Grapefruit essential oil how to use. Widespread use of grapefruit essential oil in aromatherapy. Application in hair care

Grapefruit essential oil is a very valuable product. It has an unusually fresh and tonic aroma, has an invigorating effect and helps to solve a lot of various problems. It is used in hair, face and body care, added to mixtures for inhalation, creams and aroma baths. Read on to learn more about the health benefits of grapefruit oil and how to use it.

Benefits of grapefruit essential oil

This pharmaceutical product has a very wide range of activities, ranging from cosmetic to medicinal properties. Its pleasant aroma stimulates the body, uplifts the mood, and the beneficial substances contained in it treat a whole range of diseases.

Grapefruit oil can be used to address the following issues:

As one of the elements of complex therapy in the treatment of diseases of the biliary and urinary tract.
To relieve stress and depression.
To stimulate the immune system.
To fight cellulite.
For hair restoration.
In skin and body care.
In the fight against excess weight.

Treatment of diseases with grapefruit oil

Due to its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties, this essential oil is very effective in the treatment of diseases of the liver and biliary tract. For the treatment of the gallbladder, 1-2 drops of oil are dropped into a teaspoon of liquid honey, mixed and taken twice a day before meals. In the case of a diseased liver, warm compresses with grapefruit oil are very effective. To do this, mix 5-7 drops of oil with a tablespoon of any vegetable oil (sunflower or olive), heat it up, soak a gauze or linen napkin. The compress is applied in the area of the right hypochondrium, covered with plastic wrap and insulated.

Grapefruit oil in the fight against cellulite and excess weight

To get rid of the notorious “orange peel” and extra centimeters on the waist and hips, you can use massages, baths or body wraps with grapefruit essential oil:

In the first case, massage cream before the procedure is mixed with oil in a ratio of 3:1 (3 parts of cream and 1 part of oil).
For wraps, you can use blue clay with the addition of grapefruit oil. For 100 g of clay we take 15 g of essential oil. Clay powder is first diluted with warm water to a creamy state, after which we add aroma oil to it. Apply the mixture to problem areas with cellulite and wrap with a film. Wash off after 20-30 minutes.
To prepare an aromatic and therapeutic bath, take a glass of milk, stir in it a spoonful of honey and 5 drops of grapefruit oil. The resulting cocktail is poured into a bath of warm water. The duration of such a procedure is no more than 15-20 minutes.

Skin and hair care

Grapefruit oil is most effectively used to combat increased oiliness of hair and skin. It also helps to restore damaged hair and give it shine and elasticity. To obtain a cosmetic effect, the oil is added to the usual preparations - creams, lotions and shampoos.

The following dosages are allowed:

for a fifty-gram jar of face cream, the optimal dose is 15-16 drops of oil;
essential oil is added to the shampoo at the rate of 5 drops per 15 grams of detergent.

When using grapefruit oil in treatment and aromatherapy, dosages should be strictly adhered to, since, among other things, it also has psychotropic properties. Therefore, if the prescription involves taking the drug orally, it is better to consult a doctor before using it.

Grapefruit oil is widely known as a tonic and sedative. The product occupies a special place in aromatherapy due to its gentle, slightly bitter, refreshing smell. In addition, the oil has a rich fortified composition and is saturated with substances useful for the body. It is widely used for cosmetic purposes, as well as for the treatment of certain diseases.

Grapefruit is a citrus tree that was grown by crossing an orange and an exotic pomelo fruit. Essential oil from the fruits of the new evergreen tree began to be extracted at industrial enterprises in the early nineties. Since then, the product has become very popular in perfumery, traditional medicine, cosmetology and aromatherapy.

Grapefruit peel is especially valuable. It is from it that the essential oil is made by cold pressing. The finished product retains all the useful components inherent in fresh fruit.

Grapefruit oil has a pleasant fruity flavor and a unique refreshing aroma, which contains sweet notes with a bitter undertone. In appearance it is transparent with a yellowish tinge. The consistency is homogeneous.

It is more difficult to obtain essential oil from grapefruit than from other citrus fruits, since at least fifty kilograms of peel is needed for half a liter of oily liquid. This circumstance affects the cost of the product. And in order to purchase high quality grapefruit oil, you need to be prepared for considerable costs. Its cost in pharmacies for twenty milligrams is more than three hundred rubles. Much cheaper oils are made by steam distillation.

