Peoples of ancient times. The most ancient peoples living today

Among the most ancient peoples of the world, Armenians are perhaps the youngest. However, there are many white spots in their ethnogenesis. For a long time, until the end of the 19th century, the canonical version of the origin of the Armenian people was their origin from the legendary king Hayk, who came from Mesopotamia in 2492 BC to the territory of Van. He was the first to outline the borders of the new state around Mount Ararat and became the founder of the Armenian kingdom. It is believed that it is from his name that the self-name of the Armenians "hai" comes.

This version was replicated by the early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi. For the early Armenian settlements, he took the ruins of the state of Urartru in the area of Lake Van. Today's official version says that the proto-Armenian tribes - the Mushki and the Urumians came to these territories in the second quarter of the 12th century. BC e., even before the formation of the Urartian state, after the destruction of the Hittite state by them. Here they mixed with the local tribes of the Hurrians, Urartians and Luvians.

As the historian Boris Piotrovsky believes, the beginnings of the Armenian statehood should be sought in the time of the Hurrian kingdom of Arme-Shubria, known since the 1200s BC.

Jews (II-I millennium BC)

There are even more mysteries with the history of the Jewish people than with the history of Armenia. For a long time it was believed that the concept of "Jews" is more cultural than ethnic. That is, that "Jews" were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. In science, there are still fierce discussions about what the Jews originally were - a people, a social stratum, a religious denomination. If you believe the main source on the ancient history of the Jewish people - the Old Testament,

The Jews trace their origin from Abraham (XXI-XX centuries BC), who himself came from the Sumerian city of Ur in Ancient Mesopotamia.

Together with his father, he moved to Canaan, where later his descendants seized the lands of local peoples (according to legend, the descendants of the son of Noah - Ham) and called Canaan "the land of Israel." According to another version, the Jewish people were formed during the Exodus from Egypt.

If we take the linguistic version of the origin of the Jews, then they stood out from the Western Semitic-speaking group in the 2nd millennium BC. e. Their closest "brothers in language" are the Amorites and the Phoenicians. Recently, a "genetic version" of the origin of the Jewish people has also appeared. According to her, the three main groups of Jews - Ashkenazi (America - Europe), Mizrahim (countries of the Middle East and North Africa) and Sephardim (Iberian Peninsula) have similar genetics, which confirms their common roots. According to the study "Abraham's Children in the Genome Era", the ancestors of all three groups appeared in Mesopotamia. 2500 years ago (approximately the period of the reign of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar), they split into two groups, one of which went to Europe and North Africa, the other settled in the Middle East.

Ethiopians (III millennium BC)

Ethiopia belongs to the East African, the most ancient area of the origin of mankind. Its mythological history begins with the legendary country of Punt (“Land of the Gods”), which the ancient Egyptians considered their ancestral home. Mentions of it are found in Egyptian sources of the III millennium BC. n. e. However, if the location, as well as the existence of this legendary country, is a moot point, then the Nubian kingdom of Kush in the Nile Delta was a very real neighbor of Ancient Egypt, which more than once called the existence of the latter into question. Despite the fact that the heyday of the Kushite kingdom fell on 300 BC. - 300 AD, civilization originated here much earlier, as early as 2400 BC. along with the first Nubian kingdom of Kerma.

For some time, Ethiopia was a colony of the ancient Sabaean kingdom (Sheba), whose ruler was the legendary Queen of Sheba. Hence the legend of the "Solomonic dynasty", which claims that the Ethiopian kings are the direct descendants of Solomon and the Ethiopian Makeda (the Ethiopian name for the Queen of Sheba).

Assyrians (IV-III millennium BC)

If the Jews came from the western group of Semitic tribes, then the Assyrians belonged to the northern. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they prevailed in the territory of Northern Mesopotamia, but, according to the historian Sadaev, their separation could have happened even earlier - in the 4th millennium BC. The Assyrian Empire, which existed from the 8th - 6th centuries BC, is considered the first empire in the history of mankind.

Modern Assyrians consider themselves the direct descendants of the population of Northern Mesopotamia, although this is a controversial fact in the scientific community. Some researchers support this point of view, some call the current Assyrians the descendants of the Arameans.

Chinese (4500-2500 BC)

The Chinese people or Han make up 19% of the world's population today. It originated on the basis of Neolithic cultures that developed in the 5th-3rd millennia BC. in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, in one of the centers of world civilizations. This is confirmed by both archeology and linguistics. The latter allocates them to the Sino-Tibetan group of languages, which emerged in the middle of the 5th millennium BC. Subsequently, numerous tribes of the Mongoloid race, who spoke Tibetan, Indonesian, Thai, Altaic and other languages, very different in culture, took part in the further formation of the Han. The history of the Han people is closely connected with the history of China, and to this day, they make up the bulk of the population of the country.

