First aid to the victim with bleeding. First aid for bleeding First aid for various bleeding

When providing first aid for bleeding, forget that you absolutely cannot stand even one type of blood. A person's life and, in any case, the speed of his recovery can sometimes depend on your composure and skillful actions. Personal fears are secondary, the main thing is to help the victim. Act clearly, in a coordinated manner, without wasting time on lamentations and without succumbing to panic.

Bleeding is the outflow of blood from the bloodstream. Its causes are varied: trauma, tumors, erosion, rupture of the vessel wall, hemorrhagic diathesis, etc.

Bleeding is internal (obvious and hidden) and external; by nature they are divided into arterial, venous, capillary, from internal organs; by localization - on, after tooth extraction, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, uterine, hemorrhoidal.

With any bleeding, patients complain of weakness, dizziness, flashing "flies" before their eyes, palpitations, noise in the ears and head, headaches, sticky cold sweat. Objectively, disturbances of consciousness of varying degrees, acceleration of the heartbeat, and a decrease in heart rate are detected.

First aid algorithms for various types of bleeding are largely similar.

Providing first aid for external bleeding

External bleeding occurs when an injury occurs due to a violation of the integrity of the skin and damage to blood vessels. Depending on the type of damaged vessel, capillary, venous and arterial bleeding is distinguished.

With capillary bleeding, blood is released little by little in drops or an even stream. This type of bleeding with a small area of damage is able to stop on its own after a while.

When a vein is damaged, blood flows intensely, evenly. The color of blood is dark red, cherry.

From the damaged artery, the blood beats with a strong stream, pulsating shocks, coinciding with the contractions of the heart.

Arterial and venous bleeding does not stop on its own. Without first aid for these bleedings, the death of the victim may occur.

As blood is lost, the affected person becomes pale, covered with a cold sweat. The heart rate increases and blood pressure gradually drops. The patient himself is lethargic, does not pay attention to others, speaks in a low voice, answers questions in monosyllables. Such patients usually complain of dizziness, darkening of the eyes when trying to raise their heads, thirst, dry mouth. In the absence of first aid for bleeding, a person loses consciousness, after which clinical and then biological death occurs first.

How to stop bleeding of any of the above types? Capillary bleeding does not pose a serious danger; to speed up its stop, a pressure bandage is applied to the wound. When providing first aid for external bleeding from capillaries, it is enough to treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide, and its edges with iodine solution, and then apply a bandage. Medical attention is only necessary if the wound is deep enough to require stitches.

To provide first aid for external venous bleeding, a pressure bandage should also be applied, but then hospitalization is necessary for suturing the wound. If a large vein is damaged, a hemostatic tourniquet is applied to the affected limb (below the injury site).

Arterial bleeding is the greatest danger to life, and its stop is often associated with difficulties. Stopping bleeding from the arteries of the extremities is carried out in several stages. Before providing first aid for bleeding from an artery, it is first pressed against the bone protrusion above the injury site, and then a hemostatic tourniquet is applied above the injury site. When stopping arterial bleeding, the tourniquet must be applied quite tightly, since the arteries are located much deeper than the veins. However, applying too tightly can lead to impaired sensation and paralysis. During first aid for external bleeding, the tourniquet is applied not directly to the skin, but through a layer of tissue. This reduces pain from skin irritation. If the manipulation is performed correctly, the bleeding from the wound stops, the pulse in the lower sections of the arteries is not determined, the limb itself turns pale. If the tourniquet is applied weakly, only the veins, blood
swelling intensifies.

The tourniquet is applied for no more than 40-50 minutes, otherwise the tissues may become dead. If there is a need to keep the tourniquet on the limb for a longer time, it is removed every 45 minutes for 15 minutes. At this time, the artery is pressed with a finger in the wound.

First aid for external bleeding from the arteries of the hands and feet is provided by bandaging a roller of sterile wipes to the wound. After that, the limb rises up. This is usually enough to stop the bleeding. Only with multiple wounds or crushing of tissues, a tourniquet is applied.

Bleeding from the arteries of the finger is stopped with a tight bandage.

With significant blood loss after first aid for bleeding, the victim must be taken to the hospital. At the same time, it is transported in the prone position, without a pillow with a raised leg condom. It helps to improve the blood supply to the brain. Additionally, you can raise blood pressure with the help of heavy drinking (tea, juice, water).

Providing first aid for nosebleeds

Nosebleeds can occur spontaneously, for no apparent reason, or be the result of an injury. The causes of spontaneous bleeding are most often a sharp increase in blood pressure (with hypertension, kidney disease, etc.), damage to the vascular wall (with atherosclerosis, allergic reactions), as well as a decrease in blood clotting.

