How to open the skull. How do people live after craniotomy. Factors that increase the risk of complications

Opening the cranium is necessary to access the underlying cavity - all membranes. Some for surgery: brain tumors, severe traumatic brain injury, abscesses, hematomas, aneurysms, as well as neurological pathologies (acute epilepsy). The appointment of the operation can be both emergency and.

Several types of trepanation

Such an operation is carried out according to various indications, therefore, the elimination of each of the problems has its own characteristics. The type of operation is selected. There are such types of craniotomy as:

Decompressive (wide);
- osteoplastic (all bones are put in place);
- resection (removal of part of the bones of the skull).

Anesthesia

Both general and local anesthesia can be used. The choice is made by the surgeon, the anesthesiologist and the patient (if he is conscious). When using local anesthesia, only anesthesia occurs, and the patient remains conscious.

Recovery period

A trepanation of the skull is a very serious surgical intervention, therefore, it involves a rather long recovery.

The recovery period is determined by the severity of the disease and the outcome of the operation. As a rule, the patient after the operation, in the absence of deterioration, is in intensive care for about 2 days under the vigilant supervision of medical personnel, then he is transferred to a simple ward. The recovery continues. Bed rest is recommended for the first time. An important factor in the positive dynamics is communication with loved ones, their support and a positive attitude. The release takes place in ten days. Unfortunately, in some cases you have to wait months.

Life goes on

Naturally, life will not immediately become the same. After discharge, an outpatient follow-up by a doctor is mandatory. In order to avoid undesirable consequences, it is necessary to follow all the recommendations of doctors. Standard recommendations: avoid stress, continue to take some of the previously prescribed medications (steroids, anticonvulsants, antibiotics), limit physical activity. Sometimes postoperative scars become a cosmetic defect, which can interfere with the positive mood of the patient. It is necessary to help him not to focus on appearance, but to think only about health until full recovery.

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All recommendations are indicative and are not applicable without consulting the attending physician.

Craniotomy is rightfully considered one of the most complex surgical interventions. The operation has been known since antiquity, when they tried to treat injuries, tumors and hemorrhages in this way. Of course, ancient medicine did not allow avoiding various complications, so such manipulations were accompanied by high mortality. Now trepanation is carried out in neurosurgical hospitals by highly qualified surgeons and is intended, first of all, to save the patient's life.

Craniotomy consists in the formation of a hole in the bones, through which the doctor gains access to the brain and its membranes, vessels, and pathological formations. It also allows you to quickly reduce the growing intracranial pressure, thereby preventing the death of the patient.

The operation to open the cranium can be performed as planned, in case of tumors, for example, and urgently, according to vital indications, in case of injuries and hemorrhages. In all cases, the risk of adverse consequences is high, since the integrity of the bones is violated, and damage to the nervous structures and blood vessels during the operation is possible. In addition, the very cause of trepanation is always very serious.

The operation has strict indications, and the obstacles to it are often relative, since, in order to save the patient's life, the surgeon may neglect the comorbidity. Craniotomy is not performed in terminal conditions, severe shock, septic processes, and in other cases it improves the patient's condition, even if there are serious violations of the internal organs.

Indications for craniotomy

Indications for craniotomy are gradually narrowing due to the emergence of new, more gentle methods of treatment, but still in many cases it is the only way to quickly eliminate the pathological process and save the patient's life.

decompressive trepanation is performed without intervention on the brain

The reason for decompressive trepanation (resection) become diseases that lead to a rapid and threatening increase in intracranial pressure, as well as causing a displacement of the brain relative to its normal position, which is fraught with infringement of its structures with a high risk of death:

Intracranial hemorrhages;
Injuries (crushing of the nervous tissue, bruises in combination with hematomas, etc.);
brain abscesses;
Large inoperable neoplasms.

Trepanation for such patients is palliative procedure, which does not eliminate the disease, but eliminates the most dangerous complication (dislocation).

Osteoplastic trepanation serves as the initial stage of surgical treatment of intracranial pathology, providing access to the brain, blood vessels, membranes. It is shown with:

osteoplastic trepanation for brain surgery

To remove a hematoma located inside the skull, both resection trepanation can be used to reduce pressure and prevent brain displacement in the acute period of the disease, as well as osteoplastic, if the doctor sets the task of removing the hemorrhage focus and restoring the integrity of the head tissues.

Preparing for the operation

If it is necessary to penetrate the cranial cavity, an important place belongs to the good preparation of the patient for the operation. If there is enough time, the doctor prescribes a comprehensive examination, including not only laboratory tests, CT and MRI, but also consultations of narrow specialists, and examination of internal organs. An examination by a therapist is required, which decides on the safety of the intervention for the patient.

However, it happens that the opening of the skull is carried out urgently, and then the surgeon has very little time, and the patient undergoes the necessary minimum of research, including general and biochemical blood tests, a coagulogram, MRI and / or CT to determine the state of the brain and localization of the pathological process. In the case of emergency trepanation, the life-saving benefits outweigh the likely risks in the presence of concomitant diseases, and the surgeon decides to operate.

During a planned operation, after six o'clock in the evening on the eve it is forbidden to eat and drink, the patient once again talks with the surgeon and the anesthetist, takes a shower. It is advisable to rest and calm down, and with strong excitement, sedatives may be prescribed.

Before the intervention, the hair on the head is carefully shaved, the surgical field is treated with antiseptic solutions, the head is fixed in the desired position. The anesthesiologist introduces the patient into anesthesia, and the surgeon proceeds to the manipulations.

The opening of the cranial cavity can be performed in different ways, therefore, the following types of trepanation are distinguished:

Osteoplastic.
Resection.

Regardless of the type of surgery planned, the patient must be placed under general anesthesia (usually nitrous oxide). In some cases, trepanation is performed under local anesthesia with novocaine solution. For the possibility of artificial ventilation of the lungs, muscle relaxants are introduced. The operation area is carefully shaved and treated with antiseptic solutions.

Osteoplastic trepanation

Osteoplastic trepanation aims not only to open the cranium, but also to penetrate inside for various manipulations (removal of hematoma and crush foci after injury, tumor), and its end result should be the restoration of tissue integrity, including bone. In the case of osteoplastic trepanation, the bone fragment returns to its place, thus the formed defect is eliminated, and a second operation is no longer required.

