on patient feedback.

Glycine is used to improve memory and brain function. Glycine has many important functions in the body, primarily in the nervous system. The drug protects against low mental performance, hypertension, aggressiveness, conflict, psycho-emotional stress, poor sleep, bad mood. It is indicated for the complex treatment of craniocerebral injuries, stroke, alcohol poisoning.

The drug is produced in the form of tablets. They should be dissolved, kept under the tongue. The tablets have a sweet taste, so they are well tolerated by children. G Licin is prescribed for such pathologies:

encephalopathy;
traumatic brain injury;
deviant behavior in a child;
ischemic stroke;
prolonged stress;
neuroses and neurosis-like states;
low mental capacity.

With proven efficacy, the drug is prescribed for vegetovascular dystonia. But with dystonia, you will need to consult a doctor.

The drug has practically no prohibitions for use. They are approved for use by infants, women during lactation and pregnancy. You can not use the tool only in case of personal intolerance to the component in the composition.

After taking it, patients noted the following benefits:

cheapness;
no contraindications;
natural components in the composition;
has few side effects.

minus there is a weak efficiency from the application.

Prices for Glycine in online pharmacies:

Phenibut plays an important role in brain activity. Taking the drug normalizes the metabolism of nerve tissues. This means that the cortico-subcortical connections are strengthened, which increases the effectiveness of the interaction between different parts of the cerebral cortex.

Phenibut normalizes the blood circulation of the brain, is useful for memory and attention. Taking the drug helps to improve night sleep, has an antioxidant effect, stimulates the activity of mental processes, and increases the emotional stability of the nervous system. The tool can be used in pediatrics and for the elderly.

Indications for use are:

depression and chronic stress;
changes in the blood supply to the brain;
vestibular disorders;
enuresis;
for the development of speech;
excessive fatigue;
decrease in concentration;
correction of behavior in children;
neuroses;
motion sickness prevention.

The drug should not be given to children under 8 years of age. Also, do not use in case of severe impairment of kidney and liver function.

After taking the drug, the following advantages were noted:

normalizes sleep;
helps with depression;
cheapness.

minus serves what is dispensed with a prescription.

Prices for Phenibut tablets 20 pcs.

Tenoten is the best drug, characterized by anti-anxiety and antidepressant properties. This means that it helps to strengthen the central nervous system. Useful for memory and normal brain function. Does not have a calming effect.

The tool is indicated for use in pediatrics for children with:

moderately pronounced functional lesions of the central nervous system;
anxiety and restlessness;
excessive irritability;
decrease in memory;
chronic stress.

The child tolerates the drug well.

Contraindications are:

personal intolerance;
lactose deficiency;
pregnancy and lactation;
children under 3 years old.

Tenoten adult is not prescribed for children under 18.

The benefits of the drug have been proven and the following advantages have been noted:

opportunity to give to children;
gently affects the nervous system;
absolute compatibility with any other drugs;
does not directly affect the brain;
characterized by good efficiency.

minus is that with severe nervous disorders it has no effect.

Prices for Tenoten online pharmacies:

Prices for Tenoten lozenges 40 pcs.

Prices for Tenoten lozenges 20 pcs.

Piracetam is included in the top list of the best drugs. The active ingredient, as it improves its blood supply. The drug belongs to nootropics and helps to improve cognitive functions. Has an effect on the central nervous system. The agent does not cause a vasodilating effect. Its reception helps to improve microcirculation.

The drug is prescribed for:

treatment of memory disorders;
intellectual disabilities in the absence of a diagnosis of dementia;
strong psychoorganic syndrome, accompanied by dizziness.

The tool must not be used when:

component intolerance;
end-stage renal failure;
hemorrhagic stroke;
chorea of Huntington.

plus is a clear work of the brain after taking.

Minus- at high dosages, there is a difference in the physiological state from drowsiness to overexcitation.

Prices for Piracetam online pharmacies:

Prices for Piracetam capsules 400 mg 60 pcs.

Prices for Piracetam tablets 800 mg 30 pcs.

