Picked up nootropics. Good quality latest generation nootropics: list, price. There are such indications of nootropics for their appointment

The nervous system of a newly born person is still immature. It will improve over the years. It is not surprising that caring parents peer intently at their crumbs - but does he have any deviations?

Is your baby restless before bed? Sometimes the chin trembles, arms and legs twitch, does the baby spit up profusely and often, lag behind in development from their peers? Does the little one have a delay in speech development or does he not want to sit down and walk in the average period? All these symptoms can be a sign of both natural immaturity of the nervous system for crumbs, and a serious illness.

When the question arises, as they say, with an edge, parents and pediatricians have no time to wait whether the alarming symptoms will pass over time.

After all, the older the child, the more difficult it is to correct deviations caused by neurological pathologies. In this situation, children are prescribed nootropic drugs. You should not be afraid - according to statistics, they are prescribed to every third baby.

What it is?

Nootropics are neurometabolic stimulants. Simply put, drugs that actively affect the higher mental functions of the brain, improve blood circulation and the functioning of the nervous system, and stimulate metabolic processes in nerve tissues. In the international classification, nootropics do not have a separate group; they are combined with psychostimulants. But this is also not a cause for concern.

Action

Nootropic action is based on several processes. They improve the energy state of nerve cells (neurons), accelerate the processes occurring in the central nervous system, saturate the brain with oxygen, strengthen the membranes of nerve cells, and increase the speed of impulses in the brain. As a result, the metabolic processes in the brain are significantly improved, memory "strengthens", perception "revives". Nootropics have a positive effect on the mechanisms of thinking, increase intellectual abilities. It is for this that nootropics got their second unofficial name - “cognition stimulants”.

Nootropic drugs come in various classifications, in total there are more than 20 types. There are over a hundred titles.

Indications for use

Nootropic drugs for children are prescribed for the following diseases and conditions:

• Lag in the development of the child's psyche,
• speech development delay,
• The consequences of intrauterine suffering of the baby, during which the central nervous system was affected,
• Head injuries (concussion, TBI)
• attention deficit disorder,
• Various forms of mental retardation,

In addition, certain types of nootropic drugs are likely to be prescribed for severe stuttering, sleep disturbance in a child, urination disorders, migraines, and severe dizziness. Nootropics are used to treat hyperkinesias (these are chaotic convulsive random movements of the arms and legs in children), as well as to prevent motion sickness. In addition, nootropic drugs for the treatment of children are used in ophthalmology, toxicology, and traumatology.

Pros and cons

Despite its rather positive effect on the body, controversy and scientific discussions around nootropics do not subside. These drugs are widely used only in Russia and the countries of the former CIS. Probably because they began to be used in our medicine in the middle of the 20th century. European and American doctors, for example, refuse to prescribe nootropics to their little patients.

The reason is that the effectiveness and benefits of nootropics have not yet been scientifically proven. Although everyone agrees that there is no particular harm from them either. And what then is the point of treating everyone and everything with nootropics, if, of course, we are not talking about the list of diseases indicated above? This opinion, in particular, is shared by well-known doctors Roshal and Komarovsky. Some experts even suggest moving nootropic drugs from the category of medicines to the category of dietary supplements.

What drugs can a doctor prescribe?

• The main and very first nootropic in history, the "founding father" of all other drugs in this family, is Piracetam. Most Russians and residents of the countries of the former CIS are also familiar with other synonymous names: Nootropil, Cerebril, Lutsetam, Oykamid, etc.

Piracetam was synthesized more than half a century ago. The drug has a beneficial effect on the brain, stimulates memory, increases the ability to intellectual stress and motivates learning, promotes concentration. Available in capsules, ampoules and tablets. Piracetam is not recommended for children under one year old. In addition, this drug is not suitable for babies with psychomotor agitation.

Among the side effects from taking Piracetam are insomnia, impaired coordination of movements, irritability, confusion.

• Another very popular drug among Russian pediatricians is Pantogam. It is a nootropic anticonvulsant. Available in the form of tablets and syrup. His doctor can prescribe to your baby from the first days of life.

  The drug improves the condition of children with various forms of cerebral palsy, schizophrenia, autism. In addition, Pantogam helps with urinary incontinence, children's nervous tics, hyperactivity syndrome and delayed speech development. Side effects are minimized, to drowsiness and an allergic reaction to any component of Pantogam.

• Picamilon is a nootropic drug that expands the vessels of the brain, an analogue of Piracetam. Among other things, it has a psychostimulating and mild tranquilizing effect. Available in ampoules for intravenous and intramuscular administration and in tablets. Not recommended for children under 3 years old.

  Often, Picamilon is prescribed to overly anxious, emotionally unstable children. In addition, this nootropic is taken to increase endurance in conditions of physical and mental overload, for example, by athletes.

Side effects include headache, nausea, itchy skin. The drug should not be taken by a child with kidney problems.

• Phenibut is a modern nootropic that is often prescribed to children. It stimulates the activity of the nervous system, increases mental performance, improves memory, helps students cope with overload in the learning process. The effect of a tranquilizer helps relieve anxiety, irritability, improve sleep. Available in tablets and powders. This drug is low-toxic, and therefore it is prescribed to children from 2 years old. Side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea.

• Pyritinol is a nootropic agent with a slight sedative effect. Often it is advised to take it in depressive states, vegetative - vascular dystonia, increased fatigue, mental retardation. Suitable for children from 1 year old. It has a fairly large list of side effects from nausea to polymyositis, dyspnea and loss of taste sensations.

• Cinnarizine (synonyms Balcinnarzine, Vertizin, Diziron, Cinnaron, Cyrizin) is a nootropic, the instructions for use of which say that it is not recommended for children under 12 years of age. However, many doctors have long been prescribing this drug to babies up to a year old, and claim its positive effect. However, the effectiveness of the drug has not been proven, but side effects in patients were recorded. With this drug, they are satisfied with serious: violations of the liver and kidneys, pressure drop, headaches. Cinnarizine is available in capsules and tablets.