A trepanation hole in this type of operation is made where the path to the affected area of the brain will be the shortest. The first stage is the incision of the soft tissues of the head in the form of a horseshoe. It is important that the base of this flap is at the bottom, since the vessels supplying the skin and underlying tissue run radially from bottom to top, and their integrity must not be compromised to ensure normal blood flow and healing. The width of the base of the flap is about 6-7 cm.

After the musculoskeletal flap with aponeurosis is separated from the bone surface, it is turned down, fixed on napkins soaked in saline or hydrogen peroxide, and the surgeon proceeds to the next stage - the formation of the bone-periosteal flap.

stages of osteoplastic trepanation according to Wagner-Wolf

The periosteum is dissected and exfoliated according to the diameter of the cutter, with which the surgeon makes several holes. The parts of the bone preserved between the holes are cut out with the help of Gigli's saw, but one "jumper" remains intact, and the bone breaks in this place. The bone flap will be connected to the skull by means of the periosteum in the region of the fractured area.

In order to prevent the fragment of the skull bone from falling inward after laying in its original place, the cut is made at an angle of 45 °. The area of the outer surface of the bone flap turns out to be larger than the inner one, and after returning this fragment to its place, it is firmly fixed in it.

Having reached the dura mater, the surgeon dissects it and enters the cranial cavity, where he can perform all the necessary manipulations. After the intended goal is achieved, the tissues are sutured in reverse order. The dura mater is sutured with absorbable threads, the bone flap is returned to its place and fixed with a wire or thick threads, the musculoskeletal area is sutured with catgut. In the wound, it is possible to leave drainage for the outflow of discharge. The sutures are removed by the end of the first week after surgery.

Video: osteoplastic trepanation

Resection trepanation

Resection trepanation is performed to reduce intracranial pressure, so it is otherwise called decompressive. In this case, it becomes necessary to create a permanent hole in the skull, and the bone fragment is removed completely.

Resection trepanation is performed for intracranial tumors that can no longer be removed, with a rapid increase in cerebral edema due to hematomas with a risk of dislocation of nerve structures. The place of its conduct is usually the temporal region. In this zone, the skull bone is located under the powerful temporal muscle, so the trepanation window will be covered by it, and the brain will be reliably protected from possible damage. In addition, temporal decompressive trepanation gives a better cosmetic result compared to other possible trepanation areas.

At the beginning of the operation, the doctor cuts out the musculoskeletal flap linearly or in the shape of a horseshoe, turns it outward, dissects the temporal muscle along the fibers and cuts the periosteum. Then a hole is made in the bone with a cutter, which is expanded with the help of special Luer bone cutters. Thus, a rounded trepanation hole is obtained, the diameter of which varies from 5-6 to 10 cm.

After removing the bone fragment, the surgeon examines the dura mater, which, with severe intracranial hypertension, can be tense and swell significantly. In this case, it is dangerous to dissect it immediately, since the brain can quickly shift towards the trepanation window, which will cause damage and wedging of the trunk into the foramen magnum. For additional decompression, small portions of cerebrospinal fluid are removed by lumbar puncture, after which the dura is dissected.

The operation is completed by successive suturing of the tissues, with the exception of the dura mater. The bone area in place, as in the case of osteoplastic surgery, does not fit, but later, if necessary, this defect can be eliminated with the help of synthetic materials.

Postoperative period and recovery

After the intervention, the patient is taken to the intensive care unit or postoperative ward, where doctors carefully monitor the function of vital organs. On the second day, if the postoperative period is successful, the patient is transferred to the neurosurgery department and spends there for up to two weeks.

It is very important to control the discharge through the drainage, as well as the hole during resection trepanation. Bulging of the bandage, swelling of facial tissues, bruising around the eyes may indicate an increase in cerebral edema and the appearance of postoperative hematoma.

Trepanation is accompanied by a high risk of various complications, including infectious and inflammatory processes in the wound, meningitis and encephalitis, secondary hematomas with inadequate hemostasis, suture failure, etc.

The consequences of craniotomy can be various neurological disorders with damage to the meninges, vascular system and brain tissue: disorders of the motor and sensory spheres, intelligence, convulsive syndrome. A very dangerous complication of the early postoperative period is the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the wound, which is fraught with infection with the development of meningoencephalitis.

The long-term result of trepanation is the deformation of the skull after resection of the bone area, the formation of a keloid scar in violation of regeneration processes. These processes require surgical correction. To protect the brain tissue and for cosmetic purposes, the hole after resection trepanation is closed with synthetic plates.

Some patients after craniotomy complain of frequent headaches, dizziness, decreased memory and performance, fatigue and psycho-emotional discomfort. Possible pain in the area of the postoperative scar. Many of the symptoms following the operation are not associated with the intervention itself, but with the pathology of the brain, which was the root cause of the trepanation (hematoma, contusion, etc.).

Recovery after craniotomy includes both drug therapy and the elimination of neurological disorders, social and labor adaptation of the patient. Prior to the removal of sutures, wound care is required, including daily monitoring and dressing changes. You can wash your hair no earlier than two weeks after the operation.

With intense pain, analgesics are indicated, in case of convulsions, anticonvulsants, the doctor may also prescribe sedatives for severe anxiety or arousal. Conservative treatment after surgery is determined by the nature of the pathology that brought the patient to the operating table.

With damage to various parts of the brain, the patient may have to learn walking, speech, restore memory and other impaired functions. Complete psycho-emotional peace is shown, it is better to refuse from physical exertion. An important role at the rehabilitation stage is played by the patient's relatives, who can already at home help to cope with some inconveniences in everyday life (taking a shower or cooking, for example).

Most patients and their relatives are concerned about whether a disability will be established after the operation. There is no single answer. By itself, trepanation is not yet a reason for determining a disability group, and everything will depend on the degree of neurological disorders and disability. If the operation was successful, there are no complications, the patient returns to his usual life and work, then you should not count on disability.

With severe brain damage with paralysis and paresis, impaired speech, thinking, memory, etc., the patient needs additional care and cannot not only go to work, but also take care of himself. Of course, such cases require the establishment of disability. After craniotomy, the disability group is determined by a special medical commission from different specialists and depends on the severity of the patient's condition and the degree of disability.

Video: decompressive craniotomy in the treatment of TBI

Craniotomy is a very complex neurosurgical operation, due to the removal of a piece of bone in a limited area of the skull. It is used to create a surgical approach to remove intracranial hematomas, various neoplasms, remove damaged structures in case of skull injuries and as a palliative treatment for increased intracranial pressure.

