Heart valve parallax physical exercise. Mitral valve prolapse, patent foramen ovale, bicuspid aortic valve, atrial septal aneurysm, and other common echocardiographic changes

MVP is an anomaly of cardiac development, which is characterized by the pushing of the valves into the cavity of the left atrium at the time of contraction of the left ventricle. This pathology has no pronounced symptoms.

Medical indications

The heart disease in question is not well understood. But scientists in the field of cardiology believe that the disease does not pose a threat to human life. To find out what PMK is, you need to understand the work of the heart. Blood with oxygen from the lung enters the left atrial cavity and the left ventricle. Then the blood enters the right atrium and the corresponding ventricle. From the pancreas, blood with carbon dioxide is ejected into the pulmonary artery, where it is enriched with oxygen.

Normally, the mitral valve closes the entrance to the atria. Reverse outflow of blood is not observed. Prolapse prevents the valves from closing completely, so not all blood enters the aorta.

Part of it returns to the LP cavity. Retrograde blood flow is a process of regurgitation. If during prolapse the deflection does not exceed 3 mm, there is no regurgitation.

Before making a diagnosis of MVP, the doctor determines the degree of development of the disease. This takes into account the strength of regurgitation. Mitral valve prolapse is grade 1, 2, and 3. If the first degree of the disease is detected, the minimum deflection of the two valves is 3 mm, and the maximum is 6 mm. In this case, there is a slight reverse blood flow, but there is no pathological change in blood circulation.

Scientists believe that MVP of the 1st degree is the norm, so treatment is not prescribed. But the patient is recommended to periodically visit a cardiologist. To strengthen the heart muscle, running, walking, swimming, aerobics are shown. It is forbidden to engage in weightlifting sports and perform exercises on a power simulator.

Diagnostics

For PMK of the 2nd degree, the maximum deflection of the valves is 9 mm. To eliminate clinical manifestations, symptomatic drug therapy is carried out. The cardiologist selects physical activity in each case individually. If the leaflets sag more than 9 mm, grade 3 PMK is diagnosed. The patient has serious structural changes in the heart that provoke UA insufficiency and arrhythmia. An operation is prescribed for the purpose of suturing the valve leaflets or prosthetics of the MV. The patient is assigned a special gymnastics.

Given the period of occurrence, prolapse is early and late. The primary form of the disease is congenital, hereditary or acquired genesis. The secondary form develops against the background of other heart diseases and is hereditary.

Clinical picture

The first 2 degrees of the disease proceed without symptoms and are detected by chance during a mandatory medical examination. For grade 3 MVP, the symptoms are as follows:

malaise;
prolonged subfebrile temperature;
strong department of sweat;
morning and night headache;
heartache;
persistent arrhythmia.

ECG

With the help of auscultation, the doctor detects a heart murmur, and ultrasound diagnoses regurgitation. MVP is not characterized by ECG signs. Congenital prolapse is characterized by an abnormal fiber structure associated with heredity. At the same time, a gradual lengthening of the chords is observed. The flaps become soft. They bend and stretch easily. The prognosis of the phenomenon under consideration is favorable.

Secondary prolapse of the heart develops against the background of inflammation and degeneration of the connective tissue. More often this form of anomaly is diagnosed during auscultation. A heart murmur is associated with valve opening and closing. If the doctor suspects heart disease, the patient is prescribed an ultrasound.

Anomaly treatment

Treatment for MVP is prescribed taking into account the degree of regurgitation and the cause of the development of the anomaly in question. At an early stage, sedatives are prescribed. Treatment of prolapse of the first degree is aimed at normalizing the regime of rest and work. The patient needs to get enough sleep, avoiding stress.

From tachycardia, beta-blockers are prescribed (Propranolol, Atenolol). If symptoms of VVD appear during MVP, the patient is prescribed drugs with magnesium (Magne-B6), adaptogens (ginseng). From vitamins take Neurobeks. Folk remedies for prolapse are taken after consulting a doctor. You can use valerian, motherwort, mint. It is allowed to drink tea and prepare infusions from these medicinal herbs.

An effective folk remedy for PMK is the following: a collection (1 tbsp each) from motherwort, hawthorn, blackthorn and heather is poured into 200 ml of boiling water. Decoction is recommended to drink for 1 day. The diet includes red grapes, walnuts, dried apricots. They contain vitamin C, magnesium and potassium. A large amount of vitamin C is found in rose hips. Tea can be prepared from the fruits of this shrub.

Operation types

In cardiology, grade 2 MVP can be treated by clipping and valve plasty. At stages 3 and 4, the valve must be replaced. Clipping is performed using a flexible cable that is inserted into the femoral artery. The device is fixed in the middle of the valve. It prevents the blood from flowing in the opposite direction. For control during the operation, an ultrasound sensor is used, previously placed in the esophagus. The manipulation is performed under general anesthesia. Indications for its implementation:

blood enters the LP in a large volume;
there are no changes in the papillary muscles.

The advantages of the operation include a decrease in pressure in the left ventricle, there is no need to connect equipment for cardiopulmonary bypass, the chest is not cut, rehabilitation lasts several days. But clipping is not carried out in severe MVP.

With a slight deformation of the leaflets and the absence of calcium deposits on them, the valve is reconstructed. To do this, a cardiologist surgeon dissects the chest, corrects and evens out damage to the valves. If necessary, a support ring is inserted into the valve to narrow or shorten the tendon chords. The manipulation is performed under general anesthesia, but requires the patient to be connected to a machine that functions like an artificial heart.