Basques (possibly XIV-X millennium BC)

A long time ago, in the 4th millennium BC, the migration of Indo-Europeans began, who settled most of Eurasia. Today, the languages of the Indo-European family are spoken by almost all the peoples of modern Europe. All, except for the Euskadi, are more familiar to us by the name "Basques". Their age, origin and language are some of the main mysteries of modern history. Someone believes that the ancestors of the Basques were the first population of Europe, someone says that they had a common homeland with the Caucasian peoples. But be that as it may,

The Basque language - Euskara, is considered the only relic pre-Indo-European language that does not belong to any existing language family. As for genetics, according to a 2012 study by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguish them from other peoples around them. According to scientists, this speaks in favor of the opinion that the proto-Basques emerged as a separate culture 16 thousand years ago, during the Paleolithic.

Khoisan peoples (100 thousand years ago)

A recent discovery by scientists has given the first place on the list of ancient peoples to the Khoisan, a group of South African peoples who speak so-called "clicking languages". These include, including hunters - Bushmen and cattle breeders of the Hogenttots.

A group of geneticists from Sweden found that they separated from the common tree of mankind 100 thousand years ago, that is, even before the start of the exodus from Africa and the settlement of people around the world.

Approximately 43,000 years ago, the Khoisans split into a southern and a northern group. According to the researchers, part of the Khoisan population has retained its ancient roots, some, like the Khwe tribe, interbred for a long time with the newcomer Bantu peoples and lost their genetic identity.

Khoisan DNA is different from the genes of the rest of the peoples of the world. “Relic” genes were found in it, responsible for increased muscle strength and endurance, as well as for high vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation.

Original taken from service free in post Oleg Timofeevich Vinogradov, outstanding Russian surgeon and writer, served in the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union for more than 30 years, was awarded 15 medals and one order. Since the 1980s, he began to professionally deal with the ancient history of the Slavs.
Monograph Vinogradov "Ancient Vedic Russia is the basis of existence" was published in 2008 and quickly sold out. In order to declare the book extremist, in 2011 the author was accused of standard "Russian typing" under article 282

Drawing from a book
... in the best quality:
http://lib.rus.ec/i/47/229447/doc2fb_image_02000001.jpg

Book "Ancient Vedic Russia - the basis of existence"(download) :
http://narod.ru/disk/36694522001/vinogradov_drevn.zip.html

Russian spirit.

The scientific data below is a terrible secret. Formally, these data are not classified, since they were obtained by American scientists outside the field of defense research, and even published in some places, but the conspiracy of silence organized around them is unprecedented. The atomic project at its initial stage cannot even be compared: then something still leaked into the press, and in this case - nothing at all.
What is this terrible secret, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo? This is the secret of the origin and historical path of the Russian people.

Agnation.

Why information is hidden - more on that later. First - briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists.

There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, half inherited from the father and half from the mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, the only one - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that has been passed from generation to generation without any changes for thousands of years. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living now has exactly the same haplogroup in his DNA as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, etc. in many generations.

The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all people of the same biological origin, that is, for men of the same people. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, which is different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic mark. In the biblical system of concepts, it can be imagined that the Lord God, when He divided humanity into different peoples, marked each of them with a unique set of nucleotides in the Y-chromosome of DNA. (Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in the mitochondrial DNA rings.).

Of course, in nature there is nothing absolutely immutable, because motion is a form of existence of matter. Haplogroups also change (in biology such changes are called mutations), but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place. So, American scientists found that one such mutation occurred 4,500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain. A boy was born with a slightly different haplogroup than his father, to which they assigned a genetic classification R1a1. paternal R1a mutated and a new one emerged R1a1.

The mutation turned out to be very viable. The genus R1a1, which was initiated by this very boy, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and bred over a vast area. Currently, the owners of the haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group. This set of nucleotides is "Russian" in terms of genetics.
Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form was born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago. The boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men living on earth today, in whose DNA this haplogroup is present. All of them are his biological or, as they used to say, blood descendants and among themselves - blood relatives, together making up a single people - Russian.

Biology is an exact science.

It does not allow ambiguous interpretations, and genetic conclusions to establish kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, a genetic and statistical analysis of the structure of the population, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, makes it much more reliable to trace the historical paths of peoples than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.

Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome of DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She's either one or the other. And if a certain haplogroup is present in a statistically significant number of indigenous people of any territory, it can be stated with absolute certainty that these people come from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.

Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in matters of origin, began to roam the world, take tests from people and look for biological "roots", their own and others. What they have achieved is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many established myths.

So, having arisen 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain (the place of the maximum concentration of R1a1 - an ethnic focus), the Russian people quickly multiplied and began to expand their habitat. They then looked exactly the same as we do now, the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid and other non-Russian features. Scientists have recreated the appearance of a young woman from the "civilization of cities" from the bone remains: a typical Russian beauty has turned out, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.

Haplogroup R1a1 in the ancient world.

3500 years ago, the R1a1 haplogroup appeared in India. The history of the arrival of Russians in India is known better than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to the ancient Indian epic, in which its circumstances are described in sufficient detail. But there is other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic ones.