Story

This operation has been known since ancient times. Previously, trepanation was performed on people with inadequate behavior. The healers of that time believed that their illness was due to the influence of evil spirits locked in the skull of the patient, and if a “hole” was drilled in the bone, they would come out. Evidence of the antiquity of the operation was found even in prehistoric human remains from the Neolithic. When analyzing the rock paintings, it can be concluded that cavemen practiced trepanation to treat epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders. Then the removed section of the bone was kept by prehistoric people as a talisman that protects from evil spirits.

It is clear that earlier the ancient man did not know about antiseptics, antibiotics and other methods of fighting infection, so the frequency of purulent complications and subsequent death of the patient was extremely high. At present, special tools for craniotomy have been developed, which allow for more efficient manipulation and avoid undesirable complications.

The essence of the technique

At its core, trepanation, or craniotomy, is a surgical intervention, the meaning of which is to form a hole in the skull to create a surgical access if it is necessary to manipulate other structures of the cranium, or for a therapeutic purpose (elimination of hypertension during hemorrhage).

Craniotomy can be performed both in a planned and urgent manner. In the first case, these are, as a rule, brain tumors that do not pose a threat to the patient's life at the moment. In an urgent order, patients who have survived an accident, trauma, catastrophe, which led to a violation of the configuration of the skull and compression of brain structures, are operated on. In this case, the operation must be performed immediately, because there is a direct threat to life and health. The operation is quite voluminous, there is a risk of damage to the brain and blood vessels, so an experienced neurosurgeon should perform it.

Trepanation has clear indications for performance, and contraindications, as a rule, are relative, since the threat to life from damage to brain structures is more important than the risk of expected complications. The operation is not indicated for carrying out in severe conditions incompatible with life (severe form of shock, sepsis), due to the fact that surgical intervention can aggravate the patient's condition.

Indications for surgery

Due to the emergence of new conservative treatment methods, the number of indications for craniotomy is gradually decreasing, but this surgical intervention is still relevant in many serious conditions.

There are several types of trepanations that differ in indications and technique.

Decompression trepanation of the skull or (DCT) is performed to reduce intracranial pressure. Intracranial hypertension is the most common cause of death in young patients with severe traumatic brain injury. In emergencies, decompression craniotomy is the most preferred way to eliminate the threat to the life of the patient, especially if conservative methods of reducing intracranial pressure have not had the desired effect. Most often, such patients die due to the displacement of the brain structures relative to their normal position, and the wedging of the medulla oblongata into the foramen magnum. This condition leads to inevitable death, because in the medulla oblongata there are the most important vascular and respiratory centers responsible for the vital functions of the body. Intracranial hypertension can lead to:

neoplasms of large size;
intracranial abscesses (a cavity filled with pus);
injuries due to which a fragment of bone began to put pressure on the brain. Also, due to damaging factors, a hematoma and / or hemorrhage may form;
brain stroke.

After a stroke, which is hemorrhagic in nature, bleeding occurs, which is sometimes so intense that a hematoma begins to form, compressing the structures of the brain.

Trepanation in stroke and other conditions listed above is palliative in nature, i.e. it does not treat the underlying disease, but it allows you to eliminate intracranial hypertension and prevent herniation of the medulla oblongata.

Osteoplastic trepanation (KPT) is the initial stage to the main treatment of the disease. To create an operative access to the structures of the intracranial box, the doctor needs to remove a bone fragment. This will allow you to perform manipulations on the vessels and directly on the brain. Indications for its implementation are:

It can be seen that intracranial hematoma is an indication for two types of trepanations. If the localization and nature of the hematoma make it possible to remove the source of bleeding and restore the integrity of the structures of the intracranial box, then osteoplastic craniotomy is used. If this is not possible, then decompression is recommended to reduce intracranial pressure.

Preoperative period

The preoperative period plays an important role in the success of the operation. If the patient is shown a planned trepanation of the skull, then it is necessary to perform a number of instrumental studies, with the help of which it is possible to visualize the problem area and develop the tactics of the operation. It is also recommended to consult with other specialists (neurologist, therapist) to assess the general condition of the body and diagnose concomitant diseases that can cause complications during manipulation.

It must be said that very often patients come to the operating chair in an urgent manner, when minutes are counted, and additional examinations can cost the patient's life. The minimum diagnostic studies for urgent operations should include: MRI / CT, complete blood count, biochemical blood test and coagulogram.

Decompression (resection) trepanation

Resection trepanation of the skull is performed to eliminate intracranial hypertension. As a rule, this type of trepanation is carried out in the region of the temporal bone. The surgeon's instrumentation includes a scalpel for cutting soft tissues, a hand-held brace, and a wire saw. In this area, the bone hole will be closed by a large temporalis muscle, which will prevent additional damage to the brain. In addition, this localization is more acceptable for patients from a cosmetic point of view, since the postoperative scar will be hidden by hair.

At the first stage of the operation, surgeons cut out a skin flap linearly or in the form of a horseshoe, turning it outward. Then the temporal muscle is dissected along the direction of the fibers and the periosteum is incised. With the help of a hand rotator, several holes are made on the skull, through which a wire file is then passed. The holes are then "connected" together, and the bone fragment is successfully removed. During such manipulations, an operational opening with a diameter of 5 to 10 cm is formed.

After resection of a section of the bone, the doctor examines the dura mater. In the presence of high intracranial pressure, dissection of the dura mater can threaten the life of the patient due to the subsequent sharp change in the configuration of the brain. For this reason, it is first necessary to perform a lumbar puncture on the patient to reduce the volume of circulating cerebrospinal fluid, and then dissect the duramater.

At the final stage, sequential suturing of all soft tissues is performed, except for the dura mater. The bone fragment cannot be restored, but later the trepanation window is closed with synthetic materials.

Osteoplastic trepanation

Unlike decompression trepanation, in this case there is no typical localization for the removal of a bone fragment. The hole is made in that part of the skull in which the path to the pathological formation will be the shortest. At the first stage, the dissection of soft tissues is also performed. The skin flap is best incised in a horseshoe shape, so that later it can be easily sutured back.

At the next stage, the surgeon creates a bone-periosteal flap. Here, too, a neurosurgeon drills holes in the skull, between which sections of the bone are subsequently cut out using a special saw. Since at the final stage it will be planned to restore the bone area, one “jumper” is not sawn off, but broken, so as not to damage the periosteum that feeds the bone.

After that, the surgeon makes a dissection of the duramater and enters the cranial cavity, where he performs all the necessary manipulations. When the main operation is completed, all tissues are sutured in reverse order.