The benefits of this type of treatment include:

valve retention;
low mortality after surgery;
low complication rate.

MV reconstruction is contraindicated in case of significant calcium deposition, in case of damage to other valves of the main organ, with a high risk of recurrence.

MK replacement surgery

Mitral valve replacement is indicated at stages 3-4 of MVP, pulmonary congestion, severe LV dysfunction, significant calcium deposits. The surgeon replaces the affected valve leaflets with a prosthesis. The advantages of this operation include:

the ability to correct any violation in the valve;
rapid normalization of blood circulation after surgery;
eliminates PMK 4 degrees.

Mitral valve replacement

But after surgery, there is a risk of poor LV contraction. The disadvantages of valve replacement are considered by cardiologists to be the short service life of the prosthesis (8 years) and the high risk of blood clots. The type of operation is chosen by the attending physician, taking into account the age of the patient, the degree of damage to the MC.

After open manipulation on the heart, the patient is recommended to stay in the intensive care unit for the first 24 hours, and then for 10 days in the cardiology department. Home rehabilitation lasts 1.5 months. It takes 6 months for the body to fully recover.

Complications of the considered pathology develop with age. An unfavorable prognosis is given to elderly patients. Serious complications of prolapse cardiologists include:

arrhythmia associated with dysfunction of the IRR;
insufficiency of MK;
infective endocarditis and embolism of various types;
GM heart attack

Anomaly in pregnant women

MK prolapse is more often diagnosed in women. This pathology of the heart is detected in pregnant women during a routine examination. During this period, prolapse may decrease due to an increase in cardiac output and a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.

In pregnant women, prolapse often occurs without complications. But pathology can disrupt the rhythm of the heart. MVP in pregnant women may be accompanied by preeclampsia, which provokes hypoxia and fetal growth retardation. Rarely, pregnancy can end in premature labor or weak labor.

Drug therapy for MVP in women in position is carried out with a moderate and severe course of the disease, which can provoke arrhythmia and hemodynamic disturbances. In this case, 4 syndromes can manifest themselves:

Hemorrhagic.
Psychopathic.

If MVP is accompanied by VVD, the expectant mother may experience the following symptoms:

pain in the region of the heart;
hyperventilation;
chills;
gastrointestinal disorder.

The vegetative-vascular syndrome is characterized by migraine, edema, icy extremities, goosebumps. With hemorrhagic syndrome, bruises appear, nasal or gingival bleeding worries. PMK with a psychopathic syndrome provokes a feeling of fear and anxiety. In this case, the patient is at risk. It must be constantly monitored. Therapy is carried out in stationary conditions.

If a pregnant woman has a grade 1 MVP, she is shown natural childbirth and compliance with the following recommendations:

you can not be in the cold and heat;
it is contraindicated to sit for a long time;
rest in a reclining position.

If a pregnant woman has prolapse and regurgitation, the patient should be observed by a cardiologist throughout the pregnancy.

Anomaly in children

Prolapse in adults is less common than in children. Studies have shown that in adolescents, the disease is 2 times more likely to develop in girls. In 86% of cases, doctors detect MVP of the anterior leaflet of the 1st degree. In 11.5% of small patients, doctors diagnose the second degree of the disease. And only one child out of 100 can be diagnosed with grade 3 and 4 prolapse with regurgitation.

Symptoms of prolapse manifest themselves in children in different ways. About 30% of young patients complain of chest pain associated with highly stretched chords, emotions and oxygen starvation. Adolescents who spend a long time at the PC complain of shortness of breath during exercise.

Children with prolapse may show neuropsychological symptoms (aggression, nervous breakdown). When such a clinic appears, echocardiography is performed. With the help of diagnostics, the doctor determines the functional deviations of the myocardium. EchoCG signs of prolapse include:

an increase in the leaflets of the mitral valve by 5 mm or more;
enlargement of the left ventricle and atrium;
dilated mitral ring.

Additional symptoms

X-ray shows moderate bulging of the pulmonary artery arch. Children with MVP and magnesium ion deficiency suffer from myopathy, flat feet. Therapy is aimed at changing the living conditions of a small patient. Mental stress should alternate with physical exercises. If a child has metabolic changes in the myocardium, physiotherapeutic procedures (electrophoresis, galvanization) are performed. From medicines are taken:

Cinnarizine - to improve blood microcirculation (therapy lasts 2-3 weeks);
cardiometabolites (ATP);
beta-blockers;
antiarrhythmic drugs;

Children with prolapse are registered with a cardiologist. More than twice a year it is recommended to undergo an examination. A child with MVP of the 2nd degree can perform physical exercises with a reduced load. Prevention of mitral valve prolapse is aimed at sanitation of a chronic focus of infection (caries, tonsillitis). It is recommended to treat a cold in a timely manner.

Video

Causes of pathology and types of valves
The main symptoms of the anomaly
The main methods for diagnosing and treating prolapse
Possible consequences of pathology

Cardiac prolapse is a benign anomaly affecting the development of the heart valves. With contractile movements of the heart, parts of the valve leaflets protrude strongly.

Causes of pathology and types of valves

The occurrence of heart valve prolapse occurs due to the congenital weakness of the connective tissue that forms the structure of the valves themselves. In some cases, such a person can live to a ripe old age, unaware of the violation. And it happens that a person experiences chest pains, weakness, dizziness all his life on an ongoing basis.