Prices for Piracetam tablets 200 mg 60 pcs.

Prices for Piracetam tablets 400 mg 60 pcs.

Phenotropil is one of the best remedies, which is characterized by a pronounced antiamnesic effect. Taking this drug affects the integrative activity of the brain. The concentration of a person improves. It has a positive effect on metabolic processes and blood circulation of the brain.

The drug is indicated to be taken with:

diseases of the central nervous system of various nature;
neurotic states that are accompanied by lethargy;
depressive conditions of mild and moderate severity;
psychoorganic syndromes;
convulsive conditions;
for the prevention of alcoholism.

The drug should not be taken in case of personal intolerance to the composition. It is dangerous to use in acute psychotic conditions, atherosclerosis.

The pluses include:

enhances the purposefulness and activity of the body;
increases mental activity and improves brain function.

The disadvantages include:

the high cost of the drug;
the drug has a cumulative effect;
the presence of side effects.

Prices for Phenotropil tablets 100 mg 10 pcs.

Prices for Phenotropil tablets 100 mg 30 pcs.

Prices for Phenotropil tablets 50 mg 10 pcs.

Prices for Phenotropil tablets 50 mg 30 pcs.

Pantogam

Pantogam is characterized by nootropic and anticonvulsant effects. Combines a mild sedative effect with a mild stimulating effect. Improves metabolic processes in alcohol intoxication. Activates mental and physical performance, reduces motor excitability. Able to increase the resistance of the brain to hypoxia.

Adults are prescribed the drug in tablet form. Children are prescribed syrup. The number of drops depends on the patient's disease.

Appointed in such cases:

cognitive impairment in neurotic disorders;
schizophrenia, which is accompanied by cerebral organic insufficiency;
decrease in mental performance;
children with mental retardation;
epilepsy with mental retardation.

The tool should not be used with intolerance to the component, with acute kidney disease, pregnancy and lactation.

The pluses include:

has a mild effect;
practically no side effects.

minus It is believed that extinguishes the nervous system.

Prices for Pantogam online pharmacies:

Prices for Pantogam tablets 250 mg 50 pcs.

Prices for Pantogam active capsules 300 mg 60 pcs.

Prices for Pantogam syrup 100 ml

Prices for Pantogam active capsules 200 mg 60 pcs.

Prices for Pantogam active capsules 300 mg 30 pcs.

Prices for Pantogam tablets 500 mg 50 pcs.

Cortexin

Cortexin is a polypeptide drug that contains the necessary well-chosen composition of polypeptides. It is characterized by a tissue-specific effect on the cerebral cortex. Cortexin normalizes the learning ability of patients, enhances cognitive skills. Improves the functions of the central nervous system after stress and the bioelectric activity of brain cells. The best drug for students.

Nootropic drugs - what are these medicines? You will receive the answer to the question asked from the presented article. In addition, you will learn the history of their occurrence, principles of action, properties, indications and effects from the application.

General information

Nootropic drugs - what is it? Such drugs improve brain function, rejuvenate the body and prolong life. These are neurometabolic stimulants that have an activating effect on learning. In addition, they significantly improve mental activity and memory. The term "nootropic" is made up of two Greek words νους and τροπή, which means "mind" and "change" respectively.

Description

Nootropic drugs do not have their own class in the classification of medical drugs. That is why they were combined with psychostimulants and began to belong to the pharmacotherapeutic group with the following ATC code: N06BX.

History of occurrence

In 1963, the Belgian pharmacologists S. Giurgea and V. Skondia synthesized the first drug from the presented group - Piracetam. Today, such a nootropic drug is known to most patients under the name "Nootropil". Like a psychostimulant in the middle of the 20th century, it increased mental and at the same time did not have any side effects.

In 1972, one of the creators of this drug proposed the term "nootropic" to refer to a group of drugs that improve intellectual memory, learning and attention, and also affect the transcallosal potential, have antihypoxic activity and do not have a negative effect on the body.