Nosebleeds can present in a variety of ways. With the outflow of blood from the external nasal openings, it is clearly visible, and the diagnosis of the condition does not cause any difficulties. However, blood can also drain inside, into the nasopharynx. In this case, bleeding may go unnoticed for some time. It manifests itself only after some time by bloody vomiting (vomiting "coffee grounds" with streaks of unchanged blood), which occurs as a result of the constant ingestion of blood. If the bleeding is not severe, vomiting does not occur.

Gradually, the person turns pale, covered with cold sweat, his blood pressure decreases, his pulse becomes frequent.

Before providing first aid for nosebleeds, it is necessary to determine where exactly the blood is coming from. Sometimes bleeding from any part of the respiratory tract and from the lungs also leads to the outflow of blood from the external nasal openings. However, in this case, the blood is frothy, and its discharge is often accompanied by a cough.

To provide first aid for mild nosebleeds from the external passages, it is necessary to lay the victim on his side, slightly throwing his head back. The wings of the nose can be pressed against the nasal septum. A tightly twisted cotton turunda soaked in a solution of hydrogen peroxide or a 0.1% solution of adrenaline is introduced into the nasal passages. An ice pack is applied to the back of the head and bridge of the nose for 30 minutes. In this position, the person should be until the bleeding stops completely.

First aid for severe nosebleeds begins with the introduction of oral or intramuscular drugs that increase blood clotting (1% vikasol (2.0 ml)). However, this method of stopping bleeding is categorically contraindicated at the risk of developing thrombosis in vital organs (for example,).

If first aid for nosebleeds does not bring an effective result, it is urgent to hospitalize the victim.

How to stop bleeding in the mouth: first aid

The cause of bleeding from the oral cavity is most often mechanical trauma (biting of the mucous membrane, tongue, blow, extraction of teeth, etc.). Less often, an inflammatory disease of the mucous membrane, a malignant tumor, and blood clotting disorders are to blame.

By itself, bleeding does not go unnoticed. When examining the oral cavity, you can determine the cause and place of its occurrence. This makes it possible to distinguish it from bleeding from the digestive tract, nasopharynx, and respiratory tract. Prolonged severe bleeding can cause, as well as if blood enters the respiratory tract.

How to stop bleeding in the mouth with maximum efficiency? According to the rules of first aid for bleeding, the patient must be placed on his side, so that the blood can flow freely from the mouth and does not enter the respiratory tract. The mouth is thoroughly cleaned of clots and fresh blood with a swab. This makes it possible to more accurately determine the site of bleeding. If this is a tooth hole, gauze turunda moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution is placed in it. When bleeding from a damaged mucous membrane, a gauze napkin moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution is applied to the wound and pressed.

If the cause of bleeding was an injury to a large vessel, it can be pressed directly into the wound.

If within a few minutes after the provision of first aid for bleeding, the blood does not stop, the patient must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

First aid for pulmonary and gastrointestinal bleeding

Pulmonary bleeding is manifested by the release of scarlet foamy blood when coughing.

First aid for pulmonary bleeding, accompanied by loss of consciousness, respiratory and circulatory arrest, is cardiopulmonary resuscitation. First aid for pulmonary bleeding consists in laying the patient on his back and tilting his head. Other resuscitation activities are carried out only by medical workers.

Gastrointestinal bleeding occurs as a result of the outpouring of blood from a wall defect into the lumen of the digestive tract. Causes - ulcerative lesions, injuries, tumors, burns, taking certain medications.

Vomiting blood comes to the fore (the appearance of scarlet blood indicates damage to the esophagus or upper stomach; dark - about varicose veins of the esophagus; vomiting "coffee grounds" - about peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum).

Bloody stools can be a sign of pathology in much of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum. Depending on the location of the affected area, the signs of bleeding are different.

Black stools are characteristic of bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. If the bleeding is not too intense, then the patient will not have any vomiting. Blood, having passed through the entire digestive tract, stains the stool black, giving it the appearance of tar.

When bleeding from the small intestine, the stool has a burgundy or reddish-brown color, and if the source of bleeding is located below this level, the blood remains practically unchanged.

When bleeding from the rectum, the blood usually looks like scarlet splashes over unchanged feces, and with a large amount of blood, feces may not be at all.

Any intestinal bleeding is an indication for urgent hospitalization of the patient, since, in addition to the danger of serious blood loss, it can be a sign of dangerous infectious diseases (for example, dysentery). Only with a slight bleeding from the rectum can a person stay at home, and even then in this case he needs to undergo an examination in order to exclude oncological pathology.