There are such types of prolapse:

Primary. This anomaly is congenital and is transmitted through the hereditary line. The disease itself is called myxomatous degeneration, the causes are not exactly established.
Acquired. May occur after a serious injury to the sternum, heart attack, at all stages of rheumatism. Sagging of parts of the heart valve occurs due to the formation of inflammation of the tissues around the heart.

With a standard form of heart valve prolapse, no specialized treatment is required, it is enough to listen carefully to the work of the heart and periodically undergo preventive examinations. But there are cases that it becomes the cause of such serious diseases as arrhythmia and valve insufficiency. This is already a complex form of prolapse, which must be treated with medications, less often surgery is required.

The anomaly may affect the following heart valves:

Mitral valve. Consists of 2 parts. Both components of the valve are attached to the wall of the ventricle by tendon threads, in medicine - chords. They themselves are attached to formations consisting of muscles. In a healthy body, when the heart contracts, parts of the valve are compressed without changing the standard shape and without sagging. With valve prolapse, the leaflets swell to a significant size, so they are compressed loosely and some of the blood flow drains back from the ventricle. According to statistics, the most common diagnosis is anterior leaflet prolapse.
aortic valve. In the presence of this anomaly, it prevents the flow of blood from moving back into the ventricle.
Three-leaf valve. The location of the tricuspid valve is the area between the atrium and the ventricle on the right. Its function is very similar to that of the mitral valve.
Pulmonary valve. It blocks the right ventricle, as a result of which blood does not enter it.

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The main symptoms of the anomaly

With the prolapse of all types of valves, the circulation of the blood flow is disturbed very slightly and is detected in the treatment of third-party ailments.

The most dangerous is mitral prolapse. It occurs more often than others. At the initial stage of development, it also does not manifest itself in any way.

With prolapse of the congenital type, the following symptoms can be observed:

Periodic violations of the normal heartbeat: slowing down or speeding up, feeling of fading.
Heart pain. They are of a different nature: short-term and often occurring or long-term and aching. Their occurrence is in no way connected with the level of physical activity, nitroglycerin does not work. Most often, pain occurs due to severe emotional overstrain or stress.
Dizziness, periodic lack of air for a full breath, pain in the abdomen.
Intolerance to a small and stuffy room, possible fainting, blurred consciousness.
Attacks of periodic fear.
Violation of the function of rapid blood clotting. In women, this manifests itself in the form of heavy and painful menstruation, frequent nosebleeds, a tendency of the skin to bruise even with light touches.
If the disease is congenital, then strabismus, gradual deterioration of vision, transparent skin are possible.

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The main methods for diagnosing and treating prolapse

Only a therapist and a cardiologist can diagnose and prescribe a competent treatment for a heart valve; in some situations, additional consultation with a neuropathologist is required. A long examination is necessary, in which the heartbeat is constantly heard:

(echocardiography, echocardiography).
Doppler echocardiography.
Holter ECG. The duration of this procedure is at least 20 hours. It allows the cardiologist to monitor heart rhythms without interruption. All information for this day is recorded on a special portable device.

With the help of an ECG, all groups of heart diseases that can cause prolapse are detected. With the help of these procedures, the specialist determines the severity of the disease.

With standard forms of prolapse, any treatment in a specialized institution is not required.

The course of treatment in the presence of this disease includes a complex of drugs: adrenergic blockers, magnetic drugs, vitamin complexes. Surgical intervention is rare, only when severe mitral valve insufficiency is present. Then an artificial valve replacement or prosthetics is needed.

Violations in the communication between the left ventricle and the atrium, for which the mitral valve is responsible, have a fourth of the population. For many it is safe. Therefore, a person does not know about the existence of a deficiency in the work of the heart or learns by chance during, for example, a professional examination.

With a pronounced manifestation of a failure in well-being, you should definitely contact a specialist. Therefore, it is useful to know the nature of the disease and its symptoms. So, what is it and why is mitral valve prolapse dangerous?

Features of the disease

The movement of blood in the circulatory system occurs in one direction. The regulation of the process is done by means of a valve system. Their well-coordinated work provides full hemodynamics.

The mitral valve is located between the left ventricle and the atrium. Its function is to pass blood from the atrium and block its reverse flow. The valve has two flaps: back and front.

Violation of the valve is expressed in the fact that a functional deficiency is manifested, as a result of which part of the blood returns to the atrium during the ventricular push. The causes and depth of the problem determine the extent to which it is significant for a particular person.

Prolapse refers to the deflection of the valves (one or both) towards the atrium at the moment when they should be tightly closed - during the sending of blood from the ventricle to the aorta. In children, pathology is more often congenital.

Signs of the disease and methods of assistance for children and adults do not have significant differences. Children suffering from mitral valve prolapse are prone to such manifestations:

nervous breakdowns,
have an unstable mentality,
may be aggressive.

In more detail about the features of such an ailment as mitral valve prolapse, the specialist will tell in the following video:

Degrees

A versatile classification of pathology has been adopted. Most expresses the essence of the problem - the division of cases of prolapse into categories of complexity. This is a classification according to the depth of the deflection of the valve leaflets into the atrium and the amount of blood that returns to it.

If we consider prolapse only by the degree of valve deflection, then this gradation does not give a complete picture of the problem, because the main characteristic of the pathology is how much blood is returned to the atrium.

We will start with a story about mitral valve prolapse of 1-1 degrees without regurgitation and with it.

Mitral valve prolapse (scheme)

1st

Indicates that the deviation of the valves towards the atrium occurs no deeper than five millimeters. If we consider the first degree of the problem from the point of view of what return of arterial blood occurs, then the flow touches the valve leaflets.

