The palatine processes have bones. Big medical encyclopedia. Anterior border of the middle cranial fossa

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The palatine bone (os palatinum), steam room, is located between the upper jaw in front and the pterygoid process in the back. It is involved in the formation of the walls of the oral cavity, nose and orbit. The palatine bone consists of two plates: horizontal and perpendicular (Fig. 1).

horizontal plate(lamina horizontalis) the medial edge is in contact with the same edge of the opposite bone. Its anterior edge is connected by a suture to the palatine process of the upper jaw, forming the posterior (smaller) part of the bony palate. The posterior edge of the horizontal plate is free and limits the choana from below. upper, nasal surface, concave, smooth, lower - palatine (fades palatina) rough, covered with protrusions and depressions. Along the medial edge from the side of the nasal surface is located nasal crest (crista nasalis), to which the coulter is attached. The posterior end of the nasal crest is extended into posterior nasal spine. On the palatal surface at the posterior edge, there is often a transversely located palatine ridge (crista palatina); anterior to it there is a groove for the palatine vessels and nerves. In the lateral part of the horizontal plate, 2-3 small palatine openings (foramina palatina minora) which are the exit paths of small tubules - lateral branches of the large palatine canal. From the posterior edge of the bone, at the point of transition of the horizontal plate into the perpendicular one, departs pyramidal process, which fills the pterygoid notch of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and thereby limits the pterygoid fossa from below.

Rice. 1. Palatine bone, right:

a — topography of the palatine bone;

b - rear view: 1 - orbital process; 2 - wedge-palatine notch; 3 - maxillary surface of the perpendicular plate; 4 - part of the pterygoid fossa; 5 - horizontal plate; 6 - palatal surface of the horizontal plate; 7 - palatine crest; 8 - nasal crest; 9 - nasal surface of the horizontal plate; 10 - shell comb; 11 - lattice comb; 12 - wedge-shaped process

c — view from inside and behind: 1 — sphenopalatine notch; 2 - wedge-shaped process; 3 - nasal surface; 4 - perpendicular plate; 5 - pyramidal process; 6 - part of the pterygoid fossa; 7 - horizontal plate; 8 - posterior nasal spine; 9 - nasal crest; 10 - shell comb; 11 - lattice comb; 12 - orbital process;

d - external view: 1 - sphenopalatine notch; 2 - orbital process; 3 - maxillary surface; 4 - nasal crest; 5 - horizontal plate; 6 - a large palatine sulcus; 7 - pyramidal process; 8 - the lower part of the pterygoid fossa; 9 - perpendicular plate of the palatine bone; 10 - medial wall of the pterygopalatine fossa; 11 - wedge-shaped process

Perpendicular plate(lamina perpendicularis)- a thin bony plate that forms the posterior part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. It is adjacent to the upper jaw, constituting, as it were, a continuation of its nasal surface, and partially covers the maxillary cleft from behind. On her medial, nasal, surface (fades nasalis) there are two parallel horizontal ridges: lower, shell (crista conchalis inferior)- the place of attachment of the lower nasal concha, and the upper, ethmoid (crista ethmoidalis)- the place of attachment of the middle shell of the ethmoid bone. On the lateral maxillary, the surface of the perpendicular plate, at its rear edge, there is a vertically directed greater palatine sulcus (sulcus palatinus major), forming with the corresponding grooves of the upper jaw and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, a large palatine canal. From above, the perpendicular plate is divided into two processes: anterior, orbital (processus orbitalis), forming the most posterior section of the lower wall of the orbit and covering part of the cells of the ethmoid bone, and posterior, wedge-shaped (processus sphenoidalis) adjacent to the body of the sphenoid bone and the wing of the vomer. Both branches are separated from each other sphenopalatine notch (incisura sphenopalatina), which, together with the adjacent body of the sphenoid bone, forms a sphenoid-palatine opening for the passage of blood vessels and nerves into the nasal cavity.

Ossification: The palatine bone develops from a single ossification point that appears at the end of the 2nd month of the intrauterine period in the angle between the perpendicular and horizontal plates.

Human Anatomy S.S. Mikhailov, A.V. Chukbar, A.G. Tsybulkin

“An osteopath who does not know how to work on the palatine bone is not an osteopath”

Steam room, the posteriormost bone of the facial skull. It has a membranous origin.

In the structure of the LDM, it carries out the movement of external and internal rotation.

The palatine bone is often blocked during dental procedures.