Postoperative period

After the operation, the patient is transferred to the intensive care unit under the supervision of resuscitators. During the day, the patient's condition is carefully monitored, because there is a certain risk of developing postoperative complications. If the patient is stable, then he is transferred to a regular ward of the neurosurgical department. It is very important for the medical staff to monitor the condition of the drains, since the appearance of purulent or profuse bloody discharge indicates the development of early complications.

Since craniotomy is an invasive operation performed near the brain, there is a high probability of developing all sorts of consequences. Postoperative complications can be divided into early and late. Early ones include:

impaired motor and sensory function;
intellectual disorders;
meningitis;
encephalitis;
convulsive syndrome;
damage to blood vessels and the formation of secondary hematomas;
seam failure.

After a stroke, complete or partial paralysis may develop, but this is a complication of the underlying disease, not surgery.

Long-term effects of the operation include:

skull deformity;
formation of a keloid scar;
headache, dizziness;
memory impairment, fatigue.

It must be said that in most cases, long-term consequences are not caused by the operation, but directly by the pathology of the brain.

Recovery of patients at the postoperative stage should include the use of pharmacological drugs, as well as psychological and social correction. Many patients after craniotomy are assigned a disability group, but this depends on the severity of neurological disorders and on the degree of disability of the patient.

18+ Video may contain shocking material!

Before considering the consequences of trepanation of the skull, I would like to define this term, since not everyone has an idea of what will be discussed. So, trepanation is an operation in which a hole is made in the skull bone in order to have access to the underlying cavity, as well as to intracranial formations in order to eliminate them. It is believed that this surgical intervention is designed to help patients, as it is carried out only in case of emergency. But we must also remember that this is also a kind of trauma that has its consequences.

Trepanation: what determines its result

The consequences are quite strongly dependent on the size, degree and severity of brain damage before surgery. And the deeper and more extensive the surgical intervention, the greater the risks and negative results of its implementation. In addition, the accuracy of the operation and the qualifications of the specialist who conducts it play an important role.

Disability or death?

It should be noted that a patient who has gone through a trepanation is given a disability, which can be canceled if the human body is fully restored over several years. But also surgical intervention can cause disastrous consequences, since trepanation sometimes leads to death, so it is very difficult to predict.

Postoperative period

After the operation, a rubber tube with holes is inserted under the bone flap, through which blood accumulated in the wound will flow through the seams. If the meninges are not tightly sewn up, such blood can flow out along with the cerebrospinal fluid. This can lead to the most dangerous complications, such as liquorrhea. The contents of the skull can become infected, often leading to encephalitis and meningitis. To prevent this from happening, additional sutures are placed at the wound site.

The outcome of trepanation

Some of the effects of a craniotomy are similar in many people. In the postoperative period, most patients experience swelling of the soft tissues of the eyelids and forehead, as well as bruising in the eye area due to the formation of a hematoma inside the skull. Almost always, patients complain of headaches, increased pressure, vomiting and nausea.

Occurrence of defects

Many who have undergone such a surgical operation (especially for children and young people) are faced with such a problem as deformation of the skull area and the formation of dents. These defects do not disappear with time and require plastic surgery to prevent post-trepanation syndrome.

Rehabilitation process

Rehabilitation after craniotomy at first should take place at home. At the same time, it is forbidden to play sports (you can not tilt your head down). Lifestyle should be sedentary. The place of trepanation must remain clean, blood must not be allowed to freeze, as this can lead to the formation of blood clots and hematomas, as well as an increase in

Conclusion

Thus, the consequences of craniotomy can be completely different, and most importantly, unpredictable. Therefore, such a surgical operation is always risky and is performed only in case of emergency.

When a craniotomy is performed, the consequences after the operation can be significant and long-lasting. The operation on the brain itself is already a complex neurosurgical process associated with the connection of blood vessels and nerve tissues; and at the same time, the surgical intervention itself leaves noticeable traces that require a recovery period.

Craniotomy: consequences after surgery is a very important problem that can affect many internal organs, as well as the functioning of the senses. The severity of complications primarily depends on the pathology that required intervention. Naturally, the postoperative period is very different in the elimination of the tumor and the elimination of traumatic brain injury, but there are also common problems after the operation.

The essence of trepanation of the skull

A craniotomy is an operation on the head. which consists in opening the skull in a limited area to eliminate the pathology or restore the affected tissues and blood vessels. Such operations are performed to eliminate hematomas, brain tumors, with craniocerebral injuries and skull fractures, hemorrhages with excessive intracranial pressure.

Trepanation is carried out in two main ways - resection and osteoplastic surgery. With the resection method, a hole of the required size is formed in the cranial bone by biting out with forceps, which is most often carried out during emergency surgical intervention. After such exposure, a bone defect remains, which, if necessary, is covered with artificial plates - plastic or metal.

The osteoplastic method includes cutting out tissue and bone flaps, and after the completion of the operation, returning them to their place with fixing with a suture to the periosteum. Cutting is done with a wire saw or pneumoturbine; in this case, the bone is sawn at an angle of 45 degrees, so that when the skull is restored, the bone flap does not fall inward.

Early postoperative period

To exclude a hematoma, graduates in the form of rubber tubes are brought under the flaps, the ends of which remain under a protective bandage. Blood flows out through the tubes, soaking the bandage. With a significant wetting of the bandage, it does not change, and a new bandage is wound additionally from above. If at the end of the operation the meninges are not completely sealed, then traces of cerebrospinal fluid may appear in the leaking blood mass.

The outlet tubes are usually removed one day after the completion of the surgery. To prevent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and eliminate the risk of infection through the areas where the graduates were placed, provisional or additional sutures are placed and tied.

On the first day after the operation, it is necessary to control the condition of the bandage in the trepanation area. A significant swelling of the bandages over the operated area is due to postoperative hematoma, which can cause a rapid increase in swelling of the soft tissues of the forehead and eyelids, bleeding in the eye sockets. A very dangerous consequence that manifests itself at an early stage after craniotomy can be secondary liquorrhea, which can provoke infection of the cranial contents, causing meningitis and encephalitis. In this regard, it is extremely important to detect the presence of a clear liquid in the blood mass impregnating the bandage in a timely manner and take urgent measures.

