What is liver infarction. Liver infarction is a dangerous organ damage! Liver infarction what

Myocardial infarction is a form of coronary artery disease and occurs due to blockage of the coronary vessels that feed the heart muscle. Hypoxia and tissue necrosis develops. Half of the cases end in death. Timely assistance and hospitalization can change the situation. In a hospital setting, doctors will resort to methods to improve vascular patency to normalize cardiac blood flow and prevent complications.

General characteristics and features of myocardial infarction

The occurrence of myocardial infarction is associated with a long course of coronary heart disease (CHD). This pathology is a consequence of atherosclerosis. It occurs against the background of an unhealthy lifestyle in the form of fatty plaques on the walls of blood vessels. Gradually, the lumen narrows, which leads to hemodynamic failures. Over time, atherosclerotic deposits become covered with cracks in which platelets accumulate. The process ends with the formation of blood clots and complete blockage of the blood flow. Depending on the localization of thrombosis, a certain area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe myocardium is affected. To stop the progress of necrotic changes, you will need to urgently call an ambulance.
To answer the question of what a heart attack is, statistics will help:

• approximately 30% of people do not wait for medical help;
• 25-35% of patients die in the first two days of intensive care;
• in 20-30% of cases, death occurs during hospitalization.

In the first three days after the development of the acute phase of a heart attack, arrhythmias begin to appear. They can be treated with drugs in the intensive care unit. At later stages of treatment, palpitations occur in every 2 people. The most severe type of failure is considered to be the atrial fibrillation form. The general list of complications of a heart attack is as follows:

• heart failure;
• cardiogenic shock;

• rupture of muscle fibers in the area of ​​necrotic changes;
• blockage by blood clots in the pulmonary artery;
• mental illness;
• blockade of the legs of the bundle of His;
• duodenal ulcer and stomach wall;
• aneurysm (protrusion) of the thinned wall of the heart.

A heart attack is more often diagnosed in men over 40 years of age. In old age, the likelihood of development in both sexes is the same. This feature is associated with the effect of estrogen. In women, it serves as a defense against atherosclerotic deposits. The hormone prevents them from being deposited on the walls of blood vessels, thereby reducing the likelihood of ischemia. After the onset of menopause, hormonal activity fades, reducing the degree of protection.

Classification

During a heart attack, necrotic changes in the tissues of the heart muscle begin to occur. Pathology was classified according to symptoms, localization of the lesion, frequency of manifestation and causative factor. You can get acquainted with all the features in the table:

Name

Description

Atypical forms of a heart attack can be distinguished from each other by non-standard manifestations. They make up no more than 10-15 percent. The rest falls on the typical pain form.

Stages of development

It is customary to divide the infarct state according to generally accepted standards into certain stages. Each of them has its own symptoms and treatment methods:

• Not all patients feel the preinfarction stage. It is characterized by secondary signs and harbingers of an impending attack.
• The most acute phase lasts no more than 6 hours from the moment the first signs appear. It can be recognized by acute pain and other symptoms of hemodynamic failure. With timely assistance, the likelihood of recovery increases significantly. Accompany the most acute stage of failures in the heartbeat and other complications.
• The acute period of myocardial infarction is treated in intensive care and lasts for 10-14 days. Gradually, the pain decreases, a scar begins to form and resorption-necrotic syndrome manifests itself.
• The subacute stage lasts approximately 4 weeks. The patient is transferred from the intensive care unit to the ward of the cardiology department. Symptoms of necrosis disappear. On ECG diagnostics (electrocardiography), signs of stabilization of metabolic processes in cardiomyocytes (heart cells) become noticeable.

• The postinfarction stage begins after the completion of the subacute stage. The patient no longer feels any discomfort, so he is discharged. The period of rehabilitation (recovery) is carried out at home under the supervision of a cardiologist. How long this stage will last depends on the size and location of the focus of necrosis, the presence of complications and other factors. The recovery period is expected to be 4-6 months.
• The stage of scarring is considered testamentary. It is characterized by the final formation of a scar at the site of necrotic changes.

The reasons

The causes of myocardial infarction are divided into coronary and non-coronary. The first group is associated with a violation of the patency of the heart vessels against the background of the development of atherosclerosis. It is characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and the gradual formation of blood clots. In more rare cases, the manifestation of necrosis is associated with spasm of the coronary arteries, the growth of a tumor of the heart, or damage to the chest.

The risk group includes people who are affected by irritating factors:

• arterial hypertension;
• physical inactivity (a sedentary lifestyle);
• smoking;
• alcohol consumption;
• high concentration of low density cholesterol;

• diabetes;
• non-compliance with the rules of healthy eating;
• age-related changes;
• frequent stay in stressful situations;
• excess weight.

Due to the mentioned factors, the blockage of blood vessels is accelerated. With complete occlusion, tissue death of the heart muscle occurs. The process is typical for women over 50 and men after 40. Especially often a heart attack occurs in alcoholics and sedentary people. Athletes begin necrotic damage to the heart against the background of stress.

Non-coronary infarction occurs due to a primary failure in the metabolic processes of the heart:

• electrolyte-steroid cardiopathy;
• damage to the myocardium of an immune and neurogenic nature;
• toxic myocardiopathy.

For many specialists, the non-coronary group of factors influencing the development of a heart attack is absurd.

In their opinion, necrotic changes in muscle tissue are formed due to malnutrition. The vascular factor comes first, so it is wrong to consider non-cronarogenic causes as fundamental.

Heart attack: symptoms and first signs

Ischemic heart disease gradually progresses and manifests itself in the form of angina pectoris. The people called her angina pectoris because of the squeezing sensation in the chest. Shortly before the onset of tissue necrosis, the following signs of a heart attack can be detected:

• skin blanching;
• nausea;
• manifestation of cold sweat;
• pre-fainting state.

The degree of manifestation of symptoms depends on individual tolerance, localization of the lesion and its size, and the presence of other pathologies. Microinfarctions can be transferred "on the legs", that is, imperceptibly. Extensive forms are characterized by a pronounced clinical picture.

The main typical symptom of a heart attack is chest pain. It is characterized by certain features of the emergence, development and relief:

The occurrence of myocardial necrosis is accompanied by other symptoms associated with hemodynamic failures:

• excessive sweating;
• growing weakness;
• nausea up to vomiting;
• panic attack;
• skin blanching;
• dyspnea;
• manifestation of cold sweat;
• dizziness;
• signs of cardiogenic shock.

In most cases, the patient at the time of the attack falls to the ground, putting his hand to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heart. He needs to urgently provide emergency assistance and call an ambulance. The arrival of doctors does not mean saving a life. A person is hospitalized for further medical manipulations, examinations and tests.

As a complication, pulmonary edema may develop in the first hours after the attack. Usually it is manifested by a dry cough, which gradually develops into a wet one. Pink foam begins to stand out, blocking the airways. The rapid development of edema can cause suffocation and death of the patient.

On the second day, the temperature rises up to 38°. The body reacts in a similar way to necrosis of the heart tissue. With the development of cardiogenic shock, dysfunctions of internal organs and signs of intoxication appear.

The postinfarction period has its own characteristics:

• swelling of the legs and arms;
• overgrowth of the liver;
• dyspnea.

During the rehabilitation phase, due to the thinning of the affected myocardial wall, a heart aneurysm may occur. The degree of recovery of the patient directly depends on the presence of complications and other factors that affect the cardiovascular system.

Clinical picture of atypical heart attacks

Atypical forms of myocardial infarction are more common in females. They are characterized by their own non-standard symptoms:

• The asthmatic type is characterized by problems with respiratory function, against which a panic attack often manifests itself. Gradually there are signs of edema and inflammation of the lungs. Choking is most often disturbed during sleep. With a sharp awakening, it will be similar to an attack of bronchial asthma.

• The gastralgic variant of a heart attack is characterized by pain in the stomach. A similar symptom is often attributed to gastritis, ulcers and poisoning, which is why the treatment of the underlying pathology is delayed. Delay usually leads to irreversible consequences. In patients with pain, belching, nausea, hiccups and other symptoms that are uncharacteristic of the necrosis process may occur.
• The cerebrovascular variety is manifested by a stroke and loss of consciousness against the background of serious disruptions in hemodynamics. It is characterized by neurological symptoms (weakening of muscle tissue, decreased sensitivity, paralysis, signs of paresthesia).
• The arrhythmic type of heart attack is characterized by disruptions in the heartbeat that occur as the first signs. The most negative prognosis for atrioventricular blockades. They are characterized by a decrease in the frequency of contractions.

Despite the atypical symptoms, such forms of a heart attack are no less dangerous. If you do not call an ambulance in a timely manner, then the likelihood of a fatal outcome will significantly increase.

Diagnostic methods

The diagnosis is made on the basis of the results of the electrocardiogram and laboratory tests, the clinical picture and the study of a micropreparation (biomaterial under a microscope). An ECG is performed on the way to the clinic with the necessary equipment in the ambulance or in a hospital setting. With myocardial infarction, the following deviations from the norm can be seen in the results of the cardiogram:

• Necrosis is localized in the center and is manifested by a change in the QRS complex. In most cases, an abnormal Q wave occurs.
• The area of ​​damage is surrounded by a zone of necrosis. On the cardiogram, it is displayed as a displaced ST segment.
• Around the damage zone is an area of ​​ischemia. On the ECG, it is characterized by a change in the width and polarity of the T wave.

An electrocardiogram will allow you to assess the degree and depth of necrotic changes:

Laboratory tests will reveal abnormalities in the composition of the blood that occur during a heart attack. They are carried out in order to determine the stage of the disease and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. As an addition, the following instrumental methods of examination can be assigned:

• Echocardiography (EchoCG) is performed to study the structure of the heart, assess its functionality and the extent of lesions.
• Coronary angiography allows you to accurately identify the focus of narrowing. Often performed before surgery.
• Scintigraphy helps to visualize the contractile function of the heart.
• Radiography will reveal left ventricular failure, exfoliating aortic aneurysm and exclude lung pathology.

At home, with certain equipment, a troponin test can be performed. The device will detect the presence of infarction markers (troponins) in the blood. The analysis is carried out as follows:

• blood is taken from the finger and applied to the indicator;
• the device is started;
• the result is displayed on the screen.

With the development of strange symptoms, such a test will allow timely detection of the problem. The first thing you need to do is call an ambulance and do an analysis. Waiting for the result, you need to resort to first aid measures.

Course of therapy

After hospitalization, the patient is given a medical history, where all the symptoms and test results will be recorded. It will help the doctor to see the whole picture and prescribe a more effective treatment aimed at restoring vascular patency and stopping the necrosis process. The basis of the treatment regimen is medicines:

• Analgesics from the group of opioids ("Codeine", "Morphine") help relieve the severity of pain. They can be used by doctors of the ambulance team to alleviate the patient's condition or specialists in the intensive care unit.
• Tranquilizers ("Clozepid", "Atarax") reduce the severity of nervous excitement and improve sleep. Such drugs are used only in the acute stage.
• Thrombolytics ("Retaplaza", "Prourokinase") dissolve blood clots that have clogged the coronary vessels. Gradually, the blood flow returns to normal. Dead areas are not restored, but the process of necrosis slows down. Thrombolytic therapy is prohibited in the presence of pathologies of the hematopoietic system, tumors and recent bleeding and operations.