Unlike well-known psychostimulants, nootropics stimulate, which further leads to an increase in their activity, which is quantitative, not qualitative. It should be especially noted that the effect of most of these drugs does not appear after the first dose, but with long-term treatment.

Latest Nootropics

At the moment, more than 10 original nootropics of the pyrrolidine series have been synthesized, which are in phase 3 clinical trials or have already been registered in a number of countries. Among these drugs, one can single out Oxiracetam, Nefiracetam, Etiracetam, Aniracetam, Rolziracetam, Isacetam, Pramiracetam, Cebracetam, Dupracetam, Detiracetam, etc. The presented medicines have common name "Racetams".

Among others, other families of nootropic agents have been synthesized, including GABAergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, and peptidergic systems. It should also be noted that the nootropic active ingredient is also present in other medicines that have a different chemical origin.

Operating principle

Nootropic drugs - what are these drugs, and what are they prescribed for? The therapeutic effect of such drugs is based on several mechanisms:

activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system due to increased protein and RNA synthesis;
improvement of the energy state of neurons, which is manifested in increased ATP synthesis, as well as antihypoxic and antioxidant effects;
improved glucose utilization;
strengthening the processes of synaptic transmission in the central nervous system;
membrane stabilizing effect.

Features of drugs

The main mechanisms of such drugs are considered to be their direct effect on bioenergetics and metabolic processes in nerve cells, as well as interaction with brain systems (primarily neurotransmitter systems).

It has long been proven that nootropics are able to activate adenylate cyclase and increase its concentration in the neuron. In addition, an increased level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate leads through a change in the flow of intracellular Ca2+ and K+ ions to a rapid release of the mediator from the sensory neuron.

It should also be noted that activated adenylate cyclase is able to maintain the stability of ATP production in cells without oxygen, and, under hypoxic conditions, transfer brain metabolism to a conserved mode.

Nootropic drugs for the elderly and children are urgently needed to increase their creativity and restore intellectual retardation. Manufacturers of such stimulants claim that their drugs improve the metabolism of nucleic acids, activate the synthesis of protein, ATP and RNA, penetrate the BBB well, and also increase the rate of glucose utilization.

Properties of nootopes

The effect of a number of nootropic drugs is sometimes mediated through the neurotransmitter system of the brain (cholinergic, monoaminergic, glutamatergic).

According to manufacturers, nootropics can also have other types of effects, including:

antioxidant;
membrane stabilizing;
neuroprotective;
antihypoxic.

Other drug options

Nootropics are recommended to be used in combination. After all, this is the only way to improve the bioelectrical activity and integrative activity of the brain, which manifests itself in the form of characteristic changes in electrophysiological patterns (a noticeable increase in the level of wakefulness, as well as a dominant peak, facilitated the passage of information between the hemispheres of the brain, an increase in the relative and absolute power of the EEG spectrum of the hippocampus and cortex).

Due to the increase in cortico-subcortical control, the improvement of information exchange in the brain, the positive effect on the reproduction and formation of a memory trace, we can safely say that such drugs lead to an increase in the ability to learn, improve memory, thinking, attention, perception, as well as the activation of intellectual functions. .

By the way, many manufacturers claim that such tools can significantly improve and accelerate cognitive (or However, these statements have not been scientifically confirmed.

effects

According to manufacturers, nootropic drugs have the following effects on a person:

Are Nootropics Effective for Stroke Prevention?

What are these drugs, we figured out. But this raises a new question about how effective they are in the treatment and prevention of strokes. It should be noted that this practice is questionable. This is due to the fact that the use of nootropics in relation to such deviations has not been confirmed.

Clinical Application

Before explaining why such drugs are used in official medicine, it should be noted that nootropic drugs without prescriptions from attending physicians are not dispensed in pharmacies. This is due to the fact that they belong to the same drug group as strong psychostimulants.

Initially, the drugs presented were used to treat brain disorders in older people with an organic brain syndrome. Although in the past few years (usually in third world countries) they have become quite widely used in various fields of medicine, including surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, neurology, narcology, as well as obstetric and geriatric practices.

