L double consonant. §6. Hard and soft consonants. How many pairs do Russian consonants form in hardness-softness

We bring to your attention a test with answers on the topic “Paired consonants at the root of the word”, which can be used in the Russian language course for grade 2. The structure of the test is presented as follows: a question, and then an answer on a gray background. To successfully pass the test, we recommend refreshing your knowledge on this topic at this link.

1. Complete the rule.

To check the double consonant at the root of the word, you need to change the word so that after _______________________________________.

To check a paired consonant at the root of a word, you need to change the word so that after consonant was a vowel.

2. Read. Highlight the words in which the missing letter needs to be checked in a different color. Insert the missing letter:

Tra_ka, loading, boiler, smooth, dressy, frosty, horse, careful, cook, du_ki.

P.S. Words: elegant, frosty and cautious do not need to be checked, for the reason that after the consonant, in each of these words, there is a sonorous consonant "H".

Unpaired voiced: N, M, L, R, Y have an additional name - sonorous consonants.

You should also supplement the rule: in order to check a double consonant, you need to choose such a test word so that after the consonant there is a vowel, or sonorant (N, M, L, R, Y), or the letter V.

3. Highlight the word being checked in blue, the test word in red.

Fish - fish, fabulous - a fairy tale, pie - pies, pipe - pipe, birch - birch, watchman - watchman, eyes - eyes, notebook - notebook, jump - jumps.

4. Select and write down test words for these words. Fill in the missing letters

kru_ka - ______ loading - ______ taking_ka - ______

carrot_ka - ______ ka_ka - ______ lid_ka - ______

flasks - ______ zaga_ka - ______ ry_ka - ______

transfer - ______ transfer - ______ road -______

Crewe and ka - kru and Ichka immersion h ka-gru h take it h ka - take h a morco in ka - morko in and uka h ka - uka h roofs w ka - kry w a fla and ki - fla and ok zaga d ka - zaga d face-to-face b ka - ry b and perez d ka - peresa d it ska h ka - ska h point doro and ka - doro and ek

5. Read. Choose and insert the correct letter in the words.

snowballs (w, w), sharp (d, t), s__ka (b, n), paper (w, w), points (c, f), boots (w, w), close (h, s), bula__ka (c, f), soft (g, x), sweet (d, t)

Dream and ki ( and, w), re d cue ( d, t), u b ka ( b, n), boom and ka ( and, w), sharp in ki ( in, f), sapo and ki ( and, w), bli h cue ( h, s), bula in ka ( in, f), me G cue ( G, x), sla d cue ( d, t)

6. Insert the missing letters. Write the test words in brackets. Write the text on a separate sheet, underline the studied spelling.

Lebe. b (____________) is called the king of all water birds. It is white as snow, with shiny, transparent small eyes. kami (_________), with a black nose and black la..kami (__________). He has a long, gi. kaya (____________) and a beautiful neck. He is beautiful when he swims. which (__________) surface of the water.

Lebe d b (lebe d i) is called the king of all water birds. He is white as snow, with small, shiny, transparent eyes. h kami (chapter h a), with a black nose and black la P kami (la P s). He has a long gi b kaya (gi b ok) and nice neck. He is beautiful when he swims d koi (chapter d ok) the surface of the water.

1. Circle the paired consonants: h n t h b x r f f k

1. Select test words. tooth, teeth, teeth, tooth, dental

1. Highlight the words in the text with consonants at the end that need to be checked.

It's hot outside. Gleb and Oleg went to the beach. A white sail is visible in the distance. Sea water washes the shore. The boys took off their clothes and shoes and dived into the water. The sea was warm. And swimming is fun.

It's hot outside. Gleb and Oleg went to beach. White is seen in the distance sail. Sea water washes Coast. The boys took off their clothes and shoes and dived into the water. The sea was warm. And swimming is fun.

Online test on the topic "Paired consonants"

We also offer you an online test to test your knowledge on the topic: "Paired consonants in the root of the word."

city... by choosing a check word:

Correctly!

Not properly!

Insert the missing letter in the word take... by choosing a check word:

Correctly!

Not properly!

Insert the missing letter in the word myo... by choosing a check word:

Correctly!