• Semax is one of the pediatricians' favorite nootropics. It is available in the form of drops in the nose, and therefore it is convenient to use it even for the smallest patients. Semax comes to the rescue in cases where children have a delay in speech development, sleep disturbances, hyperexcitability, capriciousness. Among the side effects are dizziness, irritation of the nasal mucosa.

• The simplest aminoacetic acid Glycine can be an excellent option. It has all the advantages of nootropics, but is devoid of frightening side effects. Glycine is prescribed for babies of any age. The drug regulates the processes of excitation and inhibition. As a result, the child's attention increases, learning significantly improves, night sleep normalizes.

It is almost impossible to list all the drugs of the nootropic family, there are a lot of them, besides, the pharmaceutical industry does not stand still, and almost every year presents something new. It is profitable to look for new formulas in nootropic drugs, because these funds are quite in demand by both adults and children.

• From the "new products" I would like to note the Japanese nootropic Gammalon. The cost of this drug exceeds the cost of its ancestor Piracetam by more than 100 times. A package of a drug from the country of the Rising Sun costs about 2,500 rubles per package (100 tablets).

According to reviews on the Internet, it helps even children with severe forms of autism and cerebral palsy, alleviates their condition. But a number of physicians have doubts about Gammalon. The fact is that even a superficial analysis of the instructions for use for observant patients can suggest that the composition of the Japanese “miracle drug” contains only one amino acid - gamma-aminobutyric.

A nootropic with the same exact composition is Aminalon. Only it costs only 99 rubles. A practical approach to the issue suggests that the Japanese Gammalon is just a successful marketing ploy, especially since its effectiveness and benefits, like those of other nootropic drugs, have not yet been scientifically proven.

Conclusion about diagnostics in Russia

In Russia, a peculiar practice of diagnostics has developed. Doctors in the clinic, for the sake of "reinsurance", can make a neurological or even psychiatric diagnosis for any child with increased excitability, very mobile or anxious. By and large, there would be a person, but there would be a diagnosis.

Doctors cannot be blamed for this. They are ordered by the Ministry of Health. After all, missing the beginning of the disease is even worse. Parents begin to treat the baby with nootropic drugs prescribed by a cautious doctor, not really knowing whether they are harmful. With a real-life disease, nootropics are effective, but in the case of medical "reinsurance", the drug will bring absolutely nothing to a healthy child, except for possible "side effects".

Doctors do not have precise and uniform criteria for assessing the behavior of young children. Therefore, it is quite difficult to draw a line between an ordinary restless child and a child with a neurological disease.

Despite all the methods of diagnosis, the solution to the dilemma "Norm or pathology" falls on the shoulders of the doctor and ultimately will be determined only by him. And this is fertile ground for medical errors and those same reinsurance "just in case."

The main principle of any doctor is “Do no harm”, and testing drugs on a child in search of an opportunity to finally get a list of drugs with proven effectiveness is at least short-sighted and unethical. Let laboratory animals fill up the statistics better.

For more information about nootropics, see the following video.

Side effects of nootropics

S. Yu. Shtrygol, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, T. V. Kortunova, Ph.D. farm. Sciences, Associate Professor, D. V. Shtrygol, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, National Pharmaceutical University, Kharkov

The last 30 years have been marked by an increasing use of nootropics. The term "nootropic drug" (from the Greek noos thinking, mind; tropos desire) was proposed in 1972 by S. Giurgea (Dzhurgea) to refer to drugs that have a specific activating effect on the integrative functions of the brain, stimulate learning, memory and mental activities that increase the resistance of the brain to damaging factors, improve cortico-subcortical connections. Nootropics are also called neurometabolic cerebroprotectors, and in the English literature the term cognitive enhancer is often used.

The prototype of this group is piracetam, synthesized by Strubbe (pharmaceutical company UCB, Belgium) in 1963 and initially studied as an antikinetic drug. Only a few years later it turned out that piracetam facilitates learning processes and improves memory, but, unlike classical psychostimulants, does not cause such side effects as speech and motor arousal, depletion of the body's functionality with prolonged use, addiction and addiction. Based on these studies, S. Giurgea identified a new class of drugs nootropics in the classification of psychotropic drugs.

The nootropic concept has become the largest contribution to the development of psychopharmacology, both in applied and fundamental terms. In a short time, a significant number of drugs were created that are used primarily to correct disturbed memory functions, as well as to reduce the level of vital activity that occurs with many diseases and extreme effects. Nootropics are also indicated for disorders of adaptation and mental activity during aging, including presenile and senile dementia. As M. Windish emphasizes, dementia occupies a special place in the list of indications, since in industrialized countries an increasingly important problem is the rapid increase in the elderly part of the population and the increase in the frequency of diseases associated with age.

In addition, nootropics are used for disorders of cerebral circulation, intoxication (including alcohol), withdrawal symptoms, sleep deprivation, fatigue, asthenic and depressive conditions after traumatic brain injuries and neuroinfections, as well as for correcting the side effects of psychopharmacotherapy (in the treatment of neuroleptics, antidepressants, psychostimulants). In pediatric practice, nootropic drugs are used to treat cerebrovascular disease, encephalopathy, intellectual disability, disorders that develop in premature babies as a result of intrauterine hypoxia and other damaging effects.

A feature of nootropics is the possibility of their use not only by sick people, but also by healthy people in extreme situations to relieve mental fatigue, improve mental performance.

In general, nootropic drugs are characterized by relatively low toxicity and relatively infrequent development of undesirable effects. According to OA Gromova, the latter are observed in slightly more than 5% of patients, but the widespread use of these drugs requires systematization of knowledge of their side effects. However, first it is necessary to dwell on the classification of nootropic drugs.

Nootropics include numerous drugs with different chemical structures and mechanisms of action. This circumstance alone makes it difficult to classify them. In addition, for a number of drugs, memory improvement is the leading pharmacological effect (they are sometimes referred to as "true" nootropics, such as piracetam and its analogues). For most drugs, nootropic action is only one of the components of pharmacodynamics. So, many GABAergic drugs, along with nootropics, have anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, antihypoxic effects (even such terms as "nootropic agent", "tranquilonotropic" etc.). The nootropic effect may be associated with an improvement in cerebral circulation (vinpocetine, nicergoline and other cerebrovasoactive drugs). Such polyvalent preparations are sometimes referred to as "Neuroprotectors".