2nd

The second degree is determined by the deflection of the valves in the range from six to nine millimeters. Regarding the reverse movement, the second degree on this basis indicates that the flow reaches the middle of the atrium.

3rd

Sagging of the valves by ten millimeters or more indicates the third degree of the problem. If we consider the classification based on the effect of the return of blood flow, then the third stage indicates that the flow reaches above the middle of the atrium and can reach its beginning.

About what are the causes of mitral valve prolapse, we will tell you further.

Causes

Violation of the left half of the heart through valve prolapse has two main causes.

Acquired pathology as a complication as a result of certain diseases. Such a case is called secondary prolapse. Violation can be initiated by:
- inflammation of the heart
- rheumatism,
- heart ischemia,
- myocardial infarction,
- lupus erythematosus,
- chest trauma,
- other diseases.
Congenital pathology, such a case is called primary prolapse. If the problem is mild, has a first or second degree, then it is considered closer to normal than to pathology. Science is still looking for factors that lead to this problem. It is noticed that the disease:
- is inherited,
- accompanies other genetic diseases,
- manifests itself in connection with a congenital pathology of the connective tissue of the valve apparatus:
  - chords may not be fastened correctly, be of inadequate length;
  - possible presence of additional chords,
  - papillary muscles are modified.

About the symptoms of mitral valve prolapse of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd degree, we will describe further.

Symptoms

Violations in the valve between the left ventricle and the atrium often do not manifest themselves through a deterioration in well-being. Symptoms begin to be noticeable in the third stage of prolapse. If we take into account the depth of the problem, expressed by the degree of return (regurgitation), then on this basis, the symptoms begin to appear in the case of the second degree.

They are expressed in such violations:

low tone,
slow heartbeat is replaced by a rapid heartbeat,
discomfort and pain in the chest; its character is aching and short-lived;
shortness of breath, which is aggravated by exertion;
during a full breath, a feeling of obstruction to this action and lack of air,
frequent headaches, after a walk there is relief;
fainting
possible panic attacks
susceptibility to colds,
occurrence of elevated temperature.

In patients suffering, in addition, scoliosis and flat feet, the signs of the disease may be more pronounced.

For a specialist, there is a complex of external signs by which he may suspect primary prolapse:

thin long face
elongated limbs,
asthenic addition,
high growth,
poor eyesight,
elastic thin skin,
possible strabismus,
joint hypermobility.

Diagnostics

The doctor, according to the patient's complaints and during examination, especially listening to the patient, may suggest mitral valve prolapse and prescribe an examination.

Echocardiography is the main way to get enough information to diagnose valve abnormalities and determine the extent of the problem.
Electrocardiography - this procedure is not enough to find out if there is a prolapse, and to what extent the pathology. Auxiliary information that can supplement the study is information about violations of cardiac conduction and rhythm.
Phonocardiography provides information about the nuances of changes in tones that a specialist may not catch when listening.

Learn more about how to treat mitral valve prolapse.

The following video will tell you in an accessible form about how the heart works with mitral valve prolapse:

Treatment

In the initial stages, treatment is not carried out. If there are manifestations of a health disorder, medical, therapeutic treatment is connected.

Correct the state and folk ways. Surgical intervention is resorted to if the prolapse creates problems that cannot be resolved by the listed methods.

Therapeutic

The patient receives recommendations on how to organize his life so as not to worsen the condition with prolapse:

load the body moderately,
take frequent rest
maintain health by regular periodic visits to sanatoriums in the direction of a specialist,
indicated on the advice of a doctor to apply mud therapy, massage;
use the methods of psychotherapy, the patient is taught the psychology of health, how to keep calm in any situation, to control oneself;
use physiotherapy,
antibacterial prophylaxis is carried out to avoid infective endocarditis.

The following section will tell about the features of the treatment of mitral valve prolapse of 1, 2 and 3 degrees.

Medical

There is a large arsenal of drugs that are prescribed by specialists to correct conditions caused by mitral valve prolapse.

Means necessary to maintain the work of the heart:
- riboxin,
- panangin,
- magnerot.
With the manifestation of a disorder of the nervous system, sedatives are prescribed.
If there is a tendency to, anticoagulants are used.
For irregular heart rhythms, beta-blockers may be prescribed.

Operation

If the malfunction of the valve has reached the third degree and becomes life-threatening for the patient, then it is recommended to perform surgery to reconstruct the valve or replace it with a prosthesis.

If the operation of mitral valve prolapse has not reached, you can try (but with caution!) Folk remedies for the treatment of the disease.

Folk

In this section of medicine, you can use the recommendation to use herbal teas from individual plants and their fees, which:

balance the mood
calm the nerves
relieve anxiety.

It is shown to use herbs and fruits:

hypericum,
hawthorn,
sage,
motherwort,
valerian
and other herbs on the advice of a specialist.

Disease prevention

In case of pathology, it is necessary to follow the rules to avoid exacerbation of the disease:

in order not to cause heart rhythm disturbances, it is necessary to limit or exclude the use of:
- coffee,
- alcohol,
- smoking;
treat teeth in time, make sure that there is no infectious process in the body.

About whether they take mitral valve prolapse into the army, and whether it is possible to play sports with such an ailment, read on.

Do they take to the army with such a defect and is it possible to play sports?

With a problem associated with disorders in the work of the mitral valve, feasible sports are recommended.