• Antiplatelet agents ("Pentoxifylline", "Aspirin") are used to reduce the degree of platelet aggregation. They actually cease to stick to the walls of blood vessels, thereby reducing the likelihood of thrombosis. No less relevant are such drugs to improve the blood supply to the heart muscle. They affect red blood cells, which allows you to stimulate blood flow and stop necrotic changes.
• Anticoagulants ("Fragmin", "Heparin") are prescribed at the acute and subacute stages to improve the therapeutic effect of thrombolytics. Due to their influence, the likelihood of blood clots is significantly reduced.
• Beta-blockers ("Metoprolol", "Talinoprolol") reduce the degree of perception of adrenaline. The heart muscle responds to the impact by stabilizing the rhythm and dilating the vessels. Against this background, the load on it decreases and the spread of necrosis slows down. Blockers are used at all stages of a heart attack.
• ACE inhibitors (Quinapril, Benazepril) are prescribed as a means of combating heart failure. It is a common consequence of myocardial infarction. These drugs have a vasodilating and hypotensive effect, which reduces the load on the heart and stabilizes the pulse.

Surgical intervention

It is not always possible to stop an attack and restore myocardial nutrition only with the help of medications.
Sometimes surgery is required:

• coronary artery bypass grafting;
• installation of a defibrillator or pacemaker;
• stenting of the affected vessels;
• excision of the aneurysm.

Recovery period

After discharge from the hospital, a person will have to regularly undergo the required examinations and show the results to a cardiologist in order to monitor the work of the heart. Despite the absence of symptoms, treatment should be continued. Some of the medicines that are applicable in a hospital setting are usually prescribed. They will unload the heart muscle and increase tolerance to irritating factors. You can supplement the treatment regimen with folk remedies based on medicinal herbs and physiotherapy.

It is equally important, against the background of compliance with the therapy regimen, to adhere to the rules of prevention:

• to refuse from bad habits;
• eat properly;
• engage in physical therapy;
• get enough sleep;
• avoid stressful situations and physical overload.

First aid measures

When identifying the first signs of a heart attack, you need to urgently call an ambulance, then follow the generally accepted algorithm of actions:

• Lie down on a flat surface. Put a soft object under your head. If shortness of breath torments, then it is better to sit down, hanging down your legs.
• Take an aspirin tablet and measure your blood pressure. If the indicators are elevated or normal, then take "Nitroglycerin".
• To relieve anxiety, drink Valocordin or a tincture with a sedative effect (hawthorn, motherwort, mint).

With myocardial infarction, it is urgent to provide assistance to the patient. Otherwise, the risk of death is high. An attack can be identified by its characteristic clinical picture. As a treatment, medications will be used to restore vascular patency and relieve the load on the heart.

Lipril tablets

In pharmaceuticals, there is the drug "Lipril", which belongs to ACE inhibitors. Through "Lipril" it is possible to get rid of hypertension and significantly lower blood pressure. Tablets "Lipril" are not freely available, they must be prescribed by a doctor and give the patient a prescription, which he will provide when buying at a pharmacy. The dosage and duration of the therapeutic course is also prescribed by the attending physician.

Release form

The drug "Lipril" is available in tablet form of 5, 10 and 20 mg. The 5 mg tablets are round and white in color with a notch on the edges. The appearance of 10-milligram tablets is slightly different: the pill is presented in a flat-cylindrical form with beveled edges, painted in beige. A 20-milligram tablet is the same shape as a 10-milligram tablet, with the only difference being that it is pink in color and may have marbled inclusions. Regardless of the dosage of tableted products, they are all placed in a blister, each of which contains 10 pieces. The carton box contains 3 blisters.

Back to index

The composition of "Lipril"

The main substance of "Lipril" is lisinopril, presented in the form of a dihydrate. But the excipients vary depending on the dosage of the drug:

Back to index

Mechanism of influence

Taking medication helps lower blood pressure.

After taking the drug, there is a suppression of the formation of agiotensin II and a decrease in the vasodilating effect of the latter. There is a positive stimulation for the production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. A patient taking "Lipril" observed:

• decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance (OPSS);
• increase in minute blood volume;
• afterload reduction;
• decrease in blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation;
• decrease in blood pressure;
• increased blood flow within the liver.

60 minutes after ingestion, the drug begins to affect the patient's body. The maximum concentration of substances is observed after 6 hours. The effect on the body persists throughout the day. The positive is that even if you take "Lipril" for a long time, the effect on the body does not decrease.

After the termination of the therapeutic course of "Lipril", withdrawal syndrome is almost never observed.

Back to index

Indications for taking "Lipril"

• Essential hypertension.
• Heart failure (the remedy is used to treat concomitant symptoms of the disease).
• Myocardial infarction, especially, manifested in an acute form, while the therapeutic course lasts no more than 1.5 months. If after taking the medicine within 24 hours the patient does not improve, then "Lipril" is not used for this disease.
• The initial stage of nephropathy, which developed against the background of diabetes mellitus.
• Complicated form of arterial hypertension.

Back to index

Instructions for use "Lipril" from pressure

The drug "Lipril" is taken orally, preferably in the morning.

The diagnosis of cerebral infarction sounds frightening, and this fear is justified, because the name hides a severe pathology, accompanied by ischemia of the brain tissue and severe disorders, which often lead to disability, and in some cases can be fatal.

• The mechanism of development of pathology
• Signs that you need to see a doctor
• General
• Focal
• The course of the initial stage of a stroke
• Differential Diagnosis
• Treatment of pathology
• Surgery
• Conservative treatment
• Forecast

Due to the high risk of getting sick, each person needs to know his main symptoms, in which you need to urgently consult a doctor.

The mechanism of development of pathology

A cerebral infarction develops due to a complete violation of the patency of the cerebral vessels, as a result of which acute ischemia of the brain tissue occurs.

Conventionally, the stages of the pathological process can be described as follows:

1. There is a complete overlap of the vascular lumen with a foreign body (a detached blood clot or an atherosclerotic plaque).
2. The blockage of the vessel leads to the cessation of access to the brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.
3. A short oxygen starvation of brain cells (5-7 minutes) provokes softening and disruption of the cellular structure, causing irreversible changes in the area in which blood circulation is disturbed.
4. Irreversible changes in the structure of cells lead to the development of motor, speech and some other functions.

The severity of the pathology and the symptoms of the disorder depend on which cerebral artery has ceased to function fully, and on the location of ischemia.

The main cause of the disease is the blockage of a large vessel by a thrombus or atherosclerotic plaque that has arisen in various vascular diseases, less often the pathology is provoked by a prolonged vascular spasm.

Signs that you need to see a doctor

Signs of cerebral infarction can be divided into two groups - general and focal.

General

Regardless of the lesion in ischemic stroke, the following are observed:

• confusion;
• violation of vestibular function (dizziness, double vision, coordination disorder);
• decreased sensitivity and motor activity on one side of the body (paresis and paralysis);
• indistinctness of speech, which develops due to partial or complete paralysis of the muscles of the tongue.

Signs can be clearly expressed or very weak, but any of the described deviations should be the reason for the immediate delivery of the patient to the hospital.

Focal

Each area of ​​the brain is responsible for one or more functions (motor, visual, speech, etc.). Depending on the location of the ischemic focus, the patient may experience the following symptoms:

• visual impairment (even blindness);
• a sharp increase or decrease in A / D;
• involuntary limb motility (the arm and leg spontaneously move regardless of the patient's desire);
• the difference in the size of the pupils (on the side of the lesion, the pupil expands and stops responding to light);
• tachycardia;
• spontaneous urination or defecation (this symptom is not very common).

For the pre-medical definition of the disease, this does not matter, but it is interesting to know that left-sided disorders occur with damage to the right cerebral hemisphere, and right-sided - with ischemia of the left.

The course of the initial stage of a stroke

The onset of the disease depends on the following:

• the size of the artery in which the blood flow is disturbed;
• nature of the ischemic process.

Depending on the combination of these two characteristics, the following types of stroke are distinguished:

1. Spicy. Symptoms develop rapidly, within 1 to 2 hours. Often such patients are delivered by ambulance in an unconscious state in the intensive care unit. In the acute stage of development, after recovery, the consequences of a stroke always remain in the form of impaired brain activity, paralysis, and others.
2. Wavy. The deterioration of the condition occurs gradually, and if pathology is detected at the initial stage of development, then almost complete restoration of all functions is possible.
3. Tumor-like. By the time of progression of symptoms, it is similar to undulating. Only medical research will be able to recognize that in this case the main cause is not cerebral hypoxia, but progressive tissue edema and increased intracranial pressure.

Advice to the relatives of the sick person: if a person has an acute or gradual speech impairment, a decrease in motor activity and a sensitivity disorder, then you should not delay contacting a doctor! It is better to call an ambulance and hospitalize a person in a hospital. Seeing a doctor as soon as possible is the key to recovery after an ischemic stroke.

Differential Diagnosis

Cerebral infarction is first of all differentiated from the following conditions:

1. hemorrhagic stroke. Malnutrition of the brain tissue can develop as a result of a rupture of a blood supply vessel and blood entering the brain. The hematoma of the brain tissue resulting from hemorrhage is similar in manifestations to ischemic processes, but has a more unfavorable prognosis.
2. Transient ischemic attack (microstroke or transient acute cerebrovascular accident). Occurs due to occlusion of the main arteries or angiospasm. A transient attack differs from a stroke (stroke) in reversibility: after some time, stroke symptoms worsen, and with a transient attack, a gradual recovery of all functions is observed.

To clarify the diagnosis, the doctor uses the following methods:

1. MRI. The procedure allows obtaining complete data on all cerebral vessels and localizing ischemic foci.
2. Dopplerography (a type of ultrasound). Gives the same complete information about the vessels, as in MRI. A small minus of the procedure: the need to use a special gel, which is difficult for a person with long hair.
3. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of blood: if there is no blood and symptoms progress, then this is a cerebral infarction. The study of cerebrospinal fluid allows, even if other methods of examination are impossible, to differentiate ischemia from hemorrhage.
4. CT scan. This method is considered the most reliable for differentiating hemorrhages, strokes and transient attacks, but, unfortunately, not all clinics have the equipment.
5. Angiography. Radiography of vessels using a contrast agent is rarely used and is necessary only when preparing the patient for surgical treatment.

Clarification of the diagnosis is carried out within a few hours, because the prognosis of the disease depends on the speed of diagnosis and timely therapy.

Treatment of pathology

The sooner those around the sick person identify the ongoing violations and take the person to the hospital, the more favorable the prognosis for restoring body functions lost due to ischemia of the brain tissue. Of the methods of treatment, conservative and surgical are used.

Surgery

Surgical intervention to restore arterial patency is done infrequently, and this is possible only in neurosurgical departments, where the following is performed to restore blood supply to the brain:

• shunting;
• stenting (installation of a vasodilator stent);
• carotid endarterectomy (removal of a blood clot or atherosclerotic plaque along with part of the artery wall).

Conservative treatment

The most important thing in a stroke is to restore impaired cerebral circulation.

For this use:

1. Anticoagulants. Heparin is one of the most commonly used blood-thinning drugs.
2. Antiplatelet agents. A group of drugs that prevent thrombosis and obliteration of blood vessels.
3. Means for thrombolysis. Drugs that help dissolve already formed blood clots.

In addition, symptomatic therapy is carried out to eliminate the disorders that have arisen in the body.

Forecast

Unfortunately, according to medical statistics, if a cerebral infarction is detected, the prognosis is not very favorable:

• more than 50% of cases end in disability - in some cases, the patient becomes unable to serve himself and requires constant care;
• about 15 - 20% of diagnosed cases end in death;
• about 4-5% of cases with full and partial recovery may be complicated by epilepsy.

The sooner you seek medical help, the better the prognosis for the patient. At the first suspicion of an ischemic stroke, the patient should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible for examination and treatment.