The most complete classification of drugs with nootropic activity (about 100 drugs) is given by T. A. Voronina and S. B. Seredenin (1998). Their main groups are presented in the table.

Table. Basic drugs with nootropic action

pyrrolidone derivatives

Considering the side effects of nootropic drugs, let's start with the historically first group - pyrrolidone derivatives, or racetams. Today, more than 1,500 substances of this structure have been obtained, but only about 12 drugs are used in medical practice. The multicomponent mechanism of their action includes not only activation of energy metabolism, increased synthesis of RNA, protein, phospholipids, facilitation of cholinergic transmission, but also improved blood circulation in the brain.

The main and most commonly used representative of this group is piracetam. Its side effects are rare and mainly in the mentally ill. These effects include dizziness, tremors, nervousness, irritability. Sleep disturbances are possible mainly insomnia, less often drowsiness. Due to the risk of sleep disturbances, piracetam should not be taken at night. In isolated cases, when using piracetam, sexual arousal is noted. Sometimes there are dyspeptic phenomena: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. In elderly patients, exacerbation of coronary insufficiency is occasionally possible. In such cases, it is recommended to reduce the dose or stop taking the drug.

Piracetam is contraindicated in acute renal failure, pregnancy (especially in the first trimester), breastfeeding (stop for the duration of treatment), in infancy (up to 1 year). According to the data summarized by A.P. Kiryushchenkov and M.L. Tarakhovskiy, G.V. Kovalev, the effect of piracetam and many other nootropic agents on the fetus has not been studied enough, although experimental data indicate the absence of embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. Obviously, in-depth studies are needed, including elucidation of the possible long-term effects of the long-term effect of piracetam on the fetus. At the same time, there are indications of a positive effect of high doses of piracetam (up to 3-10 g) on ​​distress syndrome in newborns (the drug was administered intravenously to parturient women).

Relative contraindications associated with the side effects of piracetam are states of psychomotor agitation (manic, hebephrenic, catatonic, hallucinatory-paranoid, psychopathic). Special care is needed when deciding whether to prescribe piracetam to patients with increased convulsive readiness, as well as in severe diseases of the cardiovascular system with severe arterial hypotension. There are indications that it is not advisable to prescribe the drug to children with diabetes mellitus, with a history of allergic reactions to the use of fruit juices, essences, etc. When treating with piracetam in granules, it is recommended to exclude sweets from the diet.

Drugs that enhance cholinergic processes

Currently, this group of nootropics is developing most rapidly, since it is with it that progress in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is associated. The use of classical pyrrolidone drugs in this disease usually brings only a temporary effect, followed by a rapidly progressive decline in memory and intelligence. Since the mechanisms of mnestic disorders in Alzheimer's disease are mainly associated with a deficiency of cholinergic transmission in the brain, the use of drugs that enhance it has the greatest positive effect. The leading place today is occupied by anticholinesterase drugs, namely amyridine and tacrine. They contribute to the accumulation of acetylcholine due to the inhibition of the cholinesterase enzyme that destroys it.

Amiridin has not only central, but also peripheral anticholinergic action. Therefore, its relatively infrequent side effects include hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, increased peristalsis, diarrhea, and bradycardia. In addition, the drug may cause dizziness.

Amyridine is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity, as well as in diseases where increased cholinergic transmission is associated with a risk of worsening the condition: epilepsy, extrapyramidal and vestibular disorders, angina pectoris, bradycardia, peptic ulcer. In addition, amyridine should not be prescribed during pregnancy and lactation.

Tacrine has more known side effects. The frequency is dominated by ataxia (discoordination of movements, instability), anorexia (loss of appetite), abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and hepatotoxic effects. Less common side effects from the cardiovascular system (bradycardia or tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, arterial hyper- or hypotension), hypersalivation, rhinitis, sweating, skin rash, swelling of the feet and ankles, fainting. In isolated cases, there are bronchial obstruction (difficulty breathing, a feeling of pressure in the chest, cough), changes in mood and psyche (aggressiveness, irritability), extrapyramidal disorders (stiffness and trembling of the limbs), obstruction of the urinary tract (difficulty urinating).

The list of contraindications to the appointment of tacrine is quite large. Along with hypersensitivity to this drug or other acridine derivatives, it includes bronchial asthma, arterial hypotension, bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome, epilepsy, head injuries with loss of consciousness, increased intracranial pressure (in this case, the development of convulsive syndrome is facilitated), obstruction of the gastrointestinal intestinal tract or urinary tract, liver dysfunction (even in history), Parkinson's disease and symptomatic parkinsonism, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.

Antagonists of anticholinesterase drugs are m-cholinergic blockers. However, the use of the latter for the correction of side effects cannot be considered justified, since the blockade of cholinergic receptors in the brain aggravates mnestic disorders in Alzheimer's disease. It is advisable to select doses of anticholinesterase agents that are well tolerated by patients.

Another approach to enhance cholinergic transmission involves increasing the synthesis of the mediator acetylcholine. This mechanism of action is gliatilin (choline alfoscerate). In the body, it is broken down into choline and glycerophosphate. Choline is used for the synthesis of acetylcholine, and glycerophosphate is used for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in neuronal membranes. Unlike anticholinesterase drugs, gliatilin is almost devoid of side effects. May cause nausea, apparently associated with the activation of dopaminergic transmission and, if necessary, eliminated by antiemetic drugs (metoclopramide, etc.). Allergic reactions to gliatilin are extremely rare. It is contraindicated in case of individual hypersensitivity, it is not recommended for use during pregnancy and lactation.

GABAergic drugs

The mechanisms of the nootropic effect exerted by GABAergic substances are associated both with an increase in energy processes in the brain (activation of Krebs cycle enzymes, an increase in glucose utilization by brain cells), and with an improvement in cerebral blood flow, its autoregulation. The GABAergic component is also inherent in the mechanism of action of piracetam, which can be considered as a cyclic analogue of GABA.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (aminalon, gammalon) usually well tolerated. Only sometimes such side effects as a feeling of heat, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, dyspeptic disorders, fluctuations in blood pressure (in the first days of treatment, are associated with the vasoactive properties of GABA), an increase in body temperature are possible. When the dose is reduced, these phenomena usually pass quickly. This drug is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to it.