The main part of the oily product is limonene, a hydrocarbon that is the source of a persistent citrus smell. In addition, grapefruit oil contains:

citral;
cadinene;
myrcene;
paradisiol;
alcohols - geraniol, linalool;
coumarins;
furocoumarins;
organic acids;
vitamins - A, B2, PP and C;
calcium;
potassium.

Due to such a rich composition, citrus essential oil is perfectly used in cosmetology and medicine.

Useful qualities

Grapefruit oily liquid is a good antiseptic. Also, the product has many properties useful for the human body:

psychotropic;
choleretic;
immunostimulating;
harmonizing;
diuretic;
anti-cellulite;
antimicrobial;
carminative.

Grapefruit essential oil is considered a good aphrodisiac. It helps to increase sexual desire in both men and women.

This citrus product has a number of medicinal actions:

lowers the level of cholesterol in the blood;
reduces pain in the head;
normalizes the work of the gallbladder and liver;
strengthens the immune defense of the body;
improves the functions of the digestive system;
stimulates metabolism;
increases muscle activity;
activates the endocrine system.

The oil is successfully used for prophylactic purposes in atherosclerosis. In addition, it has a beneficial effect on psycho-emotional functions:

improves mood, eliminates depression;
increases mental activity;
eliminates insomnia;
strengthens the nervous system.

The oily grapefruit peel product is also famous for its cosmetic properties:

removes rashes on the skin and prevents their appearance;
improves the functioning of the sebaceous glands;
eliminates cellulite;
smoothes wrinkles and makes the skin smooth and supple.

Grapefruit oil is the best assistant for oily hair care.

Grapefruit oil belongs to the group of essential oily products with high phototoxicity. Therefore, in order not to get burns on the skin, it is forbidden to use it during exposure to sunlight. In addition, the oil has several contraindications for its use:

it is not recommended to use on an empty stomach;
can not be used during pregnancy and lactation;
avoid contact with eyes;
do not take with individual intolerance to the product;
do not exceed the recommended dosage when taken orally.

Essential oil is a highly concentrated product that must be diluted with suitable base oils. Grapefruit oily liquid blends well with olive, almond, lemon, lavender, cypress and coconut oils.

Ways to use grapefruit oil, dosage

This citrus product is used for medicinal purposes inside. But it is not recommended to use it as an independent food component. It is best mixed with jam or honey. It is also good to add it to tea, juice, milk, yogurt, kefir, or simply dilute it with water.

For the prevention and treatment of ailments, two or three drops of oil per glass of liquid are used. You can just put a couple of drops on bread and eat. But we should not forget that self-treatment is very dangerous and carry out any therapeutic actions without medical advice.

Also, grapefruit oil, in addition to internal use, has a wide range of other beneficial effects on the body:

Such water procedures are used for obesity, cellulite, neurological disorders. Baths with grapefruit have a beneficial effect on the skin and are especially useful for people with high oily skin.

To prepare such an aromatic bath, you need to fill the immersion tank with water at a temperature of thirty-eight degrees and add six drops of essential oil mixed with sea salt. The duration of the procedure should not exceed thirty minutes. After taking a bath, dry yourself with a towel and put on warm clothes.

This therapeutic treatment requires four drops of grapefruit oil mixed with a carrier oil. An oily liquid made from peach or almonds works well for this. Massage cream is added to this mixture. The finished product is applied to the desired area of the body and a massage session is performed. The procedure is very useful for headaches, neurosis, depression. Grapefruit oil also prevents the appearance of stretch marks on the skin, eliminates cellulite.

To relieve pain in the head or other pain, special cold compresses from citrus essential oil are used. To do this, you need to dissolve three drops of grapefruit oil in one hundred milligrams of cold water. In such a liquid, a piece of gauze fabric is soaked, squeezed out a little and applied to the place that worries. It can be the neck, temples, or muscles in the arms or legs. The procedure is performed within twenty minutes.

Aromatherapy treatment with grapefruit oil is carried out to relieve fatigue, with neuralgic disorders, insomnia and obesity. For the procedure, it is necessary to pour hot water and two drops of essential oil into the container in the liquid lamp. Inhale the citrus aroma for no more than an hour. Subsequent sessions are carried out with an increase in the dosage of oil. The maximum serving of an essential product for a small room is seven drops. The aroma of grapefruit should not be rich and unbearable.

