Diet for patients with diabetes. Proper nutrition for diabetes every day. Consequences of not following the diet

There are two main forms of the disease: type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (insulin-independent).
Our clinic deals with the treatment of diabetes of any type.
The main factors provoking the occurrence of type 1 diabetes (insulin-requiring) with a genetic predisposition to it are viral infections.
The reasons for the development of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent) are: genetic predisposition; obesity, often associated with overeating, as well as diseases of the endocrine system: pathology of the pituitary gland (hypo- and hyperfunction), adrenal cortex. Diabetes mellitus can also occur as a complication of viral diseases (influenza, viral hepatitis, herpes virus, etc.), cholelithiasis and hypertension, pancreatic tumors.

Despite the fact that at present there are many drugs that reduce blood sugar, nevertheless, in diabetes mellitus, therapeutic nutrition is of decisive importance. With mild and even moderate form of diabetes, mainly dietary treatment is required. In a severe form, therapeutic nutrition should be combined with treatment with insulin or other drugs.

Basic principles of therapeutic nutrition in diabetes mellitus:

1) frequent (at least 4-5 times) and regular meals;
2) more or less the same amount of carbohydrates and calorie main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner);
3) dietary diversity: wide use of a range of products that do not contain large amounts of sugars;
4) replacement of sugar with sorbitol or xylitol, as well as saccharin, which are added to prepared foods and drinks. For overweight diabetics, to increase the feeling of fullness, you need to include in the diet vegetables such as fresh and sauerkraut, lettuce, spinach, green peas, cucumbers, tomatoes.
To improve liver function, which suffers significantly in diabetes, it is necessary to introduce foods containing lipotropic factors (cottage cheese, soy, oatmeal, etc.) into the diet, as well as limit meat and fish broths and fried foods in the diet.

There are several options for diets for diabetics, but almost at home, you can use one (diet No. 9), which can be easily adapted to the treatment of any patient, excluding or adding certain dishes and products. It is allowed to include in the diet: bread and bakery products - mainly black bread (200-300-350 g per day - as directed by the doctor); soups - on vegetable broth; on a weak meat and fish broth with a small amount of vegetables 1-2 times a week; meat and poultry dishes - from beef, veal, lean pork, poultry, rabbit in boiled and aspic form; fish dishes - mainly from lean fish (perch, cod, pike, navaga, carp, etc.), boiled and aspic (up to 150 g per day); fish can be replaced with meat in a ratio of 1.5: 1; dishes and side dishes from leafy green vegetables - from white cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, swede, radish, cucumbers, zucchini, potatoes, beets, carrots in boiled, raw and baked form; dishes and side dishes from cereals, legumes and pasta - in limited quantities, occasionally, while reducing the amount of bread in the diet; egg dishes - no more than 2 pcs. per day in the form of an omelette or soft-boiled, as well as for adding to other dishes; sweet dishes, sugar, fruits and berries - sugar with a doctor's permission, sour and sweet and sour varieties of fruits and berries (apples - Antonov, lemons, oranges, red currants, cranberries, etc. - up to 200 g per day), raw , in the form of compotes on xylitol or sorbitol; with the permission of the doctor, you can use sweet dishes and specially prepared diabetic products; milk, dairy products and dishes from them - milk with the permission of a doctor, kefir, yogurt (only 1-2 glasses per day), cottage cheese (50-200 g per day) in its natural form or in the form of cottage cheese, cheesecakes and puddings; cheese, sour cream, cream in limited quantities; sauces and spices - mild sauces based on vegetable broth with vinegar, tomato puree, roots, as well as dairy; appetizers - salads, vinaigrettes, low-fat fish (100 g); drinks - tea with milk, weak coffee, tomato juice, fruit and berry juices from berries and fruits of acidic varieties (total liquids along with soup, milk, yogurt, compote, drinks - up to 5 glasses a day); fats - butter, vegetable oil (only 40 g per day - in free form and for cooking). The food of a diabetic patient should be rich in vitamins, therefore it is useful to introduce vitamin carriers into food: baker's yeast, beer yeast, rosehip broth, etc.

The following foods and dishes are prohibited: sweets, chocolate, confectionery, muffins, jam, honey, ice cream and other sweets; sugar is allowed only in a small amount with the permission of a doctor; lamb and pork fat; spicy, spicy, smoked and salty snacks and dishes, pepper, mustard; alcoholic drinks; grapes, bananas, raisins.

Approximate one-day diet menu number 9
For the whole day: wheat bread 150 g, rye bread 250 g.
First breakfast (before work): buckwheat porridge (40 g of cereals, 5 g of butter); meat pate - 60 g; xylitol milk tea, bread, butter.
Second breakfast (at lunchtime): cottage cheese - 100 g; 1 glass of kefir, bread, butter, tea.
Lunch (after work): vegetable soup (50 g potatoes, 100 g cabbage, 25 g carrots, 20 g tomatoes, 10 g sour cream, 5 g butter); boiled meat with potatoes (100 g of meat, 150 g of potatoes, 5 g of butter); apple - 200 g.
Dinner: carrot zrazy with cottage cheese (75 g carrots, 50 g cottage cheese, 1 egg, 10 g sour cream, 8 g semolina, 100 g crackers); boiled fish with cabbage (100 g of fish, 10 g of vegetable oil, 150 g of cabbage), tea.
Before going to bed: kefir - 1 glass.

Diet therapy for patients receiving insulin

Particular attention should be paid to the diet of patients receiving insulin. In the domestic reference literature on dietetics, diet No. 9b was previously recommended for such patients.

The chemical composition of diet No. 9b: proteins - 100 g, fats - 80-100 g, carbohydrates - 400-450 g, energy value 2700-3100 kcal kcal.

If we compare the chemical composition of this diet with the norms of the physiological need for nutrients and energy (Appendix 2), it will be clear that it is excessive for almost all women, as well as for men engaged in mental work. This once again proves the need for individualization of nutrition of patients. The same foods and dishes are allowed on diet No. 9b as on diet No. 9. Instead of sugar, various sweeteners are used, but every patient receiving insulin should have sugar with them to stop possible hypoglycemia.

Currently, in healthcare facilities, patients with diabetes are advised to use a diet with a high protein content (high-protein diet) during insulin treatment.