Shown:

swimming,
walking.

It is impossible to choose sports for classes that are associated with a large load and sudden movements.

For a young man with a diagnosis of valve prolapse, the commission can give an opinion for mobilization. Violation of the valve with regurgitation above the second degree is the basis for being recognized as unfit for service. Complementary factors to this will be arrhythmia and conduction disturbance.

You will learn more about the dangers of mitral valve prolapse of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd degree during pregnancy.

mitral valve prolapse during pregnancy

If a woman carrying a child has disturbances in the work of the mitral valve of the first or second degree, then the pregnant woman might not know this. In most cases, prolapse does not aggravate the course of pregnancy and the possibility of spontaneous childbirth.

A woman needs to be under constant medical supervision, because in some cases prolapse can cause fetal hypoxia. This may affect its development. Sometimes in such cases, delivery is done by caesarean section.

In rare cases, sudden death occurs.

Even more useful information about mitral valve prolapse contains a video clip by a famous TV presenter:

Mitral valve prolapse is one of the most common heart diseases. This pathology is characterized by insufficiency of the functions of the mitral valve. There are 3 degrees of severity of the disease, with the first degree being the least dangerous.

Usually, first-degree prolapse is asymptomatic, so it is discovered by chance during an ultrasound of the heart. However, this disease requires regular medical supervision, as it can be aggravated by concomitant diseases and complications.

Mitral valve prolapse - what is it?

mitral valve- This is a bicuspid septum located in the heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The name comes from the similarity of the valve with the headdress of a priest - a miter.

When blood flows from the left atrium into the ventricle, the valve opens. During further ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, the septal valves must be tightly closed. This is what the system looks like when it is working properly.

In case of mitral valve prolapse, its wings sag and when closing, a hole remains between them. In this case, it is possible to return part of the blood from the ventricle to the atrium. This state is also called. Thus, a reduced volume of blood will enter the circulation, which will increase the load on the heart.

Depending on the size of the window in the partition, 3 degrees of the disease are differentiated:

1st degree is characterized by a hole of 3-6 mm and is the least dangerous;
2nd degree is distinguished by a window of 6-9 mm;
The 3rd degree is the most pathological, the hole in the septum remains more than 9 mm.

The decision also takes into account the volume of blood that returns to the atrium from the ventricle. This indicator is in this case a higher priority than the amount of prolapse.

Symptoms

In most cases, grade 1 mitral valve prolapse is almost asymptomatic. But in the case of psycho-emotional stress, periodic pains in the region of the heart may occur.

In addition, in some patients, this disease can cause the following deviations. definitions:

heart rhythm failures;
dizziness and prolonged headaches;
feeling of lack of air when inhaling;
cases of causeless loss of consciousness;
increase in body temperature to 37.2 0 C.

Quite often, such patients develop vegetative-vascular dystonia.

Diagnostics

Sometimes, if there is a heart murmur sagging valve leaflets can be detected with a stethoscope. However, at the 1st stage of the disease, the volume of backflow of blood into the left atrium may be insignificant and not cause noise effects. In this case, prolapse cannot be determined by listening.
signs of prolapse are also not always visible.
To accurately determine the presence of a disease along with an ECG, an ultrasound of the heart should be performed. This study allows you to identify the sagging of the mitral valve leaflets and its size.
Doppler study, additionally carried out during ultrasound, allows you to determine the amount of regurgitation and the rate of return of blood to the atrium.
Sometimes x-rays are taken chest, which in case of illness shows the sagging of the heart.

To create a complete picture of the patient's illness with MVP, the cardiologist also analyzes the following data:

anamnesis of the disease, features of the manifestation of symptoms;
history of chronic diseases of the patient throughout life;
the presence of cases of this disease in relatives of the patient;
general blood and urine tests;
blood biochemistry.

Reasons for the appearance

There are two types of mitral valve dysfunction:

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In the absence of symptoms, a patient with grade 1 MVP with minimal regurgitation does not require treatment. Most often, this category includes children who are diagnosed with the specified disease during the passage of an ultrasound of the heart during medical examination. Usually they can even play sports without restrictions. However, it is necessary to periodically be observed by a cardiologist and monitor the dynamics.

Medical assistance may be needed only if this prolapse is accompanied by dangerous symptoms, such as heart pain, heart rhythm disturbances, loss of consciousness, and others. In this case, treatment is aimed at eliminating the symptoms. Surgical treatment of MVP of the 1st degree is not carried out.

Medicines

Depending on the negative manifestations that accompany mitral valve prolapse, the following drugs are prescribed:

In addition, the patient needs physical therapy, breathing exercises, spa treatment, massage, relaxation and psychotherapy sessions.

You should also follow a healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition and moderate exercise.

Folk remedies

Traditional medicine along with pharmaceutical medicines give good results in eliminating the symptoms of MVP of the 1st degree.

In this case, the following medicinal preparations are used, which have a sedative effect and strengthen the heart muscle:

a decoction of horsetail, which helps to strengthen the heart muscle and at the same time is a good sedative;
tea from a mixture of the following herbs: motherwort, hawthorn, mint and valerian, which has a powerful calming effect;
tea from a mixture of heather, blackthorn, motherwort and hawthorn, which also soothes well;
a decoction of wild rose, as a source of vitamin C, which is necessary for the heart muscle.
a mixture of 20 egg shells, juice of 20 lemons and honey in the same volume as eggs and juice.

You should also eat dried fruits, red grapes and walnuts, as they contain large amounts of potassium, magnesium and vitamin C.