Ice

For oily facial skin and against acne, therapeutic ice is used. It is prepared with ten milligrams of milk, half a lemon juice, half a liter of mineral water and five drops of grapefruit essential oil. All components are mixed and frozen in special forms. Such pieces of ice wipe the face in the morning. This procedure is carried out within a minute.

It is very good to take a bath with the addition of a drop of an essential product or spend an hour in a room filled with citrus aroma at the end of a hard emotional day or after physical exertion.

Essential citrus product has not only a pleasant relaxing aroma. With it, you can restore healthy shine, strength and beauty to damaged hair. Also, a little of the grapefruit peel relieves dandruff and prevents its occurrence.

In order to heal your hair, you need to add a few drops of an essential oily liquid to your shampoo or hair balm and wash your hair regularly with this product. In addition, massage hair combing is often used with the addition of oil, which is applied previously to the comb.

An oily product made from the peel of a citrus fruit helps with several hair problems:

dandruff;
split ends;
oily hair;
dropping out;
dry spans.

To make hair obedient, fill it with shine and give a healthy look, it is recommended to use masks. They are made from a variety of useful ingredients with the addition of grapefruit oil. The most popular are several of these masks:

To strengthen hair. Three drops of an oily grapefruit product are mixed with the same amount of sage, rosemary and grape oil. The mixture is applied to the hair, and with the help of massage actions, the roots are rubbed. The head is covered with insulating material for an hour. After that, the product must be washed off, and the hair washed with shampoo.
Nourishing mask. Mix a spoonful of honey with egg yolk. To this mixture, add three drops of grapefruit and a spoonful of castor oil. The ingredients of the mask are slightly melted in a water bath. Warm liquid is rubbed into the roots and distributed along the entire length of the hair. To enhance the effect from above, the head should be covered with a towel for half an hour. The mask is washed off with shampoo and water.

The result of these funds is achieved after several applications.

Grapefruit is good for fighting cellulite on the skin. Baths, massage, body wraps using a mixture of a grapefruit oily product with basic essential oils are especially effective in eliminating such manifestations on the skin.

The ratio of essential substances should not exceed the ratio - fifteen milligrams of grapefruit peel oil and thirty milligrams of the base element. A glass container is used to connect the products. It is recommended to drip the oil first, which is used in smaller quantities.

Wraps are the best anti-cellulite treatment. They can be performed using such mixtures:

Three drops of grapefruit oil are mixed with a base of rosemary and mint. To this oily solution is added ten milligrams of apple cider vinegar and the same amount of water. The solution is applied to the body and wrapped for an hour.
Three large spoons of honey are combined with a glass of cocoa powder. Five drops of grapefruit oil and a spoonful of olive oil are added to this mixture. The mask is applied to the body and covered with a film and a warm cloth. The procedure takes forty minutes.
Black clay is diluted in water. Five drops of grapefruit oil and ten drops of an oily peach product are added to the solution. All components are mixed and used for wrapping, which takes thirty-five minutes.

Perfectly restores skin elasticity and eliminates cellulite formations massage with grapefruit oil mixed with a basic oily substance. To do this, take a massage mitt, drip on a mixture of oils and rub the problem areas of the skin in a circular motion. The procedure is carried out for forty minutes. For the first twenty minutes, you need to make movements in a circle in one direction. And the next twenty - in another.

An indispensable tool in the fight against eternal autumn colds and blues. It is the strongest natural antidepressant, its fresh fruity aroma uplifts, inspires self-confidence and arouses interest in life. In modern aromatherapy, grapefruit oil is valued for its tonic properties, in addition, it has a general tonic effect, has a positive effect on the nervous and digestive systems. In addition, it has the ability to reduce appetite, so it is used if necessary to lose extra pounds, as well as in the fight against cellulite and swelling.

grapefruit oil - an excellent antioxidant, which allows it to be successfully used in cosmetology. Grapefruit oil is part of many professional anti-aging products, however, it also gives a good result.

Depends on the end goal to be achieved.

Aroma baths.

The temperature of the bath should be 37-38 degrees.