Brief description: a diet with a high protein content, a normal amount of fats, complex carbohydrates and a restriction of easily digestible carbohydrates. Refined carbohydrates (sugar) are excluded. Salt is limited (6-8 g / day), chemical and mechanical irritants of the stomach and biliary tract. Dishes are cooked in boiled, stewed, baked, steamed, mashed and non-mashed.

Temperature of hot dishes - no more than 60-65°С, cold dishes - not lower than 15°С. Free liquid - 1.5-2 liters. Diet - 4-6 times a day.

Chemical composition: proteins - 110-120 g (animals - 45-50 g), fats 80-90 g (vegetable - 30 g), carbohydrates - 250-330 g (simple - 30-40 g), energy value: 2080- 2690 kcal.

Note that not all patients on insulin treatment have such a high protein requirement. Such a diet is more suitable for patients with infectious complications and diabetic nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome.

On an outpatient basis, patients receiving short-acting and intermediate-acting insulin must strictly adhere to two rules:

1. The amount of foods rich in carbohydrates should be constant from day to day. In order to diversify the carbohydrate part of the diet, you can use the carbohydrate interchangeability table.

2. These products must be properly distributed throughout the day in accordance with the action curve of the insulin used.

Failure to comply with the rules can lead to hypo- or hyperglycemia. Consider the nutritional patterns of patients receiving different types of insulin in terms of duration of action:

a) regular insulin

8.00 - protein breakfast (egg, cottage cheese, meat), insulin injection
9.00 - carbohydrates (porridge or potatoes)
11.30 - carbohydrates (bread)
14.00 - lunch without bread
17.00 - insulin injection
18.00 - carbohydrates (porridge or potatoes)
20.30 - carbohydrates (bread)

As can be seen from the diagram, before the first injection of insulin, the patient is given a small protein breakfast to avoid hypoglycemia by the end of the first hour of the drug.

b) insulin with a duration of action up to 24 hours

8.00 - insulin injection
9.00 - carbohydrates
11.30 - carbohydrates
14.00 - carbohydrates
18.00 - carbohydrates
22.30-23.00 - carbohydrates

Here, a nutritional feature is the provision of carbohydrates (usually bread) before bedtime to prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia.

c) insulin with a duration of action of 30-36 hours

7.00 carbohydrates
8.00 insulin injection
9.00 carbohydrates
11.30 carbohydrates
14.00 carbohydrates
18.00 carbohydrates
22.30-23.00 carbohydrates

In this scheme, in contrast to the previous one, carbohydrates are provided early in the morning immediately after getting up before the administration of insulin in order to avoid morning hypoglycemia.

With the threat of diabetic coma, the amount of fat in the diet is limited to 30 g, and proteins - up to 50 g, since ketone bodies can be synthesized from fats and ketogenic amino acids in the body. The amount of carbohydrates in this case is 300 g, mainly due to easily digestible ones. During this period, the patient is allowed foods and dishes that were prohibited in everyday nutrition (sugar, jam, semolina and rice porridge, etc.) due to the antiketogenic effect of carbohydrates. In precome, only carbohydrate foods are recommended, fats and proteins are completely excluded.

On the first day after the elimination of the diabetic coma and the use of rehydration, detoxification and hypoglycemic therapy, alkaline mineral waters, potassium-rich vegetable and fruit juices, compotes, kissels are indicated. From the second day, they give vegetables and fruits in a pureed form (potato, carrot, apple puree), crackers, pureed soups, semolina, rice and oatmeal, kefir. From the 5th day, protein dishes are included in the diet: cottage cheese, boiled fish, protein omelet, minced meat and chicken, and only from the 10th day are free fats (butter and vegetable oil) introduced into the diet.

Feeling good with high glycemia is a deceptive symptom. Feeling good readaptation to lower glucose levels occurs in 1-2 weeks. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly strive for these lower rates.

Abrupt transitions to normoglycemia, especially in decompensated diabetic patients with complications, are usually not achieved due to the possibility of irreversible consequences (loss of visual acuity, cardiovascular complications). It is necessary to achieve compensation in such patients very gradually.

Even more stringent should be the indicators of glycemia in pregnant women with diabetes and in women with diabetes and about to become a mother. Normoglycemia should be throughout pregnancy and for 3 months before conception. In this case, the risk of complications for the mother and child is sharply reduced, perinatal morbidity and mortality are reduced.

The exact volume of physical activity in diabetes has not been determined, but it is known that they normalize metabolic processes and thereby increase sensitivity to endogenous and administered insulin, that is, reduce insulin resistance. Large physical activity or skipping meals can lead to the development of hypoglycemia. Occasional physical activity requires an additional carbohydrate intake of 10-15 g every 30-45 minutes during additional exercise or a reduction in insulin dose with or without additional food intake.

Intensified insulin therapy is more physiological, but in practice it is feasible only with regular self-monitoring and daily appropriate adaptation of the insulin dose, depending on the results of sugar determinations.

Any treatment makes sense only when, along with the lengthening of life expectancy, its quality also improves. Most patients are unable to maintain the regimen that they are usually prescribed. The task of the doctor is to teach the patient to help himself. Education is the basis of the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus. In contrast to patients with type II diabetes, the main treatment for patients with type I diabetes is not diet, but injections of a certain dose of insulin. Therefore, it is advisable to give them dietary restrictions only when their insulin replacement therapy is far from physiological insulin secretion. Proper training allows the patient, depending on physical activity, performance, to vary food intake and insulin administration, to weaken strict dietary recommendations ("liberalized diet").

Prevention of diabetes

Reduce body weight by 5% or more, reduce fat intake to 30% or less of daily calories, reduce saturated fat to 10% or less of daily calories, increase dietary fiber intake, and increase daily moderate-intensity exercise to 30 minutes or more suggests that lifestyle changes in high-risk patients can prevent the development of type II diabetes by more than 2 times.

Clinical studies have shown that recommendations from specially trained consultants and therapy aimed at correcting dyslipidemia and controlling arterial hypertension significantly reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes, as well as reduce the development of depression and neurocognitive changes in them. The results showed that the use of these regimens and the relatively small assistance of consultants provide improved glycemic control.

In our previous article, we told readers about:. The topic of our conversation today: proper nutrition in diabetes and the diet of a diabetic patient.