Using pantogam (hopantenic acid) allergic reactions (rhinitis, conjunctivitis, skin rash) are possible, disappearing with the withdrawal of the drug. Pantogam is contraindicated in severe acute kidney disease, as well as in the first trimester of pregnancy.

When prescribing picamilon, which predominantly intensifies the GABA metabolic shunt, irritability, agitation, anxiety, dizziness, headache, mild nausea are possible. In these cases, you need to reduce the dose. Occasionally, an allergic rash and itching of the skin occur, requiring discontinuation of the drug. Contraindications, along with individual intolerance, are acute and chronic kidney disease.

Phenibut, due to increased inhibitory GABA-ergic processes, can cause such a side effect as drowsiness during the first doses. Sometimes allergic reactions are noted. Contraindicated in case of individual intolerance, liver failure.

sodium hydroxybutyrate, combining nootropic, antihypoxic, hypothermic, sedative, hypnotic, anesthetic effects, has side effects most often with rapid intravenous administration. The drug is capable of causing motor excitation, convulsive twitching of the limbs and tongue, even cases of respiratory arrest are known. Therefore, a slow introduction of sodium hydroxybutyrate into a vein is necessary. During recovery from anesthesia, motor and speech excitation is possible. When used in high doses, it sometimes causes nausea and vomiting. Some patients experience daytime sleepiness. With prolonged use of large doses of the drug, hypokalemia may develop (the corrector for this side effect is potassium chloride, asparkam, panangin).

Contraindications to the use of sodium oxybutyrate are hypokalemia, myasthenia gravis (due to the muscle relaxant property), epilepsy, severe arterial hypertension, eclampsia, delirium tremens. It should not be prescribed for glaucoma. Due to the hypnosedative effect, sodium oxybutyrate should not be used during the daytime for people whose work requires a quick physical or mental reaction.

Glutamatergic drugs

The glutamatergic system plays one of the important roles in the implementation of synaptic plasticity and higher integrative functions of the brain, including the processes of learning and memory. Therefore, it is being intensively studied as a target for pharmacological action. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter, and glutamate receptors (particularly NMDA receptors) are increasingly involved in the mechanisms of memory impairment in various CNS diseases.

Glycine, which is a non-essential amino acid and affects the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, is well tolerated and has virtually no side effects. This drug can be considered contraindicated only in case of individual intolerance.

Memantine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, along with a nootropic effect, has a neuroprotective effect, is able to correct movement disorders in various lesions of the brain and spinal cord. The drug can cause a number of side effects from the central nervous system. These include dizziness, anxiety, including motor anxiety, a feeling of fatigue, heaviness in the head. In addition, nausea is sometimes possible. Contraindications to the appointment of memantine are confusion and severe renal dysfunction, since this slows down the excretion of the drug.

Neuropeptides and their analogues

The peptidergic direction of memory correction is also promising. A significant number of drugs of this group are being developed, many of which, obviously, will soon appear on the pharmaceutical market. Let us dwell on two drugs semax and cerebrolysin.

Semax is a synthetic analogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone, but lacks hormonal activity. This drug, used intranasally, exhibits nootropic and adaptogenic effects. The drug is well tolerated, there is no information about its side effects. Semax is contraindicated during pregnancy, breastfeeding, acute psychotic conditions.

Cerebrolysin is a complex of neuropeptides (15%) with a molecular weight of not more than 10,000 daltons, free amino acids (85%) and trace elements (O. A. Gromova, 2000) obtained from the brain of young pigs. It has been used as a neuroprotector and nootropic for over 20 years. Recently, it has been proven that the neuroprotective activity of cerebrolysin is associated mainly with the peptide fraction. The drug has a multimodal effect increases the intensity of energy metabolism, protein synthesis in the brain, exhibits anti-radical, membrane-protective and neurotrophic activity, inhibits the release of excitatory amino acids (glutamate), improves cerebral blood flow.

Cerebrolysin shows good tolerance. Its side effects are infrequent and are represented by an increase in body temperature (pyrogenic reaction), which occurs mainly with rapid intravenous administration. Therefore, it is necessary to administer the drug intravenously by drip.

Cerebrolysin is contraindicated in acute renal failure, in the first trimester of pregnancy, in convulsive conditions, including epilepsy, and allergic diathesis. It should be noted that this drug is one of the few highly effective neuroprotectors that can be used in neuropediatric practice and even prescribed to newborns.

Considering cerebrolysin, one should dwell on such a brain hydrolyzate containing neuropeptides as cerebrolysate. The latter cannot be considered an analogue of Cerebrolysin either in terms of composition or pharmacotherapeutic efficacy and safety. Cerebrolysate obtained from the brain of adult cows contains high molecular weight neuropeptide fractions. It carries a potential danger due to the possibility of transmission of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy virus ("rabies" of cows), which causes an incurable neurodegenerative disease in humans - Creutzfeld's disease. Cerebrolysate should not be injected into a vein, and when administered intramuscularly, it often causes severe irritation. The appointment of cerebrolysate to children is unacceptable.

Antioxidants and membrane protectors

Free radical processes that damage the neuron membrane are involved in the basic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity disorders, memory and learning processes. Many nootropics have a multicomponent mechanism of action, including anti-radical properties. However, such drugs as mexidol, meclofenoxate, pyritinol have a particularly pronounced antioxidant effect.

Since 1993, Mexidol has been used in the clinic, which contains a residue of succinic acid and has a pronounced nootropic and neuroprotective activity. Along with antioxidant and membrane-protective action (inhibition of free-radical oxidation processes, activation of superoxide dismutase, lipid-regulating properties), it increases the intensity of cerebral blood flow, inhibits platelet aggregation, modulates GABA-, benzodiazepine- and cholinergic transmission. The drug is well tolerated and rarely side effects, which include nausea, dry mouth, drowsiness (the latter mainly when using high doses). Mexidol is contraindicated in acute disorders of the liver and kidneys. The experiment did not reveal embryotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic effects of the drug.