By leaving a comment, you accept the User Agreement

• Arrhythmia
• Atherosclerosis
• Varicose veins
• Varicocele
• Haemorrhoids
• Hypertension
• Hypotension
• Diagnostics
• Dystonia
• Stroke
• Ischemia
• Blood
• Operations
• Heart
• Vessels
• angina pectoris
• Tachycardia
• Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis

• heart tea
• Hypertension
• Pressure bracelet
• Normallife
• Allapinin
• Asparkam
• Detralex

Tumors of blood vessels

There are benign (angiomas) and malignant tumors of blood vessels.

Benign vascular tumors

Benign tumors arising from blood vessels are called hemangiomas, from lymph nodes - lymphangiomas. 45% of all soft tissue tumors and 25% of all benign tumors are hemangiomas. According to the microscopic composition, these diseases are divided into benign hemangioendotheliomas, juvenile (capillary), racemic, cavernous (cavernous) hemangiomas and hemangiomatosis.

Benign hemangioendothelioma is a rather rare disease that mainly manifests itself in childhood. The areas of localization of this tumor are the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Also, capillary hemangioma is most common in children. It is localized mainly in the skin, less often in the liver, mucous membranes of the digestive tract and oral cavity. Often has infiltrating growth.

Racemic hemangioma can be arterial, venous or arteriovenous. It has the form of a conglomerate of viciously developed vessels. Localized in the neck and head. Cavernous hemangioma is a vascular cavity of various shapes and sizes, communicating with each other. Most often localized in the liver, less often in the gastrointestinal tract, muscles and spongy bones.

Geomangiomatosis is a fairly common dysplastic disease of the vascular system, which is characterized by the involvement of the entire limb or its peripheral part in the process. The reason for the development of hemangiomas, as a rule, is an excessive number of vascular rudiments, which begin to profile in the embryonic period or as a result of damage. It is believed that benign vascular tumors are a middle link between developmental anomalies and blastomas.

Hemangiomas are classified according to location. They can develop in integumentary tissues (mucosa, skin, subcutaneous tissue), elements of the musculoskeletal system (muscles, bones), parenchymal organs (liver). Most often, hemangioma is localized on the face in the form of a pink or purple-blue painless spot, slightly raised above the skin. If you press on this place with your finger, the hemangioma thickens and turns pale, and then becomes filled with blood again.

A characteristic feature of this disease is rapidly progressive growth: usually in a newborn child, a hemangioma looks like a small dot, which after a few months can grow to a large spot, leading not only to a cosmetic defect, but also to functional disorders. Complications of hemangioma include ulceration, infection, bleeding, phlebitis, and thrombosis. A tumor of this type, located on the tongue, can reach a large size and, therefore, make it difficult to breathe and swallow.

Hemangiomas of muscles and subcutaneous tissue most often appear on the lower, less often on the upper limbs. At the same time, changes in the skin over the tumor are not always observed. A hemangioma communicating with a large arterial trunk is detected by pulsation and auscultation of noise over the place of its localization. Associated phlebitis and thrombosis often cause pain in the surrounding tissues. Prolonged tumor growth and lack of treatment can lead to muscle atrophy and dysfunction of the limb.

Cavernous bone hemangiomas account for no more than 1% of all benign tumor diseases of the bone tissue. They occur at any age in men and women. Most often localized on the spine, bones of the skull and pelvis, less often - on the long bones of the arms and legs. Often the lesion is multiple and proceeds for a long time without manifestations. In the future, pain, bone deformities and pathological fractures appear. When the vertebrae are damaged, radicular pain occurs due to compression.

Glomus tumor (glomangioma, Barre-Masson's tumor) is also benign. It is rare and mostly affects the elderly. The sites of localization of this tumor are most often the nail beds of the fingers and toes. Glomangioma has a purple-bluish color, rounded shape, diameter 0.5-2 cm. The glomus tumor reacts to minimal external irritations with a strong pain symptom.

It is quite easy to diagnose muscle and skin hemangiomas, since they have characteristic features: a pronounced color and the ability to contract when squeezed. Bone hemangiomas are diagnosed by X-ray examination. In the picture of the affected spine, swollen vertebrae, rough, vertically directed trabeculae in the bone structure with separate rounded enlightenments are visible. Similar changes are also detected in the arches and transverse processes.

Pathological fractures of the vertebrae make it very difficult to diagnose bone hemangioma, since in this case the structure of the spine changes due to wedge-shaped deformation. It is especially difficult to make a correct diagnosis if there are also no changes in the arches and transverse processes. Hemangiomas of long tubular bones appear as a club-shaped bone deformity and a cellular pattern of the edges. The angiography method allows to identify cavities and lacunae in the affected area of ​​the bone.

The prognosis for the treatment of benign neoplasms of blood vessels is positive. For the treatment of hemangiomas, the following methods are used:

• injections of sclerosing agents, in particular, 70% ethyl alcohol;
• radiation therapy - for capillary and cavernous hemangiomas of integumentary tissues and the musculoskeletal system in the presence of pain, dysfunction and other clinical manifestations;
• cryotherapy - for small hemangiomas of the skin;
• surgical intervention (excision) is the main and most radical method of treatment, providing a complete recovery.

The easiest way to get rid of a hemangioma is in early childhood, when the tumor has not yet reached a large size. The most difficult surgical treatment is overgrown hemangiomas located in the areas of large vessels and on the internal organs.

Malignant vascular tumors

Malignant tumors of blood vessels include hemangiopericytomas and hemangioendotheliomas, some experts combine them into one group - angiosarcomas. Fortunately, they are much less common than benign neoplasms. People of both sexes aged 40-50 are prone to angiosarcoma.

Most often, the tumor is located in the thickness of the tissues on the lower extremities. The tumor node has an uneven surface without clear contours. Often several nodes merge, forming a diffuse infiltrate. Angiosarcomas differ from other types of soft tissue sarcomas by rapid growth, a tendency to germinate through the skin, ulceration, metastasis to regional lymph nodes, bones, lungs and other internal organs.

Diagnosing angiosarcomas in the early stages is quite difficult. The disease is recognized by its rapid course with a short history, the typical location of the tumor, and its tendency to ulcerate. The final diagnosis is established after a cytological examination of the punctate and a morphological analysis of the tumor.

In the early stages, surgical treatment of angiosarcoma is used by excising the tumor itself, surrounding tissues and retonar lymph nodes. If a large tumor is located on the limb, then, as a rule, amputation is performed. Sometimes radiation therapy is used in combination with surgery. It can also be used as an independent method with a palliative purpose.

But, in spite of everything, angiosarcoma is the most malignant tumor, which in most cases leads to the death of the patient within 2 years after diagnosis, and only 9% of patients survive 5 years.

Operations on blood vessels

Surgical intervention is most often performed with varicose veins of the legs, wounds of blood vessels, segmental stenosis, occlusion of the aorta and its branches (mesenteric, vertebral, carotid arteries, arteries of the celiac trunk), occlusion of the vessels of the lower extremities and renal arteries. In addition, operations are indicated for thromboembolism of various localizations, tumor lesions of blood vessels, occlusions and stenoses of the vena cava, portal hypertension, aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas.

Modern surgery has achieved great success in reconstructive operations on the coronary arteries of the heart, intracranial vessels of the brain, and other blood vessels of small diameter (up to 4 mm). Currently, microsurgical techniques are increasingly used in vascular surgery.

Operations on blood vessels are divided into ligature and reconstructive (restorative). The most simple reconstructive operations include the following types of surgical intervention:

• removal of a parietal thrombus and the corresponding section of the inner lining of the damaged artery (thrombendarteriectomy);
• embolectomy and "ideal" thrombectomy, indicated for acute thrombosis of the arteries;
• the imposition of lateral vascular sutures in case of injury.

With stenotic and occlusive lesions of the arteries, it is necessary to restore the main blood flow. This is achieved through arteriectomy, vessel resection and bypass surgery using grafts or artificial prostheses. Less often, lateral plasty of the vessel wall is used with the help of various patches. Also, endovascular interventions are widely used, in which the expansion of stenotic vessels is performed using special balloon catheters.

During surgical interventions on blood vessels, a special circular (circular) or lateral suture is used. The vessels are connected end-to-end with a continuous circular suture. The side seam is applied to the site of damage to the vessel wall. Rarely used interrupted sutures. In the postoperative period, bleeding or acute thrombosis of the operated vessels may occur; therefore, patients need long-term follow-up and rehabilitation measures.

Interventions on peripheral vessels can be not only operational in nature. One of the most common procedures is venipuncture. If it is impossible to carry it out or if it is necessary to install a catheter on a peripheral vein, venosection is used. Long-term infusion therapy, cardiac catheterization, angiocardiography, endocardial electrical stimulation of the heart are performed by puncture catheterization of the central veins (femoral, subclavian, jugular) or arteries. The catheter is inserted into an artery or vein using a special trocar and a flexible guidewire (Seldinger technique).

Video about liver hemangiomas:

Causes and symptoms of a heart attack at a young age

Heart attack at a young age is an urgent and complex problem in modern healthcare. Rejuvenation of coronary heart disease and mortality, which leads to myocardial infarction at a young age, is an alarming signal for humanity. For 1 thousand men and women, the incidence of disease will be approximately 7% of all recorded cases in the age group up to 60 years. For pregnant women, the incidence of heart muscle infarction is recorded - 1 case per 10 thousand births.

What factors are the causes of myocardial infarction in young people?

The main causes of myocardial infarction in young people will be atherosclerotic lesions of the vessels that supply the heart muscle with blood. They can be clogged with fatty deposits, calcium, and cell decay products that have attached to the damaged endothelial inner layer of blood vessels, creating an obstruction to blood flow.

Other factors affecting the development of heart attacks at a young age:

• A quarter of sick people have problems with blood clotting. In women at a young age, such a change in the composition of the blood may be associated with the use of contraceptive hormonal drugs that cause thrombosis in the coronary vessels of the heart.
• Dissection or rupture of a coronary vessel that occurs spontaneously is a fairly rare disorder leading to death. The reasons for this gap may be related to drug use or a postpartum complication.

• Smoking causes oxygen starvation of the heart muscle, which leads to the development of necrosis.
• Visiting baths and saunas even at a young age can cause transmural infarction of the heart muscle.
• Diabetes mellitus, affecting the destruction of blood vessels.
• Inflammatory diseases of the heart muscle.
• Hypertension and physical overload in athletes, they lead to left ventricular hypertrophy.
• Stressful situations and psycho-emotional overload.
• Heredity also plays an important role, so a young person whose close relatives have a history of this disease should take a closer look at their health.
• Obesity leads to the development of this disease in half of the people who have this problem with excess weight.
• The reason may be a low level of high-density lipoprotein. The higher the level of lipoproteins, the lower the likelihood of coronary heart disease.
• Uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages leads to intoxication of the body and deterioration of the heart.

All these above factors, which are associated with an improper lifestyle, lead to a violation of not only cardiac activity, but also the work of the whole organism.

Lack of physical activity and eating high-calorie foods, smoking and drinking in large quantities, drugs and stress cause pathological changes in the vessels of the heart or even a heart attack at a young age.

Pathogenesis and symptoms of development of stages of necrosis of the heart muscle

The formation of foci of necrotic tissue in the heart muscle due to the deterioration of blood circulation in it leads to acute myocardial infarction. There are many signs of the development of this pathology in men, among which the heart is more often affected due to vascular pathology. In women, there are mainly other factors in the development of the disease.