The first medical aid for gastrointestinal bleeding before the arrival of the ambulance is to create a functional rest for the patient, put a bubble with people on the epigastric region. You can wash the stomach with ice water, to which a crushed hemostatic sponge is added, or allow pieces of ice to be swallowed.

Providing first aid for gastrointestinal bleeding, medicines are used:

almagel 1 tbsp. l. every hour;
cimetidine, histadil 1 tablet every 6 hours;
Adroxon 0.75 ml 1-4 times a day intramuscularly.

How to stop uterine bleeding: first aid

Uterine bleeding can occur as a result of an abortion, with injuries and tumors of the genital organs, or have a dysfunctional character.

Dysfunctional bleeding is divided into:

juvenile - in girls under 17 after stress, diets, inflammatory diseases;
reproductive age - in women aged 17-45 years with inflammatory diseases of the ovaries, stress, abortion, intoxication, etc.;
menopause - in women after 45 years, more often they have an oncological nature.

How to stop uterine bleeding to prevent large blood loss? The first aid algorithm for bleeding depends on its nature. Before the ambulance arrives at home, a woman can be injected with 2% vikasol (1.0 ml) intramuscularly.

When dysfunctional bleeding for first aid can be used janine, celeste, marvelon (4-6 tablets to stop bleeding, followed by a dose reduction to 1 tablet per day).

First aid for bleeding - these are actions aimed at stopping them. Every person should know about them and be able to produce them: a situation may happen that will require the necessary measures to help the victim survive to qualified assistance. And sometimes you have to act quickly and accurately.

Characteristics of bleeding: first aid

They are distinguished by the type of damaged vessel. It is necessary to be able to identify all types of bleeding. First aid depends on what exactly is damaged in the body. There are three:

Capillary. The integrity of a small vessel (or several) is broken.
Arterial. Broken artery from the heart. Bleeding is very strong and threatens the victim with death from blood loss, if urgent action is not taken.
Venous. The outflow of blood is not as intense as with arterial, but also significant.

In addition to obvious, external bleeding, there are also internal ones. They need to be able to recognize: the timely provision of first aid for bleeding into the internal cavities significantly increases the chances of the victim (or patient) to survive.

capillary bleeding

Let's start with the simplest, one might say, everyday situations. Damage to the capillaries is common, especially in children with still imperfect vestibular apparatus. Broken knees and torn elbows are so common injuries that parents treat them calmly. First aid for bleeding caused by a violation of the integrity of the capillaries is quite routine: disinfecting the wound and applying a bandage to prevent infection. In the case of deeper damage, when a lot of blood flows out, a bandage is required to be made pressure. In this case, you should consult a doctor only when the victim has

Nosebleed

Another fairly common household variant of blood loss. It can be caused by an unsuccessful fall, when a person does not have time to put out his hands, a blow to the face or a rupture of a vessel (for example, with high pressure in a hypertensive patient). Getting the victim to raise their face up is the first reaction of most people to nosebleeds. Rendering it, however, consists in directly opposite actions. The person must be seated with a slight forward tilt so that blood does not enter the throat and nasopharynx - this can cause vomiting and coughing. If the nose is not broken, a tight swab soaked in peroxide is inserted into the nostril and pressed with a finger. Cold is placed on the bridge of the nose - it will not only speed up the stop of bleeding, but also prevent the appearance of edema if a person has received a blow. In about twenty minutes the bleeding will stop. To check, it is necessary to offer the victim to spit - if the saliva does not contain blood, the person can continue to live in peace. A visit to the doctor is required only in case of a broken nose or unstoppable bleeding.

arterial bleeding

The most dangerous of the external (and internal) species. If the provision of first emergency medical care for bleeding from the arteries is illiterate or belated, the person will die very quickly. Signs of damage to the artery:

very bright, scarlet color of blood;
gushing from a wound;
bursts of blood in the rhythm of the pulse.

If a small artery is affected, the limb is pulled over the wound, the victim is quickly delivered to a medical facility (by ambulance or by own transport). If a large vessel is damaged, the limb rises, the artery is squeezed above the wound with a finger (with a fist, if the artery is femoral) - this is necessary to stop the "fountain". Then a tourniquet is applied. Usually, a medical one is not at hand, so twine, a strip of cloth, a towel, a belt, a dog leash - whichever is closest, perform its functions. Delivery to the hospital is required, and as quickly as possible.

Venous bleeding

It is characterized by an intense, but not gushing, smooth outflow of blood of a dark, crimson color. First, first aid for bleeding from a vein consists in applying a rather wide pressure bandage. If it turns out to be ineffective, a tourniquet is applied, but it should be applied below the wound. The arm or leg, as in the case of the arteries, needs to be slightly elevated so that the blood flow to the limb is weakened.