It should be borne in mind that in some cases, with age, an increase in sagging of the mitral valve is possible, therefore, patients with the 1st degree of prolapse, even in the absence of symptoms, need regular monitoring by a cardiologist (1-2 times a year).

What is the danger of the disease, complications

In the case of the congenital type of MVP of the 1st degree, complications are very rare. More often they occur in the secondary form of the disease. Especially if it arose in connection with injuries in the chest area or against the background of other heart diseases.

There are the following consequences of the disease:

mitral valve insufficiency, in which the valve is practically not held by the muscles at all, its valves hang freely and do not perform their functions at all. Against the background of this disease, pulmonary edema occurs.
Arrhythmia characterized by irregular heartbeat.
Infective endocarditis- inflammation of the inner wall of the heart and valves. Due to the loose closure of the valve, after an infection, mainly tonsillitis, bacteria from the bloodstream can enter the heart. This disease causes severe heart defects.
Transition of the 1st degree of the disease to 2, 3 or 4 stages as a result of further sagging of the mitral valve leaflets and, as a result, a significant increase in the volume of regurgitation.
Sudden cardiac death. Occurs in very rare cases as a result of sudden ventricular fibrillation.

Especially carefully it is necessary to treat this disease to women who are expecting a child. Basically, MVP of the 1st degree during pregnancy does not pose a threat to a woman or an unborn child.

At the same time, 70-80% of women in position may experience attacks of tachycardia and arrhythmias. It also increases the likelihood of preeclampsia, premature withdrawal of amniotic fluid, reduction in the timing of childbirth and a decrease in labor activity.

Prognosis for the disease

With mitral valve prolapse of the 1st degree, the prognosis for life is almost always positive. In general, this disease is almost asymptomatic or with minor symptoms, so the quality of life is not particularly affected. Complications develop very rarely.

Sports activities with MVP of the 1st degree are allowed almost without restrictions. However, power sports should be excluded, as well as jumping, some types of wrestling associated with strong blows.

Also excluded are extreme events where athletes experience pressure drops, such as:

diving;
diving sports;
Skydiving.

The same restrictions apply to the choice of profession. A person with this disease cannot work as a pilot, diver or astronaut.

It should be noted that with mitral valve prolapse of the 1st degree, the young man is deemed fit for military service.

Prevention

In order to exclude the transition of PMK 1st degree to more serious stages. disease, as well as the development of serious complications, prevention of this disease should be observed. Especially preventive measures are necessary for acquired prolapse. They are aimed at the maximum possible cure of diseases that cause mitral valve prolapse.
All patients with MVP of the 1st degree, it is necessary to be regularly observed by a cardiologist, to monitor the dynamics of indicators of the magnitude of prolapse and the volume of regurgitation. These actions will help to detect the onset of complications in a timely manner and take the necessary measures to prevent them.
In addition, it is very important to give up bad habits as much as possible., exercise regularly, sleep at least 8 hours a day, eat right, minimize the effects of stress. Leading a healthy lifestyle, a person practically eliminates the appearance of an acquired form of the disease and significantly increases the chances that symptoms will not appear during primary MVP.

Thus, mitral valve prolapse of the 1st degree is a rather serious disease that should be regularly monitored by a doctor. However, with timely observance of therapeutic and preventive measures, it is possible to minimize the symptoms and complications of the disease as much as possible.

(frequently asked Questions)

Please explain the conclusion of echocardiography: Hemodynamically insignificant systolic deflection of the anterior MV leaflet and TC leaflets." Our daughter was sent to this study to get a certificate that she could go to the sports section.
Is it a pathology what are the reasons for this deflection, what is necessary (or forbidden) to do so that this phenomenon does not progress. Is an appeal to a cardiologist required, any treatment, observation by a doctor? Is it possible to exercise?
There is no pathology, no treatment is required. A slight deflection (prolapse) of the mitral valve leaflet (MVP) occurs very often in practically healthy people, most often does not progress and does not lead to heart disease. "Hemodynamically not significant" means not disturbing the work of the heart and not affecting health. It can arise due to the peculiarities of the properties of tissues (for example, congenital connective tissue dysplasia), which make up the structures of the heart, their structure and work. Refers to small anomalies of the development of the heart, which are not heart defects.
It is hardly possible to influence his "behavior", and it is not necessary. You can engage in physical education and sports, there are no contraindications. The rest - good nutrition; healthy, physically active lifestyle; hardening; giving up bad habits is all that is needed to be strong and healthy.

I often hear from doctors that I have mitral valve prolapse grade 1. How serious is this deviation and where can I get a competent explanation about this or treatment?
A small mitral valve prolapse is common and does not threaten a person. Its widespread detection in recent years is associated with a boom in echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): they do it to everyone and discover some features of the structure and work of the heart, which they did not know about before. The significance of prolapse for health (hemodynamic significance) is determined not so much by its own degree, but by the degree of mitral regurgitation (insufficiency) associated with it. If it does not exceed 0-I-II, the prolapse does not deserve attention. If more than II, the prolapse may interfere with the work of the heart and require surgical treatment. There are no other ways to fix it. The main sign of a violation of the heart due to mitral regurgitation is the expansion of the cavities of the heart (primarily the left atrium), determined by ultrasound.
More often, the degree of mitral regurgitation does not progress. If this happens, it often means the addition of some kind of heart disease acquired with age.