JOINTS:

1.With upper jaw:

the anterior surface of the vertical plate of the palatine bone is articulated by a harmonious suture with the internal surface of the body and partially fills the sinus opening at this level;

the anterior edge of the horizontal plate articulates with the posterior edge of the palatine process of the upper jaw; a seam with a face with an external cut covering the maxillary face;

the palatine triangle is connected to the posterior edge of the orbital surface of the upper jaw with a harmonious suture.

2. With sphenoid bone:

the sphenoid process articulates with the lower surface of the body of the sphenoid bone, anterior to the vaginal process, with a harmonious suture;

the orbital process articulates with the anterior-inferior edge of the body of the sphenoid bone with a harmonic suture;

The pyramidal process with its posterior groove connects to the ridge formed by the wings

pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, a suture that allows sliding movement.

3.With ethmoid bone:

The orbital process of the palatine articulates with the most posterior end of the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone by a harmonic suture.

4. With coulter:

At the level of the interpalatal ridge, with a harmonious suture.

5. With the opposite palatine bone:

Harmonious seam, forming the back third of the hard palate.

Palatal triangle are:

upper jaw;

Ethmoid bone;

Sphenoid bone (connecting to the orbital process of the palatine bone);

orbital process of the palatine bone.

This is the most posterior-internal part orbits.

Muscles.

At the level of the pyramidal process, between the articular faces with pterygoids - internal pterygoid muscle (m. ptherygoidalis medialis) . Top covered with interpterygoid aponeurosis.

External peristophilus muscle ( m. tensor veli palatini) - on the posterior-lower edge of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.

m. ptherygoidalis lateralis – outward from the articular surface of the pyramidal process

Pterygoid fossa.

Contains sphenopalatine ganglion, provides autonomic innervation of the entire facial skull.

Inner wall:

back of the body of the upper jaw;

part of the outer wall of the vertical plate of the palatine bone;

orbital and sphenoid processes of the palatine bone

pyramidal process of the palatine bone.

That. the entire outer part of the palatine bone is inner wall pterygopalatine fossa.

Back wall formed by the pterygoids of the sphenoid bone

sphenopalatine and nasopalatine nerves

into the nasal cavity (through the sphenopalatine foramen)

Ossification

The palatine bone is of membranous origin with two centers of ossification for the vertical and horizontal laminae. At birth, the horizontal plate is very small, as is the ascending ramus of the maxilla, and the growth of this plate in height contributes to the growth of the face in height.

The anatomy of the palatine bone is complex and confusing due to its intricate connection with the surrounding bones. We will try to highlight the most important points in the osteopathic approach. The palatine bone is called the key of the facial skull. She is involved in the construction of all cavities of the facial skull.

The movement of the palatine bone in the phases of flexion and extension of the primary respiratory mechanism is largely dependent on the movement of the surrounding bones. According to S. Zilberman, the palatine bone is the "reducer" of movement during the transition of the craniosacral rhythmic impulse from the sphenoid bone to the bones of the facial skull.

Anatomy of the palatine bone

Schematically, the palatine bone (os palatinum) can be represented as two bone plates connected to each other at right angles. Three processes (main) depart from the palatine bone. On the upper (cranial) edge of the palatine bone are the sphenoid process (processus sphenoidalis) and the orbital process (processus orbitalis). Dorsally from the junction of the perpendicular and horizontal plates, a pyramidal process (processus pyramidalis) departs.

Rice. 1. The palatine bone and its anatomy.

Topography of the palatine bone

Consider the relationship of the palatine bone with the surrounding bones and its participation in the construction of walls and cavities.

The palatine bone takes part in the formation of the walls of the cavities of the facial skull: 1 - nasal cavity (cavitas nasi), 2 - oral cavity (cavitas oris), 3 - orbit (orbita), 4 - pterygopalatine fossa (fossa pterygopalatina).

Rice. 2. Palatine bone and adjacent cavities.

Horizontal plate of palatine bone and hard palate

The transverse part of the palatine bone is the horizontal plate ( lamina horizontalis ossis palatini) is located horizontally (surprisingly) and participates in the construction
back of the hard palate (palatum durum).

Fig.3. Horizontal plate of palatine bone and hard palate.

The horizontal plates of the palatine bones are connected to each other by their medial edges in the interpalatine suture and form the dorsal part of the hard palate.

In front, the horizontal plates are connected to the palatine processes of the upper jaws (processus palatinus maxillae), forming a transverse palatine suture (sutura palatina transversa).

Thus, the interpalatal suture and the intermaxillary suture together form the median suture of the palate (sutura palatina mediana). In combination with the transverse palatine suture, a cruciform suture of the hard palate is formed. A vomer is attached to the interpalatine suture from the side of the nasal cavity.