Symptoms of a heart attack in women and men can be the same in the development of all stages of a heart attack:

• In the pre-infarction period, when the narrowing of the lumen of the coronary vessel or the formation of a thrombus develops, lasting several days or weeks, there is: shortness of breath, tachycardia, cold sweat. The pains that have arisen in the heart are poorly stopped by Nitroglycerin.
• In the absence of professional help, the period of the most acute stage begins. In 30 minutes, the formation of a zone of necrosis can occur. There is also acute severe pain behind the sternum with irradiation to the left shoulder blade, arm and neck. The patient may experience a sharp rise in body temperature, a panicky feeling of fear, increased sweating and acrocyanosis may develop against the background of pallor of the skin. Also, young people often experience pain in the epigastric part of the abdomen and vomiting.

• This is followed by an acute period, where within 2-14 days there is a melting of the muscle tissue of the heart, while the pain subsides, but shortness of breath, acrocyanosis, dizziness and chills remain. In the blood there will be a high ESR and a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left.
• Scarring of the heart muscle occurs in the subacute stage, which lasts 1-2 months. During this time, all signs of the disease gradually subside, and the patient's condition gradually returns to normal.
• The complete disappearance of all symptoms and the return to normal of the test indicators indicate complete scarring of the affected area and the addiction of the myocardium itself to the resulting scar. The post-infarction stage is the final stage, followed by recovery.

Diagnosis and treatment of pathology

The very first thing emergency doctors do when they suspect heart muscle necrosis is an electrocardiogram, as well as a general blood test and an analysis for the presence of infarction markers. Female heart attacks often occur with atypical symptoms, so an ECG should be done without fail, even if there are no pronounced pains and other signs of the disease.

An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart with high accuracy, which helps to determine the location and extent of myocardial damage. In addition, MRI, ECHO KG, ECG monitoring, Doppler and duplex vascular scanning are prescribed.

To avoid complications and death if a myocardial infarction is suspected, a person should be properly provided with first aid. The patient needs fresh air, it is also important to raise his head, give a tablet of Nitroglycerin, Aspirin, Baralgin and 40 drops of Corvalol. If necessary, conduct an indirect heart massage. Further treatment is carried out in the intensive care unit in the heart attack unit.

Purpose of treatment:

• relief of pain;
• prevention of the development of complications;
• restoration of coronary blood flow;
• limiting the spread of necrosis.

Mandatory bed rest and complete rest for 3-4 days in the acute period of the disease, the use of narcotic analgesics and oxygen inhalations. Carrying out thrombolytic treatment and lowering the concentration of cholesterol improve blood composition. Nitroglycerin and beta-blockers regulate the work of the heart.

Modern medicine has high-tech examination methods that facilitate the diagnosis of the disease. This helps cardiologists accurately determine the state of the myocardium, makes it possible to prescribe effective treatment.

A heart attack is an acute form of coronary heart disease that is severe. This condition is due to the fact that blood stops flowing to a certain part of the heart muscle (myocardium) through the blood vessels. In this place, a focus of necrotic tissue is formed, which is accompanied by severe pain, and subsequently a scar appears at the site of necrosis. The scale of tissue damage is different, depending on this, the further course of the disease and the final recovery are formed.

The cause of impaired blood supply, in turn, is thrombosis of any of the arteries of the heart. And blood clots are formed as a result of atherosclerosis. There are also infarcts of the brain, liver, spleen. In general, this concept refers to the state when part of an organ or the entire organ dies as a result of an attack of insufficient blood supply, which leads to the necrosis of this part and adversely affects the state of human health as a whole.

More often the disease affects men. Women are less vulnerable to damage to the heart muscle for the simple reason that in the period before menopause, the hormone estrogen is produced in their body, which regulates the level of cholesterol in the blood, and it is precisely because of its excess that plaques form that clog blood vessels and cause a heart attack.

As long as the menstrual cycle lasts, a woman can be said to be protected from this disease. A man is not protected by anything and is open to damage to the heart muscle. The person who has been attacked by the heart, and the people around him, should know how to determine myocardial infarction, in order to then seek medical help. There is only one way to escape - to be in the hospital as soon as possible, where they will provide the necessary treatment.

How the disease appears, the causes of a heart attack

A heart attack with an incorrect, sedentary lifestyle, burdened with bad habits and poor nutrition, is caused by atherosclerosis. Due to the increased content of cholesterol in the blood, plaques are formed that do not dissolve, but are deposited on the walls of blood vessels. Gradually, they become larger, and there comes a moment when, under the influence of some external factor, for example, a sharp increase in pressure or tachycardia, they break. At this point, blood coagulates and a blood clot forms, which clogs the vessel, preventing blood flow in the organ. Without nutrition, the organ or part of it dies. There is necrosis of the muscle tissue of the heart and a heart attack.

In addition to atherosclerosis, there are a number of other factors that can lead to damage to the heart muscle, a heart attack:

• stress;
• physical stress;
• hypertension;
• diabetes;
• hereditary predisposition to heart disease;
• smoking;
• obesity;
• immobile lifestyle;
• alcohol abuse;
• food of poor quality and a generally unbalanced diet.

All of the above can cause signs of a disease to appear that will lead to an attack of a heart attack. As you know, this is a whole complex of symptoms, they must be recognized before the onset of an attack, and for this a person must carefully monitor his internal state.

The first signs of a heart attack

It is generally accepted that this disease haunts the elderly, but recently there have been heart attacks in young people. Why this happens, it becomes clear if you look at the list of reasons that can lead to a heart attack: an unhealthy lifestyle, often a hereditary predisposition. Given this circumstance, the topic of determining the onset of a heart attack becomes even more relevant, since the life expectancy of each person depends on it.

This disease can lead to death if the person is not treated by a doctor. But in order to send the victim to the hospital in time, you need to know not one symptom of an upcoming heart attack, but all possible signs. To be able to recognize in a timely manner those characteristic manifestations that collectively give infarction syndromes. So, how to identify the signs of an approaching heart attack.

1. A condition in which there is severe pain in the chest area during an attack. It can be given between the shoulder blades, in the arms and in the neck. These are the first signs of a heart attack. Pain can last from 10 minutes to several hours.
2. Whatever drugs are used: nitroglycerin, validol, corvalol, they do not bring tangible relief.
3. There are sensations of lingering pain in the legs.
4. Manifestations of an inexplicable feeling of fear are noticeable.
5. Frequent pulse, arrhythmia.
6. The pressure is reduced.
7. If the asthmatic form approaches, then the face turns pale, attacks of suffocation are felt.
8. The cerebral form is accompanied by speech impairment and loss of consciousness.

All these symptoms of a heart attack indicate that it is urgent to call an ambulance and take the victim to the hospital as soon as possible, where doctors will help him.

Symptoms of a heart attack in women

A woman, as already mentioned, is less at risk of a heart attack while her menstrual cycle continues, but when it stops, the risk increases. In addition, women are very patient, and their pain threshold is high. This leads to the fact that the symptoms of a heart attack are ignored.

In these situations, it is important to know how a heart attack begins, its first signs and features of heart muscle damage in women:

• a state of heaviness in the chest;
• stitching pain in the region of the heart;
• burning in the upper abdomen;
• pain radiating to the hands and heart;
• causeless sweating;
• unpleasant aching pain in the teeth;
• numb and swollen legs;
• an attack of severe fear, anxiety, developing into panic may begin;
• nausea and maybe even vomiting.

These symptoms may mean that a heart attack is starting. In this case, it is necessary to take urgent measures, send the woman to the hospital, where she can receive qualified assistance.

The first manifestations of a heart attack in a man

Representatives of the stronger sex, although more at risk of suffering this disease, often do not pay attention to the scale of the disease that has approached them. An attack may not immediately lead to irreversible consequences and necrosis of the heart muscle, it can arise and disappear, then recur. When a heart attack begins, it is important to recognize the symptoms and its first signs:

• sharp pain in the left side radiating to the neck, arm;
• teeth begin to hurt;
• there is shortness of breath and shortness of breath, even not with very large physical exertion, sleep is disturbed;
• a person sweats, even if the air temperature is lowered;
• pressure decreases;
• the man feels constant weakness, may look lethargic.

Against the background of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris, heart rhythm disturbances, chronic problems with teeth (for example, periodontal disease) appear, and prolonged snoring with a short breath delay (apnea) is observed in sleep. All of the above indicates the state of the body before a heart attack. And it should alert, make you see a doctor who can diagnose a pre-infarction condition, prescribe preventive treatment for diseases of the heart muscle.

It is worth remembering that pre-infarction and heart attack are not treated at home. This can only be done with the help of professional medical professionals.

First aid for damage to the heart muscle

You need to know the symptoms that indicate a possible attack of a heart attack in order to contact cardiologists. It is equally important to know the signs of an attack - determine them according to the state of the person in order to provide him with first aid before the ambulance arrives:

• the patient must be arranged so that he is comfortable: in a lying or sitting position with support on the back of the chair, and if the attack occurred on the street, lean against a wall, tree or other objects;
• loosen the pressure of clothing: untie the tie, unbutton the top button of the shirt;
• if everything happened indoors, open windows for fresh air;
• give 1-2 tablets of nitroglycerin and an aspirin tablet, dissolve about 40 drops of corvalol in water - all these heart remedies will somewhat ease the situation.

To a certain extent, the first actions of others can further alleviate the situation of a person and even save his life. When breathing stops, palpitations need to be done chest compressions and artificial respiration, but not everyone can do it correctly.

Consequence of a heart attack

The resorption-necrotic syndrome in the event of myocardial infarction is a consequence of the fact that the affected, dead myocardial tissues, more precisely, their decay products enter the bloodstream, and then the following symptoms appear in a person:

• body temperature rises;
• the number of neutrophilic leukocytes in the blood increases;
• the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases;
• enzymes from damaged cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) enter the blood;
• autoimmune syndrome or Dressler's syndrome.

The temperature can rise to 38 degrees. Usually this syndrome is observed in the acute phase of a heart attack, which lasts up to 10 days.

If after this time the temperature does not drop, it means that complications have arisen, and the treatment may be delayed.

Heart attack prevention

How to learn ways to avoid this dangerous disease? The answer to this question is simple: it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle from youth, and then the risk of undergoing a heart attack will decrease significantly. But if it was not possible to adhere to this principle from an early age, it is worth changing the lifestyle as soon as possible, especially for those who are already over fifty:

• for heart diseases, it is recommended to buy a tonometer and monitor your pressure every day;
• it is important to control the level of sugar, this is not difficult to do, since there are currently good glucometers on sale;
• the sun is an enemy for people at this age, you need to avoid prolonged exposure to open space under the rays of a scorching star and give up a long beach tan;
• it is recommended to monitor nutrition, the diet should not contain junk food, chemicals, only natural products rich in vitamins and microelements;
• moderate movement is useful: walk more, go swimming, ride a bike more often, it is important to remember that muscles make up most of the heart, and without training they will start to work worse;
• give up harmful drinks, in any case, their excessive consumption, and this is not only alcohol, the use of which in moderation is good for the heart, but also coffee, strong black tea, energy drinks, and those that contain too much sugar (lemonade ).

If there are any diseases of the cardiovascular system: hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease and others, they should be treated in a timely manner, consult a doctor for treatment and undergo regular examinations. These diseases can be kept under control so that they do not provoke a heart attack.

With regard to physical activity, one important thing to remember is that people who are predisposed to cardiovascular diseases, or who suffer from such pathologies that can lead to an attack of hypertension, should not overload themselves. For them, calm walking is more acceptable than exercising in the gym with heavy objects.

A heart attack is a dangerous disease that affects older people, although recently there has been a tendency for attacks among fairly young people.

An attack can be fatal, but if others and the person himself knows how to recognize myocardial infarction, then the chances of survival and then successful treatment will be much greater. Especially if others can properly provide assistance and call a doctor.

To avoid a heart attack, you must follow the basic rules of a healthy lifestyle, eat right, and engage in moderate exercise, such as walking or cycling.