Probably, there is no such disease that would not impose certain restrictions on the patient in the diet. Diabetes is no exception. Moreover, the diet for diabetics becomes an independent remedy.

For example, in type 2 diabetes mellitus (in the initial stages of the disease), a stable remission can be achieved with the help of diet therapy alone, without resorting to hypoglycemic drugs or insulin.

Diabetes mellitus: treatment with diet

The main tasks of dietary nutrition:

• normalization of carbohydrate and fat metabolism;
• maintaining normal blood sugar levels;
• weight stabilization;
• protection of the pancreas;
• you need to eat regularly, at least 4 times a day (preferably 5-6 times), preferably at regular intervals, in small portions;
• limit the amount of carbohydrates and fats, especially animals;
• increase the content of vegetables and fiber in the diet;
• be sure to include dairy products in the menu that stimulate the pancreas;
• exclude fried and smoked dishes from the diet, replacing them with boiled, steamed or baked in foil.

Type 1 diabetes diet

Type 1 diabetes (DM-1, insulin-dependent) suggests that the amount of carbohydrates consumed must strictly correspond to the dose of insulin necessary for their safe assimilation. In order for the patient to be able to navigate the calculations, the concept of "bread unit" was introduced.

One bread unit raises blood sugar levels by a certain amount (2.8 mmol / l) and contains the amount of carbohydrates that require 2 units of insulin (approximately 12 - 15 g) to be absorbed.

The diet of a patient with diabetes mellitus is selected based on this formula and against the background of careful control of the ratio of food intake and insulin administered.

Nutritionists-endocrinologists have developed special tables to help determine the number of bread units in a particular product. So, for example, one bread unit will correspond to:

• 25 - 30 g of bread;
• 1/2 cup porridge (buckwheat, barley, etc.);
• 1 pancake;
• 1 cheesecake;
• half a banana;
• 1 medium sized potato;
• 1/2 cup fruit juice;
• 1 cup boiled beets, grated on a coarse grater;
• 1 ear of corn;
• 1 cup fresh turnip, grated on a coarse grater;
• 1 cup strawberries, etc.

It is easy to see that the range of food acceptable for consumption in diabetes mellitus is quite wide and allows the patient to eat varied and tasty. A table with a complete list of products in terms of bread units should be provided to the patient by a doctor.

Diabetes Mellitus: Diet for Type 2

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) is not insulin dependent, so the observance of "bread units" in the diet is not so important. If the patient does without insulin, the requirements for his clinical nutrition are even more flexible.

In this case, a person needs to thoroughly learn two lists: allowed (recommended) and prohibited (undesirable) products.

So, with type 2 diabetes, it is recommended to use

• Vegetable and mushroom soups;
• Wheat bran;
• Milk and sour-milk products with low fat content, necessarily cottage cheese, both fresh and in the form of cheesecakes, casseroles, etc.;
• Eggs (no more than 1 - 2 per day);
• Kashi: buckwheat, oatmeal, wheat, barley;
• Low-carb vegetables: cabbage, tomatoes, eggplant, pumpkin, zucchini, cucumbers, lettuce;
• Sweet and sour fruits and berries: green apples, grapefruits, lemons, pomegranates, lingonberries, raspberries, strawberries, blueberries, cranberries and others;
• Butter, ghee, vegetable oil - use very limited, no more than 40 g of total fat per day (including fat contained in various dishes).
• Bread: preferably black, coarse, no more than 300 g per day; if you have stomach problems, you can eat dried white bread.
• Drinks: vegetable juices, green tea, rosehip broth, coffee with milk (without sugar), mineral water;
• Dark chocolate in very small quantities, rarely;
• Natural honey with care, rarely and in small quantities;
• Sugar should be replaced with xylitol, sorbitol, fructose or saccharin.

What foods can not be eaten with diabetes?

Avoid or at least severely limit:

• Confectionery with a high sugar content, muffins, puff pastry, fresh white bread;
• Sweet curd products (cheese, mass, etc.);
• semolina porridge;
• Fatty meat broths;
• Smoked products;
• Canned food in oil;
• Spicy, salty, spicy sauces and condiments;
• Cooking oil, margarine, fatty sour cream;
• Fatty varieties of fish, caviar;
• Sweet fruits and dried fruits: grapes, bananas, dates, raisins, figs, etc.
• Banned drinks: sugary juices, sodas with sweet fillings, soft drinks.

Specialists have developed numerous nutrition systems used for various diseases. They exist under numbers: for example, table number 1, table number 2, etc.

Treatment of diabetes is impossible without diet number 9. Here is an approximate daily menu based on this diet.

Breakfast

Buckwheat porridge, milk, fat-free cottage cheese, green tea or coffee.

2nd breakfast

Decoction of wheat bran.

Dinner

Fresh cabbage soup, boiled meat, stewed carrots, rosehip broth.

afternoon tea

Green apples.

Dinner

Steamed fish with vegetables, green tea.

Before going to bed, you can drink a glass of kefir or yogurt.

Note!

The most important moment of the regimen for patients with diabetes mellitus is the constant monitoring of blood sugar levels. Each patient should have a glucometer and regularly monitor this indicator, adjusting their diet in accordance with it.

Be healthy!

Diabetes mellitus is an incurable disease in which the human body does not secrete (or is not recognized) enough of the hormone insulin, which decomposes sucrose. Without treatment, such a disease leads to the most powerful malfunctions of the whole organism, imbalances in blood sugar, carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. In addition to taking insulin and other methods of treatment, a diet for diabetes mellitus helps the patient maintain the necessary balance of substances. Diet is the most important condition for the health of a diabetic, and therefore it is necessary to know its principles.

Features of the diet for diabetes

The diet for diabetic patients differs depending on what type of diabetes a person has and who the patient is (child, pregnant woman, overweight person, etc.). The value of the diabetic diet is great, and for those who have type 2 disease, it is considered key at all. Not choosing a diet in accordance with the disease, the patient will only aggravate the condition.