Not properly!

Insert the missing letter in the word zu...ki by choosing a check word:

In this lesson, we will learn that the paired consonant in the root of the word (in the middle and at the end of the word) needs to be checked. Let's learn how to check paired consonants in the root using a vowel. Let's do a lot of fun things.

Stunning paired consonants at the end and in the middle of a word

We already know that Russian has paired consonants:

B-P, D-T, G-K, Z-S, V-F, F-Sh.

Rice. 1. Paired consonants ()

Let's observe what happens to paired consonants at the end and in the middle of a word.

Let's name the items. Let's highlight the last sounds.

Train d

Ta h . We hear the sound C - we write the letter Z.

Let's check how a paired consonant sounds in the middle of a word before deaf consonants.

Lo d ka. We hear the sound T - we write the letter D.

Lo and ka. We hear the sound Sh - we write the letter Zh.

We conclude: voiced pairs at the end of a word and in the middle before deaf consonants are stunned, which means that the spelling of paired consonants must be checked.

Three ways to check paired consonants

This spelling occurs at the root of the word, therefore it was called "Spelling of paired consonants at the root of the word." And what words will be test?

Consider examples.

The first way to check the spelling of paired consonants is to change the form of the word so that a vowel appears after the paired consonant.

For example: cargo - cargo, snowdrift - snowdrifts, fruit - fruits.

The second way: mentally substitute the word "no".

For example: flag - no flag, frost - no frost, beak - no beak.

The third way: choose a single-root word so that a vowel comes after the double consonant.

For example: leg - leg, foot - sweetheart, grass - grass.

Rice. 6. Words with double consonants ()

The most dangerous.

Double in the word check

Substitute a vowel next to it.

And also, in order to check a double consonant, you need to change the word so that after the checked consonant sound, a voiced consonant sound H is heard.

For example: fish - fish, book - book.

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

And now we will consolidate the acquired knowledge by completing the tasks.

Insert the missing letters, name the test word.

Skirt, pipe, blouse, cold, exhibition, eyes, snowballs, dirt, cow, mug, bell, walrus.

Let's check what happened: skirt - skirt, pipe - pipe, blouse - blouse, cold - cold, exhibition - expose, eyes - eyes, snowballs - snowy, mud - dirty, cow - cow, mug - mug, bell - calls, walrus - walruses.

Select the root in related words, insert a double consonant.

Tra…ka - tra…a, tra…ear, tra…inka.

Doo ... ki - doo ... ok, doo ... points, doo ... new.

Moro ... - frost ... s, frosty ... ny, frost ... it.

Herb ka - herb a, herb abalone, herb inca - root of herbs. Inserted the letter B.

Oak ki - oak ok, oak glasses, oak ovy - oak root. Put in the letter B.

Frost - frosts, frosty, frost - frost root. Insert the letter Z.

Let's name the items. In what words does the spelling differ from the pronunciation? Choose test words for them. Let's highlight the roots.

Bread, nail, hat, cake, dove.

Let's check. The pronunciation differs from the spelling of the words:

Bread, nail, dove.

Test words:

Bread - bread a, bread of ears, bread. Root bread.

Nail - nail and, carnation ik. The root of the nail.

Dove b - blue and, blue ok, blue other. Pigeon root.

We write words that are suitable in meaning with a double consonant at the end. All words start with the letter S.

…… blooms in spring.

Mom made ...... from cucumbers.

Winter is coming....

…… swept during a blizzard.

After the fight under the eye……

…… hay was removed from the field.

Let's check what happened (one of the options).

Garden blooms in spring.

Mom made a cucumber salad.

There is snow in the winter .

Snowdrift swept during a blizzard.

After a fight, a bruise under the eye.

Stack hay was removed in the field.

In the next lesson, we will learn the rules for writing words with a separating soft sign and consolidate this knowledge in practice by completing many interesting tasks.

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

1. Kuznetzova.siteedit.ru ().
2. School.xvatit.com().
3. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().

• Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. Do exercise. 165 p. 109, ex. 167, 168 p. 111.
• Insert the necessary consonant at the place of the gap in the words.

Rice. 7. Task for spelling paired consonants at the root of the word ()

• * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, solve the puzzles, explain the spelling of the answer words.