Method 1: 5 drops of grapefruit essential oil are mixed with 1 tbsp. honey, sea salt or milk. Mix for good solubility in water. Then the resulting mixture is dissolved in a bath. It must be remembered that a large concentration of essential oil vapors can harm health. You can also not stay in the bath for more than 25-30 minutes. help to cure a runny nose, colds, get rid of pain in muscles and joints.

Method 2: To improve mood and strengthen immunity, an aromatic bath is best suited. Add 4-6 drops of natural grapefruit essential oil to a glass of milk, stir and pour into your bath. Such a bath will not only give you strength, but also make your skin soft and silky.

Grapefruit oil massage.

If you want to get rid of cellulite, it will help you. As far as drops, three to five will be enough, mix with oil - a base, such as olive, corn or almond. Massage is carried out depending on the necessary goals:,. It is desirable to carry out massage regularly, otherwise there will be no effect.

Oil burner.

The aroma lamp must be filled with water with 5 drops of grapefruit essential oil. To calculate the required amount, it is necessary to estimate the approximate area of \u200b\u200bthe room. For every 30 sq.m. it is necessary to dilute 10-14 drops of essential oil in 1 liter. The aromatherapy procedure should not be carried out more than 3 times a day.

Well, if you want to create a holiday atmosphere at home, light an aroma lamp and add 1-2 drops of grapefruit oil there. Bright, "New Year's" aroma will delight you and your loved ones.

Inhalation.

Does he feel that he is about to get sick, does it tickle in his throat and a runny nose begins? Then urgently do an inhalation with grapefruit oil. Add 2-3 drops to 1 liter of water into the inhaler and breathe for 10 minutes.

Compress.

The mixture for the compress is prepared at the rate of 300 ml of water for 7-9 drops of oil. The compress cloth is dipped in water with dissolved essential oil. Then you need to remove excess water and apply a compress to the problem area. To keep warm, you need to wrap the compress with cellophane and a woolen scarf or cloth. A compress with grapefruit oil is effective for bruises, injuries, colds, and respiratory diseases.

The use of essential grapefruit oil for cosmetic purposes.

In cosmetics, for example. , you can add 3-5 drops of oil per 10g of cosmetic.

Grapefruit oil is one of the most popular products in medicine and cosmetology. The oil is obtained from grapefruit seeds and the peel of the fruit. To produce 1 kg of butter, it is necessary to process more than 100 kg of raw materials.

The composition of the product includes a large number of vitamins and useful trace elements. As a rule, purchased seed oil has a fresh, cooling and slightly bitter aroma.

Grapefruit ester occurs in a golden or golden pink color. It is often used in aromatherapy and cosmetics.

The characteristic of grapefruit ether is expressed by a strong effect on the body during aromatherapy:

Oil is considered one of the strongest aphrodisiacs, adaptogens.
Grapefruit oil is a strong sedative. It is often prescribed to people suffering from depression.
The product is able to eliminate the inflammatory processes of the digestive system; relieves symptoms of diseases of the gallbladder, liver.
The use of aroma oil will be effective in improving blood circulation and fighting colds.
Reviews on the use of grapefruit seed oil indicate that the product is able to calm the nervous system, relieve depression, bringing a person into a state of mild euphoria.
The oil helps to restore the body of people who have undergone a complex operation or illness.
With it, you can improve appetite, strengthen the immune system, increasing the protective functions of the body to fight various infectious, viral diseases.
Reviews of experts say that if you regularly use grapefruit oil for aromatherapy, then this procedure will be the best prevention of atherosclerosis.
Grapefruit seed oil can be used to treat diseases of the digestive system - it can normalize metabolic processes, relieve heaviness and bloating of the stomach, improve the functioning of the gallbladder and liver.
Overweight people can include grapefruit ester in their diet. With its help, fat metabolism is normalized, appetite improves. With a properly formulated diet, grapefruit seed oil will help get rid of extra pounds.

In medicine, the product is often used to treat:

arthritis
hypertension;
arrhythmias;
pulmonary insufficiency;
purification of blood, lymph nodes;
hepatitis A.

In cosmetology

The product is considered one of the most important components of various masks for hair and skin.
Grapefruit essential oil for the face is used to tone the skin. It can improve the functioning of the sebaceous glands, narrow pores, get rid of age spots.
A mask based on grapefruit oil will help prevent acne, acne, pimples and various skin diseases.