• (insulin-dependent) occurs due to viral infections against the background of congenital predispositions to the disease. In patients of this type, the body does not produce (or produces little) its own insulin, and therefore, for normal functioning, they need to take it artificially. It manifests itself at an early age, since this disease is often inherited. Type 1 accounts for 20% of all cases.
• The 2nd type (insulin-independent) in most cases occurs against the background of obesity, overeating, malnutrition, diseases of the endocrine system. With this type of diabetes, the human body produces insulin, but the sensitivity to it is reduced. With proper lifelong adherence to the prescribed diet, type 2 diabetics can do without additional medications. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus occurs in people over 35 years of age, since the disease is often acquired. The share that falls on this type is 80% of all cases of diseases.

In children, the disease can occur due to overeating of flour, sweet foods. Pregnant women may develop temporary gestational diabetes associated with changes in the body during childbearing. Both categories of diabetics require a diet to reduce harmful foods.

Each patient needs to regulate blood sugar levels, promote weight loss (if the disease was caused by obesity), balance substances in the body, relieve stress on the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. Dietary table number 9 for diabetics is taken as the basis, in the general menu of which certain adjustments are made to make it more suitable for each group of people.

For type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent)

For type 1 diabetics, a vegetable-based diet is prepared with limited salt intake, exclusion of sugar, control of fat intake (no more than 30 g / day), high protein content, but a limited amount of easily digestible carbohydrates and foods that irritate the gastrointestinal tract. Food for such people should be consumed in small portions - five times a day. Instead of sugar, sorbitol, xylitol, saccharin (sweeteners) are used. The following foods are helpful for type 1 diabetics:

• Vegetables: spinach, cabbage, cucumbers, lettuce, soybeans, radishes, beets, zucchini.
• Acidic fruits (for example, lemon, lemon compote with the addition of xylitol, sorbitol).
• Eggs (preferably soft-boiled).
• Cereals, pasta (inversely proportional to the consumption of bread).
• Yeast.
• Tomato juice.
• Unsweetened tea with milk.
• A large amount of liquid (at least 6 glasses).

It is forbidden to use:

• Chocolate
• pork fat
• mustard
• Muffin
• Raisins, grapes
• Spicy dishes
• Salt, salty foods

For type 2 diabetes

It is aimed at reducing the calorie content of food (up to 1300-1700 kcal) and stabilizing carbohydrate metabolism. This reduction reduces the glucose content in food, which is of paramount importance for diabetics. Easily digestible carbohydrates, all fatty and foods that increase blood sugar levels are prohibited. It:

• Margarine
• sausages
• Fatty sour cream
• oily fish
• Smoked meats
• Cream
• nuts
• Lemonade
• Jam
• Potatoes (limit in quantity)
• Alcohol
• Convenience, baking, sweet
• Sweet drinks

Nutrition should be fractional (small doses 5-6 times a day), which will help to avoid hypoglycemia (a sharp drop in blood sugar levels). It is allowed to use in any quantities:

• Carrot
• Tomatoes
• cabbage

Watch the video to learn more about the diet for type 2 diabetics:

What diet is needed for suspected diabetes or in the initial stage

If you suspect a disease, a person should immediately consult a doctor and pass the necessary tests, after which the doctor prescribes the necessary treatment and diet. However, until the results of the analysis are received, it is necessary to try to follow a diet based on the prescriptions of the dietary table number 9, so as not to aggravate the development of the disease. It is allowed to use:

• Bakery products: black bread (200-350 g / day).
• Meat: veal, turkey, beef, pork (lean), rabbit (boiled, aspic).
• Light vegetable soup in low-fat meat or fish broth, with a small amount of products (2 times a week).
• Low-fat fish: pike, carp, cod, pike perch and other fish boiled or as aspic.
• Dishes with the addition of cereals, pasta, legumes (a little, inversely proportional to the amount of bread consumed).
• Vegetables (boiled, baked, raw): cabbage, lettuce, zucchini, radishes, potatoes, sugar beets, carrots, rutabagas.
• Eggs: scrambled eggs, soft-boiled eggs (maximum 2 pcs/day).
• Sweets: diabetic, with (use of sugar directly - as prescribed by the doctor).
• Fruits: Antonovka apples, lemons, red currants, oranges, cranberries (raw, in the form of compotes on sorbitol, xylitol, which are easy to replace sugar).
• Sauces, spices: dairy, non-spicy on a vegetable base with vinegar, roots and tomato puree.
• Dairy and sour-milk products: curdled milk, kefir (maximum 2 tbsp./day), cottage cheese (up to 200 g/day), milk with a doctor's permission.
• Fats: butter and vegetable oils (40 g/day total).
• Snacks: salads, jellied fish (100 g/day).
• Unsweetened drinks: tea with lemon or milk, weak coffee, natural juices - a maximum of 5 glasses of liquid per day.
• Yeast (in tablets) and rosehip broth are useful.

It is forbidden to include in the diet:

• Sweets: cakes, sweets, chocolate, muffins, jam, honey, ice cream, sugar candies.
• Fats: lamb, pork fat.
• Alcohol.
• Fruits: bananas, raisins, grapes.
• Sugar (in small doses and only with the consent of the doctor).
• Pepper, mustard.
• Spicy, salty, spicy, smoked, fried foods.

Dietary dishes for weight loss in diabetes

Nutrition is aimed at regulating blood sugar levels, normal metabolism, the ratio of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. The correct composition of the diet will help a person receive only as many nutrients per day as he physiologically needs. Therefore, such diets lead to painless weight loss.

This is useful because Most cases of diabetes are due to obesity. People who do not suffer from this disease will also benefit from some recipes to help you lose weight easily and switch to a healthy diet.

Here are some of these recipes:

Diet okroshka

1. Take 1 boiled egg, 50 g potatoes, 100 g fresh cucumbers, 120 g boiled beef (low fat), 50 g carrots, 0.5 l kvass, 40 g sour cream or mayonnaise, 2 g salt, greens.
2. Cut all ingredients into a bowl.
3. Fill with kvass, salt.
4. Add mayonnaise or sour cream (right before serving).

Diet borscht

1. Take 80 g of cabbage, 80 g of beets, 120 g of potatoes, 15 g of carrots, 20 g of celery root.
2. Cut all the ingredients.
3. Put the vegetables in 350 ml of vegetable broth, cook for 2.5 hours.
4. Take 20 g of onions, 20 g of oil, 45 g of peeled tomatoes.
5. Cut the onion, pass it in oil.
6. Without removing the pan from the heat, add finely chopped tomatoes to the onion. Stir for another 10 minutes.
7. Pass the flour.
8. Put it and frying in the broth, salt, cook for 5 minutes.
9. Before serving, sprinkle each serving with herbs, add sour cream.

