Beli - female discharge norm and deviation. Causes and nature of normal discharge in women

Each representative of the fair sex should ask the question: "What should be the normal discharge in women?" After all, they can already determine the state of women's health. Every woman can see a small amount of discharge on her underwear every day, and this is considered quite normal. However, in some cases, this may indicate the presence of serious pathologies and abnormalities in the body. From this article, you will learn about what normal discharge should be in women, as well as what indicates the presence of pathologies. Read the information provided carefully in order to protect and arm yourself as much as possible.

What should be the normal discharge in women?

The body of each representative of the weaker sex is individual, therefore, the discharge will differ in appearance, as well as in other characteristics. However, there are common features that are characteristic of all healthy women. Consider the main characteristics:

• The daily amount of discharge should not exceed five milliliters. It is impossible to accurately determine their volume, however, approximate results can be obtained using a daily pad. The diameter of the spot from the discharge on it should not exceed one and a half centimeters.
• It is also very important to pay attention to their consistency. If the woman is healthy, then they will look like egg white or mucus. However, they should be thick enough. However, on some days of the cycle, as well as during pregnancy and sexual arousal, they can become excessively liquid. In these situations, this is also not a pathology.
• Very many representatives of the beautiful half of humanity are interested in the question: "What should be the normal discharge in women?" It is also important to pay attention to their structure. They should not be cheesy or flaky. Only a small amount of thick seals are allowed.
• Another indicator of discharge is smell. In the normal state, it should be slightly acidic, since the environment of the vagina is precisely acidic, or they should not have any smell at all.

Normal discharge in women by day of the cycle

As you know, little girls do not have vaginal discharge. They begin to appear only when the girl's hormonal background begins to return to normal. It should be borne in mind that throughout the entire menstrual cycle, the amount of discharge, their color and consistency will change. This is not a pathology, so you should not worry about this. The main thing is to study what secretions accompany the main phases of the cycle.

Changes in the phases of the menstrual cycle occur due to changes in the level of female hormones in the blood. The most common menstrual cycle for women is 28 days. Based on this, we will consider what changes will occur in the female body:

• Usually from the first to the 12th day after the end of menstruation, the first phase of the menstrual cycle begins. During this period, there is a small amount of discharge, painted in a whitish or yellowish color. In this case, the state is considered the norm when a small amount of small white lumps appears in the mucus. The normal smell of discharge in women is considered sour.
• From the 13th to the 15th day of the cycle, ovulation occurs. In this case, the amount of discharge can increase significantly in a woman, while they will be very viscous. can be transparent, white, and even with a cream or beige tint.

• The end of the cycle falls on the 16-20th day. During this time period, the amount of mucus produced is reduced, while in consistency it becomes similar to jelly. What color is normal discharge in women in this case? In the period after ovulation, leucorrhoea can be transparent, white and yellowish. Gradually, brown whites also appear, which are evidence that menstruation is coming.

Why do women need discharge?

The most basic task of the mucus produced by the female vagina is to protect the vagina itself, as well as the uterus, from the penetration of foreign pathogens. In addition, mucus will protect the vagina from drying out and cleanse the birth canal. She is also able to make sexual intercourse comfortable, which will contribute to a successful conception. If vaginal discharge is not produced in sufficient quantities, this can lead to infection of the female reproductive system, as well as to painful sensations during sexual intercourse.

What is included in the extracts?

Each representative of the fair sex should know what kind of discharge from women is considered normal, as well as what is included in their composition.

First of all, their main component is mucus, which is formed by the cervical canal. It provides reliable protection of the cervix from infectious microorganisms. The secretions also include constantly renewing epithelial tissue cells lining the surface of the uterus.

Do not forget about the special microflora of the vagina. The composition of mucus includes a large number of various microorganisms, including pathogens. If the woman's immune system fails, then the pathogenic microflora begins to multiply rapidly, and this leads to the occurrence of infectious and inflammatory processes. However, the main part of the microflora are lactic acid bacteria, which provide a sour smell.

What drives change?

Photos of normal discharge in women indicate that leucorrhea can have a different color and consistency. We have already mentioned that these parameters change depending on the phase of the cycle. They can also change when infected with infectious diseases or for a number of other reasons. Consider what can affect the state of the discharge.