For osteopathic correction of the hard palate, it is important to know that from the side of the oral cavity, the upper jaw (its palatine process) covers the palatine bone.

Perpendicular plate of the palatine bone

The vertical part of the palatine bone is a perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis ossis palatine). It departs upward from the lateral edge of the horizontal plasty of the palatine bone.

The perpendicular plate of the palatine bone with its anterior edge and the anterior part of the outer surface is connected to the maxillary bone. The posterior rib of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone is connected to the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.

op - palatine bone,prO - orbital process of the palatine bone,prS - sphenoid process of the palatine bone,prP - pyramidal process of the palatine bone,os - sphenoid bone,prp - pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone,om - upper jaw,hm - entrance to the maxillary sinus.

The perpendicular plate (its processes) is involved in the formation of the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, orbit, and pterygopalatine fossa.

The lateral, or outer surface of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone is adjacent to the nasal (inner) surface of the upper jaw and is part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity (paries lateralis cavitatis nasi).

Rice. 5 A. Nasal (inner) surface of the right upper jaw. The entrance to the maxillary sinus is depicted and the area of ​​contact with the palatine bone is marked.

Rice. 5 AT . On the imagethe same inner surface of the upper jaw is shown partially closed by a perpendicular plate lying on itpalatine bone.

(Atlas of Human Anatomy by Inderbir Singh, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD New Delhi)

We see that the palatine bone partially covers the inner surface of the upper jaw. Including the palatine bone, partially closes the huge entrance to the maxillary sinus. So the palatine bone becomes the outer wall of the nasal cavity (in its posterior sections) and the wall of the maxillary sinus (internal).

Palatine bone and pterygopalatine fossa

But the role of the perpendicular plate in the construction of the walls of the cavities does not end there.

Rice. 6. On the imagethe inner surface of the upper jaw is shown partially closed by a perpendicular plate lying on itpalatine bone and the free part is markedperpendicular plate.

So, the front part of the perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis) of the palatine bone covers the inside of the upper jaw. But at the same time, the back of the perpendicular plate remains free from other bones outside. And this part of it is the inner wall of the pterygo-palatine fossa.

Rice. 7. The structure of the infratemporal pterygopalatine fossa. ZA - zygomatic arch ; PF - pterygopalatine fossa pterygopalatine fossa ; IOF - inferior orbital fissure; MA, maxillary antrum; PPS - pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.

The diagram below shows horizontal sections through the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone, the pterygopalatine fossa, and the maxilla.

Rice. 8-1. Horizontal cuts.

A - high cut at the base of the pterygoid process.

B - middle section through the middle of the pterygoid process

C—low cut through the apex of the pterygoid process and the pyramidal process of the palatine bone

Rice. 8-2. Horizontal sections through the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone, pterygopalatine fossa and maxilla.

Connection of the palatine and sphenoid bones

The posterior edge of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone is connected throughout with the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone (its anterior edge).

At the top, the posterior edge of the perpendicular plate ends with a wedge-shaped process (processus sphenoidalis), which connects with bottom surface the body of the sphenoid bone and the wings of the vomer.

At the bottom, the posterior edge of the perpendicular plate ends with a pyramidal process. It enters like a wedge into the notch between the plates of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and limits the pterygoid fossa from below ( fossa pterygoidea).

Thus, we see that the perpendicular plate is connected with the sphenoid bone with its entire posterior edge and two adjacent processes.

Rice. 9. The connection of the palatine and sphenoid bones.

Orbital process of palatine bone and palatine triangle

The orbital process is directed forward and laterally, participates in the formation of the inferior wall of the orbit. There are 5 surfaces in the orbital process. Of these, one is open into the cavity of the orbit, the second is directed in the opposite direction, and the remaining 3 form sutures with the surrounding bones in the lower wall of the orbit: the sphenoid, ethmoid, and upper jaw. This connection of three bones with the orbital process is also called the palatine triangle.

Correction of the sutures of the orbital process with the sphenoid, ethmoid bones and the upper jaw in some cases can "reveal" the natural biomechanics of the facial skull.

Rice. 10. Palatine triangle and orbit. The orbit has the shape of a tetrahedral pyramid. The walls are formed by seven bones. The roof is formed by the sphenoid bone (S) and the frontal bone (F). The outer wall is formed by the sphenoid (S) and the zygomatic bone (Z). The floor of the orbit is formed by the maxilla maxilla (M), the palatine palatine (P), and the zygomatic zygomatic bones (Z). The inner or medial wall is formed by the sphenoid (S), maxilla (M), ethmoid (E), lacrimal bone (L). Supraorbital notch supraorbital (SON).