How to apply a tourniquet

With severe bleeding, you can not do without it. However, in addition to the place where it should be fixed, you need to know how to do it correctly.

The area of the limb is wrapped with a clean cloth above the wound (in case of venous bleeding - below).
The leg (arm) is lifted and placed on any support.
The tourniquet stretches a little, unless, of course, you have a medical, rubber one. Wrapping it around the limb two or three times, in the desired position it is fastened with a chain and a hook. If the tourniquet is made from improvised materials, the ends are simply tied.
A note is inserted under the bandage, on which the time (up to a minute) of applying the tourniquet is indicated. There is no paper - the data is written directly on the skin, away from the wound (even on the forehead). Keeping it longer than an hour and a half in summer and an hour in winter is fraught with the onset of necrotic phenomena. If during this time it was not possible to get to the hospital, the tourniquet is removed for ten minutes, the artery or vein is manually clamped for this time, and after the "rest" it is applied again.
The wound is sterile bandaged.
The victim is rushed to the hospital.

If swelling is observed, and the skin becomes cyanotic, then the tourniquet is applied incorrectly. It is immediately removed and applied more successfully.

Prohibited actions

The provision of first aid for bleeding includes the observance of the main medical commandment: "do no harm." We list things that you cannot do if you do not have a medical education.

Do not touch the wound with your hands: infection is possible, and in some cases - pain shock.
It is strictly forbidden to clean the wound. This should be done only by the surgeon and in the operating room. If a foreign object sticks out of the wound, it is carefully fixed so that it does not expand the damage during transportation. The bandage in this case is superimposed around it.
You can not change the bandages, even if they are soaked with blood.

And most importantly - rather in the hospital. If there is no "ambulance" - take the victim yourself.

internal bleeding

No less dangerous than arterial. A particular threat is that it may not be immediately recognized by a non-professional. Considering that often the patient does not feel pain, one has to rely on secondary signs:

weakness, accompanied by pallor;
chills with ;
dizziness, possible fainting;
respiratory disorders: irregular, shallow, weak;
the abdomen hardens and swells, the person tries to curl up into a ball.

Actions must be quick and decisive: calling an ambulance, an ice pack on the stomach, sitting transportation. Never give food, drink or pain medication.

Traumatic amputation

In the event of traffic accidents or separation of the limb from the body is possible. First aid for bleeding caused by amputation should be supplemented by the preservation of the limb if the arm is torn off below the elbow and the leg is below the knee. The limb is placed in two bags, if possible covered with ice and sent along with the victim. If the transportation does not take more than six hours, there is a possibility of sewing the limb back into its rightful place. In Moscow, for example, this is possible in hospitals No. 1, 6, 7, 71, in the Scientific Center for Surgery of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the City Clinical Hospital. When calling an ambulance, be sure to specify that the victim has a traumatic amputation.

First aid is the urgent implementation of complex therapeutic and prophylactic manipulations. They are necessary in case of accidents, sudden illnesses or exacerbation of an existing disease. First aid is provided before the arrival of medical personnel or before the victim is admitted to a medical facility. One of the possible pathological symptoms that needs first aid is bleeding. What you need to know about blood loss, how to properly stop the bleeding and transport the victim to the hospital?

What you need to know about bleeding?

Bleeding is the exit of blood outside the vascular bed into the body cavity / organ lumen (internal blood loss) or into the environment (external blood loss). After any bleeding, regardless of location and intensity, the amount of circulating blood in the body decreases. As a result, the work of the heart worsens, providing tissues with vital fluid and oxygen. This is especially true of the brain, liver and kidneys. This condition is extremely dangerous for patients of younger and older age categories. Their body adapts worse to changes in the amount of circulating blood, which is fraught with irreversible consequences.

The degree of damage to the body depends on the size of the vessel in which blood loss occurs. For example, if small blood vessels are damaged, the body gives the command to produce blood clots. These are blood clots that close the lumen of the wound, stop the flow of blood on their own and help the skin recover. It is impossible to stop the integrity of large vessels on their own. The victim may temporarily cut off blood flow, but not fix the underlying problem. Therein lies the whole danger of the situation. For example, when an artery is injured, the blood flow is so intense that after three minutes it can lead to the death of the victim.

What happens to the body during/after blood loss?

The consequences of bleeding are conditionally divided into two groups - general and local. Let's analyze each of them in more detail. General changes refer to the body's attempts to replace lost blood. The heart begins to contract with minimal activity, edema develops in the lungs, and filtration in the kidneys decreases. Urine stops flowing to the bladder, and necrosis develops in the liver.