Complications after craniotomy

Craniotomy sometimes becomes the only way to save a person's life, but carried out out of necessity, it leaves a severe injury that can cause very dangerous consequences. These possible complications include: bleeding, infection, swelling, brain tissue disorders that can cause memory, speech and vision impairments; balance problems, convulsions, weakness and paralysis, bowel and urination disorders. The operation is performed under general anesthesia, which, in turn, can cause a reaction to the anesthetic drug: dizziness, respiratory failure, low blood pressure, cardiovascular problems.

Infectious complication

After surgery on the skull, the likelihood of developing a number of infections increases significantly, and infection of the brain tissues itself occurs much less frequently, which is associated with appropriate sterilization of the area undergoing surgical exposure.

To a greater extent, the risk of infection threatens the lungs, intestines and bladder, the functions of which are regulated by brain regions. In many ways, this circumstance is associated with forced restrictions on human mobility and lifestyle changes after surgery. Prevention of such complications is exercise therapy, diet, sleep. Infections are treated with medication - the appointment of appropriate antibiotics.

Thrombi and blood clots

Pathologies in the brain and immobility after surgery can cause such a complication as the appearance of blood clots that cause blood clots in the veins of the legs. Broken blood clots are able to migrate through the veins and reach the lungs, which leads to the development of pulmonary embolism. This disease leads to very serious consequences, even death. For the prevention of pathology, it is necessary to introduce gymnastic exercises and quickly return to a normal lifestyle. On the recommendation of a doctor, foot compresses are applied and blood thinners are prescribed.

Neurological disorders

A temporary neurological disorder occurs when, after a craniotomy and surgery, swelling of adjacent brain tissues appears. Such anomalies cause various neurological symptoms, but after a certain time they disappear on their own. However, to accelerate tissue repair and relieve swelling, steroid drugs are prescribed - decadron and pridnisone.

With serious tissue damage during trepanation, long-term neurological pathologies can be observed. Such violations are expressed by various signs, depending on the localization of the damaged areas. These complications can only be prevented by the surgeon during the operation, minimizing the possibility of injury.

Bleeding

Bleeding in the area of trepanation is a fairly common occurrence resulting from damage to blood vessels.

Most often, active blood seepage occurs on the first day after surgery, and it is eliminated by drainage, which eliminates the accumulation of blood mass.

In exceptional cases, with heavy bleeding, a second operation is performed.

Craniotomy can cause convulsive phenomena when blood enters the brain tissue. To exclude this dangerous phenomenon, anticonvulsants are administered to the patient before the operation.

Frequent consequences of trepanation

Such a complex operation as craniotomy rarely goes without complications and certain consequences.

The severity of the consequences depends on the cause of the operation, the age of the patient, and the general state of his health.

The following consequences are most often manifested: deterioration in hearing or vision, deformation of the excised area of the skull, frequent headaches. To treat the consequences, long-term restorative drug therapy is carried out. The operation to eliminate the defect of the skull is extremely rare and only at a young age.

Postoperative rehabilitation

After craniotomy, a number of rehabilitation requirements must be observed: hygiene of the affected area, but without wetting it for a long time; exclusion of physical stress on the head (especially head tilts); performing therapeutic exercises to exclude stagnant processes; prescribing medicines and herbal medicines.

It is necessary to take blood thinners and control cholesterol levels. Herbal preparations based on mordovnik, fragrant and dyeing bedstraw, nightshade are recognized as an effective remedy.

Brain tumor: operation, consequences

Brain tumors are a broad group of intracranial neoplasms, either benign or malignant. They arise due to the start of an abnormal uncontrolled process of cell division, which were originally normal. Also, brain cancer can occur due to the development of metastases of the primary tumor in another organ.

Benign tumor: has clear boundaries and is easily removed (with this brain tumor, surgery is possible if the neoplasm is localized in an accessible place), rarely recurs, does not metastasize; rarely give metastases, but can put pressure on them; life threatening; may develop into a malignant tumor.
Malignant tumor: life-threatening, grow rapidly and grow into neighboring tissues, give metastases.

Common location of brain cancer

The types and severity of symptoms of a brain tumor are determined by the part of the brain that is under pressure from the neoplasm. As the tumor grows, cerebral symptoms develop. The reason for this is circulatory disorders in the brain and increased intracranial pressure.

The most common cancerous growth is a tumor of the cerebellum of the brain - symptoms:

brain tumor photo

gait disturbance;

muscle weakness;

forced position of the head.

disorder of coordination of movements;
involuntary oscillatory horizontal eye movements of high frequency;
slow speech (the patient pronounces words in syllables);
damage to the cranial nerves;
damage to the pyramidal tracts (motor analyzers);
violation of the vestibular apparatus.

The second most common cancer is brainstem tumor, which can occur in both children and adults. The brain stem regulates many functions in the body, so a brain stem tumor is accompanied by a large number of symptoms. The manifestations of certain signs depend on the area in which the tumor grows.

Signs of a brain tumor:

strabismus develops;
asymmetry of the face and smile appears;
twitching of the eyeballs;
hearing loss;
muscle weakness in a specific part of the body;
unsteadiness of gait;
hand tremor;
unstable blood pressure;
decrease or complete absence of tactile and pain sensitivity.

With the development of the disease, the above symptoms will be more pronounced.
General symptoms of a brain tumor:

frequent headaches that are not stopped by analgesics and narcotic drugs;
dizziness;
constant vomiting does not depend on food intake;
mental disorders that manifest themselves in disorders of memory, thinking, perception, increased irritability, aggressiveness, apathy towards others and poor orientation in space;
epileptic seizures for no apparent reason (with the growth of the tumor, the frequency of seizures increases);
development of vision problems: the appearance of flies before the eyes and a decrease in visual acuity.

A brain tumor

In almost all types of cancer, brain tumor surgery is indicated to remove the neoplasm.

Cancers in newborns

Most often, children develop intracerebral tumors, while in most cases they develop in the cerebellum, III and IV ventricle, in the brain stem. Neonatal brain tumor has supratentorial cancers. A distinctive feature of tumors in children is their location: under the cerebellum with a predominant lesion of the structures of the posterior cranial fossa.
Signs of a brain tumor in children of the first year of life:

an increase in the circumference of the head with swelling and tension of the fontanelles;
divergence of cranial sutures;
increased excitability;
vomiting after morning and afternoon sleep;
decrease in the rate of growth of body weight;
lag in psychomotor and intellectual development;
swelling of the optic nerve;
convulsions;
focal symptoms, which depend on the location of the tumor in the brain.

Therapy of a brain tumor in newborns occurs mainly surgically. In cases where the tumor is located in the area of vital centers. In this situation, radiation therapy can help destroy the tumor.