Thus, nootropic drugs are used by doctors for:

Indications for children

In developing countries, the presented funds are especially common in pediatrics. Thus, nootropic drugs are prescribed for children with:

mental retardation;
delayed speech and mental development;
children's cerebral palsy;
the consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system;
attention deficit disorder.

Other indications for use

The best nootropic drug is the drug that has a pronounced therapeutic effect and does not negatively affect the human body. It should be noted that such funds are sometimes used for:

stuttering ("Pantogam", "Phenibut");
correction of neuroleptic syndrome ("Hopantenic acid", "Pyritinol", "Deanol aceglumate", "Pantogam");
hyperkinesis ("Hopantenic acid", "Phenibut", "Memantine");
urination disorder ("Pantogam", "Nicotinoyl-GABA");
sleep disorders ("Fenibut", "Calcium gamma-hydroxybutyrate", "Glycine");
migraine ("Pyritinol", "Nicotinoyl-GABA", "Semax");
dizziness ("Ginkgo biloba", "Phenibut", "Piracetam");
for the prevention of motion sickness ("GABA", "Phenibut").

By the way, in ophthalmic practice, such drugs are used as part of combination therapy for open-angle glaucoma, vascular diseases of the retina and macular degeneration (Nicotinoyl-GABA), as well as senile and diabetic retinopathy (Ginkgo biloba).

Natural Nootropics

In addition to drugs, natural substances with similar properties are often used to obtain a therapeutic effect. Of course, natural nootropics are not as effective as pharmacological agents, but within a few weeks after use, patients still begin to notice an improvement in cognitive functions and so on.

Nootropic drugs include a large group of psychotropic drugs that help a person get rid of numerous effects on his nervous system. The newest nootropics are devoid of many of the dangerous side effects that were characteristic of the first generation of medicines, and are considered quite safe.

Modern nootropic drugs (neurometabolic stimulants) or simply nootropics are a large group of drugs that have such an effect on the brain when its mental functions improve. As a result, the action of these drugs activates the thinking and memory ability (cognitive functions), increases the resistance of the brain to the influence of negative exogenous factors - lack of oxygen, polluted atmosphere, toxins, stress and emotional overload, traumatic impact. In other words, they have an important ability to reduce neurological deficits.

The basic principle of action of nootropics is based on their active participation in the metabolism and biological energy of neurons, and is also carried out by influencing the mediators of neuroprocesses in the brain. In particular, they increase the level of adenylate cyclase in nerve cells and accelerate the production of ATP, which significantly affects cellular energy. The effect on the production of RNA and some protein substances leads to an acceleration of plastic processes in the nervous system.

As a result of a series of metabolic transformations, serotonin is released, which is a catalyst for intracellular potassium and calcium ions. Adenosine triphosphoric acid helps maintain the rate of metabolic processes in oxygen deficiency, which reduces the risk of oxygen starvation. Finally, nootropics optimize glucose utilization.

The best nootropics can have the following effects:

Stabilization of membranes due to the normalization of phospholipid and protein synthesis, as well as streamlining the structure of membrane cells.
Antioxidant capacity as a result of slowing down the formation of free radicals and lipid oxidation.
The antihypoxic effect is due to a decrease in oxygen consumption.
Neuroprotection is characterized by an increase in the resistance of neurons to the action of aggressive exogenous factors.
Improving blood microcirculation by improving the penetration of red blood cells through the vascular walls and blocking the production of platelets.
Improving electrophysiological patterns, which provides easier signal transmission between the hemispheres, increasing the level of wakefulness and the power of the EEG of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This ultimately leads to the optimization of integrative brain function.
Optimization of the control of cortico-subcortical processes, information exchange between brain regions, formation of a memory imprint. These effects provide an improvement in mindfulness, mental response, memory, perception of information, and contributes to an increase in intelligence and cognitive functions.

When are nootropics prescribed?