What are the local changes? When bleeding from the lung, blood begins to come out of the mouth. It is painted in a scarlet hue and foams intensively. Blood loss from the esophagus is accompanied by similar symptoms. Gastric bleeding makes itself felt with a dark brown tint of liquid (due to interaction with hydrochloric acid). Intestinal hemorrhage is dark in color and dense tar-like consistency. With renal blood loss, the victim may observe blood impurities in the urine or its color in scarlet.

With hidden internal bleeding, shortness of breath, respiratory failure, abdominal distention, swelling of the joints, redness of the skin are recorded. A cerebral hemorrhage is fraught with disorders of the nervous system, and the ingress of fluid into the pericardial cavity can lead to cardiac arrest. In general, the symptoms depend on the individual characteristics of the body, the localization of blood loss and the size of the vessel. In some cases, a person does not even understand what is happening inside and does not have time to ask for help or get to a medical facility. If you notice a victim with blood loss, call an ambulance as soon as possible and try to stop the bleeding yourself.

How to stop the bleeding?

During the stop of bleeding, it is necessary to act quickly, calmly and purposefully. Only in this way will it be possible to alleviate the condition or save the life of the victim. Timely first aid will facilitate further wound treatment, shorten the rehabilitation period and minimize complications/injuries/injuries. There are only two ways to stop blood loss - temporary and final. Temporary manipulations help save the life of the victim until the arrival of the ambulance. The final stop is carried out only by a qualified doctor in the operating room.

The first thing a person should do is to analyze the volume / intensity of blood loss and the condition of the victim. Rationally assess your own strengths. In case of intracavitary bleeding or traumatization of the main vessels, it is better to refuse squeezing, bandaging and other manipulations. They can only aggravate the condition of the victim, cause him additional pain and complicate the work of specialists. The only sure option is to call an ambulance or take the person to the hospital as soon as possible.

First aid is provided for capillary bleeding, when the loss of blood is relatively small. It can be quickly stopped by applying clean gauze to the bleeding area. Several layers of cotton wool are applied over the gauze, after which the wound is bandaged. If neither gauze nor cotton wool was at hand, you can use a clean handkerchief. Cloth with fluff that can be easily separated should not be used. These villi accumulate a huge amount of bacteria. It is impossible to accurately study their nature and effects on the body. Some bacteria can cause wound infection and make the situation worse. For the same reason, it is impossible to treat the affected areas with cotton wool or cotton pads.

First aid principle:

squeezing the wound using a pressure bandage and tight packing;
selection of the optimal position of the wounded limb (elevated and motionless);
applying a bandage or tourniquet;
thermal stop of bleeding mainly with high temperatures (try to warm the body of the victim and the area that has undergone hemorrhage as much as possible).

The first thing to do when stopping the bleeding is to strongly squeeze the wound with your hands. To do this, you need to use the "3D" rule (press / ten / ten). Press on the wound with both hands for 10 minutes. If the intensity of bleeding is insignificant, you can press only a few fingers, but the time (10 minutes) does not change.

Hemostatic preparations are freely available in pharmacies. These are topical substances that can stop blood loss. Medicines can be used for capillary bleeding or blood loss from small vessels. It has been proven that hemostatic drugs can stop up to 80% of even intense hemorrhages, regardless of location. Before using a hemostatic powder / granule or napkin, it is necessary to compress the wound (squeezing time is reduced from 10 to 3 minutes), and then apply a pressure bandage.

The pressure bandage can be applied with or without hemostatic agents. As a bandage, it is permissible to use napkins, a dressing bag, an elastic bandage (subject to tight bandaging). The main thing is that the tissue is dense and does not exfoliate on the wound. A tourniquet is an extreme measure of first aid. Most bleeding can be stopped without the use of a tourniquet. It is applied only for amputations, complete / partial destruction of the limb or gushing bleeding (in case of injury to the artery).

Incorrect tourniquet application in 50% of cases leads to limb amputation. If you do not have a specialized education, try to stop the bleeding by squeezing and bandaging.

The use of ice and cold is one of the most common bleeding myths. With massive blood loss, blood coagulates much faster under the influence of high rather than low temperatures. To help the victim as much as possible, warm the wound rather than applying ice or anything cold to it. To keep the person warm while being transported or waiting for medical staff, use your own clothing or the victim's belongings.

Providing first aid for bleeding can save a life or, conversely, aggravate the situation. Proceed to manipulation only if you are confident in your own strengths and actions. Rationally evaluate what is happening, call an ambulance and try to maximize the comfort of the victim. With heavy blood loss, it is better to wait for the ambulance to arrive or transport the person to the hospital as soon as possible.

Basically, there are two types of bleeding: external and internal. In the first case, depending on which vessel is damaged, bleeding occurs:

venous;
capillary;
arterial.