It is known that the ancient Rus were called Aryans at that time (as they are recorded in Indian texts). It is also known that it was not the local Indians who gave them this name, but that it is a self-name. Convincing evidence of this has been preserved in hydronymy and toponymy - the Ariyka River, the villages of Upper Ariy and Lower Ariy in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.

It is also known that the appearance on the territory of India of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 3500 years ago (the birth time of the first Indo-Aryan calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists called Harappan at the place of the first excavations. Before their disappearance, this people, who had cities populous at that time in the Indus and Ganges valleys, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications, apparently, did not help, and the Harappan period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan.

The first monument of the Indian epic, which speaks of the appearance of the Aryans, was written in writing 400 years later, in the 11th century. BC e., and in the III century. BC e. In its final form, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit, surprisingly similar to the modern Russian language, has developed.

Now men of the Russian genus R1a1 make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the higher castes they are almost half - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the higher castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidian).

Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the population of Iran is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in their opinion about the Aryan (i.e., Russian) roots of the ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings liked to emphasize their Aryan origin, which is eloquently evidenced, in particular, by their popular name Darius. This means that there were Russians there in ancient times.

Our ancestors migrated not only to the east and south (to India and Iran), but also to the west - to where European countries are now located. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, the owners of the Russian (Aryan) haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12 %, and in England - the least (3%).

Unfortunately, there is no ethnogenetic information on the European tribal aristocracy yet, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed over all social strata of the population or, as in India and, presumably, in Iran, the Aryans were nobility in those lands where they came . The only reliable evidence in favor of the latest version was a side result of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y-chromosomes of the tsar and heir Alexei were identical to samples taken from their relatives from the English royal family. And this means that at least one royal house in Europe, namely the house of the German Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.

However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) are in any case our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the northern Slavs (haplogroup N) and the southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13,000 years ago.

The settlement of Aryan Russians to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further north; and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India they lived near the Arctic Circle) became a biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group - the so-called. "Indo-European" (Correct: Slavic-Aryan). These are almost all European languages, some languages of modern Iran and India, and, of course, the Russian language and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other for an obvious reason: in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian) they stand next to the original source - Aryan the parent language from which all other "Indo-European" languages \u200b\u200bhave grown.
Note - more about European languages as remakes - "How "national" remake languages were created in the 18th-19th centuries"- http://ladstas.livejournal.com/71015.html

"It is impossible to dispute. You need to shut up"

The foregoing is irrefutable natural-science facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Challenging them is like disagreeing with the results of a blood test at a polyclinic. They are not disputed. They are simply hushed up. They are hushing up together and stubbornly, they are hushing up, one might say, totally. And there are reasons for that.

The first such reason is quite trivial and comes down to scientific false solidarity. Too many theories, concepts and scientific reputations will have to be refuted if they are revised in the light of the latest discoveries of ethnogenetics.

For example, we will have to rethink everything that is known about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia. The armed conquest of peoples and lands was always and everywhere accompanied at that time by the mass rape of local women. Traces in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups should have remained in the blood of the male part of the Russian population. But they are not! Solid R1a1 - and nothing else, the purity of the blood is amazing. This means that the Horde that came to Russia was not at all what it is customary to think about it: if the Mongols were present there, then in statistically insignificant numbers, and who was called "Tatars" is not at all clear. Well, which of the scientists will refute the scientific foundations, supported by mountains of literature and great authorities?!
see The myth of the Tatar-Mongol yoke- http://ladstas.livejournal.com/16811.html
No one wants to spoil relations with colleagues and be branded as an extremist, destroying established myths. In the academic environment, this happens all the time: if the facts do not correspond to the theory, so much the worse for the facts.

The second reason, incomparably more weighty, relates to the sphere of geopolitics. The history of human civilization appears in a new and completely unexpected light, and this cannot but have serious political consequences.

Throughout modern history, the pillars of European scientific and political thought proceeded from the idea of Russians as barbarians, recently off the Christmas trees, backward by nature and incapable of creative work. And suddenly it turns out that Russians are the same arias which had a decisive influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and in Europe itself! That Europeans owe a lot to Russians in their prosperous life, starting with the languages they speak. It is no coincidence that in recent history, a third of the most important discoveries and inventions belong to ethnic Russians in Russia itself and abroad. It is no coincidence that the Russian people were able to repel the invasions of the united forces of continental Europe led by Napoleon, and then by Hitler. Etc.

Great historical tradition

It is no coincidence that behind all this there is a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten over many centuries, but remaining in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifesting itself whenever the nation faces new challenges. Manifested with iron inevitability due to the fact that it has grown on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which has remained unchanged for four and a half millennia.

Western politicians and ideologists have something to think about in order to make their policy towards Russia more adequate in the light of the historical circumstances discovered by geneticists. But they do not want to think and change anything, hence the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan theme.

Actually the Russian situation

The main thing lies in the very statement of the existence of the Russian people as a biologically integral and genetically homogeneous entity. The main thesis of the Russophobic propaganda of the Bolsheviks and the current liberals lies precisely in the denial of this fact. The scientific community is dominated by the idea formulated by Lev Gumilyov in his theory of ethnogenesis: "The Great Russian nationality developed from a mixture of Alans, Ugric peoples, Slavs and Turks." The "national leader" repeats the commonplace "scratch a Russian - you will find a Tatar." Etc.