In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between voiced and deaf consonants and designate them in writing with consonants. We will find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired in terms of voicing - deafness, sonorous and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Recall how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from the lungs. It runs along the windpipe into a narrow larynx, where there are special muscles - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.

Let's conduct an experiment: we close our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we uttered the sound [b], the ligaments stretched and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a little ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds voiced, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonants in voicing-deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second. Residents of the first house:

These consonants are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and deaf consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real "twins", they are pronounced almost the same: the lips fold the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they have pairs and softness - hardness. Let's add them to the house.

The sounds [w] and [w] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called hissing sounds.

All these sounds are denoted by letters:

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

In the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Recall that the sound [th '] always soft. Therefore, in our house he will live alone. These sounds are indicated in writing by letters:

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word "sonor" in Latin "sonorus" means sonorous.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

In the third house we will settle unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

Recall that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h '] and [u '] - always soft. Unpaired deaf consonants are indicated in writing by letters:

Sounds [h '], [u '] - hissing sounds.

So we populated our city of consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonants and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonants.

d point - point

b ochka - kidney

w ar - heat

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With a voiced - I myself ring in expanse . (Spike - voice)

2) With the deaf - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced - eats leaves. (Spit - goat)

3) With "em" - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it happens in winter, and disappears in spring . (Honey-ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce some sounds, especially hissing ones, tongue twisters are taught. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then accelerates the pace. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

1. Six mice rustle in the reeds.
2. The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a narrowed one.
3. Two puppies chewed cheek to cheek on a brush in the corner.

So, today we learned that consonants can be voiced and deaf and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ().
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

1. Fictionbook.ru ().
2. Deafnet.ru ().
3. Samouchka.com.ua ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. four.
2. Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various -6, deaf consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
3. Read the proverb: « Be able to speak in time, be silent in time. Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonants denote the letters M, Y, V, R, Z, L in the proverb.)
4. 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the topic “In the city of consonants”.

What is sound? This is the minimum component of human speech. Shown in letters. In writing, sounds differ from letters by the presence of first square brackets used in phonetic transcription. The letter is o, the sound is [o]. Transcription shows differences in spelling and pronunciation. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] indicates softness of pronunciation.

In contact with

The sounds are divided into:

• Vowels. They can be easily pulled. When they are created, the tongue does not take an active part, being fixed in one position. The sound is created due to changes in the position of the tongue, lips, various vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of the air supply. vowel length - basis of vocal art(singing, "singing smooth").
• The consonants a are pronounced with the participation of the tongue, which, occupying a certain position and shape, creates an obstacle to the movement of air from the lungs. This leads to the appearance of noise in the oral cavity. At the output, they are converted into sound. Also, the lips, which close and open during speech, prevent the free passage of air.

The consonants are divided into:

• deaf and voiced. The deafness and sonority of the sound depends on the operation of the speech apparatus;
• hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.

Letters representing consonants

Deaf

Deaf in Russian: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh]. The easiest way to remember the phrase, and not a set of letters, “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? Phi!” containing them all.

An example in which all consonants are deaf: rooster, honeycomb, pin.

Voiced

When they are formed, the form of the tongue is close to the form that produces deaf, but vibrations are added. Voiced consonants create active vibrations of the ligaments. vibrations deform the sound wave, and not a clean stream of air enters the oral cavity, but sound. In the future, it is additionally transformed by the tongue and lips.

To voiced consonants belong: b, c, d, e, g, h, d, l, m, n, p.

When they are pronounced, tension is clearly felt in the larynx. In addition, it is almost impossible to speak them clearly in a whisper.

A word in which all consonants are voiced: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.

Summary table of consonants (voiced and voiced).

It is precisely due to the change in sound that Russian speech is enriched with various words that are similar in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. For example: house - volume, court - itching, code - year.

Paired consonants

What does parity mean? Two letters that are similar in sound, in the pronunciation of which the language occupies similar positions, are called paired consonant sounds. The pronunciation of consonants can be conditionally divided into one-stage (lips and tongues are involved in their creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. Those cases when, when pronouncing, the movements of the mouth coincide, and create pairs.