Internal bleeding can also develop when the vascular wall is violated, but sometimes it occurs as a result of damage to parenchymal organs (liver, spleen). Blood thus accumulates in the cavities of the body (pleural, abdominal, pericardium, etc.)

There are several ways to stop bleeding. So, with venous or capillary bleeding of moderate intensity, it is enough to apply a pressure bandage, while with massive arterial bleeding, it is necessary to apply finger pressure and use a tourniquet.

capillary bleeding.

Capillary bleeding occurs with superficial wounds. The most common case of capillary bleeding is an abrasion caused, for example, as a result of a fall. There is no danger of blood loss with such bleeding, but a large wound surface appears, which is the entrance gate for various kinds of infection.

First aid consists in washing the wound with clean water and applying a pressure bandage. The ideal dressing material is a sterile bandage, but when this is not available, any relatively clean cloth can be used.

You should not lubricate the wound surface with antiseptic liquids (brilliant green and especially iodine), they can be used to treat intact skin around the wound.

Stopping venous bleeding

Venous bleeding occurs with deeper wounds. There is a lot of blood with such bleeding, but it does not gusher and pours out evenly. If a large vein is damaged, then there is a danger of serious blood loss, so the goal of first aid is to prevent it.

The only correct way to stop venous bleeding is to apply a pressure bandage.

Applying a pressure bandage for venous bleeding

Blood continuously oozes from the wound during venous bleeding, so you do not need to try to wash the wound and remove small objects from it (glass, sand) on your own.
With severe contamination, you can quickly treat the skin around the wound, for example, wipe it with a damp cloth (stepping back from the edge of the wound, moving outward) and treat with an antiseptic.
After the preparatory stage, you can begin to apply a pressure bandage. To do this, place a sterile napkin or any improvised material impregnated with an antiseptic on the wound area. If none of this is at hand, then use any relatively clean material as a napkin.
The napkin is fixed with two to three rounds of bandage.
The next layer is applied with a dense roller of fabric or cotton, which will put pressure on the wound. The roller is tightly bandaged with several circular rounds.
If the bandage is soaked with blood, it is not necessary to remove it, but several layers of a new bandage should be applied on top.
To achieve maximum effect, you can raise the injured limb up (above the level of the heart).

Blood clots and blood clots should not be removed, as massive bleeding may result.

After self-imposition of a pressure bandage, it is necessary to take measures to deliver the victim to the hospital for the provision of qualified medical care.

Stop arterial bleeding

Blood from the damaged artery is poured out under great pressure and gushing out. The risk of massive blood loss is extremely high, and the larger the vessel, the faster the victim can die.

There is no time to prepare and decontaminate the wound, so you should immediately start to stop the bleeding.

The algorithm of actions is something like this:

We immediately stop blood loss by bending or pressing the vessel with fingers above the injury site.
Getting ready for the tourniquet.
We apply a tourniquet.
We call an ambulance and transport the victim to the hospital.

Stop bleeding by bending

With strong flexion of the limbs, it is sometimes possible to stop bleeding from large vessels by clamping the latter:

In case of damage in the area of the forearm or hand, a roller is placed in the area of the shoulder joint, it is bent as much as possible and fixed in a predetermined position.
If the wound is located higher (in the shoulder area), then you can put both hands behind your back as much as possible and bandage them to each other in the area of \u200b\u200bthe humerus (the subclavian artery between the clavicle and the first rib is compressed).
In case of bleeding from the lower leg and foot, the patient should be laid down, the roller should be placed in the popliteal fossa and the limb should be fixed, bending at the knee joint as much as possible.
Another way to stop bleeding from the leg is to flex the hip as much as possible. The roller is placed in the inguinal fold.

If the bleeding has stopped, you can get by with this and send the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible. However, with a simultaneous fracture, the use of this method is very difficult, so we continue to stop the blood by pressing the vessel and applying a tourniquet.

Stop bleeding by pressing the vessel

If it is impossible to apply a tourniquet immediately, and with some bleeding it is impossible to do this, then you can temporarily pinch the artery with your finger. In case of arterial bleeding, do it above the wound site. There are several points at which the vessel is located in close proximity to the hard surface of the bone, which makes its pressing as effective as possible:

When bleeding in the neck and face, the carotid artery should be pressed against the vertebrae.
When bleeding from vessels in the lower part of the face, the jaw artery is pressed against the edge of the lower jaw.
When bleeding in the temple or forehead - at a point located in front of the tragus of the ear, the temporal artery is pressed.
When bleeding from the vessels of the shoulder or in the armpit, in the region of the subclavian fossa, the subclavian artery is pressed.
If the wound is in the forearm, the brachial artery is clamped in the middle of the inner side of the shoulder.
The ulnar and radial arteries are clamped in the lower third of the forearm in case of bleeding in the area of the hand.
The popliteal artery is pressed in the popliteal fossa for bleeding in the lower leg.
The femoral artery is pressed in the groin area to the pelvic bones.
If you are injured in the foot area, you can stop the blood by pressing the vessels on the back of the foot (front of the foot).