Surgical method of removing a cancerous tumor

Recently, oncology surgery has made a powerful leap forward. Numerous modern developments have appeared, thanks to which operations on brain tumors have become less traumatic for the brain and surrounding healthy tissues.

Stereotaxis - the operation is carried out using a computer. This method makes it possible to access the site of tumor formation with high accuracy.
Ultrasonic aspirators - their action lies in the ultrasonic impact on the tumor with a special power. As a result of this, the cancerous neoplasm is destroyed, and its remains are sucked off by an aspirator.
Shunting - in surgery is used to restore impaired circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Violation of the cerebrospinal fluid provokes an increase in intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus develops. Shunting relieves headaches, nausea, and other symptoms.

Craniotomy is an operative method in which the upper part of the skull is removed. Many small holes are made in the walls of the skull bones. A special wire saw is inserted through them, with the help of which the bone is cut between the holes. During the operation, the entire tumor or its largest part is removed.
The method of electrophysiological mapping of the cerebral cortex is used to remove cancer of the speech-motor zone, tumors of the ponto-cerebellar angle.

Brain cancer treatment in Israel

In Israel, all types of brain cancer are treated, including gliomas, astrocytomas, tumors of metastatic origin, etc. At the same time, in private clinics, the patient can choose the attending physician, for example, undergo surgery with the famous neurosurgeon Professor Zvi Ram, who performed more than 1000 craniotomy operations ( craniotomy), in which the patient was conscious. Such operations allow you to control and preserve important brain functions. After an awake craniotomy, patients fully recover within 24-48 hours. When performing such operations in Israel, there are no age restrictions: the local neurosurgeons operate on both children and elderly patients over 80 years old.

Leading Israeli neurosurgeon Zvi Ram

Awake craniotomy operations for brain cancer require considerable effort and experience from the operating team, and not every neurosurgeon can perform them. In recent years, Israeli doctors during such operations are trying to monitor not only the most important functions of the brain, but also those functions that are considered less important. However, the professional activity of the patient may depend on these functions. We are talking, for example, about the sense of rhythm among musicians or the mathematical abilities of representatives of technical specialties. Today, Israeli neurosurgeons manage to successfully preserve these functions.

Laser technique: A sterile high power laser beam cuts the tissue and coagulates the blood during the excision. And also the use of a laser eliminates the possibility of accidental spread of tumor cells to other tissues.
In addition, new generation cryoapparatuses are used, which allow controlling the process of defrosting - freezing of neoplasm foci.

Postoperative consequences

The consequences of brain tumor surgery depend on the location of the cancer and its degree of development. Timely diagnosis and the adequacy of the treatment method also play an important role in a successful cure. According to statistics, timely three-stage treatment, which began at an early stage of the disease, gives a chance for a five-year survival rate in 60-80% of patients. With untimely treatment and inoperability of the tumor, survival for five years in 30-40% of patients.

But regardless of the type of treatment, after surgery for a brain tumor, the consequences can be the most severe. In some cases, it is necessary to re-train the patient to speak, read, move, recognize loved ones and, in general, learn about the environment. For successful recovery, an important role is played by the psychological mood of the patient and his loved ones.

Rehabilitation after removal of a brain tumor

A brain tumor is a three-dimensional concept that includes various formations localized in the cranium. These include benign and malignant degeneration of tissues arising as a result of abnormal division of brain cells, blood or lymphatic vessels, meninges, nerves and glands. In this regard, rehabilitation after tumor removal will include a complex of various effects.

Tumors in the brain occur much less frequently than in other organs.

Classification

Brain tumors are of the following types:

benign tumors develop from the cells of the tissue in which they appear. As a rule, they do not grow into neighboring tissues (however, with a very slowly growing benign tumor, this is possible), they grow more slowly than malignant ones and do not metastasize.

Malignant tumors are formed from immature own cells of the brain and from cells of other organs (and metastases) carried by the blood stream. Such formations are characterized by rapid growth and germination into neighboring tissues with the destruction of their structure, as well as metastasis.

Clinical picture

The set of manifestations of the disease depends on the location and size of the lesion. It consists of cerebral and focal symptoms.

Cerebral symptoms

Any of the processes listed below is a consequence of compression of brain structures by a tumor and an increase in intracranial pressure.

Dizziness may be accompanied by horizontal nystagmus.
Headache: intense, constant, not relieved by analgesics. Appears due to increased intracranial pressure.
Nausea and vomiting, which does not bring relief to the patient, is also a consequence of increased intracranial pressure.

Focal symptoms

It is diverse, it depends on the localization of the tumor.

Movement disorders are manifested by the appearance of paralysis and paresis up to plegia. Depending on the lesion, either spastic or flaccid paralysis occurs.

Coordination disorders characteristic of changes in the cerebellum.

Sensitivity disorders are manifested by a decrease or loss of pain and tactile sensitivity, as well as a change in the perception of the position of one's own body in space.

Violation of oral and written speech. When the tumor is localized in the area of the brain responsible for speech, the patient's symptoms gradually increase, those around the patient notice a change in handwriting and speech, which become slurred. Over time, speech becomes slurred, and when writing, only scribbles appear.

Impaired vision and hearing. With damage to the optic nerve, the patient's visual acuity and the ability to recognize text and objects change. When the auditory nerve is involved in the pathological process, the patient's hearing acuity decreases, and if a certain part of the brain responsible for speech recognition is damaged, the ability to understand words is lost.

Convulsive syndrome. Episyndrome often accompanies brain tumors. This is due to the fact that the neoplasm compresses the structures of the brain, being a constant irritant of the cortex. This is precisely what provokes the development of a convulsive syndrome. Seizures can be tonic, clonic, and tonic-clonic. This manifestation of the disease is more common in young patients.

Autonomic disorders expressed by weakness, fatigue, instability of blood pressure and pulse.

Psycho-emotional instability manifested by impaired attention and memory. Often, patients change their character, they become irritable and impulsive.

Hormonal dysfunction appears with a neoplastic process in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis is made after questioning the patient, examining him, conducting special neurological tests and a set of studies.

If a tumor in the brain is suspected, a diagnosis should be made. For this, research methods such as skull radiography, CT, MRI with contrast are used. If any formations are detected, it is necessary to conduct a histological examination of tissues, which will help to recognize the type of tumor and build an algorithm for the treatment and rehabilitation of the patient.

In addition, the condition of the fundus is checked and electroencephalography is performed.