Neotropic drugs were developed to correct brain dysfunctions and were intended mainly for the elderly. The development of pharmacology in this direction has made it possible to significantly expand the capabilities of nootropics, which makes it possible to use them in various branches of medicine (neurology, psychiatry, pediatrics, surgery, gynecology, etc.).

Dementia of various types, incl. in Alzheimer's disease, vascular and senile pathologies.
Cerebrovascular pathologies of a chronic nature.
Syndrome of psychoorganic defeat.
Post-traumatic syndrome caused by circulatory disorders as a result of damage to the skull.
Severe intoxication.
Diseases caused by the penetration of neuroinfection.
Deviations of the intellectual-mnestic, asthenic, depressive nature.
neurotic disorders.
Dystonia of the vegetative-vascular system.
Chronic alcoholism and associated pathologies such as encephalopathy, abstinence.
Lagging mental development.

A child, like an adult, in some cases needs psychotropic therapy. Nootropic drugs for children are recalled in pediatrics with amino acid deficiency, leading to a deterioration in protein synthesis and, in general, to a violation of metabolic processes. The reasons for the appointment of such funds are the following circumstances - a significant lag in the mental and speech development of the child; a noticeable deviation in mental development; signs of congenital, perinatal disorders of the nervous system; cerebral paralysis; pronounced signs of attention deficit disorder.

Neotropics of the new generation cope well with some other diseases that are affected by processes occurring in the brain. According to the decision of a specialist, nootropics can be used in such conditions:

Elimination of manifestations of neuroleptic syndrome. Hopantenic acid, Pantogam and other drugs can be used.
Treatment of stuttering and hyperkinesis. The drug Phenibut is effective.
In case of violations in the urinary organs, Pantogam may be prescribed.
Glycine helps fight chronic insomnia.
For migraines, Pyritinol or Semax is recommended.
Such an unpleasant phenomenon as motion sickness and "seasickness" can be treated with Phenibut.
Complex therapy of ophthalmic problems often includes the use of Nicotinoil.

When Problems Might Occur

Nootropics also have contraindications in circumstances where their use can cause negative consequences. They can not be taken with individual intolerance to the main active substance or any additional ingredient of the drug; severe course of renal failure, both in acute and chronic form; at the acute stage of hemorrhagic stroke; congenital chorea of Hettington associated with a degenerative lesion of the central nervous system. Only in exceptional cases is it possible to prescribe drugs to pregnant women and nursing mothers. With extreme caution, nootropics are given to young children and only after reaching 1 year.

New nootropics are fairly well tolerated by patients. However, individual reactions are possible in the form of such side effects - the appearance of an incomprehensible anxious feeling; temporary insomnia at night and craving for sleep during the day; irritability; jumps in blood pressure; dyspeptic disorders; allergic reactions of various kinds. In elderly people, when taking nootropics, in rare cases, cardiological problems are recorded, in particular, heart failure.

What are the drugs

The list of nootropics includes many drugs divided into groups that differ in chemical composition, direction, and mechanism of action. The following main categories are distinguished.

Stimulators of metabolic processes in neurons:

Based on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The main representatives are Phenibut, Picamilon and Aminalon. Hopantenic acid is considered an analogue.
Compounds based on pyrrolidone (racetam). The most common drugs are Piracetam and Phenylpiracetam. Derivatives such as Aniracetam, Oxiracetam and Pramiracetam may be prescribed.
Pantothenic acid derivatives - Pantogam.
When using the active substance dimethylaminoethanol, Acefen and Centrophenoxine are produced. Popular drugs such as Phenotropil and Meclofenoxate have gained popularity.
Preparations containing amino acids and peptides. The most famous are Glycine, Actovegin, Biotredin and Cerebrolysin. Popular neuropeptides - Noopept, Semax, Selank. Polypeptides include Cortexin, Cerebramin.

Drugs to reduce the effects of hypoxia. The best remedy is hydroxymethylethylpyridine succinate.

Nootropics with the effect of vitamin-like substances or adaptogens. These include funds based on folic and succinic acids, vitamins E and B15, ginseng root. Idebenone stands out in this category.