What mitral insufficiency, tricuspid insufficiency?
The valves between the atria and ventricles of the heart close during its contraction (systole), when blood is expelled from the ventricles of the heart into large vessels. The closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves is necessary in order to prevent the return of blood from the ventricles to the atria at this moment. Valve insufficiency (mitral, tricuspid) is a phenomenon in which, when they are closed, the valves do not completely close, and a backflow of blood flows through the valve into the heart - its regurgitation. According to the severity of regurgitation, the degree of valve insufficiency is judged. Small or moderate regurgitation (failure) of I-II degree does not affect the work of the heart and its occurrence, as a rule, is not associated with the presence of heart disease.
If the degree of regurgitation (failure) is more than II, the heart works with a large overload, heart failure gradually develops. Therefore, in such a situation, consultation with a cardiac surgeon is necessary: valve insufficiency can only be eliminated surgically.

Three years ago I was diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse. Nothing worries me. I'd like to know, does it threaten me with anything during pregnancy and childbirth?
Repeat ultrasound of the heart. If there are no changes compared to the previous study, mitral insufficiency is absent or does not exceed I-II degrees, does not threaten anything.

I am 22 years old. I have vegetative-vascular dystonia of a mixed type (dizziness, pain in the heart area, interruptions and somersaults, increased pressure, a feeling of lack of air, trembling), prolapse of the anterior mitral valve. Tell, can prolapse cause changes in pressure and well-being? How serious is this for health?
Prolapse does not affect pressure. Everything else also occurs due to autonomic dysfunction, and not prolapse. Now it's fashionable to tie dystonia (more precisely, autonomic neurosis) with mitral valve prolapse. In fact, neurosis has its causes, and they are "in the head" and not in the heart. There is no connection between the picture of the ultrasound of the heart and your feelings. Prolapse is not serious for your health. A much larger problem is anxiety and fears about this, which reinforce and multiply the sensations you described. These are the vegetative manifestations of an extended neurosis, but they are in no way connected with the heart itself and are reflected only in its nervous regulation, but not in its health and condition.
All these problems, as well as the most effective way to overcome them, are described in detail in A. Kurpatov's extremely useful books "The Remedy for Vegetovascular Dystonia" and "The Remedy for Fear".

My son is now 15 years old. He has mitral valve prolapse with 0-1+ regurgitation. And tricuspid valve prolapse, with 0-1+ regurgitation. Myocardial function is normal. I would like to know for sure if there is a danger to his health? As well as he goes in for swimming, is he allowed to go in for sports, participate in competitions? All doctors talk about this in different ways, how to find out for sure? And do you need any treatment?
There is no danger to the son's health. There is nothing to treat here - valves "have the right" to a small dysfunction that does not affect the work of the heart in any way. Once a year or two, repeat an ultrasound of the heart to your son to make sure that the degree of the identified features is determined correctly and the picture does not change. You can swim and play sports.
The most accurate admissibility of sports loads in mitral valve prolapse is formulated in the "Recommendations for the admission of athletes with disorders of the cardiovascular system to the training and competitive process" of the All-Russian National Society of Cardiology.
They are:
1. Athletes who have MVP may be allowed to practice all competitive sports provided that they do not have any of the following conditions:
a) fainting, the most likely cause of which is rhythm disturbances;
b) the following rhythm disturbances, registered on the ECG(daily monitoring):
persistent or continuously recurring attacks of supraventricular tachycardia, frequent and / or sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias;
c) heavy ( more than 2 degrees) mitral regurgitation on echocardiography;
d) dysfunction of the left ventricle on echocardiography ( reduction of EF ejection fraction less than 50%);
e) previous thromboembolism;
e) cases of sudden death in the family, in close relatives with MVP.
2. Athletes with MVP and any of the above factors can play competitive sports only low intensity(billiards, curling, bowling, golf, etc.).
If you have mitral regurgitation:
Athletes who have mitral regurgitation according to EchoCG from slight to moderate (grade 1-2), in the presence of sinus rhythm on the ECG, normal values of the size of the left ventricle and pressure in the pulmonary artery on EchoCG can play all competitive sports.

I have mitral valve prolapse and also tricuspid valve, i.e. prolapse of two valves. Can I "slope" from the army with such a diagnosis?
If prolapses do not affect the functioning of the heart, it is unlikely. Such features, detected on ultrasound of the heart, are found in practically healthy people quite often.

I am 57 years old. According to the results of the echocardiography, I have mitral valve prolapse, mitral regurgitation grade 3. Expansion of both atria. I am offered to go to the hospital, do you think it is necessary?
In this situation, it is necessary to decide on the operation, since mitral valve prolapse in your case is accompanied by a large mitral insufficiency, which disrupts the work of the heart and can lead to the development of heart failure. If hospitalization is required to resolve the issue of surgery, then this should be done.