• If a woman is just starting to have sex or changes her partner, then a completely unfamiliar microflora penetrates into her vagina (we will consider only non-pathogenic microflora). What color of discharge in women is considered normal in this case? When changing a partner, the amount of discharge may increase, as well as their consistency and even color. All this is considered normal.
• The very same sexual intercourse contributes to the development of special secretions. After intercourse without using a barrier method of contraception, the discharge looks like clots, painted white or yellowish. However, within a few hours, their condition will return to normal.
• The secretions and hormonal contraceptives taken by the fairer sex also change. Such drugs act by inhibiting ovulation and changing hormonal levels. So, against the background of their use, the amount of discharge will be significantly reduced. The same thing happens during breastfeeding. As soon as this process ends, the secretions begin to be produced as before, according to the phases of the cycle.

• Photos of normal secretions in a woman during pregnancy indicate that during this period, the production of mucus increases significantly in the fairer sex. This is due to the fact that blood circulation in the genital area is significantly accelerated. But in the last three months of pregnancy, the volume of secretions increases even more. This usually indicates the imminent onset of childbirth.

How to determine the presence of diseases?

In fact, quite often women themselves influence the change in the microflora of the vagina. You can influence her condition by not observing the rules of personal hygiene, as well as by frequent douching with special solutions or even plain water. The vagina is able to clean itself on its own. Consider what can lead to self-cleaning problems of this organ:

• Prolonged use of antibacterial drugs.
• Treatment with hormonal medications. This also includes the use of hormonal contraceptives.
• The presence of advanced stages of diabetes mellitus.
• Problems with the immune system.

Please note that even transparent and white discharge may indicate the presence of pathologies. Therefore, go to the gynecologist regularly and do not hide from him what worries you. Consider what the presence of secretions of one color or another may indicate.

Transparent highlights

It is very important to understand what kind of discharge in women is normal and abnormal. At first glance, transparent discharge is considered the most harmless. However, even clear mucus may indicate the presence of pathogenic processes. So, an excessive amount of clear mucus may indicate the presence of inflammatory processes in the appendages and endometrium. If the disease has already managed to go into an advanced stage, then the presence of blood clots in the clear mucus is not excluded. In this case, the discharge will have an extremely unpleasant smell of rotten fish.

White discharge

Normal and abnormal discharge in women can be white. Most often, the fact that a woman is healthy is evidenced by white discharge. However, they can also be evidence of the presence of pathological processes. How to distinguish normal white discharge from abnormal?

Be sure to consult a gynecologist if the white discharge has a curdled consistency, is released in a very large amount, and also smells extremely unpleasant. Moreover, their occurrence is usually accompanied by itching and redness of the external genitalia. In fact, there are simply a huge number of causes of white pathological discharge. Consider the most common of them:

• in the first place it is worth putting thrush or candidiasis;

• also, white discharge may indicate infection, an unhealthy lifestyle, the use of hormone therapy, or a lack of timely hygiene;
• white discharge may indicate the presence of pathologies such as colpitis or adnexitis.

Discharge with blood

Every woman should know what normal discharge looks like in women. Blood in the secretions is usually considered a serious pathology. The only exception is the state before the onset of menstruation. If a woman has daily scarlet or brown discharge, then this may indicate the presence of a very serious illness. Consider what kind of pathologies can lead to the occurrence of spotting:

• cervical erosion;
• the presence of benign and malignant neoplasms;
• the presence of inflammatory processes in the endometrium;
• the presence of polyps.

In addition, bleeding can also be observed after an abortion, miscarriage, with improper use of hormonal medications, and for a number of other reasons. It is very important not to self-medicate and consult a gynecologist in a timely manner.

Presence of yellow and green discharge

It is very important to figure out which discharge is normal in women. There are a large number of sexually transmitted diseases that can change the color and consistency of mucus. Consider the most common of these diseases:

• Many women are faced with such a pathology as trichomoniasis. The disease is accompanied by a profuse discharge of yellowish and greenish frothy mucus, which has a disgusting smell of rotten fish.
• With inflammatory processes in the ovaries or fallopian tubes, a yellowish liquid is formed, which simply flows out of the vagina in a very large amount. At the same time, the normal smell of discharge in women is absent.
• The vagina itself may also be infected. At first, mucus is secreted as before, and only gradually its production begins to increase rapidly. But very serious symptoms can begin to occur only a year after infection.
• Gonorrhea is considered a very unpleasant and dangerous disease. It is characterized by the presence of copious secretions of a yellow-green color, accompanied by a fetid odor.