Uses of grapefruit oil

Diseases of the liver, gallbladder

Grapefruit seed oil can be used at home, by ingestion or by making compresses, which alleviates the symptoms of liver and gallbladder diseases.

For oral administration, experts recommend mixing 2 drops of ether with 1 tbsp. l. honey.
If you need to make a compress, you need to moisten a piece of cloth in a mixture of 5 drops of grapefruit ether and 1 tbsp. l. vegetable oil.

The cloth moistened with the composition should be applied for 20 minutes on the body in the liver area, wrapping the compress with cling film on top.

Muscle pain, dermatitis

Aroma bath will help to relax muscles or get rid of skin diseases:

First you need to mix 5 drops of ether with 1 glass of milk, and then add the product to the bath. Bathing in such water should not take longer than 20 minutes.

The procedure will help to relax, relieve muscle pain, get rid of cellulite.

To enhance the effect of the bath, you can massage problem areas of the body.

For the procedure, you will need to mix 5-7 drops of ether with base oil.

Reviews of experts say that during a massage a person may feel a slight tingling, burning sensation for several minutes. Massage will help not only relax, but also enhance the metabolic processes of the skin.

Massage can be carried out using vacuum jars or massage cream.

juniper;
lemon
grapefruit.

If the procedure is carried out using jars, then the skin must be massaged in a circular motion from top to bottom. Thus, it is possible to stimulate the outflow of fluid and the division of fat cells.

Hair strengthening

To strengthen your hair or get rid of oily hair, you need to add 2 drops of essential oil to the shampoo.
Also, oil can be added to the composition of the mask, so that the hair becomes shiny and silky.
To prepare the mask, you need to mix 1 egg yolk, 5 drops of grapefruit ether and 1 tsp. honey. Then the mixture is applied evenly to the hair. Keep the mask for no longer than 15 minutes, and then remove with your usual shampoo.

Precautionary measures

It is not recommended to consume grapefruit oil on an empty stomach.
During pregnancy, grapefruit seeds and its oil can alleviate toxicosis; however, it must be used carefully so as not to cause an allergic reaction in the mother and fetus.
Inside, you can not use more than 3 drops during the day.
If the oil is used for internal use, it must be mixed with emulsifiers (honey, milk) to prevent irritation of the mucous membrane.
It is not recommended to use oil for heartburn.
Essential oils of citrus should not be used 1 hour before going outside.
The use of oil in case of individual intolerance is strictly prohibited.

Grapefruit oil is considered an important product in medicine and cosmetology. It is widely used for the preparation of skin and hair care products, and the treatment of many diseases.

It should be noted that even indoor grapefruit can be used to make ether. The resulting product will have the same useful properties.

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Grapefruit oil is considered to be "young", but in terms of scope and benefits, it is not inferior to other oils. It is widely used in cosmetology, aromatherapy, treatment of diseases. The essential oil of this citrus is used both in its pure form and as part of various mixtures. Good for skin and hair.

Grapefruit oil. Beneficial features

Grapefruit oil has various properties. It belongs to Jupiter, therefore it helps to establish a connection with the world around, achieve high results, learn to perceive one's own personality normally. Able to improve mood, eliminate irritability, anger.

It is a highly effective antidepressant that fights depression, stress, and depressive states. The oil helps to increase brain activity, eliminate drowsiness in the morning.

Grapefruit oil has all the useful, soothing qualities: antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, relieving spasms. In aromatic therapy, it is actively used to eliminate and prevent disorders in the gallbladder, in the form of a diuretic and choleretic agent that removes toxins. Reduces cholesterol.

Having received all the useful qualities of the fruit, the oil helps to normalize the balance of fat, the functioning of the glands, whiten the skin, and narrow the pores. This is a wonderful tool for combating overweight, it is able to purify the blood, lymph, increase immunity.

Grapefruit oil. Application

The scope of grapefruit oil is as follows:

disinfection and aromatization of rooms. To do this, 10 drops of oil must be added to an aromatic lamp or air purifier;
for a warm bath, mix 10 drops with milk or honey, pour into water;
for a relaxing massage, 4-6 drops are mixed with a spoonful of regular oil;
to improve the properties of cosmetics 3-7 drops per 100 ml of the product, and for shampoo 3-5 drops per 10 ml;
for steam baths, drip into the water no more than 10 drops. The duration of the procedure is 10-15 minutes.