Treatment

There are 3 approaches to the treatment of brain tumors:

Surgical manipulations.
Chemotherapy.
Radiation therapy, radiosurgery.

Surgery

Surgery in the presence of brain tumors is a priority measure if the neoplasm is delimited from other tissues.

Types of surgical interventions:

total removal of the tumor;
partial removal of the tumor;
two-stage intervention;
palliative surgery (relieving the patient's condition).

Contraindications for surgical treatment:

severe decompensation on the part of organs and systems;
germination of the tumor in the surrounding tissues;
multiple metastatic foci;
exhaustion of the patient.

Contraindications after surgery

After the operation is prohibited:

drinking alcohol for a long time;
air travel within 3 months;
active sports with a possible head injury (boxing, football, etc.) - 1 year;
bath;
running (it is better to walk fast, it trains the cardiovascular system more effectively and does not create an additional depreciation load);
sanatorium treatment (depending on climatic conditions);
sunbathing, ultraviolet irradiation, because it has a carcinogenic effect;
healing mud;
vitamins (especially group B).

Chemotherapy

This type of treatment involves the use of special groups of drugs, the action of which is aimed at the destruction of pathological fast-growing cells.

This type of therapy is used in conjunction with surgery.

Methods of administration of drugs:

directly into the tumor or into surrounding tissues;
oral;
intramuscular;
intravenous;
intra-arterial;
interstitial: into the cavity left after removal of the tumor;
intrathecal: into the cerebrospinal fluid.

Side effects of cytostatics:

The choice of a specific drug for treatment depends on the sensitivity of the tumor to it. That is why chemotherapy is usually prescribed after a histological examination of the tissues of the neoplasm, and the material is taken either after surgery or in a stereotaxic way.

Radiation therapy

It has been proven that malignant cells due to active metabolism are more sensitive to radiation than healthy ones. That is why one of the methods of treating brain tumors is the use of radioactive substances.

This treatment is used not only for malignant, but also for benign neoplasms in the case of a tumor located in areas of the brain that do not allow surgical intervention.

In addition, radiation therapy is used after surgical treatment to remove the remnants of neoplasms, for example, if the tumor has grown into the surrounding tissues.

Side effects of radiation therapy

hemorrhage in soft tissues;
burns of the skin of the head;
skin ulceration.

toxic effects on the body of decay products of tumor cells;
focal hair loss at the site of exposure;
pigmentation, redness or itching of the skin in the area of manipulation.

Radiosurgery

It is worth considering separately one of the methods of radiation therapy, which uses the Gamma Knife or Cyber Knife.

This method of treatment does not require general anesthesia and craniotomy. Gamma Knife is a high-frequency gamma irradiation with radioactive cobalt-60 from 201 emitters that are directed in one beam, the isocenter. In this case, healthy tissue is not damaged. The method of treatment is based on a direct destructive effect on the DNA of tumor cells, as well as on the growth of squamous cells in the vessels in the neoplasm. After gamma irradiation, the growth of the tumor and its blood supply stops. To achieve the desired result, one procedure is required, the duration of which can vary from one to several hours.

This method is characterized by high accuracy and minimal risk of complications. Gamma Knife is used only for diseases of the brain.

This effect also applies to radiosurgery. Cyberknife is a type of linear accelerator. In this case, the irradiation of the tumor occurs in different directions. This method is used for certain types of neoplasms for the treatment of tumors not only of the brain, but also of other localization, i.e., it is more versatile than the Gamma Knife.

Rehabilitation

It is very important to be constantly on the alert after the treatment of a brain tumor in order to detect a possible recurrence of the disease in time.

Purpose of rehabilitation

The most important thing is to achieve the maximum possible restoration of lost functions in the patient and his return to everyday and working life independent of others. Even if the full revival of functions is not possible, the primary goal is to adapt the patient to the limitations that have arisen in him in order to make his life much easier.

The rehabilitation process should begin as early as possible to prevent a person from becoming disabled.

Recovery is carried out by a multidisciplinary team, which includes a surgeon, a chemotherapist, a radiologist, a psychologist, an exercise therapy doctor, a physiotherapist, an exercise therapy instructor, a speech therapist, nurses and junior medical staff. Only a multidisciplinary approach will provide a comprehensive quality rehabilitation process.

Recovery takes an average of 3-4 months.

adaptation to the consequences of the operation and to a new way of life;
restoration of lost functions;
learning certain skills.

For each patient, a rehabilitation program is drawn up and short-term and long-term goals are set. Short-term goals are tasks that can be completed in a short period of time, for example, learning to sit up on your own in bed. Upon reaching this goal, a new one is set. The setting of short-term goals divides the long process of rehabilitation into certain stages, allowing the patient and doctors to assess the dynamics of the condition.

It must be remembered that the disease is a difficult period for the patient and his relatives, because the treatment of tumors is a difficult process that requires a lot of physical and mental strength. That is why it is not worth underestimating the role of a psychologist (neuropsychologist) in this pathology, and his professional help is needed, as a rule, not only for the patient, but also for relatives.

Physiotherapy

Exposure to physical factors after surgery is possible, treatment in this case is symptomatic.

In the presence of paresis, myostimulation is used. with pain and swelling - magnetotherapy. Phototherapy is also often used.

The possibility of using laser therapy in the postoperative period should be discussed by the attending physicians and rehabilitation specialists. However, do not forget that the laser is a powerful biostimulator. So it should be used with extreme caution.

With the development of paresis in the limbs, a massage is prescribed. When it is carried out, the blood supply to the muscles, the outflow of blood and lymph improves, the joint-muscular feeling and sensitivity, as well as neuromuscular conduction, increase.

Therapeutic exercise is used in the preoperative and postoperative periods.

Before surgery, with a relatively satisfactory condition of the patient, exercise therapy is used to increase muscle tone, train the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
After surgery, exercise therapy is used to restore lost functions, form new conditioned reflex connections, and combat vestibular disorders.

In the first days after the operation, you can perform exercises in a passive mode. If possible, breathing exercises are performed to prevent complications associated with physical inactivity. In the absence of contraindications, you can expand the motor schedule and perform exercises in a passive-active mode.

After transferring the patient from the intensive care unit and stabilizing his condition, you can gradually verticalize him and focus on restoring lost movements.

In the absence of contraindications, it is possible to expand the motor regimen: transfer the patient to a standing position and begin to restore walking. Exercises with additional equipment are added to the therapeutic gymnastics complexes: balls, weights.