Pie with cottage cheese, nuts and fruits

1. Take 400 g of cottage cheese, 2 eggs, 90 g of bran, 90 g of flour, 3 g of soda, 90 g of xylitol, 90 g of walnuts, 200 mg of citric acid, salt to taste.
2. Wipe cottage cheese through a sieve.
3. Beat eggs, combine with cottage cheese.
4. Add flour, bran, xylitol, soda, chopped nuts, citric acid and salt - stir.
5. Sprinkle the form with flour, put the dough on it.
6. Decorate the cake with fruit.
7. Bake in an oven preheated to 200 - 220 ° C until cooked.

Diet vegetable pancakes

1. Take 100 g potatoes, 50 g raw carrots, half egg yolk, half protein, 10 g flour, 15 ml milk.
2. Grate carrots, potatoes.
3. Mix with half the yolk, milk, flour.
4. Beat the protein and combine with the rest of the mixture.
5. Stir, salt and shape into cakes.
6. Preheat the oven to 120-150°C.
7. Grease a baking sheet with vegetable oil, put pancakes on it and bake.
8. Before serving, add greens and sour cream.

Diet for children and pregnant women with diabetes

Diabetes mellitus can also occur during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) as a response to changes in a woman's body. After childbirth, it disappears, however, during the bearing of a child, the mother must adhere to a special diet in order to maintain her health and the health of the baby. It is worth including in your diet:

• Foods that contain a large amount of fructose (it compensates for the lack of natural sugar).
• Bread with bran.
• Cereals (buckwheat, semolina, millet and others).
• Fruit.
• Fruit juices.
• Yoghurts.
• Eggs.
• Cereals.
• Peas and beans.
• Compotes on xylitol and sorbitol.
• Olive oil (instead of vegetable and butter).
• Steamed dishes.

Pregnant women suffering from a disease are prohibited from drinking carbonated drinks and kvass. After the blood sugar level of the woman in labor stabilizes, she still needs to adhere to this diet, it is worth switching to a normal diet gradually and exclusively with the approval of a doctor.

Children can also suffer from diabetes. Parents are obliged to strictly monitor the child's diet, if possible also adhering to it. Dishes should be boiled or baked. The following products are allowed:

• Vegetables: pumpkin, tomatoes, carrots.
• Berries and fruits: mountain ash, raspberries, cherries, strawberries, kiwi, melon, tangerines, watermelon.
• Dairy products: cheese, milk.
• Meat products: tongue, meat, seafood, fish.
• Sweet: only based on fructose and sorbitol!
• Foods and pastries sold in the diabetic section are rare.

It is forbidden to include the following products with a diabetic child:

• Chocolate;
• Jam;
• Cakes;
• Sweet cheeses.

Diet for diabetes table 9: menu for the week

It can be a variety of tasty and rich in vitamins, if you approach diet planning with fantasy:

For Monday and Thursday

• Breakfast: bread, 4 tbsp. l. green salad with cucumbers and tomatoes, 3 tbsp. l. buckwheat, 2 apples, 90 g of cheese (low-fat), still mineral water.
• Second breakfast (10:00): tomato juice, tomato or banana.
• Lunch: 2 ladles of borscht with beans and without meat, 5 tbsp. l. vegetable salad, 3 tbsp. l. buckwheat porridge, 1 piece of boiled fish, 1 tbsp. berry compote without sugar.
• Afternoon snack: 2 pieces of milk sausage, 1 tbsp. tomato juice.
• Dinner: 1 boiled potato, 1 tbsp. kefir (low-fat), 1 apple.

For Tuesday and Friday

• Breakfast: 2 pieces of rabbit meat (stew), 2 tbsp. l. porridge (oatmeal), 1 carrot (raw), 1 apple, 1 tbsp. tea with lemon (no sugar).
• Second breakfast: banana.
• Lunch: 2 ladles of soup (with meatballs), 150 g boiled potatoes, 2 pcs. biscuit cookies, 1 tbsp. compote on sorbitol or xylitol.
• Afternoon snack: 1 tbsp. blueberries.
• Dinner: 1 tbsp. l. buckwheat, 1 sausage, 1 tbsp. tomato juice. .

For Wednesday and Saturday

• Breakfast: 1 piece of bread, 2 tbsp. l. lettuce with tomatoes and cucumbers, 1 piece of hard cheese, 1 banana.
• Second breakfast: 1 peach, 1 tbsp. tea with lemon (no sugar).
• Lunch: 300 ml vegetable soup, 1 slice of bread, 1 tbsp. l. buckwheat porridge, 3 tbsp. l. vegetable salad, 1 tangerine.
• Afternoon snack: 1 tangerine.
• Dinner: 1 tbsp. l. oatmeal, 1 fish cake, tea with lemon (no sugar).

Sunday

• Breakfast: 6 pcs. dumplings, 3 pcs. cookies (biscuit), 1 tbsp. sugar free coffee).
• Second breakfast: 5 pcs. sour apricots.
• Lunch: 300 ml of buckwheat soup, up to 100 g of boiled potatoes, 5 tbsp. l. vegetable salad, 3 pcs. cookies (biscuit), 1 tbsp. compote (without sugar).
• Afternoon snack: 2 apples.
• Dinner: 1 sausage, 1 tbsp. l. oatmeal, 3 pcs. cookies (biscuit), 1 s. Tomato juice, 1 tbsp. kefir (low fat).

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Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system, associated with a lack of insulin in the body.

As a result, the content of glucose in the blood increases, which leads to metabolic disorders and gradual damage to almost all functional systems in the human body. The disease is divided into type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Today, the issues of nutrition and diet in diabetes mellitus of any type are an extremely serious topic that is raised by every patient after a diagnosis of the disease has been made.

In general, proper nutrition in diabetes should be observed every day, since without a diet, a person’s health will deteriorate.

Diet is essential for people with any type of diabetes, but nutritional recommendations differ for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. With the latter, reducing excess body weight through diet may be the only measure of therapeutic effect.

The type of diabetes mellitus is determined by the endocrinologist who treats you.