I am 28 years old, accidentally discovered mitral valve prolapse 6 mm with 1 degree regurgitation, the mitral valve leaflets are thickened and sealed. Tricuspid regurgitation 1 tbsp. Three years ago, this was not the case at EchoKg. The doctor said that everything is in order, but after reading articles on the Internet about the complications of prolapse in 2-4% (thromboembolism, infective endocarditis, sudden death), I am very worried. Is this pathology really dangerous?
Do not worry, a lot of things are written, but not everything can be trusted. These very complications happen with a completely different prolapse than yours; with severe heart disease, or with severe violations of the structure of the valve, manifested by significant and severe mitral regurgitation - more than 2 degrees. Therefore, with such prolapses, surgery is indicated to avoid complications. But such cases are incomparably less common than MVP is detected, which does not affect health in any way.
Prevention of infective endocarditis - inflammation of the valve leaflets - with the help of antibiotics is indicated only in the case of an operated MVP. With unoperated prolapse, this is not necessary, because. it has been proven that the risk of endocarditis is no higher than without MVP.
Mitral valve prolapse, like yours, with a small regurgitation of 1-2 degrees is very common in healthy people, it is recorded inconsistently, and, as a rule, does not progress. It is detected, most often, as an accidental finding on ultrasound of the heart. The main harm from it is fears and neuroticism. And with regard to other serious dangers attributed to MVP, they are not higher, but lower than many other diseases that await a person throughout life. For example, being overweight and smoking is immeasurably more detrimental to health than a small mitral valve prolapse. And, by the way, not so little is written about it. But unfortunately, they do not pay as much attention to this as to the PMK.
Lead a healthy lifestyle, eat well, take care of your teeth so as not to create an entrance gate of infection. Resist the craze for piercings and tattoos for the same reasons. Nothing else is needed.

I am 16 years old, according to the results of the Echo-KG, I was diagnosed bicuspid aortic valve with insufficiency of the 1st degree. They said that with this I was not fit for service.
Please tell us what it is and what should be done about it?
This is a congenital anomaly in the structure of the aortic valve: two leaflets instead of the proper three. By itself, a heart disease is not, since the bicuspid valve can work quite successfully - like you do, and not affect health.
Sometimes with age, bicuspid valves are more prone to degenerative and inflammatory processes than normal ones. As a result of these processes, aortic malformation, aortic stenosis or insufficiency may gradually (usually slowly) develop, in some cases, aortic dilation occurs. If the defect becomes significant and begins to disrupt the work of the heart, it is necessary to operate. If this happens, then more often - in the second half of life.
Therefore, it is necessary to repeat an ultrasound of the heart every year in order to control the situation: the operation of the valve and the size of the aorta. You don’t need to do anything else, the aortic insufficiency of I degree identified in you is often found in tricuspid aortic valve in practically healthy people, it is not a manifestation of a significant defect. Despite the fact that the presence of a bicuspid aortic valve affects the fitness for military service, in ordinary life, restrictions on physical activity, health and leisure sports are not required. Excessive loads of "big" competitive sports of high achievements are inappropriate.

I was diagnosed with an ultrasound of the heart open oval window. What threatens me? Does something need to be done?
Heart disease open foramen ovale (OOO)in the interatrial septum is not considered, since this is not a violation of the development of the heart, but a residual phenomenon of its prenatal state. It functions in the fetus, and after the birth of the child, it is no longer needed, and it closes, usually by the first year of life. But sometimes (in 25-30% of cases) this does not happen, and then it is detected on ultrasound, more often by accident, in both children and adults. LLC does not interfere with the work of the heart in any way, so it is not subject to surgery, you don't need to do anything with it. Restrictions on physical activity are not required, only diving (deep-sea diving) is contraindicated. At great depths, this window between the atria can become pathological.
Sometimes, already in adulthood, a situation arises when it makes sense to close the LLC, usually with the help of a small intravascular operation. It is associated with recurrent strokes that have no direct explicable cause and are not preventable by antiplatelet drugs. Then it can be suspected that the cause of a stroke is the entrainment (embolism) of blood clots from the veins (with thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities, for example), which under normal conditions (when the oval window is closed) cannot enter the brain (and thereby cause a stroke) due to the structure of the blood flow . If there is an LLC, such a (paradoxical) path of a thrombus is possible. Therefore, in such a case, a more in-depth examination is carried out to resolve the issue of closing the LLC. But you need to understand correctly: not in itself the presence of LLC is the cause of a stroke. The cause of a stroke is thromboembolism, a thrombus that formed in the venous system, most often in the deep vessels of the legs, enters the cerebral vessel. And if there is no venous thrombosis, there is nowhere to get a blood clot, there is no source for paradoxical thromboembolism through LLC.

My child was found aneurysm of the interatrial septum and additional chords on ultrasound of the heart. I'm very scared. Does something need to be done?
No. These features are of no importance for health. Many are afraid of the word "aneurysm". But you need to understand that there are different aneurysms and aneurysms. A severe disease is, for example, an aortic aneurysm or a post-infarction aneurysm of the left ventricle of the heart, an aneurysm of a cerebral artery may be a danger. Therefore, often they are afraid of the word itself.
However, in the case of an aneurysm of the MPP - a small protrusion of the interatrial septum in the area of the oval fossa (thinning of the septum, where the oval window functions in the prenatal period, which is necessary for the blood circulation of the fetus), there is only a statement on the ultrasound of the heart of a harmless phenomenon that does not have any effect on health.
Sometimes, not too competently, in the descriptions they write "MPP aneurysm with (or without) shedding of blood." If there is a discharge of blood through the septum, then there is an interatrial communication in the aneurysm zone, an open oval window, or a defect (ASD), and that's it with the reset. And the point, again, is not in the aneurysm, by itself it does not affect the integrity of the septum, nor the work of the heart.
Also chords(additional, transverse, diagonal, false chords) - the presence of these details in the conclusion of an ultrasound of the heart does not matter, it is a variant of the norm of a healthy heart.

Went with my son for echocardiography, they found mitral valve DPM. How it is deciphered and in general what it is.
DPM - accessory papillary muscle. This is a congenital minor anomaly that does not affect the health and functioning of the heart.