Meclofenoxate (Cerutil) also well tolerated, only occasionally causing sleep disturbances (therefore, it is not recommended to take the drug later than 16 hours), anxiety, slight pain in the stomach, heartburn, increased appetite. In rare cases, allergic skin reactions are possible. A feature of meclofenoxate is the ability to exacerbate psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations in which the drug is contraindicated), as well as contribute to the emergence of fear and anxiety. It is not recommended to prescribe the drug with a pronounced state of anxiety and arousal. With regard to pregnancy, meclofenoxate can be used if there is a strong indication.

Pyritinol (pyriditol, encephabol), which is a molecule of pyridoxine (vitamin B6, which has an antihypoxic effect) doubled with the help of a disulfide bridge, is devoid of vitamin activity. It exhibits pronounced nootropic properties in combination with antidepressant and sedative effects, being a low-toxic drug. Comparatively infrequent side effects include nausea, headache, insomnia, irritability, in children - psychomotor agitation, sleep disturbance. In such cases, the dose of the drug is reduced, do not prescribe it in the evening. In addition, in some cases, there may be a decrease in appetite, a change in taste, cholestasis, an increase in the level of transaminases, dizziness, fatigue, leukopenia, joint pain, lichen planus, skin allergic reactions, hair loss.

Pyriditol is contraindicated in severe psychomotor agitation, convulsive conditions, including epilepsy, severe liver and kidney dysfunction. Contraindications also include changes in the composition of the blood (leukopenia), autoimmune diseases, fructose intolerance (for oral suspension).

ginkgo biloba preparations

Standardized extracts of the relict gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba ( bilobil, memoplant, tanakan etc.) contain a composition of flavonoids, in particular amentoflavone and ginkgetin, flavone glycosides, diterpene lactones and alkaloids. Along with these components, in the studies of O. A. Gromova et al. in the extract of ginkgo (bilobil) neuroactive elements were found magnesium, copper, manganese, selenium, high activity of superoxide dismutase was revealed.

These drugs have a complex of valuable pharmacological properties, providing an antioxidant effect, enhancing energy metabolism in the brain, increasing the sensitivity of m-cholinergic receptors to acetylcholine, weakening the activation of NMDA receptors, reducing cerebral edema, improving blood rheology and microcirculation. Usually, ginkgo extracts allowed for over-the-counter sales are well tolerated - the frequency of side effects, according to O. A. Gromova, is about 1.7%. These isolated cases manifest themselves in the form of self-limited dyspepsia, even less often in the form of headache and allergic skin rash.

However, the side effect of ginkgo preparations, such as hemorrhages, is little known and not included in the reference books. In the review by A. V. Astakhova, summarizing the data of clinical observations, cases of intracranial hemorrhages and postoperative bleeding after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are given. Apparently, these complications are associated with the effect of ginkgolides, which inhibit the platelet activating factor and reduce their aggregation. The risk of bleeding increases in surgical patients who are advised to stop taking ginkgo preparations at least 36 hours before surgery. Obviously, the combination of these drugs with various antithrombotic agents (antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, fibrinolytics) should be avoided, since they can increase the risk of hemorrhages. It is also inappropriate to use ginkgo preparations, including as part of various food supplements, in patients with thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathies.

Ginkgo preparations are contraindicated in case of individual hypersensitivity. Their appointment is not recommended during pregnancy and lactation, as well as in childhood.

Calcium channel blockers

An increase in intracellular calcium concentration plays an important role in the mechanisms of memory impairment, ischemic damage, and apoptosis of neurons. In this regard, calcium channel blockers, which mainly improve cerebral blood flow and are used in cerebral ischemia, also have a proper nootropic effect, the mechanism of which remains not fully understood. Among the numerous "anti-calcium" drugs, nimodipine and cinnarizine demonstrate the greatest affinity for cerebral vessels and the nootropic component of pharmacodynamics. The relatively good tolerability of calcium channel blockers is explained by the wide breadth of their therapeutic action.

The efficacy of nimodipine in patients with dementia has been confirmed in at least 15 controlled clinical trials. Unlike acute cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhages, when nimodipine is used by injection, in dementia, the drug is used in tablets. The spectrum of its side effects is quite wide. Lowering of arterial pressure (due to systemic vasodilation) and dizziness lead in frequency. In addition, the drug can cause dyspepsia, headache, attention and sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation, a feeling of heat and redness of the face, sweating, less often tachycardia, thrombocytopenia, angioedema and skin rash.

Nimodipine is contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation, severe liver dysfunction, cerebral edema. Great care must be taken when deciding whether to prescribe the drug to patients with low blood pressure, increased intracranial pressure. You can not use nimodipine during work to persons whose profession is associated with the need for a high concentration of attention (drivers, etc.)

It should be borne in mind that various antihypertensive drugs enhance the hypotensive effect of nimodipine, and β-blockers, in addition, potentiate the negative inotropic effect and, in combination with nimodipine, can decompensate the work of the heart.

Cinnarizine (stugeron) is a popular drug that improves cerebral circulation and has nootropic and vestibuloprotective properties, as well as antihistamine activity. With good tolerance, it can sometimes cause side effects such as dry mouth, drowsiness, headache, extrapyramidal disorders, weight gain, dyspepsia, cholestatic jaundice, allergic reactions (despite the antihistamine effect). Some women with long-term treatment with cinnarizine have polymenorrhea, so in such cases it is advisable to cancel it on the days of menstruation.

Contraindications, with the exception of individual intolerance, have not been established. Drowsiness, dry mouth, and gastrointestinal disturbances do not require discontinuation of cinnarizine; it is usually sufficient to reduce the dose of the drug. Since cinnarizine mainly dilates cerebral vessels and has little effect on other vascular pools, at therapeutic doses it practically does not reduce blood pressure, but in patients with severe hypotension, it is recommended to take the drug at a reduced dose. Apparently, care should be taken when prescribing cinnarizine to patients with parkinsonism, since there is a risk of exacerbating extrapyramidal disorders. When using the drug, it is advisable to avoid driving a car, since drowsiness with reduced attention is possible.