Like all citrus esters, grapefruit oil should be used with caution in clear weather. Sun burns on the skin.

grapefruit oil for hair

Concentrated grapefruit oil is a popular hair care ingredient. Provides prevention of hair loss, gives shine and vitality to curls. It is not difficult to achieve such results, it is enough to regularly use it to massage the scalp, add it to shampoos, masks, rinses.

To give strength and increase density, there is this recipe: in 1 tbsp. vegetable oils pour in 5 drops of grapefruit ether. Rub into the skin with massaging movements, warm the head for 10 minutes. This will give health to curls and activate growth. If you are not a fan of massage, then just drop a little oil into your shampoo. For those with sensitive skin, be careful.

There is a recipe for an effective mask for strengthening and regenerating hair: 1 yolk, 1 tsp. and honey. Pour in 5 drops of grapefruit ether. Spread over the entire length of the hair and keep for half an hour.

grapefruit oil for skin

In cosmetology, grapefruit oil, peel, pulp and juice of the fruit are also useful for the skin. Masks based on this are suitable for oily and normal skin types, moisturizing the decollete area.

The most effective recipe for these skin types is to add oil to blue clay or almond oil, about 5 drops. Remember that you can not cover the skin around the eyes with a mask.

For those who do not like to waste time, the oil of this fruit can be added to the daily cream, no more than 5 drops for the whole jar, mix thoroughly. You can use it every day, it will not cause dryness. But then it is important to stop using masks with this oil, or repeat them no more than once every 7 days. Besides time, this way to save money. The cream requires less oil than masks, and real oil is not cheap.

In addition to combating the production of excess sebum, grapefruit can lighten the skin. Mix 2 drops of citrus oil and sea buckthorn oil. Apply along massage lines. This will improve blood flow to the skin. Wash off with cool water.

Other uses for grapefruit oil

As already mentioned, grapefruit oil can be used to improve the effectiveness of the cream. For this, various concentrated oils are suitable. For areas of skin with excess oil content, a composition of 2 drops of bergamot oil, 1 drop of lemon balm oil and 3 drops of mentioned citrus oil is suitable. Pour the mixture into 10 ml of any cream.

If you are worried that pores are very visible on your face, then drop a drop of grapefruit, chamomile and lemon oils into the cream. To give tone, you can add citrus oil, ylang-ylang and patchouli.

Many people with the advent of spring suffer from the appearance of irregular pigmentation, freckles. A base massage blend with 3 drops of citrus, rosewood and 4 drops of ginger oil to help brighten skin.

Experts advise periodically pampering the skin with baths. They are made as follows: 0.5 l of water is poured drop by drop of bergamot oils, lemon mint, 2 drops of grapefruit oil. The recipe will help owners of oily skin.

If you like masks, then you should not refuse such pleasure. For problem skin: honey, water and alcohol are mixed together in proportions 4:1:1. 2 drops of grapefruit ether and tea tree are added here. Before applying the mask, prepare the skin with a hot compress, leave it for 3 minutes. The mask itself lasts no more than 20 minutes. The skin gains elasticity, the tone of the face improves.

For those who are prone to depression and depression, it is useful to lie in a warm bath with the addition of 4 drops of grapefruit and bergamot ether. To get a boost of energy, a mixture of rosemary and grapefruit oils is effective.

Those who wage war against cellulite are supported by anise, mint, vetiver and grapefruit esters. The first oils need 1 drop, and citrus - 4. All ingredients are poured into 100 g of sea salt and rubbed into skin areas that require correction.

If you have overly oily hair that becomes stale within a few hours, then aromatherapy products will come to the rescue here too. Just 3 drops of oil per 10 ml of shampoo will get rid of the problem.

Grapefruit oil is also popular in the household. It can be useful not only in cosmetology. If you urgently need to wash the stove from burnt milk or coffee, which “ran away” at the wrong time, then add a couple of drops of this oil to the heated water. Nothing will remain of the terrible traces.

As you can see, this miracle cure can help in the fight against many problems. The main thing is the correct dosage and compliance with the frequency of use. Remember that for those with sensitive skin or allergies to citrus fruits, grapefruit oil is contraindicated. Also, always perform a sensitivity test before use.

January 11, 2014, 11:40 am