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Literature:
1. Liem T. The practice of cranial osteopathy. St. Petersburg LLC "MEREDIAN-S", 2008.
2. Magun G.I. Osteopathy in the cranial region. MEREDIAN-S LLC, 2010.
3. Novoseltsev S.V., Gaivoronsky I.V. Anatomy and clinical biomechanics of the skull bones. St. Petersburg SPbMAPO, 2009.
4. Urlapova E.V. Introduction to craniosacral osteopathy. Tutorial. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University, 2009.
5. Sinelnikov R.D. Atlas of human anatomy. Moscow 1971.
6. Netter F. Atlas of human anatomy: textbook. pos.-atlas / Ed. N.S. Bartosz; Per. from English. A.P. Kiyasova. M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2003. - 600 p.: with illustrations.

Palatine bone, os palatinum, paired bone. It is a plate bent at an angle, lying in the posterior part of the nasal cavity, where it forms part of its bottom (hard palate) and the side wall. It distinguishes between horizontal and perpendicular plates, lamina hori-zonlalis et lamina perpendicularis. The horizontal plates of each of the palatine bones, connecting with one another along the midline of the hard palate, participate in the formation of the posterior part of the median palatine suture, sutura palatina mediana, and are connected to the two anterior palatine processes of the maxillary bones by the transverse palatine suture. sutura palatina transversa. At the posteromedial end of the horizontal plate there is a posterior nasal spine, spina nasalis posterior; along the medial edge is the nasal crest, crista nasalis.

The upper surface of the horizontal plates is slightly concave and smooth, the lower surface is rough. From the outer section of the base of the perpendicular plate, a thick pyramidal process extends back, pro-cessus pyramidalis. It wedges into the notch between the plates of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and limits the pterygoid fossa, fossa pterygoidea, from below. On the lower surface of the pyramidal process there is one or two small palatine openings, foramina palatina minora. Anterior to them along the lateral edge of the horizontal plate, on its lower side there is a large palatine opening. foramen palatinum majus, which is located in the seam between the palatine bone and the upper jaw. The perpendicular part of the palatine bone departs at a right angle upwards in the form of a thin bone plate. It is adjacent to the anterior edge of the medial surface of the processus pterygoi-deus, and to the posterior part of the nasal surface of the body of the upper jaw. On its lateral surface there is a large palatine sulcus, sulcus palatinus major, which, with the sulcus of the upper jaw of the same name, and also with the participation of the processus pterygoideus, forms a large palatine canal, canalis palatinus major, which opens in the hard palate with a large palatine opening, foramen palatinum majus.

On the medial surface of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone there is a shell crest, crista concha-Ifs. trace of fusion with the posterior part of the inferior turbinate. Slightly higher is the ethmoid crest, crista eth-moidalis, where the middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone grows. The upper edge of the perpendicular plate ends in two processes: the orbital process, processus orbitalis and the sphenoid process, processus sphenoidalis. Processus pyramidalis separated from one another by a sphenopalatine notch. incisura sphenopalatim. The latter, with the body of the sphenoid bone adjacent here, forms the sphenopalatine opening, foramen sphenopalatinum. The orbital process, processus orbilalis, is adjacent to the orbital surface of the upper jaw; it often has a cell that connects to the posterior cells of the ethmoid bone. The sphenoid process, processus sphenoidalis, approaches the lower surface of the body of the sphenoid bone, its shell and wings

palatine bone (os palatinum) steam room, participates in the formation of the hard palate, eye socket, pterygopalatine fossa. Two plates are distinguished in it - horizontal and vertical, connecting almost at a right angle, and three processes.

The horizontal plate (lamina honsontalis) is fused with the same edge of the same-named plate of the palatine bone of the opposite side by its medial edge. The posterior edge of the horizontal plate is free; the soft palate is attached to it. The front edge of the plate is connected to the posterior edge of the palatine process of the upper jaw. As a result, the palatine processes and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones form a hard bony palate (palatum osseum) on the whole skull.

Perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis) is involved in the formation of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. On the lateral surface of this plate is a large palatine sulcus (sulcus palatinus major). It, together with the same grooves of the upper jaw and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, forms a large palatine canal (canalis palatinus major). There are two horizontal ridges on the medial surface of the perpendicular plate. The upper ethmoidal ridge (crista ethmoidalis) serves to attach the middle nasal concha, and the lower concha crest (crista conchalis) serves to attach the lower nasal concha.