Cerebral vasodilators

The drugs of this group have different mechanisms and multifaceted neuro- and psychopharmacological effects. Their nootropic effect, as already noted, is largely a consequence of improved cerebral circulation, although other ways of its implementation are possible. Thus, vinpocetine (Cavinton) is able to block NMDA receptors, inhibit calcium and sodium channels, inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase, increase the neurophysiological parameter of long-term potentiation (long-term potentiation), which indicates an increase in the plasticity of neuronal transmission.

Vinpocetine (Cavinton), obtained from the small periwinkle, has been used for about 30 years. It causes almost no side effects. Unlike the vinca alkaloid devincan, vinpocetine lacks a sedative effect. Usually, when it is used, the level of wakefulness and the parameters of systemic hemodynamics are preserved. Sometimes there is a temporary decrease in blood pressure due to vasodilation and baroreflex tachycardia. Therefore, parenteral administration of the drug is contraindicated in severe coronary heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias. In addition, Cavinton is contraindicated during pregnancy. Its combination with heparin is undesirable, since the risk of bleeding increases.

The use of the α-blocker nicergoline can be accompanied by a variety of side effects, but their frequency is low. It should be noted that with an increase in the duration of the course of treatment, they are less common. More often than others, erythema, a feeling of heat with reddening of the skin of the face, fatigue, sleep disturbances, decreased appetite, nausea, increased acidity of gastric juice and abdominal pain (stopped by antacids), diarrhea occur. Orthostatic hypotension is less common (due to the risk of which, after the injection of nicergoline, the patient must lie down for some time). It is possible to enhance the effects of antihypertensive drugs, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents and alcohol.

Contraindications to the use of nicergoline are bleeding, recent myocardial infarction, arterial hypotension, severe bradycardia, pregnancy and lactation. You can not combine this drug with other α-blockers, as well as with β-blockers in order to avoid increasing adverse effects on the circulatory system.

Instenon, which is a combination of three components - hexobendin, etamivan and etophylline, has recently attracted attention not only as a corrector of cerebral circulation, but also as a drug with proper nootropic properties. Compared with previous cerebrovascular drugs, it is somewhat more likely to show side effects, especially when administered intravenously. The frequency of their occurrence is about 4%. There may be a pronounced decrease in blood pressure, tachycardia, headaches due to increased intracranial pressure, discomfort in the heart, flushing of the face. Therefore, intravenous administration should be only drip and very slow (within 3 hours), and the appearance of these symptoms requires the infusion to be stopped. With intramuscular injections, and even more so when using tablets, side effects are less common. It is necessary to take into account the ability of instenon to enhance the antiplatelet effect of acetylsalicylic acid, which is fraught with hemorrhagic complications.

The drug is contraindicated in epilepsy, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral hemorrhage. During pregnancy and lactation, it is permissible to use it only under strict indications.

In conclusion of the review of the side effects of the most commonly used nootropic drugs, it should be emphasized that their prevention and correction, taking into account contraindications and adverse drug interactions by doctors and pharmacists are an important reserve for improving the safety of pharmacotherapy.

Literature

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Urban people do not have time to take care of their health. The fast pace of life makes you work hard and relax with a rare opportunity. Vitamins, which are considered a panacea, in fact, do not help to adapt to the high requirements of the metropolis.

A person often needs help in resisting stress factors, speeding up brain activity and maintaining psycho-emotional balance. Preparations from the group of nootropics, in this case, become indispensable and help to avoid negative consequences due to nervous tension.

What are nootropics

Nootropics are a group of drugs that have a positive effect on brain activity and cognitive functions. Due to the ability to improve metabolic processes in the nervous tissue, these drugs enhance higher integrative activity, as well as increase mental abilities.

In the human body, special substances are physiologically produced, which are called neurotransmitters. Their role is to ensure the flow of chemical reactions that are necessary for the proper functioning of organs. Such connections exist in the brain. They are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses, and with their deficiency, various disorders occur. Medicines from the group of nootropics are similar in chemical structure to some neurotransmitters, therefore they are able to perform the same functions, eliminating their deficiency in pathological conditions.

The nervous system and the brain work in an increased rhythm if a person is in a state of stress, worries, or under conditions of increased psychological stress. In this case, there is a higher need for certain chemicals and the activation of additional body capabilities. Nootropic drugs can help to cope with adverse factors and enhance the protective properties of cells.

The mechanism of action is to increase the utilization of glucose, which leads to increased energy production and the full functioning of cells. Nootropics affect the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, which improves the structure of tissues, and also accelerates the regeneration process.

An important pharmacological effect is antioxidant - by eliminating free radicals, drugs of this group stabilize cell membranes and increase resistance to adverse factors. Complete nutrition of the nervous tissue leads to the restoration of the structure and functions of cells. After the use of nootropics, hypoxia conditions are better tolerated, blood circulation and metabolic processes are normalized.

The advantage of this group of drugs is the absence of toxicity and dangerous side effects. Nootropics are used in conditions of existing stress, as well as to prepare for it (for example, during exams or reports), as a protective agent for brain cells.

However, despite the results of treatment and wide experience of use, some doctors believe that nootropics are drugs with unproven effectiveness. Studies of this group of drugs are ongoing, since the possibilities of their use and the need for such drugs are quite large.

Indications for use

The list of conditions for which nootropics are effective is as follows:

• Decreased mental or physical performance.
• Neuroinfection.
• Impairment of memory or attention.
• Ischemic stroke.
• Exposure to toxic substances.
• Senile dementia.
• Violation of cerebral circulation.
• post-traumatic period.
• encephalopathy.
• Withdrawal syndrome, including alcohol.

Encouraging results of treatment for brain tissue damage of various origins are explained by a wide range of pharmacological effects of this group of drugs:

• Improving the metabolic processes of the cortical layer, a positive effect on human judgment, speech, thinking.
• Getting rid of depression or fatigue.
• Antiasthenic action is manifested by the elimination of lethargy, physical and psychological weakness.
• The adaptogenic effect is to enhance the protective properties and increase resistance to adverse factors.
• Increase learning ability, improve memory.
• Decreased irritability and emotional excitability.

The instructions for use of most nootropic drugs allow their over-the-counter dispensing from pharmacies. During a stressful period or mental exhaustion, everyone can take them on their own according to the scheme indicated by the manufacturer.