Summary table of paired consonants, taking into account hardness and softness

In speech, it is common not to pronounce each letter, but to “eat” it. This is not an exception only to Russian speech. This is found in almost all languages ​​of the world and is especially noticeable in English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: paired consonants replace (by ear) each other during speech. For example: love - [l 'u b about f '].

But not everyone has their own pair. There are not similar in pronunciation to any others - this is unpaired consonants. The reproduction technique differs from the pronunciation of other sounds and combines them into groups.

Paired consonants

Unpaired consonants

The first group can be pronounced with softness. The second has no analogues in pronunciation.

Unpaired consonants are divided into:

• sonoras - [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p ']. When they are pronounced, the air current hits the upper sky like a dome;
• hissing - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '].

The Russian language contains letters that are difficult to understand in the context. Are the sounds [h], [th], [c], [n] voiced or deaf? Learn these 4 letters!

Important![h] - deaf! [th] - sonorous! [c] is deaf! [n] - sonorous!

Unpaired consonants

Hard and soft

They are spelled the same but sound different. Voiceless and voiced consonants, with the exception of hissing, can be pronounced hard or soft. For example: [b] was - [b`] beat; [t] current - [t`] current.

When pronouncing hard, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate. Soft are formed by pressing to the upper palate of the middle part of the tongue.

In speech, the sound is determined by the letter following the consonant.

Vowels form pairs: a-i, u-u, e-e, s-i, o-e.

Two-vowel vowels (i, ё, u, e) are pronounced in one of two combinations: the sound [th] and a paired vowel from E, O, U, A, or a soft sign and a paired vowel. For example, the word jung. It is pronounced as [th] [y] [n] [g] [a]. Or the word mint. It is pronounced as: [m '] [a] [t] [a]. The vowels A, O, U, E, S do not have a double sound, therefore do not affect the pronunciation of the leading consonant.

Difference example:

A spoon is a hatch, honey is a sea, a house is a woodpecker.

Phonetic transcription:

[Spoon a] - [L 'u k], [m 'o d] - [m o r 'e], [d o m] - [d' a tel].

Pronunciation rules:

• hard ones are pronounced before A, O, U, E, Y. Abscess, side, beech, bentley, former;
• soft are pronounced before I, Yo, Yu, E, I. Revenge, honey, whale, mashed potatoes, mint;
• hard ones are pronounced if they are followed by another consonant: death. After the consonant [s], there is a consonant [m]. Regardless of whether the M is soft, voiced or hard, C is pronounced firmly;
• solid are pronounced if the letter is the last in the word: class, house;
• consonants before the vowel [e] in borrowed words are pronounced firmly, as before [e]. For example: scarf - [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
• always soft before b: elk, pulp.
• exceptions to the rules:
  • always solid F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
  • always soft J, Ch, W: white, black, pike.

Russian has 21 consonants and 36 consonants. Consonants and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [g], d - [e], f - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], r - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].

Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of consonants in terms of pairing-unpairing of hard and soft, deaf and voiced: deaf - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).

Scheme 1. Consonant letters and consonant sounds of the Russian language.

Hard and soft consonants

Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon '] - con [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].

For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers". If a consonant letter in different words means either a soft or a hard sound, then the sound is paired. For example, in the word cat, the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale, the letter k denotes a soft sound [k ']. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [v] and [k '] do not make a pair in hardness-softness, but make a pair [v] - [v ']. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [g] is always solid. There are no words in Russian where it would be soft [zh']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w ’], then it belongs to unpaired ones.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Thanks to voiced and deaf consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Deaf consonants are pronounced with the mouth almost covered; when they are pronounced, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.

Some consonant sounds have a similar sound in terms of pronunciation, but are pronounced with different tonality - deaf or sonorous. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.

• paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, f-sh.
• unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, d, c, x, h, u.

Sonorant, noisy and hissing consonants

Sonorant - voiced unpaired consonants. There are 9 sonorous sounds: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:

1. Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k "], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [q], [h'], [w], [w'];
2. Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [s ], [h'].

Hissing consonants (4): [g], [h '], [w], [u '].

Paired and unpaired consonants

Consonants (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:

To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonants, you need to know