The doctor will tell you more about the symptoms of a heart attack in a short video:

Cardiac cirrhosis of the liver - the end of heart failure

Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic disease in which there is a violation of the structure of the liver: the location of cellular elements, bile ducts, as well as a violation of the function of hepatocytes - liver cells.

This condition often develops due to exposure to toxic substances (alcohol, toxins) or is a consequence of inflammation, usually caused by hepatitis viruses or an autoimmune reaction. But there is also a special type of this condition - cardiac cirrhosis of the liver, which develops against the background of long-term heart failure.

The fact is that with a decrease in the pumping function of the heart (heart failure), blood stasis develops in all organs, and the liver, being an organ rich in blood vessels, suffers from this stagnation more than others.

Due to the increase in venous pressure, the liquid part of the blood, as it were, sweats into the liver tissue and squeezes it. This significantly disrupts the blood supply to the organ and the outflow of bile, and therefore its function. If this situation persists for a long time, then irreversible transformations in the structure of the liver develop - cardiac cirrhosis of the liver.

It is sometimes impossible to distinguish ordinary liver cirrhosis from cardiac cirrhosis based on complaints, examination, tests or ultrasound data. Most often, such patients are concerned about the severity and pain in the right hypochondrium, icterus of the skin and visible mucous membranes, itching of the skin due to the accumulation of bilirubin in it. Also, due to the effusion in the abdominal cavity, "abdominal dropsy" - ascites - develops.

With a pronounced stagnation, the outflow of blood through the liver is sharply hampered and the blood begins to look for workarounds, as a result of which the blood flow is redistributed in favor of the superficial veins, veins of the esophagus and intestines.

Expansion of the veins of the gastrointestinal tract is often complicated by bleeding, and the expansion of the veins of the abdomen, with a simultaneous increase in its size, gives it a special appearance - the "head of a jellyfish".

When diagnosing, most often you have to focus on history data: alcohol abuse, harmful production, it is imperative to exclude chronic viral hepatitis by testing blood for antibodies to the virus.

Unfortunately, cardiac cirrhosis of the liver is an extremely unfavorable condition that aggravates the course of already severe cardiac pathology. If at the same time a high level of bilirubin is still noted, then damage to the central nervous system may occur, against which the patients lose criticism of their condition.

There is no effective treatment for liver cirrhosis, especially cardiac cirrhosis, all measures are aimed at the root cause of the disease and the elimination of symptoms: the fight against edematous syndrome, detoxification and slowing down the progression of cirrhosis.

The prognosis, unfortunately, is unfavorable.

Adelfan: analogues and substitutes that quickly lower pressure

Adelfan is a drug that can quickly lower blood pressure for a long time.

However, today this tool is considered obsolete.

Therefore, its modern analogue is increasingly being used, the main advantage of which is fewer side effects.

Features of the use of the drug

In the past, Adelfan was one of the most common drugs used for arterial hypertension. It has a complex effect, since it contains two active components - dihydralizine and reserpine.

These substances have a relaxing effect on the walls of blood vessels, affecting the central nervous system and reducing the number of heartbeats.

However, these properties have an adverse effect on the body. But in cases where the factors for the development of hypertension are not established, the use of Adelfan allows you to quickly normalize blood pressure.

However, the consequences after taking such a drug are very negative:

1. headache;
2. depressed state;
3. spasms and convulsions;
4. development of depression;
5. angina pectoris, heart failure and myocardial infarction;
6. feeling of anxiety;
7. irritability.

In case of an overdose of Adelfan, unpleasant symptoms also appear. For example, inhibition of speech and motor functions, drowsiness and dizziness.

In addition, these pills are strictly prohibited during pregnancy. Also, they should not be taken by patients under 18 years of age and people suffering from epilepsy, liver, heart and kidney diseases.

Therefore, pharmacists have developed a structural analogue of Adelfan, which also quickly reduces blood pressure, but does not have such strong and numerous side effects. This is how the improved drug Adelfan-Ezidrex appeared, which has in its composition not only the components of its predecessor, but also substances that reduce their negative effect on the body.

It is worth noting that the new analogue of Adelfan is taken according to a completely different scheme. The optimal daily dose for an adult is no more than two tablets. But often, to achieve a lasting antihypertensive effect, one tablet is enough, which is taken in the morning, washed down with clean water.

After that, you can not eat food for half an hour. Thus, if you regularly use the modern analogue of Adelfan, you can achieve a rapid decrease in pressure for a long time.

Popular analogues of Adelfan

Coramine is a well-known analogue of Adelfan, which is prescribed to speed up the process of restoring myocardial performance in IHD, including heart attack. Also, the drug is indicated for arterial hypertension and intense physical exertion on the body.

In addition, Coramine is prescribed to elderly patients to maintain the functioning of the myocardium. To enhance the effectiveness of the drug, it is taken together with Vasalamin.

Nephrox is another popular analogue of Adelfan, which is used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes in the following cases:

• diabetic nephropathy;
• hyperazotemic nephritis (chronic and acute);
• high blood pressure;
• azotemia;
• atherosclerosis;
• kidney failure;
• inflammation of the urinary tract.

Cordaflex is also used for hypertension of varying severity, stable angina pectoris and coronary artery disease. In addition, this drug successfully stops the hypertensive crisis.

Krishtal is prescribed for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes for arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, dyscirculatory encephalopathies and obliterating endarteritis. Also, the agent can be used as part of complex therapy for osteoporosis, arthrosis or osteochondrosis.

Verapamil is a well-known analogue of Adelfan, which is also prescribed for hypertension, angina pectoris and coronary artery disease. In addition, these tablets are indicated for atrial flutter and fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

Verapamil in the form of a solution for injection is prescribed for the relief of a hypertensive crisis. It is also effective in acute coronary insufficiency, ventricular extrasystoles and other similar conditions.

Atherophyton is an effective analogue of Adelfan, which is a source of biologically active components, normalizes the concentration of cholesterol in the blood and improves the condition of the vascular walls. This drug prevents atherosclerotic damage to blood vessels by mobilizing cholesterol from their walls. It is also used as a prophylaxis for atherosclerosis, symptomatic hypertension, coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, thrombophlebitis and varicose veins.

Ebrantil is a good alternative to Adelfan. Produced in the form of a solution intended for parenteral use in hypertensive crisis, severe and reflex hypertension.

Also, the solution can be used to control the process of reducing blood pressure during or after surgery. And Ebrantil tablets are drunk with a mild or moderate form of hypertension.

AngioOmega Complex is a dietary supplement that contains niacin, policosanol, vitamin E, oleuropein, omega-3,6,9 fatty and unsaturated acids. The drug is prescribed for preventive and therapeutic purposes as part of complex therapy for atherosclerosis of the vessels of the legs (unpleasant pain in the legs when moving, chilliness of the extremities), coronary vessels (pain in the heart, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris) and vessels of the brain (forgetfulness, cerebral atherosclerosis, impaired attention and memory).

In addition, AngiOmega Complex is indicated in the following cases:

1. metabolic disorders - diabetes mellitus, overweight, metabolic syndrome;
2. women and men after 30-35 for the prevention of atherosclerosis;
3. hypertension;
4. genetic predisposition to diseases of the cardiovascular system;
5. following a diet with a minimum amount of fat;
6. prolonged or constantly psycho-emotional overstrain, nervous and stressful conditions;
7. reduced immunity;
8. prevention of stroke, heart attack and rehabilitation after vascular accidents.

An equally well-known replacement for Adelfan is Captopril, which is indicated for essential, renovascular, resistant and renal hypertension. The video in this article is intended to answer the question of what to do to reduce pressure.

on the

When the body's strength is running out, various diseases occur, including liver infarction. This is the sudden death of a part of an organ, which is provoked by focal ischemia of any etiology. How dangerous this condition is, what are its main symptoms, how to recognize it and how to treat it, we will find out further.

What it is?

Liver infarction (ischemic hepatitis, shock liver) is a lesion of liver tissues and cells that die due to malnutrition as a result of blockage of the liver artery. It develops against the background of surgery, pathologies of other organs and complications of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

According to statistics, liver infarction occurs in men almost 20% more often than in women. As a rule, men suffer from it after the age of 60, and women - after 55 years.

Liver infarction refers to diseases of the digestive system. Class - XI. The entire block has codes from K70 to K77. Liver infarction code - K76.3.

Causes and risk factors

When the blood supply to the liver is disturbed, a heart attack often occurs. The main reason for this is thrombosis of one of the vessels in the liver. It is very important that when arterial and venous blood are supplied to this organ, the load is the same. If the vessels function smoothly, then everything is in order. But sometimes, with individual violations, the load is redistributed. The main work is performed by the artery, and the portal vein cannot cope with the regulation of the blood flow. There is an adjustment of the arterial blood flow in certain areas due to the release of the nucleotide - adenosine, which reduces the tone of the venous wall of the vessel. This causes thrombosis and, as a result, a heart attack.

Other reasons include:

• a sharp decrease in blood pressure;
• twisting of the accessory hepatic lobe;
• squeezing of the vessel by the formed tumor;
• artery rupture;
• atherosclerosis;
• the occurrence of an embolism that blocks a blood vessel;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• heart failure;
• postoperative complications.

Risk factors for liver ischemia can be:

• heart disease;
• malnutrition;
• obesity;
• taking hormonal contraceptives;
• stress;
• high cholesterol;
• bad habits;
• tumors;
• diabetes;
• age over 55-60 years.

The most common cause of liver infarction is cardiovascular disease, which accounts for about 70% of cases. This is followed by factors such as respiratory failure and sepsis. They account for up to 15% of cases.

Symptoms

It is difficult to single out clear signs of the disease, since they coincide with the symptoms of other diseases. As a rule, liver ischemia is accompanied by such manifestations as:

• pain in the liver, upper abdomen;
• discomfort in the area of ​​​​the shoulder blades, subclavian fossa, deltoid region;
• nausea and vomiting;
• increased body temperature;
• fever, if there are large lesions;
• jaundice.

What are the complications?

If you do not take action and do not consult a doctor for treatment, then every day the disease only worsens. Complications against the background of a liver infarction can be completely different and they manifest themselves differently in each person. Among the most common are:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• various bleeding;
• blockage in the intestines;
• insufficient functioning of the kidneys;
• rupture of the spleen.

How is the diagnosis carried out?

Very often, thrombosis of certain sections of the arteries located in the liver disappears without specific manifestations, so it is impossible to identify them and it is difficult to diagnose liver infarction, especially if it occurs along with other diseases. So, for a correct diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive diagnosis.

Laboratory research

To recognize the disease, ultrasound or ultrasound is performed. The specialist checks the echogenicity, since it is low with liver ischemia. The focus acquires a triangular type, limited from healthy tissue.

Patients are also assigned to computed tomography. The subject of the study is the abdominal cavity. If a heart attack occurs, then a wedge-shaped focus is detected.

It is necessary to find out what is the patency of the artery in the liver, since during interventions in the liver area, accidental ligation of the largest branch of the liver artery may occur.

In addition to these studies, a biopsy can be performed, but it is not the main diagnostic method, but only an additional one. Does not give accurate results at an early stage of the lesion.

Differential Diagnosis

Liver infarction should be distinguished from viral or drug-induced hepatitis. The main difference is the activity of enzymes (aminotransferases). In hepatitis, the increase and decrease in activity does not occur as rapidly as in the case of ischemic liver damage. In addition, in the postoperative period, they occur at a later date.

Types of therapy

There is no universal treatment for the disease for all patients, since it is individual for each. The following factors are taken into account:

• the degree of the disease;
• the duration of the course of the disease;
• individual characteristics of the body.