Contraindications

For a healthy person, nootropics are safe. But people with diseases need to be careful, since the group of drugs in question has contraindications:

• hemorrhagic stroke.
• Individual intolerance to the drug component.
• Hereditary degenerative diseases of the CNS.
• Renal failure.
• Pregnancy period.
• Arterial hypotension.

Before starting treatment, you should study the instructions for the specific remedy that the doctor prescribed to the patient.

Which drug to buy

Given that most of the drugs in the group of psychostimulants and nootropics are sold without a prescription, it becomes necessary to understand the differences and selection criteria:

• If the drug is chosen without the help of a doctor, the patient should first read the contents of the instructions. The decision is made on the basis of the active substance, indications, regimen of administration or indicated restrictions.
• After that, the patient must decide which form of release of the drug is suitable in a particular situation. For example, it is more convenient for children to give the product in liquid form, so many manufacturers offer syrups or nootropic powders. Adult patients are suitable capsules or tablets.
• Based on one active substance, a pharmacy may offer several trade names. To make a final decision, you need to pay attention to the price, the reception scheme and the manufacturing company.

Despite non-prescription leave, self-medication is still not recommended. Before you start taking any medication, it is better to consult a doctor or consult a pharmacist.

Nootropics: a list of drugs

Below is a list of drugs from the group of nootropics that have earned positive feedback from patients and the trust of doctors.

The main active ingredient is a synthetic analogue of the natural neurotransmitter - gamma-aminobutyric acid. The drug affects the processes of inhibition in the brain, and also regulates the metabolism of the central nervous system. Acts as an antioxidant and detoxifier.

Glycine is able to improve mood, increase mental activity, reduce negative vegetovascular manifestations, protect cells from the toxic effect of alcohol or the adverse effects of stress.

The drug has a high safety profile, rarely causes adverse reactions and is approved for use in children from the age of three. It is a cheap plus effective remedy that every patient can buy at a pharmacy without a prescription.

Piracetam

The main component is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is produced by the human body. This nootropic improves the cognitive functions of the brain. For the patient, this is manifested by an increase in concentration, better memorization and a high ability to learn.

Positive effects are achieved due to a decrease in pathological excitation in the brain, an increase in the metabolism of nerve cells, and the normalization of microcirculation. The drug is produced in the form of capsules and tablets, it is used only for the treatment of adults.

Available in several dosages. The main active ingredient is piracetam. Pharmacological action is similar to the two previously described medicines. Not applicable to children. The choice of patients is often stopped in favor of this drug because of the Belgian quality.

A remedy with nootropic properties, however, belongs to a group of drugs intended for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Contains two active ingredients - vitamin pyridoxine and threonine. The second of them regulates the processes of tissue metabolism (cells are quickly restored, and the patient's craving for alcohol decreases).

The first active substance (vitamin) also performs important functions: it stimulates redox reactions, respiration and energy metabolism of cells. The drug is prescribed for the treatment of alcoholism, as well as for the relief of withdrawal symptoms. In the second case, it is better to take the pill under the tongue, then the positive effect will come in 20 minutes.

Produced in the form of capsules. It is a combined remedy based on cinnarizine with piracetam. Individually, they exhibit nootropic properties and improve brain microcirculation, and when combined, they enhance each other's action.

The therapeutic effect begins within an hour after the start of administration, however, to achieve a stable result, doctors prescribe the drug in a course. In addition to affecting nerve cells, Combitropil has a positive effect on the rheological properties of blood. It protects red blood cells from destruction, reduces viscosity and improves blood flow.

Nootropic based on a synthetic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The composition differs from other drugs in this group, while exhibiting similar pharmacological effects. In addition to psycho-emotional disorders, it is also prescribed in the complex therapy of migraine, autism, alcoholism, and even urological diseases. Effective in depression and other conditions that are accompanied by anxiety. Approved for use from the age of three. In most cases, it is well tolerated and does not cause side effects.

A unique nootropic that comes in the form of nasal drops. Contains a mixture of amino acids needed to treat brain damage. It is prescribed in the post-traumatic period, during neurosurgical operations, neurotic disorders. It has a good positive effect when used under conditions of stress or psycho-emotional overload. In addition to increasing the adaptive properties of the nervous system, the drug has found application in ophthalmology (neuritis) and pediatrics (autism). The method of operation of the drops is described in detail by the instruction.

The medicine has a positive effect on the nervous system. Indications for use are very wide - from traumatic brain injuries to functional disorders and withdrawal symptoms. Due to the parenteral form of release, it is often prescribed for acute conditions (intoxication, inflammatory processes, cerebrovascular accidents).

Nootropics of the latest generation

Application to children

Recently, pediatric neurologists have begun to prescribe nootropics more often. Doctors from various fields of medicine, especially pediatricians, do not always agree with such decisions and doubt the validity of such prescriptions.

There are direct indications that nootropics of any generation should be used in childhood. In practice, it often happens that drugs are prescribed for other reasons. For example, a hyperactive baby, a delay in speech or the first steps do not always indicate a developmental disorder. Due to the high safety profile of nootropics, some doctors still prefer to prescribe these drugs, which does not comply with the instructions and official treatment protocols.

When drugs are really needed, the choice of the active substance and the specific dosage is made by the doctor. Drugs that are allowed to be used in children have an additional form of release, for example, syrup or powder. Diagnoses in which nootropics are indicated for childhood:

• encephalopathy.
• Cerebrosthenia.
• Consequences of neuroinfection.
• Mental retardation.
• Speech delay.

Drugs that are approved for use in pediatrics:

• Glycine. Contains a substance that is synthesized by the body naturally, so the drug is very popular. It rarely causes adverse reactions. Despite the data in the instructions, it is prescribed by some doctors even to small children with a daily dose adjustment.
• Pantogam. Known in the pharmaceutical market as a children's nootropic. Available as a syrup for toddlers and tablets for older patients. Effectively eliminates the symptoms caused by vegetative disorders.
• Cogitum. Available in ampoules. It is safe and non-toxic.
• Picamilon. It has been used since the age of three for asthenic conditions, mental retardation.