1. For type 1 diabetes: Proper nutrition is a necessary background for insulin therapy. If you do not pay attention to it, all efforts to reduce blood sugar will be in vain: this indicator does not stabilize, and this affects the condition of the vessels of all organs and systems.
2. Type 2 diabetes: Does not always require drug therapy. First, the patient is recommended a diet that will help reduce weight. With good dynamics in this case, drugs may not be required at all.

General tips to help reduce blood sugar:

1. Cut down on soft drinks, lemonade, and juices. Regular consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases the risk of developing diabetes by about 15%. When drinking tea and coffee, reduce the amount of cream and sweeteners.
2. Try to choose unsweetened foods, such as unsweetened iced tea, yogurt, or unsweetened oatmeal. You can sweeten food to your liking. Most likely, in this case, you will add much less sugar to your food than the manufacturing company.
3. Replace your favorite sweets with healthier foods. Instead of ice cream, crush frozen bananas and beat the mixture with a mixer for a wonderful dessert. Instead of your favorite milk chocolate, it is better to eat a piece of dark chocolate.

It is especially important to follow a diet for mild diabetes, as it is practically the main method of treatment.

Differences in diet for type 1 and type 2 diabetes

For the sick type 1 diabetes a low-calorie diet (25–30 kcal per 1 kg of body weight) is required to prevent late complications of the disease. In this case, the diet is extremely important, it must be strictly observed. The main thing to pay attention to when compiling a diet is the balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Sick type 2 diabetes a subcaloric diet is prescribed (daily energy value of food is 1600-1800 kcal). On such a diet, patients should lose about 300–400 g of body weight per week. In the presence of severe overweight, the daily number of calories decreases according to the percentage of excess body weight to 15–17 kcal per 1 kg.

Nutrition Basics

In each individual case, the doctor prescribes a special diet for the patient with diabetes, which must be followed to maintain the body in good condition.

Starting to eat right, follow simple rules every day:

1. It is necessary to take food during the day 5-6 times in small portions (every 2-3 hours).
2. The ratio of proteins, carbohydrates and fats should be balanced.
3. The amount of calories received from food should be equal to the energy consumption of the patient.
4. A person should receive proper nutrition: certain vegetables and fruits, cereals, dietary meat and fish, natural juices without added sugar, dairy products, soups.

The food of a diabetic patient should be rich in vitamins, therefore it is useful to introduce vitamin carriers into the diet: baker's yeast, beer yeast, rosehip broth, SPP, dietary supplements.

Daily dietary guidelines for diabetics

With diabetes, you can eat the following foods:

1. Bread - up to 200 grams per day, mostly black or special diabetic.
2. Soups are cooked on vegetable broth, the use of weak meat and fish broths is permissible 1-2 times a week.
3. Dishes from meat products and poultry. In diabetes mellitus, patients are allowed to eat boiled beef, chicken, and rabbit meat.
4. Vegetables and greens. Potatoes, beets, carrots are recommended to consume no more than 200 grams per day. But other vegetables (cabbage, lettuce, radishes, cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes) and greens (except spicy) can be consumed almost without restrictions in raw and boiled form, occasionally in baked.
5. Cereals, legumes, as well as pasta products should not be consumed often. If you decide to eat a plate of spaghetti, give up bread and other carbohydrate foods and dishes that day.
6. Eggs can be consumed no more than 2 pieces per day, adding to other dishes, boiled soft-boiled or in the form of an omelette.
7. Fruits and berries of sour and sweet and sour varieties (Antonovka apples, oranges, lemons, cranberries, red currants ...) - up to 200-300 grams per day.
8. Milk - by permission of the doctor, kefir, yogurt (only 1-2 glasses per day), cottage cheese (50-200 grams per day) in its natural form or in the form of cottage cheese, cheesecakes and puddings.
9. Cottage cheese is recommended to be consumed daily, up to 100-200 grams per day in its natural form or in the form of cottage cheese, cheesecakes, puddings, casseroles. Cottage cheese, as well as oatmeal and buckwheat porridge, bran, rose hips improve fat metabolism and normalize liver function, prevent fatty changes in the liver.
10. Tea with milk, weak coffee, tomato juice, fruit and berry juices (up to 5 glasses of liquid with soup a day).

Carefully plan your menu daily and use only healthy and necessary products in your case.

Products under the ban

The diet of patients with diabetes mellitus should be thoughtful, first of all, people who have been diagnosed with this disease must abandon such products:

1. Sweets, chocolate, confectionery, muffins, jam, honey, ice cream and other sweets;
2. Spicy, spicy, salty and smoked snacks and dishes, lamb and pork fat;
3. Pepper, mustard;
4. Alcoholic drinks;
5. Grapes, bananas, raisins;
6. Sugar is allowed only in small quantities with the permission of a doctor.

All products for diabetes should be consumed on schedule, and in order to control blood glucose, the daily menu should contain fiber.

Sample menu for the day

Following a diet for type 2 diabetes, you can stick to a simple menu, alternating in it foods from among the allowed ones.

Example #1:

1. Breakfast - oatmeal, egg. Bread. Coffee.
2. Snack - natural yogurt with berries.
3. Lunch - vegetable soup, chicken breast with salad (beetroot, onion and olive oil) and stewed cabbage. Bread. Compote.
4. Snack - low-fat cottage cheese. Tea.
5. Dinner - hake baked in sour cream, vegetable salad (cucumbers, tomatoes, greens or any other seasonal vegetable) with vegetable oil. Bread. Cocoa.
6. The second dinner (a few hours before bedtime) is natural yogurt, a baked apple.

Example #2:

1. Breakfast: cottage cheese 150 gr, buckwheat or oatmeal 150 gr, black bread, unsweetened tea.
2. Second breakfast: unsweetened compote 250 ml.
3. Lunch: chicken broth 250 gr, boiled lean meat 75 gr, stewed cabbage - 100 gr, sugar-free jelly - 100 gr, bread, mineral water 250 ml.
4. Snack - apple 1 pc.
5. Dinner: stewed vegetables 150 gr, meatballs 100 gr, cabbage schnitzel - 200 gr, bread, unsweetened rosehip broth.
6. Second dinner: drinking yogurt - 250 ml.