Why do the enemies of the Russian nation need this? The answer is obvious. If the Russian people as such does not exist, but there is some kind of amorphous "mixture", then anyone can manage this "mixture": even the Germans, even the African pygmies, even the Martians. The denial of the biological existence of the Russian people is the ideological justification for the dominance of the non-Russian "elite" in Russia (formerly the Soviet one, now the liberal one).

But here the Americans intervene with their genetics, and it turns out that there is no "mixture", that the Russian people have existed unchanged for 4500 years, that the Alans with the Turks and many others also live in Russia, but these are separate original peoples, etc. And the question immediately arises: why then have non-Russians ruled Russia for nearly a century? Illogical and wrong, Russians should be run by Russians.

Czech Jan Hus

The Czech Jan Hus, a professor at the University of Prague, argued in a similar way 600 years ago:
"The Czechs in the Kingdom of Bohemia, by law and by the demand of nature, should be the first in office, just like the French in France and the Germans in their lands."
His statement was considered politically incorrect, intolerant, inciting ethnic hatred, and the professor was burned at the stake.

Now morals have softened, professors are not burned, but so that people would not be tempted to succumb to the Hussite logic, in Russia the non-Russian government simply “cancelled” the Russian people: “a mixture,” they say. And everything would be fine, but the Americans jumped out from somewhere with their analyzes - and ruined the whole thing. There is nothing to cover them up, it remains only to hush up the scientific results, which is done to the hoarse sounds of an old and hackneyed Russophobic propaganda record.

The collapse of the myth about the Russian people

The collapse of the myth about the Russian people as an ethnic mixture automatically destroys another myth - the myth of Russia's multinationality.
Until now, attempts have been made to present the ethno-demographic structure of our country as a vinaigrette from a Russian "you can't understand what mixture" and many indigenous peoples and alien diasporas. With such a structure, all its components are approximately equal in size, so Russia is supposedly "multinational."

But genetic studies paint a very different picture. If you believe the Americans (and there is no reason not to believe them: they are authoritative scientists, they value their reputation, and they have no reason to lie - in such a pro-Russian way), then it turns out that 70% of the entire male population of Russia are purebred Russians. According to the penultimate census, 80% of the respondents consider themselves Russians, that is, 10% more are Russified representatives of other peoples (it is in these 10%, if you "scratch", you will find non-Russian roots). And 20% falls on the remaining 170-odd peoples, nationalities and tribes living on the territory of the Russian Federation. In summary: Russia is a mono-ethnic, albeit multi-ethnic, country with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians. It is here that the logic of Jan Hus begins to work.

About backwardness

Next - about backwardness. Judeo-Christian clergy thoroughly had a hand in this myth: they say that before the baptism of Russia, people in it lived in complete savagery. Wow "wildness"! They mastered half the world, built great civilizations, taught the natives their language, and all this long before the so-called. "The Nativity of Christ" ... The real story does not fit, does not fit in any way with its Judeo-Christian church version. There is something primordial, natural in the Russian people, something that cannot be reduced to their religious life.

Of course, one cannot put an equal sign between biology and the social sphere. Between them, of course, there are points of contact, but how one goes into another, how the material becomes ideal, science does not know. In any case, it is obvious that under the same conditions, different peoples have a different character of life activity. In the north-east of Europe, in addition to Russians, many peoples lived and still live, but none of them created anything even remotely similar to the great Russian civilization. The same applies to other places of civilizational activity of Russian-Aryans in antiquity. Natural conditions are different everywhere, and the ethnic environment is different, therefore the civilizations built by our ancestors are not the same, but there is something in common for all of them: they are great in terms of the historical scale of values and far exceed the achievements of their neighbors.

"Everything flows, everything changes", "... except the human soul".

The father of dialectics, the ancient Greek Heraclitus, is known as the author of the saying "Everything flows, everything changes." Less well known is the continuation of this phrase of his: "... except for the human soul." As long as a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged (what happens to it in the afterlife is not for us to judge). The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than man - for the people. The people's soul is unchanged as long as the people's body is alive. The Russian folk body is marked by nature by a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as people with the R1a1 haplogroup in the Y chromosome exist on earth, their people keep their soul unchanged.

The language evolves, culture develops, religious beliefs change, and the Russian soul remains the same as all 4,500 years of the existence of the people in its current genetic form. And together, the body and soul, which make up a single biosocial entity under the name "Russian people", have a natural ability to accomplish great achievements on a civilizational scale. The Russian people have repeatedly demonstrated this in the past, this potential is preserved in the present, and will always exist as long as the people are alive.

It is very important to know this and evaluate current events, words and actions of people through the prism of knowledge, determine one's own place in the history of the great biosocial phenomenon called "Russian nation". Knowledge of the history of the people obliges a person to try to be at the level of the great achievements of his ancestors, and this is the most terrible thing for the enemies of the Russian nation. That is why they try to hide this knowledge. And we're trying to make it public.