Preparations for the normalization of the state of blood vessels (vasotropes). They help to get rid of cerebral problems. Stand out - Instenon, Cinnarizine. Vinpocetine may be prescribed.

Memory improvement is achieved using nootropics of the following subgroups:

cholinomimetic and anticholesterase drugs - Amiridin and Choline;
hormonal type drugs - Corticotropin, ACTH, as well as a number of drugs related to endorphins and enkephalins.

A significant difference in the effectiveness of nootropics is found when considering such a feature as the time of their development. Older designs or first-generation drugs continue to be used, but they have an increased risk of side effects. These funds are mainly derivatives of Piracetam - most of the racetams.

The most popular drugs

Currently, depending on the type of psychogenic deviation, first and second generation nootropics are used, as well as tools from the latest developments. You can make an indicative list of the most popular nootropic drugs:

Piracetam or similar products (Lucetam, Nootropil). The form of introduction into the body - tablets for oral administration, intramuscular injections and intravenous droppers. The most characteristic effects are the normalization of metabolic processes and blood circulation. Given that Piracetam belongs to the first generation of drugs, side effects such as an increase in platelet levels, leading to a deterioration in blood clotting, can be expected.
Pramiracetam is available in tablet form. Although it belongs to the old developments, it has high cognitive properties, which helps to improve memory. Possesses sedative abilities. Can be used for a long course of therapy. The drug should not be taken in renal failure.
Cavinton. Analogues are Neurovin and Vinpocetine. In addition to neuralgia, this drug is recommended for certain ophthalmic pathologies and hearing problems. The course of admission is quite long - 2-7 months. During the acute phase of the disease, it is administered by injection, and as the disease weakens, the transition to tablets is made.
Phenibut. You can use its analogues - Bifren and Noobut. Release form - tablets, powder for injection solutions, capsules. This nootropic is effective for increasing mental response and physical performance, relieving stress, getting rid of anxious feelings and phobias, and improving sleep quality. It is prescribed for hypoxia. Useful when traveling on water, because. eliminates the effect of pitching. The course of treatment lasts 30-40 days. The drug should not be taken simultaneously with sedative drugs and sleeping pills.
Hopantenic acid (often sold under the name Pantogam). It is recommended to reduce the excitability of a motor character. A positive effect is detected within 25-30 days after the start of administration, but the full course can be 5-6 months.
Glycine. Best known as an anti-stress drug. Helps to relieve excessive excitability and irritability. It has a pronounced sedative effect, and also contributes to the normalization of metabolism in the body.
Cerebrolysin. It is used for serious lesions of the central nervous system, incl. useful in Alzheimer's disease. It is most often administered by injection, and is most widely used in the treatment of post-traumatic syndrome and the consequences of a stroke.
Encephabol. It can be prescribed for both adults and children, in the latter case, a suspension with additives that improve palatability is used. The drug belongs to strong neuroprotectors and antioxidants with high cognitive abilities.

Drugs of the latest generations

Pharmacology around the world is taking active measures to improve nootropics, resulting in more effective and safe drugs. The following nootropics have gained popularity:

Phezam - is used to normalize the blood supply to the brain, improve protein metabolism and energy. It has vasodilating properties.
Phenylpiracetam - necessary in the period after stroke rehabilitation. Often used to improve memory, concentration, to eliminate convulsive phenomena.
Noopept is especially effective for normalizing cognitive brain functions, eliminating anxiety and phobias, and chronic headaches of a neurogenic nature.
Selank - helps to relieve stress surges, eliminate the needy state. It increases the mental reaction, fights apathy and a gloomy mood.

In child psychiatry and pediatrics, nootropics also find their rightful place. For babies, these drugs are available in the form of granules for making syrup or in the form of ready-made syrup. The most characteristic appointment for cerebral, encephalopathic disorders, as well as a significant lag in intellectual development and lack of memory. For children, stimulant drugs such as Picamilon and Cogitum can be recommended, as well as drugs with a sedative effect - Cortexin and Phenibut.