Example #3:

1. Breakfast: carrot-apple salad - 100 g, fat-free cottage cheese with milk - 150 g Bread with bran - 50 g Tea without sugar - 1 cup. Second breakfast: mineral water - 1 glass, apple.
2. Lunch: vegetable soup with soy - 200 g, meat goulash - 150 g, vegetable caviar - 50 g. Rye bread - 50 g. Tea with xylitol - 1 cup.
3. Snack: fruit salad - 100 g. Tea without sugar - 1 cup.
4. Dinner: fish schnitzel - 150 g, millet milk porridge - 150 g. Bread with bran - 50 g. Tea without sugar - 1 glass. Second dinner: kefir - 1 glass.

Remember: a diabetic should not be hungry. You should eat at the same time, but if a slight hunger occurs between main meals, you should definitely muffle it with a cup of tea or vegetables. But it should be just a light snack - overeating is dangerous for a diabetic.

Collapse

Violation of the functioning of the endocrine system leads to an increase in glucose in the blood. Diet for diabetes is one of the treatments for this disease. By following the rules of nutrition, the patient will be able to prevent the progression of the pathology.

Diabetes mellitus is a common pathology of the endocrine system. Violation of the production of the hormone insulin leads to an increase in glucose in the blood. A high concentration of this substance has a toxic effect on the body. If you do not follow a diet and do not pay due attention to your health, damage to the kidneys, liver and heart occurs, vision deteriorates, and the nervous system suffers. If diabetes mellitus is established, diet is necessarily one of the points of treatment for both children and the elderly.

With a very large amount of glucose, coma is possible, a condition that threatens the life of the patient. In case of damage to target organs, such as the kidneys, you need to especially monitor your diet. The diet for diabetic nephropathy should be low-calorie, balanced.

Treatment for diabetes depends on the type of disease. In case of type 1 disease, therapy includes the administration of insulin, in the case of type 2 pathology (insulin-resistant form), only tablet preparations can be used. But for any type of disease, diet and treatment are used.

Such an appointment for diabetes is due to the fact that with food a person receives substances that, during the fermentation process, are transformed into glucose. Therefore, it is on what kind of diet for diabetes and the amount of food consumed that the level of sugar in the biological fluid depends. If the diet for diabetes insipidus is not followed, the patient will not be able to achieve consistently normal glucose levels in the body fluid.

General principles of nutrition

With persistently elevated blood glucose levels, diet and treatment play a very important role. Diet for diabetes in adults, as well as children, is one of the main points in the treatment. In the case of complex forms of pathology, the diabetic diet is necessarily supplemented by taking insulin-containing drugs.

The diet for diabetic patients, both adults, the elderly, and children, is based on reducing the intake of elements such as fats and carbohydrates. In addition to the restriction in products, there are certain principles that must be observed in the event of a SD. Dietary nutrition in diabetes mellitus has its own characteristics and limitations, which should be considered by diabetics of any age.

Principles of healthy nutrition:

1. The diet for kidney failure and diabetes implies that you need to eat at the same time, no less than five times a day in small portions.
2. Regardless of which diet is recommended for diabetes, the food should contain a lot of fiber.
3. The diet should be varied.
4. It is recommended to exclude culinary products containing easily digestible carbohydrates.
5. Regardless of the diet for diabetes and kidney nephropathy, alcohol and large amounts of salt are not allowed.
6. Nutrition for kidney failure, liver disease and diabetes prohibits the use of fried and smoked foods in the diet.
7. Overeating, fasting, or skipping obligatory meals is not allowed.

The diet of patients with diabetes mellitus is focused on the normalization of glucose in the blood. If you follow a diet when you are sick, you can feel good, the symptoms of the disease will disappear.

What does "bread unit" mean?

The diet at the initial stage of diabetes mellitus requires the control of carbohydrates in food. To measure it, the so-called "bread unit" (XE) was introduced. 1 XE \u003d 12-15 grams of carbohydrates. One "bread unit" increases the number of sugar in the blood by ≈ 1.5 - 1.8 mol / l. In order for the body to absorb it, it must produce 2 units. insulin. The menu for diabetes mellitus should contain at least 7 XE at a time.

About 1XE:

• 1 slice of bread;
• 1 spoon of flour;
• 1.5 spoons of pasta;
• 2 tablespoons of porridge;
• 250 grams of fresh milk;
• 1 medium potato;
• 3 carrots;
• 1 small red beet;
• half a medium grapefruit;
• half a banana;
• 1 pear;
• 1 peach;
• 1 orange;
• 3 tangerines;
• 200 grams of cherries, sweet cherries, strawberries, currants, raspberries;
• 250 grams of kvass, beer.

Based on the approximate indicator of XE in food, diabetics will need to follow a diet for kidney nephropathy, which corresponds to the allowed amount of carbohydrates. The diet for diabetes should include only natural and as fresh products as possible, rich in micro and macro elements. When deciding which diet to make, you should rely not only on your preferences, but also on the number of XE.

What can you eat?

The diet at the initial stage of diabetes advises to eat more dishes with plant fibers. Such a diet for diabetes in children, as well as in the elderly, not only does not increase glucose levels, but also improves blood composition. In addition, a diabetic diet may include fruits (no more than 200 grams per day) and vegetables. Twice - thrice a week you can cook boiled veal, chicken or offal. It is useful to eat seafood and dairy products, a list of which is presented below.

Diabetics are allowed:

• bran, rye bread;
• lean red meat, fish;
• fruit;
• milk soups;
• not fatty broths;
• vegetables;
• yogurts, low-calorie kefir, low-calorie cottage cheese;
• cereals;
• compotes, freshly squeezed juices, green tea with sugar substitute.

Of the foods that are forbidden to eat, the first place, of course, is occupied by sugar. Therefore, the diet for diabetics does not allow recipes in which it is included. In addition, it is necessary to observe the restriction in the use of culinary products, which are a source of easily digestible carbohydrates (flour dishes). The weight loss diet categorically excludes fast food and dishes prepared with a large amount of animal fats (especially fried ones).

Prohibited Products:

• dairy butter and margarine are not recommended;
• all types of sour cream, mayonnaise;
• nutrition for diabetics prohibits lard, pork and other fatty meats and fish;
• the diet for diabetes does not allow the use of sausages;
• cheeses;
• confectionery products;
• hard drinks are not allowed.