At the initial stage, work is underway to stop the bleeding that has occurred, and all measures are being taken to eliminate hypoxemia, since it is necessary to provide the blood with oxygen, which is not enough. This condition leads to diseases of the heart, liver, kidneys, blood poisoning. If blood clots are found in the liver, angiography is recommended.

Next, antibiotics are prescribed to eliminate the secondary infection. Sometimes a surgical operation is performed to remove an embolism in the vessels leading to a blockage. In some cases, small vessels are stenised.

Forecast

In the vast majority of cases, liver infarction has a favorable outcome. In the most severe patients, pathology is one of the signs of multiple organ failure and indicates a poor prognosis.

In rare cases, the lesion can lead to fulminant renal failure. As a rule, this occurs in the presence of chronic congestive heart failure or cirrhosis. Such patients often fall into a coma. Death occurs within the first 10 days.

Secondary infection can join liver ischemia. It is also impossible to exclude the formation of a sequester from dead tissues of the organ and the development of secondary bleeding.

So, liver infarction is a disease that occurs more often in old age. It is not easy to diagnose, but it is one of the serious pathological conditions of the liver. It is important to consult a doctor in a timely manner, diagnose and recognize the disease, only after that begin the correct treatment.

In most cases, it is not a primary pathology; cell necrosis always indicates a severe course of the underlying disease that led to necrosis.

The main stages of development consist of necrobiosis - the process of cell death, and proper necrosis or autolysis - the decay of a dead hepatocyte. Changes can cover both part of the cell with its subsequent rejection (focal necrosis) and the entire cell.

Etiology

Liver necrosis can develop due to trauma, exposure to toxins and as a result of severe diseases of the organ. The cause of its occurrence can be both acute mushroom poisoning and chronic intoxication with heavy metals, drugs, and radiation. It can also be provoked by a violation of the blood supply to the gland: a thrombus or compression of large vessels by a tumor, surgical and diagnostic operations.

CMV, herpetic hepatitis

The main forms of necrosis

The degree of spread of necrosis can be different, from several dozen cells to a massive lesion of the entire organ. In the first case, this will not cause much harm to the body if the cause of the death of hepatocytes is eliminated in time and treated. However, at the first signs or suspicion of the development of necrosis, you should immediately seek medical help.

What is necrosis?

• Focal or partial death of a liver cell. Areas of such cell necrosis are found in acute viral or drug-induced hepatitis, cirrhosis.
• Stepwise - characteristic of chronic lesions (hepatitis, poisoning) of the liver. It is manifested by the destruction of cells along the border of the main tissue and the fibrous capsule of the organ.
• Confluent, or destruction of large groups of hepatocytes, develops in acute viral and drug-induced hepatitis, as well as in liver infarction. In the bridging type, separate zones of cell damage are connected by necrotic bridges.
• Submassive and massive necrosis is characterized by extensive areas of parenchyma death. The result of such a lesion is an instant liver failure.

Necrosis leads to a deterioration in the blood supply to the liver, which affects its ability to function normally. For the same reason, blood from the portal vein enters the general circulation without passing through the hepatic filter. The accumulation of metabolic products in the blood leads to self-poisoning of the body.

Symptoms

For acute necrosis, the characteristic signs are an acute pain symptom and dyspeptic syndrome. In chronic necrosis, symptoms develop gradually.

The icteric variant of necrosis is most often observed. In addition to pain in the right hypochondrium and epigastric region, the following symptoms may appear:

When pressing on the liver, pain is manifested, it can be enlarged, like the spleen. There are skin manifestations: spider veins and a symptom of hepatic palms (persistent redness). Redness disappears with pressure, but is restored after the cessation of exposure.

With the aggravation of the condition, phenomena such as asterixis (a symptom of hand trembling) appear, ascites is formed - the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which is not removed by diuretics;

In the later stages, signs of encephalopathy appear - lethargy or agitation, hallucinations.

The cholestatic variant is extremely rare (10% of patients). In the blood - an increase in bilirubin, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, slightly elevated ALT, AST.

With massive necrosis of the liver, in addition to jaundice, there are multiple hemorrhages in the skin, lungs, disorders of the pancreas, heart, and central nervous system.

Diagnostics

To identify this disease, it is necessary to conduct a survey (to collect anamnesis of the disease), as well as to make a number of laboratory and instrumental studies. In addition to standard information about such facts as the duration of the disease and the presence of chronic or hereditary diseases, the doctor should also clarify indirect factors that affect liver function.

In particular, you need to find out the following points from the patient:

• whether there are bad habits;
• long-term medication;
• prolonged contact with toxic substances;
• whether the patient is in an occupational risk group.

Laboratory diagnostics includes general and biochemical blood tests, general urinalysis, markers of viral hepatitis, blood clotting.

In the general analysis of blood, leukocytes can be increased or decreased. In blood biochemistry, elevated values ​​of bilirubin, ALT and AST can be detected. The clotting time will increase by slowing down the formation of a clot. This phenomenon occurs with a decrease in the number of coagulation factors (prothrombin, fibrinogen)

On ultrasound of the abdominal organs, warning signs are hepatomegaly, an enlarged spleen. When it is necessary to clarify and confirm the diagnosis, a liver biopsy is prescribed.

Treatment of liver necrosis

The main goal of treatment is to remove the cause that caused the defeat and death of hepatocytes. In addition to etiotropic therapy, symptomatic treatment is also used. For this, the doctor may prescribe hepatoprotectors, antiemetics, antipyretics, painkillers, immunomodulators.

If left untreated, necrosis of such an important organ as the liver can lead to irreparable consequences. Quite often, signs of intoxication of the body with tissue decay products develop, and as a result, sepsis.

With necrosis, dead tissue areas can be surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue to prevent the spread of the pathological process. In order to remove pus from the focus of inflammation, a fistula may form.

Some patients may develop rapidly progressive large-nodular (post-necrotic) cirrhosis. Most often, its appearance is associated with a fulminant (fulminant) form of viral hepatitis B and massive liver necrosis with toxic damage.

A scar forms over time at the site of necrosis. Calcium salts (calcifications) can be deposited in damaged tissues, sometimes cysts form. To identify calcifications in the liver is possible only with the help of ultrasound. If they do not interfere with the gland to perform its main functions, then there will be no symptoms indicating their presence in the organ. In such cases, there is no need for treatment.

In most cases, after acute damage to the gland, it is completely restored.

Attention! Information about drugs and folk remedies is provided for informational purposes only. In no case should you use the medicine or give it to your loved ones without medical advice! Self-medication and uncontrolled intake of drugs is dangerous for the development of complications and side effects! At the first sign of liver disease, you should consult a doctor.

©18 The editors of the portal "My Liver".

The use of site materials is permitted only with prior agreement with the editors.

LIVER INFARCTION symptoms and treatment

LIVER INFARCTION - usually caused by portal vein thrombosis, which occurs with chronic decompensated heart failure, pylephlebitis, cancer, liver cirrhosis, pancreatic necrosis, etc.

Depends on the location and extent of portal vein thrombosis, the speed of its development and the nature of the predisposing liver disease. It is manifested by bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus, which is relatively well tolerated, since in many patients the functions of hepatocytes are preserved. Enlargement of the spleen is characteristic, especially in children. Violations of blood flow through the mesenteric veins cause paralytic ileus (abdominal pain, bloating, lack of peristalsis). The result of mesenteric thrombosis can be intestinal infarction and subsequent purulent peritonitis. With purulent pylephlebitis, there are signs of liver abscesses (repeated stunning chills, pain on palpation of an enlarged liver, on the surface of which knots, abscesses are probed).

Ultrasound registers signs of portal hypertension, combined with a normal biopsy, an increase in fibrinogen and PTI, a decrease in VSC, angiography of the liver vessels, CT and ultrasound of the liver.

Ischemic hepatitis

Ischemic hepatitis, or liver infarction, liver shock, hypoxic hepatitis is a diffuse liver disease due to insufficient oxygen supply to the organ. It occurs quite rarely, most often in the presence of concomitant diseases of the heart and blood vessels in old age with their long course. The prognosis of this disease with timely and complete treatment is favorable, however, fatal outcomes are also possible.

Causes

Reasons for the development of hypoxic hepatitis:

• Chronic heart failure;
• Severe course of pulmonary hypertension;
• Pulmonary heart;
• cardiomyopathy;
• Stenosis (narrowing) of the mitral valve;
• Pericarditis, chronic course;
• Sluggish cirrhosis of the liver;
• Heatstroke;
• hypovolemic shock;
• hemorrhagic shock;
• Burn disease of 3-4 degrees;
• Consequences of liver transplantation;
• Drug addiction (especially ecstasy);
• Oncological processes in the liver.

Due to one of the comorbidities, cardiac output is reduced. This leads to the fact that an insufficient amount of blood, and hence oxygen, enters the liver. In the center of the liver, necrosis (death) of hepatocytes begins, and areas of inflammation appear somewhat closer to the periphery.

Classification

There are two types of ischemic hepatitis:

• Acute ischemic hepatitis - a rapid severe course with a high risk of death;
• Chronic ischemic hepatitis is a sluggish treatment with periodic exacerbations of symptoms and a gradual deterioration in the condition.

Symptoms of ischemic hepatitis

The main signs and symptoms of ischemic hepatitis:

• slight jaundice;
• An increase in the size of the liver;
• Discomfort in the liver area;
• Pain on palpation of the right hypochondrium;
• Swelling of the feet and lower third of the legs;
• Swelling of the veins in the neck;
• Changes in laboratory parameters: increase in AST and ALT (transaminase), LDH (after 1-2 days, the indicators decrease by 50%, and within 2 weeks they are almost completely restored), a sharp drop in the prothrombin index (it is restored in 1-1.5 weeks) some increase in bilirubin.

Diagnostics

As a diagnosis, the anamnesis of the disease and examination of the patient play a decisive role (the presence of concomitant pathology causing ischemia in the liver, combined with mild jaundice, shortness of breath, cyanosis of the lips, nose and fingertips, is typical).

As an additional examination, ultrasound can be used (characterized by an increase in the size of the liver, foci of necrosis and inflammation), as well as diagnostic laparoscopy and biopsy (allows you to determine the structure of hepatocytes and the appearance of the liver - usually it is cyanotic, purple).

Treatment of ischemic hepatitis

There is no specific treatment for ischemic hepatitis. The only treatment that can save both the liver and the patient himself is the treatment of the underlying disease, which led to impaired blood flow. With the right therapy, hepatocytes are completely restored.

In order to speed up the processes of restoring the structure of the liver cells and the function of the liver itself, hepatoprotectors are prescribed as an additional treatment: Phosphogliv, Gepabene, Essentiale Forte, etc.

Complications

The only complication of hypoxic hepatitis is the development of liver failure and subsequent death. The incidence of this condition is up to 1-5% of all liver infarcts.

Prevention

As a preventive measure, one should not start the underlying disease, leading to a violation of cardiac output and adequate blood flow to organs and tissues. To do this, it is necessary to seek qualified medical help in a timely manner and follow all the recommendations of the attending physician.

Liver infarction symptoms

Symptoms and first signs of a heart attack, helping the victim

A heart attack is an acute form of coronary heart disease that is severe. This condition is due to the fact that blood stops flowing to a certain part of the heart muscle (myocardium) through the blood vessels. In this place, a focus of necrotic tissue is formed, which is accompanied by severe pain, and subsequently a scar appears at the site of necrosis. The scale of tissue damage is different, depending on this, the further course of the disease and the final recovery are formed.