Spirin Vladimir Georgievich

Today there are 257 countries in the world, 193 of which are members of the UN, while others have a certain status. Many of these countries have only recently become independent, while others are only fighting for their right to be sovereign.
Historians are well aware of the dates of the founding of young states, and as for the first countries on the planet Earth, their history is shrouded in the darkness of millennia, hidden under a layer of ancient dust.
There is a lot of controversy over the very methodology for determining the most ancient states. After all, each nation has its own myths and legends of the foundation of their state. For example, the legendary founding of one of the smallest modern states of San Marino dates back to the beginning of the 4th century. According to legend, in 301, a member of one of the first Christian communities found refuge in the Apennines, on top of Mount Titano. Thus, formally, San Marino has been considered an independent state since September 3, 301. In fact, one can speak of some kind of independence of a founded settlement only starting from the 6th century, when Italy broke up into many dependent and independent territories.
According to Japanese mythology, the Land of the Rising Sun was founded in 660 BC. e., but the first state in Japan - Yamato arose during the Kofu period, which dates back to 250 - 538 years.
Ancient Greece is considered one of the most ancient civilizations, the cradle of philosophy, culture and science. But Greece became a truly independent country only in 1821 after it left the Ottoman Empire.
Therefore, in order to compile a correct rating, we took into account only those forms of organization of society that correspond to the modern features of the state: sovereignty, own territory, state symbols, language, and so on. In addition, only those states that are on the modern map of the world were taken into account.
So, the rating of the most ancient states was made up of 10 modern countries from three continents.

1. Elam, 3200 BC e. (Iran)

The modern state in southwestern Asia - the Islamic Republic of Iran was founded on April 1, 1979 as a result of the Islamic Revolution. But the history of statehood in Iran is one of the oldest in the world. For centuries, this country has played a key role in the East. The first state on the territory of Iran - Elam - arose in 3200 BC. e. The Persian Empire under Darius I stretched from Greece and Libya to the Indus River. In the Middle Ages, Persia was a strong and influential state.

2. Egypt, 3000 BC e.

Egypt is the oldest state in the world, about whose history a lot of interesting information has been preserved. It was in this mysterious and mysterious country of the pharaohs that many types and forms of art were born, which subsequently developed in Asia and Europe. They served as the basis for ancient aesthetics - the starting point of all the arts of our time.
Egypt is the largest country of the Arab East, one of the centers of its political and cultural life, the "tourist Mecca" of the world. Egypt occupies a unique geographical position, located at the junction of three continents - Africa, Asia and Europe and the two largest world civilizations - Christian and Islamic.
Egypt arose on the territory where one of the most powerful and mysterious civilizations once existed, the history of which is calculated for centuries and millennia. In 3000 BC. e. Pharaoh Mines united the Egyptian lands and created a state that Egyptologists today call the Early Kingdom.
Echoes of that era are the Great Egyptian Pyramids, the mysterious Sphinxes and the grandiose Temples of the pharaohs.

3. Vanlang, 2897 BC e. (Vietnam)

Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia, located on the Indochina peninsula. The name of the country consists of two words and is translated as "the country of the Viet in the South." The Viet civilization arose in the Red River basin. According to legend, the Viet descended from a dragon and a fairy bird. The first state in Vietnam, Vanlang, appeared in 2897 BC. e. For some time Vietnam was part of China. In the second half of the 19th century, Vietnam fell into colonial dependence on France. In the summer of 1954, Vietnam became an independent state.

4. Shang-Yin, 1600 B.C. e. (China)

China is a state in East Asia, the largest state in the world by population (over 1.3 billion); ranks third in the world in terms of territory, behind Russia and Canada.
Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. According to Chinese scientists, its age may be five thousand years, while the available written sources cover a period of at least 3500 years. The longstanding existence of systems of administrative control, which were improved by successive dynasties, created obvious advantages for the Chinese state, whose economy was based on developed agriculture, in comparison with more backward neighbors, nomads and mountaineers. The introduction of Confucianism as a state ideology (1st century BC) and a unified writing system (2nd century BC) further strengthened Chinese civilization.
The state of Shang-Yin, which existed from 1600 to 1027 BC on the territory of modern China, is the first state formation, the reality of whose existence is confirmed not only by archaeological finds, but also by narrative and epigraphic written sources.
In 221 BC. e. Emperor Qin Shi Huang united all Chinese lands and created the Qin Empire, the territory of which corresponds to modern China.

5. Kush, 1070 BC e. (Sudan)

The modern state of Sudan in northeast Africa is equal in area to the whole of Western Europe, and its population is only 29.5 million people. The country is located in the middle reaches of the Nile River on the surrounding plains, plateaus and the adjacent coast of the Red Sea.
Kush (Meroitic Kingdom) - an ancient kingdom that existed in the northern part of the territory of modern Sudan from 1070 to 350 BC. e. The existence of the kingdom of Kush is confirmed in the remains of temples, sculptures of gods and kings. There is evidence that already at that time writing, astronomy and medicine were developed in Kush.