Particular attention should be paid to the diet in diabetes with obesity. A diabetic diet will allow you to lose weight, and therefore improve your well-being, control the course of the disease. What kind of diet for diabetes is required, you can find out from your doctor.

Table number 9

Table number 9 must be observed by patients with diabetes without fail. A diet for suspected diabetes using this method involves the use of fruits, vegetables, seafood, cereals and whole grain bread. But dietary nutrition for diabetes can be "sweet". Xylitol or sorbitol are used as sweeteners for food and drinks. The diet for diabetics allows only a minimal amount of salt and is steamed, boiled or baked.

Power features:

• bread is allowed (rye, bran);
• soup (vegetable, fish, mushroom);
• only lean meat is allowed;
• lean fish;
• allow dairy products (milk, kefir, not sweet yogurt, cottage cheese);
• it is possible to use cereals;
• almost all vegetables are allowed, potatoes are limited;
• fruits are allowed;
• drinks (tea, compotes).

Using approved products, the diet for suspected diabetes mellitus and kidney nephropathy allows you to consume an average of about 2300 kcal per day. Dietary nutrition in diabetes should be carried out often. The fractional power should be 5-6 times. The diet for cirrhosis of the liver and diabetes recommends drinking at least 1.5 liters of water per day.

Nutrition for children and the elderly with diabetes

The diet for diabetes in children plays a major role in maintaining the normal well-being of a small person. Diabetes in children is more complex than in adults. In this case, a genetic predisposition to insufficient production of the hormone insulin has a huge impact. In addition to the fact that such children need to be given insulin injections, they are required to be prescribed a special diet for diabetes.

The diet for diabetes in children is different in that it is necessary to feed the child no earlier than fifteen minutes after the injection, and no later than two hours after the injection. During the day, blood sugar levels can change significantly. Dietary nutrition in diabetes mellitus is prescribed taking into account such changes. Allowed and prohibited foods for childhood diabetes are the same as for adult patients.

With regards to the calorie content of dishes, it should be as follows:

• 2 - 3 years - 1200 kcal;
• 3 - 4 years - 1500 kcal;
• 5 - 7 years - 1800 kcal;
• 7 - 9 years - 2000 kcal;
• 10 years and more - 2500 kcal.

The diet for diabetes in young children includes slightly fewer calories than in older patients.

As for diabetes in old age, it appears much earlier, it's just that complications increase in solid years. This is due to the fact that after fifty years there is a gradual decrease in the functions of many organs. Not only does the pancreas lose its ability to produce insulin, but the tissue cells themselves cannot absorb glucose. In diabetes mellitus in the elderly, such processes can lead to necrosis. Also, diabetes in the elderly provokes pathologies of organs and systems. The kidneys, liver, and so on are affected, the doctor can prescribe nutrition to maintain their normal functioning. So, a diet for cirrhosis of the liver and diabetes not only helps to lower sugar, but also facilitates the functioning of this organ.

In addition, atherosclerosis appears in old people. It can either precede SD or develop against its background. With diabetes in the elderly, you should especially monitor nutrition, since food is the reason that leads to weight gain and the progression of diabetes. Only permitted foods and dishes prepared on their basis should be consumed. You also need to observe the fractional nutrition (5-6 times a day) and properly prepare food (boil or stew.)

Sample menu for seven days

Diet for diabetes in adults, as in children, has similar restrictions. We offer a sample menu for the week. The diet can be adjusted depending on the preferences of an adult or a child.

Monday

• for the 1st breakfast, oatmeal porridge, fresh carrot salad are recommended;
• 2nd breakfast: medium sized orange;
• lunch: borscht, lean stew, a piece of bread;
• afternoon snack: green apple;
• 1st dinner: cottage cheese with fresh herbs, sweet peas;
• 2nd dinner: low percentage yogurt.

Tuesday

• for the 1st breakfast, you can boil fish, cabbage salad, a piece of bread;
• 2nd breakfast: stewed or baked vegetables;
• lunch: vegetable soup, boiled veal;
• afternoon snack: cottage cheese casserole;
• 1st: steamed chicken cutlets, fresh vegetable salad;
• 2nd dinner: diet yogurt.

Wednesday

• for the 1st breakfast, you can give buckwheat, orange;
• 2nd breakfast: cottage cheese with fresh fruit;
• a diet for diabetes for lunch may include vegetable stew, boiled meat;
• afternoon snack: apple;
• 1st dinner: a piece of bread, cabbage with mushrooms;
• 2nd dinner: low-calorie kefir.

Thursday

• for the 1st breakfast, you can cook beetroot salad, rice porridge;
• 2nd breakfast: any berries;
• lunch: fish soup, zucchini caviar, a slice of bread;
• for the 1st dinner, you can cook salad, buckwheat;
• 2nd dinner: fat-free kefir.

Friday

• 1st breakfast: cottage cheese, apple and carrot salad, a slice of bread;
• 2nd breakfast: fruit compote, cottage cheese;
• lunch: cabbage soup, a slice of bread, fish steam cutlets;
• afternoon snack can be varied with fresh fruit salad;
• 1st dinner: milk porridge;
• 2nd dinner: kefir.

Saturday

• 1st breakfast: wheat porridge, fresh salad;
• for the 2nd breakfast you can eat an orange;
• lunch: vermicelli soup, stewed offal, rice porridge;
• afternoon snack: cottage cheese with vegetables;
• therapeutic nutrition for diabetes for the 1st dinner may consist of barley porridge, baked vegetables;
• 2nd dinner: kefir.

Sunday

• 1st breakfast: fat-free cottage cheese casserole;
• 2nd breakfast: medium-sized apple;
• lunch: bean soup, baked eggplant;
• afternoon snack: vegetable stew;
• for the 1st dinner, you can cook porridge for your child from ripe pumpkin, milk;
• 2nd dinner: low-calorie kefir or yogurt.

Diet and treatment are of great importance for patients with diabetes. Proper nutrition in liver cirrhosis and diabetes allows you to control blood sugar, helps to restore the normal functioning of the organ, and therefore prevents the development of pathology and complications. The diet for diabetes mellitus in adults and children allows you to control the disease and prevent complications. If you do not know which diet for diabetes is correct, you should consult your doctor.