All exercises are performed to fatigue and without the occurrence of pain.

It is important to pay the patient's attention even to minimal improvements: the appearance of new movements, an increase in their amplitude and muscle strength. It is recommended to break the rehabilitation time into small intervals and set specific goals. Such a technique will allow the patient to be motivated and see their progress, since patients with the diagnosis in question are prone to depression and denial. Visible positive dynamics will help to realize that life is moving forward, and recovery is quite an achievable height.

2 COMMENTS

articles in general are very necessary and liked
but there are small errors

1 Physiotherapeutic treatment is based on the influence of not only natural factors on a living organism, but also preformed physical factors (physical factors - generated by physical equipment)
2 However, do not forget that the laser is a powerful biostimulant.
A very controversial postulate at low intensities, it penetrates rather shallowly, and at a wavelength of 630 nm (red) up to 3 mm into the skin. electromyostimulation more pronounced biostimulator

3 physiotherapy: quackery and reality I think a typo instead of and should be or
did not read other articles did not have time
4 it is desirable to have the surname of the author of the articles
sorry for those who disagree with my opinion

Associate Professor of the Department of Physiotherapy
Markarov Gavril Surenovich

As for laser therapy: 2. regarding the statement that the laser is a powerful biostimulator - the opinion is based not only on the personal experience of a specialist, but also on the conviction of such honored figures in medicine as Ushakov and Ponomarenko. This means not a stimulating effect on the neuromuscular apparatus, like electrical stimulation, but rather about catalysing reparative and regenerative processes in tissues.
Indeed, the red spectrum of the wave penetrates up to 3 mm, but infrared - up to 10 cm.

Craniotomy and hematoma surgery: consequences of surgery

Surgery trepanation of the skull for hematoma, strokes and removal of tumors

Stroke- this is a state of the so-called "emergency pathological deviation", having discovered which, it is necessary to provide assistance as soon as possible, which includes not only the fight against symptoms, but often surgical intervention. Such an ailment very often needs a surgical method of treatment, because it is not always possible to eliminate the cause with drugs.

A stroke affects the vessels of the brain, which can lead to unforeseen consequences, including paralysis, problems with speech, breathing, and even death.

If a stroke caused a rupture of a vessel and a hemorrhage in the brain, only trepanation gives a chance to save the patient. Only by getting directly to the source of the problem, you can qualitatively solve it.

Trepanation is resorted to on the basis of such studies:

Duplex ultrasound of vessels;
CT or MRI;
Angiography.

These technologies enable doctors to make the correct diagnosis, determine the location, extent of the lesion, and make a prognosis for the patient.

With tumors in the brain, it is very difficult to do without surgical intervention, even if it is benign. The neoplasm tends to increase in size, which will cause pressure on one of the parts of the brain.

No one can say for sure which function the tumor will disrupt and whether the process is reversible.
Trepanation with a tumor in the brain - a very common procedure by which the skull is opened, and the doctor gets access to the formation and cuts it out, trying to bypass healthy tissue as much as possible.

Now more and more establishments are switching to laser treatments. in which it is not even necessary to open the skull. But unfortunately, few hospitals, especially public ones, can afford such equipment.

brain hematoma- This is a pathology caused by the accumulation of blood in a limited area in the cranial cavity. Hematomas are divided by type, localization, and size, but they are all associated with rupture of blood vessels and hemorrhages.

Trepanation in this case is necessary in order to pump out blood, find a problem area, and bring it into proper shape. Bleeding can be stopped in other ways, but it is impossible to eliminate the consequences of what has already happened without plunging into the cranial cavity.

Rehabilitation after trepanation

Rehabilitation after such a serious intervention is aimed at restoration of functions damaged area and to improve the general condition of the patient.

This part is the final, and, one might say, the most important. Without necessary measures after surgery

full recovery is not possible. Moreover, the affected person may return to the condition that caused the problem.

Rehabilitation after trepanation is complex, and is aimed at consolidating the result of the operation and at neutralizing all kinds of negative consequences.

The main tasks of the rehabilitation period:

Neutralization of the cause. what caused the brain disease after the operation;
Smoothing the consequences surgical intervention;
Early identification of risk factors. which can lead to complications;
Maximum Recovery impaired brain functions.

The recovery process after trepanation is the most complex, which is why it consists of many successive stages, each of which is equally important. The duration of treatment and the technique may differ in each case.

The duration and outcome of the operation is influenced by many factors, including:

The initial state of health of the patient;
Physician experience;
Patient's age;
The presence of complications and concomitant diseases.

The main thing to remember for those who have survived such an operation or have a relative who has undergone trepanation is that stress and noise are an absolute contraindication.

The patient should not be overloaded in the first ten days, up to the moment the sutures are removed.

After this stage, it is necessary to gradually introduce more active measures along with drug treatment.

In addition to ensuring complete rest, it is necessary to take a number of such sequential measures:

Choose painkillers. Pain causes additional tension, which brings the patient back into the risk zone;
Antiemetics are part of the treatment, because due to violations of certain functions and increased sensitivity and susceptibility, the patient may suffer from bouts of vomiting and headache;
Regular physical therapy required and testing of brain functions;
weeklyconsultations with a psychologist and a neurologist. This stage is important, as it allows you to detect the slightest changes in consciousness or behavior, which is a signal of violations;
Testing neural connections of the brain;
Permanentkeeping the wound clean. monitoring the healing and disinfection processes;
Preventive measures to prevent the development of complications.

After 14-20 days of stay in the hospital ward under strict supervision, the patient is discharged and sent for secondary rehabilitation on an outpatient basis.

The full range of restorative procedures consists of:

control wound conditions;
complex various physiotherapy procedures;
recovery lost or damaged skills;
occupational therapy and other approaches;
exercise therapy and massages;
walks outside the hospital buildings;
control diet and lifestyle;
psychotherapy.

In addition, the patient is prescribed medications. which help to cope with the disease and its consequences from the inside.

It is imperative for patients to constantly maintain contact with the doctor, who must be contacted at the slightest deviation from the norm, which may be:

physical and mental (failures of thinking, logic, memory, motor processes and reactions, sensations);
inflammation and swelling of scars;
the appearance of regular headaches;
nausea and vomiting;
difficulty breathing;
convulsions and fainting;
facial numbness;
general weakness, chills, fever;
blurred vision;
chest pain.

When starting rehabilitation, you need to remember that even the right approach may not lead to a complete recovery, but it will teach you how to live with the problem in a quality manner, and gradually improve your condition.