6. Sri Lanka, 377 BC e.

Sri Lanka (“Blessed Land”) is a state in South Asia, on the island of the same name off the southeast coast of Hindustan. The history of Sri Lanka begins with the Neolithic period, when the first settlements were discovered in Sri Lanka. Written history begins with the arrival of the Aryans from India, who spread among the local population the rudiments of knowledge in metallurgy, navigation, and writing.
In 247 BC. e. Buddhism penetrated Sri Lanka, which had a decisive influence on the formation of the country and its political system.
In 377 B.C. a kingdom arose on the island with its capital in the ancient city of Anuradhapura.

7. Chin, 300 BC e. (Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Republic of Korea)

Korea is a geographical area that includes the Korean Peninsula and adjacent islands and is united by a common cultural and historical heritage. In the past, a single state. In 1945, after the defeat of Japan in World War II, the territory of Korea, which at that time was a Japanese colony, was divided into two zones of military responsibility: the Soviet one, to the north of the 38 ° N parallel. sh. and American - to the south of it. Subsequently, in 1948, two states emerged on the territory of these zones: the Republic of Korea in the south and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north.
According to legend, the first Korean state was founded by the son of a bear woman and a celestial, Tangun, in 2333 BC. e. Historians refer to the earliest stage of Korean history as the period of the state of Ko Joseon. Most modern historians agree that the date 2333 B.C. e. is greatly exaggerated, since it is not confirmed by any historical documents other than individual medieval Korean chronicles.
It is believed that at the dawn of its development, Ancient Joseon was a tribal union, consisting of separately administered city-states, and it became a centralized state in 300 BC. e. Around the same time, the proto-state of Chin was formed in the south of the peninsula.

7. Iberia, 299 BC e. (Georgia)

Modern Georgia is considered a young independent state. But the history of the formation of Georgian statehood has its roots in antiquity. Georgia is among the places of discovery of the most ancient monuments of human civilization.
Historians believe that the first states on the territory of Georgia were formed in the III-II millennium BC. e. These were the Kingdom of Colchis, located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, and Iberia, modern eastern Georgia. In 299 BC. e. Pharnavaz came to power in Iberia. During the reign of Pharnavaz and his closest descendants, Iberia reached great power and became a state with significant territories. In the 9th century, a new united state arose on the territory of Georgia, the ruler of which was the king from the Bagrationi dynasty.

8. Greater Armenia, 190 BC e. (Armenia)

The first mention of Armenia is found in the cuneiform writings of the Persian king Darius I, who ruled in 522-486. BC e., also in Herodotus (V in BC) and in Xenophon (V in BC). On the maps of the greatest historians and geographers of antiquity, Armenia is marked along with Persia, Syria and other ancient states. After the collapse of the empire of Alexander the Great, Armenian kingdoms arose: Greater Armenia, Lesser Armenia and Sophena.
Great Armenia, a large state stretching from Palestine to the Caspian Sea, created in 190 BC. historians call it the first state on the territory of the modern republic.

9. Yamato, 250 (Japan)

Japan is an island nation in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean on the Japanese archipelago, consisting of 6,852 islands. According to Japanese legend in 660 BC. e. Jimmu founded the Land of the Rising Sun and became its first emperor.
The first written references to ancient Japan as a single state are contained in the historical chronicles of the 1st century AD. e. Chinese Han Empire. In the code of the 3rd century of the Chinese empire of Wei, 30 Japanese countries are mentioned, among which the most powerful is Yamatai. Its ruler, Himiko, is reported to have maintained power using "charms".
From 250 - 538 years. , the Kofun period, the state of Yamato arises. It is believed that Yamato was a federation.
The kofun period is so named because of the kofun mound culture that has been common in Japan for five centuries. The photo shows the Daisenryo Mound, the tomb of Emperor Nintoku, early 5th century.

10. Great Bulgaria, 632 (Bulgaria)

Bulgaria is a state in Southeastern Europe, in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The first state of the Bulgarians, about which accurate historical information has been preserved, was Great Bulgaria, a state that united the tribes of the Proto-Bulgarians and existed in the Black Sea and Azov steppes for only a few decades from 632 to 671. The capital of the state was the city of Phanagoria, and its founder and ruler was Khan Kubrat. From this began the history of Bulgaria as a state.

It has been fashionable at all times to "lengthen" one's history. Therefore, each nation strives to demonstrate its ancestry, starting from the ancient world, and even better, from the Stone Age. But there are peoples whose antiquity is beyond doubt.

Armenians (II millennium BC)

As the historian Boris Piotrovsky believes, the beginnings of the Armenian statehood should be sought in the time of the Hurrian kingdom of Arme-Shubria, known since the 1200s BC.

Jews (II-I millennium BC)

Jews trace their origin from Abraham (XXI-XX centuries BC), who himself was a native of the Sumerian city of Ur in Ancient Mesopotamia.