The list of drugs is constantly expanding, and pharmaceutical companies are successfully working on the creation of new drugs that are of high quality, efficacy and safety.

Doctor's conclusion

Nootropics have a wide range of applications. Pharmacological properties of representatives of this group are indispensable for traumatic brain injuries, functional disorders caused by cerebrovascular pathologies. In addition, drugs are prescribed for children with developmental delays, adults during periods of strong psycho-emotional stress and the elderly to improve the functioning of the nervous system.

Nootropics show good compatibility with drugs from other groups and rarely cause side effects. Adults can safely take them along with multivitamin complexes 1 or 2 times a year to maintain the health of the body.

Nowadays, new generation nootropic drugs are used to stimulate the brain and protect nervous reactions, the list of which is so impressive that it takes several pages. Basically, these are complex remedies consisting directly of a nootropic component and auxiliary substances that improve the nutrition of nerve cells - amino acids, vitamins,.

How do new nootropics differ from old ones?

People have been using nootropics for a long time and don't even know it. For example, the simplest nootropic - choline - is found in eggs, meat, fish and seafood. By eating food rich in animal protein, we stimulate the production of the hormone serotonin, which is not only responsible for the feeling of pleasure, but also has a beneficial effect on neural connections. The brain begins to work more actively, memory and thought processes improve. The simplest nootropics also include coffee, green tea, nicotine, amphetamines. These are the so-called stimulants of brain activity. The well-known vitamin B6 and Glycine tablets also belong to this type of remedy, they improve metabolic processes in the spinal cord and brain.

In the middle of the 20th century, there was a strong leap forward in the field of studying the work of the brain. The following types of nootropic drugs have been developed, studied and classified:

• reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors;
• vasodilators and metabolic enhancers;
• stimulants;
• racetams.

There is another classification based on the origin of the main active substance and its functions, but it is quite complex and confusing, and therefore only of interest to physicians. In addition, racetams are mainly used in therapy today. This is the basis of new generation nootropic drugs. Racetams are chemical structures derived from pyrrolidine. Here is a short list of the most popular drugs in this category:

• Piracetam;
• Oxiracetam;
• Etiracetam;
• Aniracetam;
• Pramiracetam;
• Nebracetam;
• Nefiracetam;
• Isacetam;
• detiracetam;
• Dipracetam and others.

Unlike natural stimulants, these drugs have a very precise effect on certain areas of the brain, which allows them to be used not only to improve memory and intelligence, but also in the treatment of strokes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. These are the most effective nootropic drugs.

Latest Nootropics

Since the latest products are combined, they combine new generation racetams and excipients. Such modern nootropic drugs are very popular, such as:

• Diapiram;
• Orocetam;
• Yukamen;
• Thiocetam;
• Apik;
• Binotropil.

Most often, patients who have had a stroke are prescribed Phezam. This medicine is a combination of piracetam and cinnarizine. This antihistamine improves blood circulation in the brain and strengthens the walls of even the smallest blood vessels. Many consider it the best nootropic drug. We agree with this statement, but we want to note that other means have shown themselves very well. In addition, almost all nootropic drugs have few contraindications and side effects, which greatly facilitates the appointment and use.

It is better for elderly patients to give preference to the latest combination drugs. But young people seeking to improve brain function can buy any racetam and supplement it with regular exercise and proper nutrition. The effect will be no worse, since the body reacts to moderate physical activity with the release of serotonin and other hormones that have a beneficial effect on neural connections and the nervous system as a whole.

The modern rhythm of life is easily unsettling. Large loads at work, study negatively affect the state of the nervous system. To improve performance, there are special drugs that stimulate the human body and increase productivity. Nootropic drugs have been created for people who have had traumatic brain injury and stroke. But, often, they are prescribed to healthy people to improve brain function and relieve stress on the nervous system. We have compiled a rating of the best new generation nootropics that deserve respect and trust. .

The best nootropic drugs without additional effects

Nootropil is the best new generation nootropic drug, which is most often prescribed to patients experiencing memory problems. It stimulates certain parts of the brain and improves its activity. Nootropil is sold both in tablets and in solution for intravenous administration. Doctors recommend the use of a nootropic drug, not only for medical reasons, but also as a preventive measure, especially in those moments when the level of stress is very high. It does not dilate blood vessels, which is very good for teenagers and students who plan to improve brain activity during exams.

Pros:

• Can be used for increased mental stress. For example, during exams, when stress and brain activity have the maximum effect on the nervous system;
• Protects brain cells from hypoxia;
• Can be given to students
• Reduces stress levels, increases concentration and attention levels.

Minuses:

• Do not apply to people with renal insufficiency and after a cerebral hemorrhage;
• Improvements begin to be felt only after two weeks of use.

Speaking in official language, Cavinton (Vinpocetine) is in the category of drugs that improve blood circulation in the brain. But in terms of its chemical composition, it is also one of the best new generation nootropics. The medicine can be used for a wide range of diseases, as well as in preventive measures to increase brain activity.

Pros:

• Reduces stress levels and improves brain activity;
• Can be used to improve concentration:
• Sold in tablets and liquid form.

Minuses:

• For older people with heart rhythm disturbances, it is not recommended.

Pantogam is the best new generation nootropic drug developed on the basis of herbs. It has a positive effect on brain activity, improves thought processes and allows you to concentrate. The manufacturer claims that Pantogam is suitable even for children, especially schoolchildren during the exams. Doctors also recommend this nootropic for people who are under stress and at the level of nervous exhaustion.

Pros:

• Effective drug;
• Suitable for children;
• Based on herbs.

Minuses:

• Do not use for kidney problems, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers.

The best new generation nootropic Semax will appeal to buyers who do not like to swallow pills, and even more so, inject the drug intravenously. It is instilled into the nose and acts on proteins that interact with the nervous system. The drug begins to act immediately, immediately after the introduction, an improvement in concentration is felt and the level of stress decreases. Semax is the best nootropic drug developed according to the most modern requirements.

Pros:

• Convenient input method;
• Effective for 24 hours after a single injection.

Minuses:

• Do not use during pregnancy and lactation, and also not recommended for people suffering from acute psychosis.