If it is possible to immediately transport the victim to a medical facility and continue to hold the damaged vessels clamped during transportation, we do this, if not, we apply a tourniquet.

Tourniquet application

A tourniquet should only be applied in cases of massive arterial bleeding, as this is a potentially dangerous procedure. Its improper use can lead to necrosis and gangrene of the limb.
To apply a tourniquet, you can use a tourniquet from a first aid kit, a rubber hose, a belt.
The tourniquet is placed about 7 cm above the wound. It can be higher, if only to stop the blood loss.
The tourniquet should be applied over clothing. Firstly, it will help to avoid trophic changes, and secondly, the doctor will immediately see the place where the tourniquet was applied.
We impose the first tour of the tourniquet and fix it. We stretch the tourniquet and impose another 3-4 turns.
At the site of the tourniquet will and should be painful. The main criterion for successful application is the absence of a pulse below the application site and the stoppage of bleeding, and not the absence of pain.
A tourniquet is applied quickly, removed - gradually and slowly.
A note should be made of the time the tourniquet was applied. You can write with anything (lipstick, pen, blood, charcoal, etc.) directly on the clothes next to the tourniquet or on the victim's forehead.
In the warm season, the tourniquet should be no more than 2 hours, in the cold - no more than an hour.
If during this time it was not possible to deliver to the hospital, remove the tourniquet for 5-10 minutes, while stopping the blood with finger pressure, then again apply it slightly above the previous application site.

After applying the tourniquet, we do everything possible to deliver the victim to a medical facility.

Special cases

Special cases of external bleeding include outpouring of blood from their ear, nose, and oral cavity.

Nose bleed

When bleeding from the nose, you need to place a dense swab in its cavity, and tilt your head slightly forward.
Apply cold to the bridge of the nose. This will cause the blood vessels to constrict and reduce bleeding.
You can’t tilt your head back, as blood can enter the respiratory tract or the digestive tract.
If after 15 minutes the bleeding has not stopped, you should call an ambulance.

Bleeding from the ear

When bleeding from the ear, no tampons should be inserted into it, as this will affect the pressure inside.
If the cause of bleeding is a superficial wound, then it is enough to treat it with an antiseptic or hydrogen peroxide.
If no visible changes could be found, then you need to call an ambulance, because bleeding from the ear is often a symptom of a severe traumatic brain injury, namely, a fracture of the base of the skull.

Bleeding after tooth extraction

If, after tooth extraction, a large amount of blood continues to be released, then a cotton swab should be placed in this area and the jaws should be squeezed tightly for a while.

First aid for internal bleeding

Internal bleeding is much more insidious than external bleeding, since it is far from always possible to recognize them in time. Therefore, you need to know about the main symptoms of this condition:

frequent weak pulse;
low pressure;
pallor and moisture of the skin (cold sweat);
feeling short of breath;
flashing "flies" before the eyes;
loss of consciousness or;
with gastrointestinal bleeding, bloody vomiting appears, similar to, or liquid, dark, strong-smelling stools (melena);
when lung tissue is damaged, coughing up sputum mixed with blood occurs;
if blood accumulates in the pleural cavity, then there are signs of respiratory failure.

With these symptoms, you should call an ambulance. You can also independently somewhat alleviate the patient's condition:

It is necessary to provide maximum rest to the victim. If bleeding into the abdominal cavity is suspected, it should be laid down; if there are symptoms of accumulation of blood in the lung area, it should be placed in a semi-sitting position. In no case can you anesthetize, feed and water.
Ensure maximum airflow into the room.
Due to vasospasm, bleeding becomes somewhat less if ice is applied (for example, to the stomach) or a cold object.
Keep the patient conscious by talking, irritating substances (ammonia cotton wool).

What not to do with bleeding

Once again about how not to make mistakes that can harm the victim when providing first aid for bleeding. When bleeding, you can not:

take out large objects, as this will lead to additional damage to the vessels;
treat the wound surface with antiseptics, for example, brilliant green or iodine;
remove blood clots and blood clots from the wound;
touch the wound with your hands (even clean ones);
remove a pressure bandage that has been soaked with blood;
apply a tourniquet without special need;
after applying a tourniquet, do not fix the time of application;
apply a tourniquet under clothing or cover it with a bandage, since it may not be immediately detected under it;
you can not feed, drink and anesthetize if internal bleeding is suspected;
stopping the blood, you can not calm down and delay the delivery of the victim to the hospital.