Ethiopians (III millennium BC)

Assyrians (IV-III millennium BC)

Chinese (4500-2500 BC)

Basques (possibly XIV-X millennium BC)

Khoisan peoples (100 thousand years ago)

Alisa Muranova

Original entry and comments on

In the process of historical development, entire states and peoples appeared and disappeared. Some of them still exist, others have disappeared from the face of the Earth forever. One of the most controversial issues is which of the peoples is the most ancient in the world. Many nationalities claim this title, but none of the sciences can give an exact answer.

There are a number of assumptions that allow us to consider some peoples of the world as the most ancient of those living on our planet today. Opinions on this matter vary depending on what sources historians rely on, what territory they explore and what their origins are. This gives rise to many versions. Some of the scientists believe that the Russians are the most ancient people on earth, whose origins go back to the Iron Age.

Khoisan people

The African inhabitants, called the Khoisan people, are considered the most ancient race in the world. They were recognized as such after a genetic study.

Scientists have found that the DNA of the San people, as they are also called, is the most abundant of any other group.

The people who lived as hunter-gatherers for millennia are the direct ancestors of the early modern inhabitants who migrated from the continent. In this way they spread their DNA outside of South Africa, they are believed to be the most ancient people in the world.

A study by the University of Pennsylvania found that all populations were descended from 14 ancient African lineages.

The first humans appeared in southern Africa, probably near the border between South Africa and Namibia, and there are more genetic changes on the continent today than anywhere else on Earth.

Distribution of the Khoisan people

The researchers found that these nationalities, as independent ones, began to form 100 thousand years before the beginning of a new era, before humanity began its journey from Africa around the world.

If such information can be trusted, then about 43,000 years ago the Khoisans were divided into southern and northern groups, some of them retained their national identity, others mixed with neighboring tribes and lost their genetic identity. In the DNA of the Khoisans, "relic" genes were found that provide increased physical strength and endurance, as well as a high degree of vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation.

Initially, the differences between early pastoralists, farmers, and hunter-gatherers were not overwhelming, and different groups coexisted in many areas. The first evidence of the emergence of pastoralism is found in the more arid west of the continent. There were found bones of sheep and goats, stone tools and pottery. It is with the origins of these communities, and their evolution into modern societies in South Africa, that the history of the continent is connected.

Khoisan culture

The Khoisan languages originated from one of the hunter-gatherer languages of northern Botswana.

According to data obtained during archaeological excavations, pastures and ceramics in this culture appeared at the end of the first millennium BC. appeared somewhat later. The iron farmers lived in western Zimbabwe or northeastern South Africa. The loosely organized shepherds expanded rapidly, driven by their need for new pastures. Along with pastoralism and pottery, there were other signs of change: domestic dogs, advances in stone-working tools, new settlement patterns, some finds pointing to the development of long-distance trade.

Life of an ancient African people

Most of South Africa's early agricultural communities share a common culture that has spread significantly throughout the region since the 2nd century CE. e. Around the middle of the 1st millennium A.D. e. rural communities lived in relatively large, semi-populated villages. They grew sorghum, millet, and legumes, and raised sheep, goats, and cattle. Made pottery and made iron tools.

The established relationship between hunters, herders and farmers during more than 2,000 years of socio-economic change has varied from general resistance to assimilation. For the indigenous peoples of South Africa, the boundaries between different livelihoods presented new dangers and opportunities. As the new culture spread, larger, more successful farming communities were created. In many areas, the new way of life was adopted by hunter-gatherers.

Basques

Trying to answer the question of which people are the most ancient, scientists have been studying the Basque people. The origin of the tribes of northern Spain and southwestern France is one of the strangest anthropological mysteries. Their language is unrelated to any other in the world, and their DNA has a unique genetic makeup.

This is a territory in northern Spain, bordering the Bay of Biscay in the north, the French Basque regions in the northeast and the regions of Navarre, La Rioja, Castile, Leon and Cantabria.

Now they are part of Spain, but at one time the inhabitants of the Basque Country (as we know it today) were part of an independent nation known as the Kingdom of Navarre, which existed from the 9th to the 16th century.

Research has shown that Basque genetic features differ from those of their neighbors. For example, Spaniards have been shown to have North African DNA while Basques do not.

Basque Features

Another example is their language - Euskera. Both French and Spanish (and virtually every other European language) are Indo-European, descendants of a single prehistoric dialect once spoken during the Neolithic. However, the Basque language is not one of them. In fact, Euskera is one of the oldest known dialects and is not related to any other language spoken in the world today.

The Basque Country is surrounded by the sea and a wild rocky coastline on one side and high mountains on the other. Because of this landscape, the Basque territory remained isolated for millennia, it was very difficult to conquer, and therefore it was not affected by migration.

New research shows that the Basques descended from early hunter-gatherers from the Middle East who lived about 7,000 years ago and mixed with the local population before becoming completely isolated.

All this suggests that the Basques are one of the earliest human inhabitants of Europe. They arrived before the Celts and before the spread of Indo-European languages and Iron Age migrations. Some believe that they may indeed be related to Paleolithic Europeans during the Early Stone Age.