Pap smear at the gynecologist

Every woman should undergo a preventive examination by a gynecologist twice a year. At the same time, it is very important to take a smear, which allows you to determine the state of the female microflora. First of all, the doctor will take a general smear, with which you can determine the purity of the vagina. With its help, you can determine the state of the epithelial cells, as well as identify diseases that arise due to the presence of pathogenic microflora. Such diseases include thrush, vaginitis, vaginosis and others.

If necessary, the doctor will take a smear for hidden infections, as well as oncology.

Usually, the procedure for taking a smear is painless. Only in some cases, it can lead to mild discomfort. A smear is taken from the cervix using a brush or a sterile cotton swab.

How to restore the microflora of the vagina?

Very often, pathological discharge in women occurs due to a disturbed microflora of the vagina. If other reasons are to blame for the change in secretions, it is very important to identify them and not self-medicate. In any case, visit a gynecologist. He will take all diagnostic measures and prescribe the most optimal treatment for you.

With disturbed microflora, you need to pay attention to your lifestyle. Stop taking alcoholic beverages, start eating right and consume as many dairy products as possible.

Avoid douching completely. This will further exacerbate your problem. Better use herbal suppositories. Chamomile and calendula will produce a wonderful anti-inflammatory effect and gradually bring the microflora back to normal.

Follow all the rules of personal hygiene, if possible, refuse to use hormonal contraceptives, and you will notice how the mucus in your vagina will acquire the desired color and consistency.

conclusions

White discharge in women is normal, provided that they have the right consistency. Pay close attention to your health. Vaginal discharge is an indicator of women's health. If you notice any deviations in color, consistency or smell, immediately go to the gynecologist, because they may indicate the presence of very serious pathologies. Don't forget that your health is in your hands. Only you are responsible for its condition. Therefore, take care of yourself, take care of yourself and take care of yourself, and then your body will begin to take care of you. Any disease is much easier to prevent than to treat. This should be one of the main rules in your life. Take care of yourself and be healthy!

The genitals of a woman secrete a secret, its quantity and quality shows whether there are violations in the body and how well the reproductive system functions. If the discharge in women exceeds the norm or has an unusual color, smell or texture, you need to urgently contact a gynecologist - you have a problem!

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Unusual discharge is the main reason women visit a gynecologist. And this is understandable - such a symptom is difficult not to notice, especially if the discharge is accompanied by an unpleasant odor and an unusual color.

What discharge between periods is considered normal

Female discharge normally consists of cervical mucus, dead cells of the mucous membrane, fluid (secretion) secreted by the glands of the vagina, lactic acid. In the secretions of a healthy woman, lactic acid bacteria (Doderlein sticks), a small amount of cocci and other microorganisms that are not harmful are found. Normally, vaginal discharge is slightly acidic. Such an environment does not allow pathogenic microbes to multiply.

The main function of normal female secretions is to protect the uterus and vagina from infections and to moisturize the inner surface of the organ. In a healthy girl, the first discharge begins shortly before the onset of menstruation. The amount and characteristics of vaginal discharge are affected by the hormonal background of the body, sexual activity, the stage of the menstrual cycle and the state of the internal genital organs - the uterus, ovaries, appendages.

On the Internet, on forums, you can often find information that women should not have noticeable discharge between periods. Since they are excreted and absorbed in equal volume. In practice, this is certainly not the case - most healthy women note the discharge.

What does normal discharge look like in women

The secretions of a healthy woman are like mucus without a strong odor and not too plentiful. They lubricate and cleanse the mucosa, protecting it from drying out and irritation.

Immediately after the end of menstruation, the discharge is scarce, then their number increases. Before the onset of ovulation (up to 12-16 days), they are transparent, watery, then become more cloudy and viscous. The amount of discharge for each woman is individual. The discharge increases with stress, sexual arousal and pregnancy. Bakes up to 2 ml of whiter per day. An increase in the volume of secretions during the period of ovulation means that the egg is ready for fertilization. This occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle and helps determine the maximum chance of conceiving a child.

In different situations, normal vaginal discharge from a woman can have a different structure, consistency and color. Here's what they are:

• Mucous discharge of a transparent color.
• Creamy discharge in a small amount (in the second half of the cycle, after the period of ovulation).
• Abundant jelly-like discharge without color and odor (before the onset of menstruation).
• Whitish or yellow discharge with small clots (after sex without a condom).
• Profuse white discharge (morning after unprotected sex).
• Bloody discharge (during menstruation).
• Smearing discharge of a dark color (while taking contraceptives.
• Liquid discharge of a light shade that does not cause discomfort (during pregnancy).