The palatine bone has orbital, sphenoid and pyramidal processes.

The orbital process (processus orbitalis) is directed forward and laterally, participates in the formation of the lower wall of the orbit.

The sphenoid process (processus sphenoidalis) is oriented posteriorly and medially. It connects to the lower surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. The orbital and sphenoid processes limit the sphenopalatine notch (incisura sphenopalatine), which, together with the body of the sphenoid bone, limits the sphenoid palatine opening.

Pyramidal process (processus pyramidalis) goes from the palatine bone down, laterally and back. Narrow small palatine canals (canales palatini minores) pass through this process, opening with holes on the palatine surface of the pyramidal process.

The maxillary or maxillary sinus (sinus maxillaris) is the cavity of the upper jaw. The anterior wall of the sinus in the center is thin, thickens in the peripheral sections. This wall is formed by a part of the upper jaw between the infraorbital margin and the alveolar process. The posterolateral wall corresponds to the tubercle of the upper jaw. The nasolacrimal canal is adjacent to the anterior section of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus, and the ethmoid cells are adjacent to the posterior section. The lower wall of the sinus is formed by the alveolar process of the upper jaw. The upper wall of the sinus is also the lower wall of the orbit. The maxillary sinus opens into the middle nasal passage. The sinus varies in shape and size.

The frontal sinus (sinus frontalis) varies considerably in size. The septum dividing the frontal sinus into right and left parts is usually asymmetrical. The frontal sinus communicates with the middle nasal passage.

The sphenoid sinus (sinus sphenoidalis) is located in the body of the sphenoid bone. The lower wall of the sinus is involved in the formation of the wall of the nasal cavity. The cavernous sinus is adjacent to the upper part of the lateral wall. The sphenoid sinus is usually subdivided into two asymmetrical parts by the sagittal septum. Sometimes there is no partition. The sphenoid sinus communicates with the superior nasal passage.

Air cavities communicating with the nasal cavity are the anterior, middle and posterior cells of the ethmoid bone.

bone sky

Behind the upper jaw is the infratemporal fossa (fossa infratemporalis), which is delimited from the temporal fossa at the top by the infratemporal crest of the large wing of the sphenoid bone. The upper wall of the infratemporal fossa consists of the temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone (infratemporal crest). The medial wall is formed by the lateral plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. The anterior wall of this fossa is the tubercle of the upper jaw and the zygomatic bone. On the lateral side, the infratemporal fossa is partially covered by the branch of the lower jaw. In front, the infratemporal fossa communicates through the inferior orbital fissure with the orbit, and medially through the pterygo-maxillary fissure (flssshra pterygomaxillaris) with the pterygo-palatine fossa.

The pterygopalatine (pterygopalatine) fossa (fossa pterygopalatina) has 4 walls: anterior, superior, posterior, and medial. front wall the fossa is the tubercle of the maxilla, top- the lower lateral surface of the body and the base of the large wing of the sphenoid bone, the posterior - the base of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, medial - perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. On the lateral side, the pterygopalatine fossa communicates with the infratemporal fossa. From top to bottom, the pterygopalatine fossa gradually narrows and passes into a large palatine canal (canalis palatinus major), which is limited below by the upper jaw (laterally) and the palatine bone (medially). 5 holes open into the pterygopalatine fossa. Medially, this fossa communicates with the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen, superiorly and posteriorly with the middle cranial fossa through a round foramen, posteriorly with the region of the torn foramen via the pterygoid canal, downwardly with the oral cavity through the greater palatine canal.

The pterygopalatine fossa communicates with the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure.

bone sky (palatum osseum) is formed by the palatine processes of the right and left upper jaws connected in the midline, as well as by the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. It serves as a solid (bone) basis for the upper wall of the oral cavity. In front and from the sides, the bony palate is limited by the alveolar processes of the upper jaws, which form the upper alveolar arch. The median palatine suture (sutura palatina mediana) runs along the midline of the bony palate. At the anterior end of the palate is the incisive canal (canalis incisivus) for the nerve of the same name. Along the line of connection of the posterior edge of the palatine processes of the upper jaws with the horizontal plates of the palatine bones, there is a transverse palatine suture (sutura palatina transversa). In the lateral sections of this suture, at the base of each horizontal plate, there is an opening of the large palatine canal and 2-3 small palatine openings through which the oral cavity communicates with the pterygopalatine fossa.

The upper and lower alveolar arches, together with the teeth, as well as the body and branches of the lower jaw, form the skeleton of the anterior and lateral walls of the oral cavity.