The cause of impaired blood supply, in turn, is thrombosis of any of the arteries of the heart. And blood clots are formed as a result of atherosclerosis. There are also infarcts of the brain, liver, spleen. In general, this concept refers to the state when part of an organ or the entire organ dies as a result of an attack of insufficient blood supply, which leads to the necrosis of this part and adversely affects the state of human health as a whole.

More often the disease affects men. Women are less vulnerable to damage to the heart muscle for the simple reason that in the period before menopause, the hormone estrogen is produced in their body, which regulates the level of cholesterol in the blood, and it is precisely because of its excess that plaques form that clog blood vessels and cause a heart attack.

As long as the menstrual cycle lasts, a woman can be said to be protected from this disease. A man is not protected by anything and is open to damage to the heart muscle. The person who has been attacked by the heart, and the people around him, should know how to determine myocardial infarction, in order to then seek medical help. There is only one way to escape - to be in the hospital as soon as possible, where they will provide the necessary treatment.

How the disease appears, the causes of a heart attack

A heart attack with an incorrect, sedentary lifestyle, burdened with bad habits and poor nutrition, is caused by atherosclerosis. Due to the increased content of cholesterol in the blood, plaques are formed that do not dissolve, but are deposited on the walls of blood vessels. Gradually, they become larger, and there comes a moment when, under the influence of some external factor, for example, a sharp increase in pressure or tachycardia, they break. At this point, blood coagulates and a blood clot forms, which clogs the vessel, preventing blood flow in the organ. Without nutrition, the organ or part of it dies. There is necrosis of the muscle tissue of the heart and a heart attack.

In addition to atherosclerosis, there are a number of other factors that can lead to damage to the heart muscle, a heart attack:

• stress;
• physical stress;
• hypertension;
• diabetes;
• hereditary predisposition to heart disease;
• smoking;
• obesity;
• immobile lifestyle;
• alcohol abuse;
• food of poor quality and a generally unbalanced diet.

All of the above can cause signs of a disease to appear that will lead to an attack of a heart attack. As you know, this is a whole complex of symptoms, they must be recognized before the onset of an attack, and for this a person must carefully monitor his internal state.

The first signs of a heart attack

It is generally accepted that this disease haunts the elderly, but recently there have been heart attacks in young people. Why this happens, it becomes clear if you look at the list of reasons that can lead to a heart attack: an unhealthy lifestyle, often a hereditary predisposition. Given this circumstance, the topic of determining the onset of a heart attack becomes even more relevant, since the life expectancy of each person depends on it.

This disease can lead to death if the person is not treated by a doctor. But in order to send the victim to the hospital in time, you need to know not one symptom of an upcoming heart attack, but all possible signs. To be able to recognize in a timely manner those characteristic manifestations that collectively give infarction syndromes. So, how to identify the signs of an approaching heart attack.

1. A condition in which there is severe pain in the chest area during an attack. It can be given between the shoulder blades, in the arms and in the neck. These are the first signs of a heart attack. Pain can last from 10 minutes to several hours.
2. Whatever drugs are used: nitroglycerin, validol, corvalol, they do not bring tangible relief.
3. There are sensations of lingering pain in the legs.
4. Manifestations of an inexplicable feeling of fear are noticeable.
5. Frequent pulse, arrhythmia.
6. The pressure is reduced.
7. If the asthmatic form approaches, then the face turns pale, attacks of suffocation are felt.
8. The cerebral form is accompanied by speech impairment and loss of consciousness.

All these symptoms of a heart attack indicate that it is urgent to call an ambulance and take the victim to the hospital as soon as possible, where doctors will help him.

Symptoms of a heart attack in women

A woman, as already mentioned, is less at risk of a heart attack while her menstrual cycle continues, but when it stops, the risk increases. In addition, women are very patient, and their pain threshold is high. This leads to the fact that the symptoms of a heart attack are ignored.

In these situations, it is important to know how a heart attack begins, its first signs and features of heart muscle damage in women:

• a state of heaviness in the chest;
• stitching pain in the region of the heart;
• burning in the upper abdomen;
• pain radiating to the hands and heart;
• causeless sweating;
• unpleasant aching pain in the teeth;
• numb and swollen legs;
• an attack of severe fear, anxiety, developing into panic may begin;
• nausea and maybe even vomiting.

These symptoms may mean that a heart attack is starting. In this case, it is necessary to take urgent measures, send the woman to the hospital, where she can receive qualified assistance.

The first manifestations of a heart attack in a man

Representatives of the stronger sex, although more at risk of suffering this disease, often do not pay attention to the scale of the disease that has approached them. An attack may not immediately lead to irreversible consequences and necrosis of the heart muscle, it can arise and disappear, then recur. When a heart attack begins, it is important to recognize the symptoms and its first signs:

• sharp pain in the left side radiating to the neck, arm;
• teeth begin to hurt;
• there is shortness of breath and shortness of breath, even not with very large physical exertion, sleep is disturbed;
• a person sweats, even if the air temperature is lowered;
• pressure decreases;
• the man feels constant weakness, may look lethargic.

Against the background of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris, heart rhythm disturbances, chronic problems with teeth (for example, periodontal disease) appear, and prolonged snoring with a short breath delay (apnea) is observed in sleep. All of the above indicates the state of the body before a heart attack. And it should alert, make you see a doctor who can diagnose a pre-infarction condition, prescribe preventive treatment for diseases of the heart muscle.

It is worth remembering that pre-infarction and heart attack are not treated at home. This can only be done with the help of professional medical professionals.

First aid for damage to the heart muscle

You need to know the symptoms that indicate a possible attack of a heart attack in order to contact cardiologists. It is equally important to know the signs of an attack - determine them according to the state of the person in order to provide him with first aid before the ambulance arrives:

• the patient must be arranged so that he is comfortable: in a lying or sitting position with support on the back of the chair, and if the attack occurred on the street, lean against a wall, tree or other objects;
• loosen the pressure of clothing: untie the tie, unbutton the top button of the shirt;
• if everything happened indoors, open windows for fresh air;
• give 1-2 tablets of nitroglycerin and an aspirin tablet, dissolve about 40 drops of corvalol in water - all these heart remedies will somewhat ease the situation.

To a certain extent, the first actions of others can further alleviate the situation of a person and even save his life. When breathing stops, palpitations need to be done chest compressions and artificial respiration, but not everyone can do it correctly.

Consequence of a heart attack

The resorption-necrotic syndrome in the event of myocardial infarction is a consequence of the fact that the affected, dead myocardial tissues, more precisely, their decay products enter the bloodstream, and then the following symptoms appear in a person:

• body temperature rises;
• the number of neutrophilic leukocytes in the blood increases;
• the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases;
• enzymes from damaged cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) enter the blood;
• autoimmune syndrome or Dressler's syndrome.

The temperature can rise to 38 degrees. Usually this syndrome is observed in the acute phase of a heart attack, which lasts up to 10 days.

If after this time the temperature does not drop, it means that complications have arisen, and the treatment may be delayed.

Heart attack prevention

How to learn ways to avoid this dangerous disease? The answer to this question is simple: it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle from youth, and then the risk of undergoing a heart attack will decrease significantly. But if it was not possible to adhere to this principle from an early age, it is worth changing the lifestyle as soon as possible, especially for those who are already over fifty:

• for heart diseases, it is recommended to buy a tonometer and monitor your pressure every day;
• it is important to control the level of sugar, this is not difficult to do, since there are currently good glucometers on sale;
• the sun is an enemy for people at this age, you need to avoid prolonged exposure to open space under the rays of a scorching star and give up a long beach tan;
• it is recommended to monitor nutrition, the diet should not contain junk food, chemicals, only natural products rich in vitamins and microelements;
• moderate movement is useful: walk more, go swimming, ride a bike more often, it is important to remember that muscles make up most of the heart, and without training they will start to work worse;
• give up harmful drinks, in any case, their excessive consumption, and this is not only alcohol, the use of which in moderation is good for the heart, but also coffee, strong black tea, energy drinks, and those that contain too much sugar (lemonade ).

If there are any diseases of the cardiovascular system: hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease and others, they should be treated in a timely manner, consult a doctor for treatment and undergo regular examinations. These diseases can be kept under control so that they do not provoke a heart attack.

With regard to physical activity, one important thing to remember is that people who are predisposed to cardiovascular diseases, or who suffer from such pathologies that can lead to an attack of hypertension, should not overload themselves. For them, calm walking is more acceptable than exercising in the gym with heavy objects.

A heart attack is a dangerous disease that affects older people, although recently there has been a tendency for attacks among fairly young people.

An attack can be fatal, but if others and the person himself knows how to recognize myocardial infarction, then the chances of survival and then successful treatment will be much greater. Especially if others can properly provide assistance and call a doctor.

To avoid a heart attack, you must follow the basic rules of a healthy lifestyle, eat right, and engage in moderate exercise, such as walking or cycling.

The doctor will tell you more about the symptoms of a heart attack in a short video:

Cardiac cirrhosis of the liver - final heart failure

Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic disease in which there is a violation of the structure of the liver: the location of cellular elements, bile ducts, as well as a violation of the function of hepatocytes - liver cells.

This condition often develops due to exposure to toxic substances (alcohol, toxins) or is a consequence of inflammation, usually caused by hepatitis viruses or an autoimmune reaction. But there is also a special type of this condition - cardiac cirrhosis of the liver, which develops against the background of long-term heart failure.

The fact is that with a decrease in the pumping function of the heart (heart failure), blood stasis develops in all organs, and the liver, being an organ rich in blood vessels, suffers from this stagnation more than others.

Due to the increase in venous pressure, the liquid part of the blood, as it were, sweats into the liver tissue and squeezes it. This significantly disrupts the blood supply to the organ and the outflow of bile, and therefore its function. If this situation persists for a long time, then irreversible transformations in the structure of the liver develop - cardiac cirrhosis of the liver.

It is sometimes impossible to distinguish ordinary liver cirrhosis from cardiac cirrhosis based on complaints, examination, tests or ultrasound data. Most often, such patients are concerned about the severity and pain in the right hypochondrium, icterus of the skin and visible mucous membranes, itching of the skin due to the accumulation of bilirubin in it. Also, due to the effusion in the abdominal cavity, "abdominal dropsy" - ascites - develops.

With a pronounced stagnation, the outflow of blood through the liver is sharply hampered and the blood begins to look for workarounds, as a result of which the blood flow is redistributed in favor of the superficial veins, veins of the esophagus and intestines.

Expansion of the veins of the gastrointestinal tract is often complicated by bleeding, and the expansion of the veins of the abdomen, with a simultaneous increase in its size, gives it a special look - "jellyfish head".

When diagnosing, most often you have to focus on history data: alcohol abuse, harmful production, it is imperative to exclude chronic viral hepatitis by testing blood for antibodies to the virus.

Unfortunately, cardiac cirrhosis of the liver is an extremely unfavorable condition that aggravates the course of already severe cardiac pathology. If at the same time a high level of bilirubin is still noted, then damage to the central nervous system may occur, against which the patients lose criticism of their condition.

There is no effective treatment for liver cirrhosis, especially cardiac cirrhosis, all measures are aimed at the root cause of the disease and the elimination of symptoms: the fight against edematous syndrome, detoxification and slowing down the progression of cirrhosis.

The prognosis, unfortunately, is unfavorable.

Adelfan: analogues and substitutes that quickly lower pressure

Adelfan is a drug that can quickly lower blood pressure for a long time.

However, today this tool is considered obsolete.

Therefore, its modern analogue is increasingly being used, the main advantage of which is fewer side effects.

Features of the use of the drug

In the past, Adelfan was one of the most common drugs used for arterial hypertension. It has a complex effect, since it contains two active components - dihydralizine and reserpine.

These substances have a relaxing effect on the walls of blood vessels, affecting the central nervous system and reducing the number of heartbeats.