With illness, the composition and volume of secretions change. Discharge in women become profuse, fetid with a yellow, green and reddish tint. Beli irritate the mucous membranes and skin of the perineum. If such symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor and take a smear for STDs and vaginal flora.

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Pathological leucorrhea and age

In childhood and adolescence, profuse leucorrhoea is caused by helminthic invasions, allergies, hormonal disruptions, and abnormal development of the genital organs. With the irrational use of antibiotics in girls, thrush occurs. In 30% of cases, purulent discharge is caused by an infection that has entered the genital tract with blood or lymph flow. In children, there are cases of household infection with STDs.

In childbearing age, among the causes of leucorrhoea, infections (60-70%) caused by cocci, protozoa and Candida fungi are in the lead. It is not uncommon for tumors that cause mild discharge, which women mistake for thrush or allergies. Allocations increase during pregnancy and after childbirth. This is a variant of the norm that does not require treatment.

Abundant vaginal secretion during menopause and menopause is often caused by oncopathology or precancer. Therefore, when it occurs, you need to be examined by a gynecologist. At this age, leucorrhea is often caused by prolapse (omission) of organs and atrophy of the mucosa.

Types of discharge with signs of pathology

There are the following types of secretions:

• Vaginal . They are present in any healthy woman. If their number and volume increase, then it is likely that there are diseases associated with the genitourinary system in the body, for example, colpitis. To accurately determine the cause, you need to take a smear from the vagina for research.
• Vestibular. These secretions are most often white in color and are a symptom of inflammation of the vulva and glands.
• Pipe . This is the rarest group of secretions associated with inflammation of the fallopian tubes.
• Cervical . As the name implies, they are formed due to erosion, polyps and other inflammatory processes in the cervix.
• Royal . They are caused by fibroids, malignant tumors, inflammation of the uterine mucosa.

It is very important to determine the source of discharge, and only a gynecologist can do this.

Photo: discharge in women - normal and pathological

Table: types of discharge in women with diseases of the genital area

Features of female discharge with dangerous signs

Distinguish discharge by consistency, abundance and color. These signs allow you to determine the presence in the body of a certain gynecological disease.

• Natural discharge between periods has the consistency of colorless, odorless mucus. If they turn yellow, green or curdled and are accompanied by purulent discharge, then this is already an alarm signal indicating an infection.
• Allocations of dark, pinkish hues or with impurities of blood indicate a hormonal failure in the body or erosion of the cervix.
• The most life-threatening women are considered brown or pink spotting, especially if they appear during pregnancy. Seek medical attention immediately, especially if the discharge is accompanied by the following symptoms: headache and abdominal pain, palpitations, weakness and low blood pressure, thready pulse, profuse sweating, pale skin.

Many diseases, incl. and STDs are asymptomatic. There are discharges with them, but they are not pathological in nature and look like normal ones. If the disease passes in a latent form, then it is almost impossible to diagnose it independently due to the absence of characteristic manifestations. Pathology can be detected at a routine examination. To do this, a woman should be examined by a gynecologist at least 2 times a year and take a smear, which will determine the presence of hidden diseases at the initial stage.

Detailed signs of pathological discharge

They are called pathological if they are a symptom of inflammation, tumors of the genital organs and STIs (genital infections). In a healthy woman, discharge cannot cause burning, discomfort, itching, irritation, and other unpleasant sensations. A smear on the microflora will show the number of leukocytes within the normal range, not increased.

Symptoms of pathological discharge requiring urgent diagnosis and treatment:

• Brown, pink, or bloody discharge at any time outside of menses.
• The usual amount of menstrual blood changes: it becomes less, more. Periods pass with pain or disappear altogether.
• Abundant discharge of white, green, yellow, dark shades, uncharacteristic of the menstrual cycle.
• Discharge, accompanied by itching, pain in the abdomen and an unpleasant odor.

If streaks of blood and clots appear in the vaginal discharge, and the whites become like meat slops, you need to urgently contact a gynecologist, take smears, blood and urine tests, and do an ultrasound. These are formidable symptoms indicating a high probability of a cancerous tumor.

It is important to understand that the cause of the discharge may not necessarily be a disease of the reproductive system. They can also be caused by other types of pathologies that have no connection with the genitals. But in any case, the examination should begin with a gynecologist.