In cases of severe bleeding, professional medical attention should be obtained as soon as possible. In case of damage to capillaries and small veins, you can usually cope on your own. However, even in this case, a visit to the emergency room will not be superfluous, since medical workers will properly treat the wound and teach you how to monitor it in order to avoid some complications.

Did you see an error? Select and press Ctrl+Enter.

This is a violation of the integrity of the vessels and the outpouring of blood fluid from the vascular bed. Blood can exit into the environment, into the abdominal or pleural cavity, or into the cavity of some organ. Bleeding is divided into external and internal. Blood flows into the environment through lesions on the skin, as well as through the mouth, nose, anus, and vagina.

If bleeding begins immediately after injury, it is classified as primary. Secondary are divided into early (thrombus departed within 3 days) and late (after 3 days, usually with the development of purulent inflammation).

General first aid rules

In order to properly provide first aid for bleeding, it is necessary to determine its type, which depends on the damaged vessel:

capillary;
Venous;
Arterial;
Parenchymal;
Mixed.

According to the severity, mild, moderate, severe and massive blood loss is distinguished. The severity rating determines the danger to human life.

Extensive bleeding can lead to death, so everyone needs to learn how to provide first aid until the victim is taken to a medical facility.

The total blood volume in adults is approximately 4.5-5 liters. Blood loss greater than 30% of the volume is dangerous. Such a victim must be given first aid before the arrival of the medical team.

The complex of therapeutic measures should be carried out according to certain rules:

The primary measure is the withdrawal or removal of the victim from the dangerous focus;
The next step is to call the medical team., tell the dispatcher the exact address or landmark of the place where the patient is located. Be sure to indicate the patient's condition, if a traumatic amputation has occurred, also report it;
In case of severe bleeding, the victim should wait for medical personnel in the supine position, the injured limb should be raised;
What not to do: touch the wound with your hands, clean it from sand, dirt, rust etc., remove foreign objects, glass fragments from the wound. The damaging object must be carefully fixed with a gauze bandage to stop further tissue rupture;

It is possible to treat the edges of the wound surface with an antiseptic in the direction from the center of damage, to prevent iodine tincture from getting into the wound itself.

Improperly rendered first aid leads to infection, inflammation, large blood loss.

First aid for external bleeding(capillary)

Damage to the capillaries does not cause much blood loss. Most often, the formed thrombus closes the lumen of the capillary, and the bleeding ends on its own. This type of bleeding occurs when the epidermis, muscles, mucous membranes are ruptured.

First aid for bleeding is not only for injuries, but also with leakage, ear, uterus, stomach, after tooth extraction. Parenchymal bleeding from the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys also refers to capillary.

How to stop the bleeding? When choosing, you need to take into account the intensity of leakage. For first aid in this case, use a pressure bandage, tamponade, ice application.

With internal capillary bleeding, red blood cells appear in the urine, the stool becomes brown in color, and the sputum becomes rusty. Symptoms of parenchymal hemorrhage are erased or disguised as other diseases.

When an injury occurs, you need to pay attention to the appearance of the patient. If cold sticky sweat, pallor of the skin, increased heart rate and low blood pressure are noted, in this case the victim is laid in a horizontal position, the legs are lifted up, cold is applied to the area of the alleged lesion until the ambulance arrives.

What to do with venous hemorrhage

Veins are vessels that carry blood from organs and tissues to the heart. When the blood has a dark red color, the outpouring is made by an even, uninterrupted stream, without pulsation or with a very weak pulsation.

Even with a slight injury, there is the possibility of severe blood loss, as well as the danger of an air embolism. When inhaled, air bubbles through the wound enter the blood stream, then into the heart muscle, which causes death.

First aid for venous hemorrhage:

If the veins of the neck and head are damaged, the wound is tightly clamped with a gauze cloth with hydrogen peroxide to prevent air embolism. Apply cold to the wound, then take the victim to a medical facility.

How to stop arterial bleeding

The tourniquet must not be applied to a naked body; a cloth or clothing of the victim is placed under it;
After that, it is necessary to draw up a note indicating the exact time of overlay;
Ensure that the part of the body where the tourniquet is applied is accessible for inspection.

In the cold season, a limb with a tourniquet must be well wrapped up so as not to cause frostbite.

In winter, the tourniquet can be applied for no more than 1.5 hours, in summer for 2 hours. If the allowable time is exceeded, the tourniquet must be loosened for 5-10 minutes, at which time finger pressure of the artery is used.

A properly applied tourniquet or twist stops bleeding, but this method should be used only in the most extreme cases, with the vast majority of bleeding, a correctly applied pressure bandage is sufficient.