Chinese

The Han people belong to the largest ethnic group in China, with about 90% of the people in the mainland being Han people. Today they make up 19% of the world's population. This is the most Asian. The emergence of this nation occurred during the development of Neolithic cultures, the formation of which took place in the V-III millennium BC. e.

The Han people flourished in China for a long time, and more and more people gradually settled around the world. Now they can be found in Macau, Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Japan, Laos, India, Cambodia, Malaysia, Russia, USA, Canada, Peru, France and England. Almost one in five people on our planet is ethnically Han Chinese, although most of them live in the People's Republic of China.

Historical role

Previously, the Han people ruled and influenced China during the Han Dynasty starting from 206 BC. Art and science flourished during this time, often referred to as the Golden Age of the country. The period in which Buddhism emerged saw the spread of Confucianism and Taoism, and also gave impetus to the development of Chinese characters in writing. In addition, this was the beginning of the creation of the Silk Road, an era in which trade was established between China and many countries far to the west. The first state emperor Huangdi, also called the Yellow Emperor, who unified the country, is considered the ancestor of the Han. Huangdi ruled the Hua Xia tribe that lived on the Yellow River, thus he received the corresponding title. This area and the waters flowing here are considered by the Han Dynasty as the cradle of their civilization, from where the Han culture began and then spread everywhere.

Language, religion and culture

Hanyu was the language of this people, later it turned into an early version of Mandarin Chinese. It was also used as a link between many local languages. Folk religion played a significant role in the life of the Han people. Worship of the images of Chinese mythology and the ancestors of the clan was closely associated with Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.

China's golden age in times brought a revival of national literature, philosophy and art. Fireworks, rockets, gunpowder, crossbows, cannons, and matches are the main inventions of the early Han Chinese, which spread throughout the world. Paper, printing, paper money, porcelain, silk, lacquer, compass and earthquake detectors were also developed by them. The Ming Dynasty, ruled by the Han, contributed to the construction of the Great Wall of China, which was started by the first Emperor Huang Di. The terracotta army of the ruler is one of the most famous masterpieces of the culture of this people.

The oldest people in Egypt

Egypt is located in North Africa. One of the most ancient civilizations appeared on this earth. The origin of the name of the state is connected with the word Aegyptos, which was the Greek version of the ancient Egyptian name Hwt-Ka-Ptah ("Mansion of the Spirit of Ptah"), the original name of the city of Memphis, the first capital of Egypt, a major religious and commercial center.

The ancient Egyptians themselves knew their country as Kemet, or the Black Land. This name comes from the fertile, dark soil on the banks of the Nile, where the first settlements were formed. Then the state became known as Misr, which means "country", it is still used by the Egyptians today.

The peak of Egypt's prosperity occurred in the middle of the dynastic period (from 3000 to 1000 BC). Its inhabitants have reached great heights in art, science, technology and religion.

Egyptian culture

Egyptian culture, which celebrates the greatness of the human experience, is one of the most popular. Their great tombs, temples and works of art exalt life and constantly remind of the past.

For the Egyptians, existence on earth was just one aspect of the eternal journey. The soul was immortal and only temporarily occupied the body. After the interruption of life on earth, you can get to the court in the Hall of Truth and, possibly, to paradise, which was considered a mirror reflection of being on our planet.

The first evidence of mass grazing on the land of Egypt dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. e. This, as well as the discovered artifacts, indicates a civilization that flourished in the region at that time.

The development of agriculture began in the 5th millennium BC. e. Communities belonging to the Badarian culture arose along the banks of the river. The development of industry took place at about the same time, as evidenced by the faience trade at Abydos. Badarian was followed by the Amratian, Hercerian, and Naqada cultures (also known as Naqada I, Naqada II, and Naqada III), all of which greatly influenced the development of what would become Egyptian civilization. Written history begins between 3400 and 3200 BC. during the Nakada III culture era. In 3500 B.C. e. mummification of the dead began to be practiced.

Armenians

The territory of the Caucasus includes the lands that are part of some modern states: Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Turkey.

Armenians are considered one of the most ancient peoples of the Caucasus. For a long time it was believed that from the legendary king Hayk, who came from Mesopotamia in 2492 BC. e. to the territory of Van. It was he who defined the borders of the new state around Mount Ararat, he is considered the founder of the Armenian kingdom. According to scientists, the very name of the Armenians “hai” comes from the name of this ruler. One of the researchers believed that the ruins of the Uratru state were an early Armenian settlement. However, according to the current official version, the Mushki and Urumeans, who appeared in the second quarter of the 12th century BC, are the proto-Armenian tribes. e., before the state of Urartu was formed. Here there was a mixture with the Hurrians, Urartians and Luvians. Most likely, the Armenian statehood was formed during the period of the Hurrian kingdom of Arme-Shubria, which arose in 1200 BC. e.

History holds many secrets and mysteries, and even the most modern research methods cannot find an exact answer to the question - which of the living peoples are the most ancient?