However, these properties have an adverse effect on the body. But in cases where the factors for the development of hypertension are not established, the use of Adelfan allows you to quickly normalize blood pressure.

However, the consequences after taking such a drug are very negative:

1. headache;
2. depressed state;
3. spasms and convulsions;
4. development of depression;
5. angina pectoris, heart failure and myocardial infarction;
6. feeling of anxiety;
7. irritability.

In case of an overdose of Adelfan, unpleasant symptoms also appear. For example, inhibition of speech and motor functions, drowsiness and dizziness.

In addition, these pills are strictly prohibited during pregnancy. Also, they should not be taken by patients under 18 years of age and people suffering from epilepsy, liver, heart and kidney diseases.

Therefore, pharmacists have developed a structural analogue of Adelfan, which also quickly reduces blood pressure, but does not have such strong and numerous side effects. This is how the improved drug Adelfan-Ezidrex appeared, which has in its composition not only the components of its predecessor, but also substances that reduce their negative effect on the body.

It is worth noting that the new analogue of Adelfan is taken according to a completely different scheme. The optimal daily dose for an adult is no more than two tablets. But often, to achieve a lasting antihypertensive effect, one tablet is enough, which is taken in the morning, washed down with clean water.

After that, you can not eat food for half an hour. Thus, if you regularly use the modern analogue of Adelfan, you can achieve a rapid decrease in pressure for a long time.

Popular analogues of Adelfan

Coramine is a well-known analogue of Adelfan, which is prescribed to speed up the process of restoring myocardial performance in IHD, including heart attack. Also, the drug is indicated for arterial hypertension and intense physical exertion on the body.

In addition, Coramine is prescribed to elderly patients to maintain the functioning of the myocardium. To enhance the effectiveness of the drug, it is taken together with Vasalamin.

Nephrox is another popular analogue of Adelfan, which is used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes in the following cases:

• diabetic nephropathy;
• hyperazotemic nephritis (chronic and acute);
• high blood pressure;
• azotemia;
• atherosclerosis;
• kidney failure;
• inflammation of the urinary tract.

Cordaflex is also used for hypertension of varying severity, stable angina pectoris and coronary artery disease. In addition, this drug successfully stops the hypertensive crisis.

Krishtal is prescribed for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes for arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, dyscirculatory encephalopathies and obliterating endarteritis. Also, the agent can be used as part of complex therapy for osteoporosis, arthrosis or osteochondrosis.

Verapamil is a well-known analogue of Adelfan, which is also prescribed for hypertension, angina pectoris and coronary artery disease. In addition, these tablets are indicated for atrial flutter and fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

Verapamil in the form of a solution for injection is prescribed for the relief of a hypertensive crisis. It is also effective in acute coronary insufficiency, ventricular extrasystoles and other similar conditions.

Atherophyton is an effective analogue of Adelfan, which is a source of biologically active components, normalizes the concentration of cholesterol in the blood and improves the condition of the vascular walls. This drug prevents atherosclerotic damage to blood vessels by mobilizing cholesterol from their walls. It is also used as a prophylaxis for atherosclerosis, symptomatic hypertension, coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, thrombophlebitis and varicose veins.

Ebrantil is a good alternative to Adelfan. Produced in the form of a solution intended for parenteral use in hypertensive crisis, severe and reflex hypertension.

Also, the solution can be used to control the process of reducing blood pressure during or after surgery. And Ebrantil tablets are drunk with a mild or moderate form of hypertension.

AngioOmega Complex is a dietary supplement that contains niacin, policosanol, vitamin E, oleuropein, omega-3,6,9 fatty and unsaturated acids. The drug is prescribed for preventive and therapeutic purposes as part of complex therapy for atherosclerosis of the vessels of the legs (unpleasant pain in the legs when moving, chilliness of the extremities), coronary vessels (pain in the heart, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris) and vessels of the brain (forgetfulness, cerebral atherosclerosis, impaired attention and memory).

In addition, AngiOmega Complex is indicated in the following cases:

1. metabolic disorders - diabetes mellitus, overweight, metabolic syndrome;
2. women and men after for the prevention of atherosclerosis;
3. hypertension;
4. genetic predisposition to diseases of the cardiovascular system;
5. following a diet with a minimum amount of fat;
6. prolonged or constantly psycho-emotional overstrain, nervous and stressful conditions;
7. reduced immunity;
8. prevention of stroke, heart attack and rehabilitation after vascular accidents.

An equally well-known replacement for Adelfan is Captopril, which is indicated for essential, renovascular, resistant and renal hypertension. The video in this article is intended to answer the question of what to do to reduce pressure.

Please note that all information posted on the site is for reference only and

not intended for self-diagnosis and treatment of diseases!

Copying materials is allowed only with an active link to the source.

liver infarction

Popular articles on the topic: liver infarction

Liver diseases are one of the most difficult problems in modern gastroenterology, including in childhood.

High blood pressure (BP) is the main cause of stroke, myocardial infarction, heart and kidney failure, which causes significant medical and social problems, as well as great economic problems.

ALT in the blood (and to be more precise, an analysis for ALT or ALT) is a blood test for one of the liver enzymes, the full name of which is “alanine aminotransferase”.

Such a name, as well as the title of the article, was at the scientific and practical conference dedicated to the theoretical and practical aspects of thrombolytic therapy in Ukraine. Questions of a practical and organizational nature that were raised at.

On February 5, 2003, a scientific and practical conference was held at the Main Military Clinical Hospital, dedicated to the current state of the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. The conference was held with the support of Aventis.

The understanding of human fetal growth and organogenesis has evolved significantly over the past 50 years, although a number of key points such as blood flow through the heart and liver of the fetus in utero and placental circulation have been described.

With an increase in the content of bile pigments (bilirubin) in the blood, the tissues turn yellow. If it is visible to the naked eye, then they talk about jaundice.

Alkaline phosphatase is an important enzyme of the human body, which is found in almost all of its tissues and plays a key role in metabolism - primarily in phosphorus-calcium metabolism.

A rare penicillosis is known (Marneffei penicillosis caused by the primary pathogen, the dimorphic micromycete Penicillium marneffei). This endemic disease, common in Southeast Asia and the Far East, causes skin and ..

Questions and answers on: liver infarction

The patient is my mother, a 53-year-old woman. Before the fracture, she was alive, active, and generally healthy.

After a fracture of the femoral neck and an operation (screws), CT revealed pulmonary embolism, infarction of the right lung ("quote from the conclusion "massive thrombus")

From the first day of resuscitation (02/19/2016) we take Xarelto 15 mg-2r / day. I want to try to put leeches, because they say that they can dissolve a blood clot (Xarelto only prevents the formation of new ones and thins the blood), but the cardiologist said that it is dangerous. Maybe you can start not with the chest, but with the liver, for example, gerudotherapy, and then look at your condition.

Doctors in our city are starting to play football and do not want to deal with this case. Now they are treating the lungs with cefepime, they are also dripping tivortin, until yesterday there was rheosorbilact and eufilin.

In order, the father did not do a CT scan of the pancreas, because those endocrinologists did not want to do it at all, that is, his mild form of diabetes. According to the general blood test, I then asked for oncology, they said no, nothing like that, that's all.

We passed oncology of the prostate, oncology of the gastrointestinal tract, FGSD, irrigoscopy, MRI of the lower back 2 times, of the thoracic region, of the brain, fluorography in the spring, x-rays of the joints of the legs, of all legs - there are no pathologies. That is, the father is more or less checked from head to toe. He doesn't want a colonoscopy. He says he's tired. Almost everyone thought about oncology, but they didn’t find it anywhere, so they didn’t send me to an oncologist. I visited an oncologist in the summer, but I forgot to tell you about losing weight. But he sent me vseravno to the vessel. surgeon. But it didn't help either. The oncologist said - what does pain in the legs have to do with oncology. The fact is that father, apart from severe pain in his left leg, is now not bothered by anything. Not the slightest pain in the stomach for example. Maybe you have some other ideas. I will write what diseases they found and what my father used.

FGD - atroph. gastritis, metaplasia (they said not onco); UZI-hron. pancreatitis, a slight inflammation in the kidney; Colitis; the liver is normal by ultrasound, the ducts are open (dad is yellowish on his face). We canceled the statins ourselves, but the doctors do not mind, since I wrote to the manufacturer, and they sent instructions with registered cases of periph. neuropathy. But it is clear that no one will put this diagnosis to the father and will not treat him. After the statin was discontinued, the right leg stopped hurting. Left so far. On Tebantine since June, 2-3 caps. in a day. That is, the leg is quite disturbing. The rehabilitologist said that it was not a nerve that hurt, but a muscle. Don't know.

We are going to see a doctor and a gastroenterologist since Monday.

And now about the general, in general, before a heart attack, my father liked to drink, he is like an intelligent abuser. All the same, he loves alcohol, while the doctors said Yes, you can 50 gr. It's not scary.

You know, I read about alcoholic neuropathy and other diseases, then my father has a similar thing, because pancreatitis and gastritis and colitis happen to those who drink.

And losing weight seems to be the same. But my father is not an alcoholic, so I don't know what to say to the doctors.

He also drinks laxatives himself for 10 years, Cascara. Every day now 2 capsules. And I can’t convince him, because he himself can’t, that is, the intestines do not work, as I understand it. Maybe the reason for losing weight is here.

He had an ESR of 14 back in the summer, now it is 3, I know by ESR that they usually monitor for inflammation and oncology. But we no longer know what to check. Serious pathologies were not found, but the nerves in the legs were badly damaged.

I’m not a doctor, but I re-read everything, I have ideas such as from alcohol, plus statins (my father complained of pain in his leg, as instructed, but the doctors prescribed him an even larger dose, then his leg exploded from pain), that is, both of his cardiologists did not pay attention to his leg pains, although statins often give myalgia and myopathy, as well as neuropathy. I also found many foreigners who became semi-disabled precisely in the legs from statins.

These are my two thoughts, and the third is the intestines, and laxatives. Perhaps this colitis somehow affects the nerve plexuses, somewhere in the lumbar region and damages the nerves. But I'll ask the gastroenterologist.

They passed on vitamins, for example, B12 goes off scale, but B1 was not handed over. Hemoglobin was 112, again became 136, returned to normal. Passed Glik. Hem. - 5.79, as I understand it, the norm, for which the father begins to eat muffins and sweets. Also all sick, that the quality of life is no and sweetens.

Sorry for writing a lot again, it's just that you, as a doctor, can see from the description what it looks like more. Of course, watching my father, I associate statins, alcohol and laxatives into one such dangerous set.

We want to do a CT scan of the leg somehow, but they are unlikely to check the entire leg. Still, you never know, somewhere there may be a tumor in the leg. Let's do an ultrasound of the prostate. I make cocktails, I didn’t know about protein ones, I made them with kefir, parsley and salting. seeds.

If you have any ideas from my post, please let me know. All advice is important to us.

And please tell me briefly what is the difference between CT and MRI and why we could not be sent for CT, maybe it is more informative, but we went through so many simple things? Can a CT scan see tumors clearly?

21.02.not Q-infarction of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Myocardiofibrosis of mixed genesis. Stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels. (EF=63%).

20.03. stent into the middle part of the RCA (during the infarction, it did not close completely), covered with sirolimus.

Chron. CMV hepatitis. At one time, in the acute period (2002), he gave a strong thickening of the blood. Today AST, ALT = 40.

Cholesterol from 1995 to 2008 = 7-10.5 mmol / l, 04.2008 = 4.8 mmol / l (1.5 months on vasilipe).

from 17.04.2008 - ischemic drugs + cardiomagnyl (100mg), plavix (112mg)