Table: discharge from women, indicating diseases

At the slightest suspicion of pathological discharge, you should immediately seek advice from a gynecologist to determine their cause. By the appearance of the discharge, you can determine which symptom of a gynecological disease they are.

It should be remembered that blood after intercourse in combination with abdominal pain is not the norm and requires an immediate visit to the gynecologist. A visit to the doctor is also necessary a week after the abortion for an ultrasound scan, regardless of the presence of discharge.

Beli is a consequence of pathological secretion of the genital organs and a manifestation of the disease of various parts of the female reproductive system. It is important to establish the source of increased secretion.

Types of discharge in women

There are vestibular, vaginal, cervical, uterine and tubal leucorrhoea.

Vestibular leucorrhoea is usually mucous, most often caused by inflammation of the vulva or large glands. The secret of the sebaceous and sweat glands can accumulate in the folds of the vulva, which leads to irritation. Vestibular leucorrhea is relatively rare.

Vaginal discharge is more common. A small amount of liquid content (0.5 - 1 ml) contained in the vagina of healthy women is a transudate from the blood and lymphatic vessels of the subepithelial layer and the secret of the glands of the cervix, is absorbed by the vaginal mucosa, due to which healthy women do not notice vaginal discharge .

With a massive introduction of pathogenic microbes into the vagina, violations of hormonal and immune homeostasis, the biocenosis of the vagina is disturbed and vaginal discharge appears.

The cause of the appearance of vaginal discharge can also be extragenital diseases (pulmonary tuberculosis, acute infectious diseases, hyperthyroidism), the course of which is accompanied by a decrease in the hormonal function of the ovaries and changes in the vaginal mucosa. Increased "secretion" of the vagina is sometimes due to local infection, helminthic invasion, the presence of a foreign object in the vagina (often in children), prolapse of the genital organs, the formation of urogenital and enterogenital fistulas.

Vaginal discharge also appears as a result of mechanical (frequent intercourse, foreign objects), chemical (irrational use of chemical contraceptives), thermal (douching with hot solutions), and allergic factors.

Distinguished by nature:

• purulent (gonorrhea, nonspecific bacterial infection, ureoplasmosis),
• cheesy (infection with yeast fungi of the genus Candida, thrush),
• foamy (trichomoniasis, anaerobic microflora),
• mucous membranes (viral infection),
• mucopurulent or serous-purulent (chlamydia) vaginal discharge.

Allocations are:

• odorless (ureoplasmosis, chlamydia, viral infection),
• with a sour smell (yeast mushrooms)
• or the smell of rotten fish (anaerobic infection).

Hyperproduction of the secretion of the glands of the cervix is ​​the cause of the appearance of cervical whites with endocervicitis of various etiologies, erosions, ruptures, polyps, cancer, cervical tuberculosis and other processes, accompanied by a violation of the secretion of the cervical glands and the introduction of pathogenic microflora. Unlike vaginal, cervical whites are thick and depend on the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Uterine leucorrhoea due to endometritis, submucosal fibroids, mucosal polyps, malignant tumors, the presence of foreign objects in the uterus or intrauterine contraceptives.

Tubal leucorrhoea is observed relatively rarely and is the result of periodic secretion that has accumulated in the fallopian tube. Among the causes of tubal leucorrhea are malignant neoplasms, inflammatory diseases of the fallopian tubes, accompanied by the formation of hydro- or pyosalpinx. For tubal whites, periodicity is characteristic, the appearance in the first phase of the menstrual cycle.

Vaginal discharge can be described in terms of:

Consistencies (thick, pasty, watery)
Colors (clear, cloudy, bloody (brown), white, yellow, green)
Odor (normal, odorless, unpleasant odor)

Some vaginal discharge is normal, especially during childbearing years. These secretions may be white or yellowish when exposed to air. These are normal variations.

The amount of mucus produced by the cervical glands changes during the menstrual cycle. It depends on the amount of estrogen circulating in the body. Vaginal discharge that differs in color, smell, consistency, or increases or decreases significantly in size may indicate hidden problems - infections.

Causes of increased vaginal discharge (lubrication)

It must be remembered that an increase in the volume of whites is considered physiological in the following cases:

• in connection with the menstrual cycle (on the eve and in the first days after menstruation) due to hyperemia, increased permeability of the vascular wall, increased blood supply and congestion in the pelvic area;
• during pregnancy due to the plethora of pelvic organs, congestive hyperemia and loosening of the tissues of the genital organs,
• during intercourse, as a result of a sharp change in hemodynamics in the small pelvis, especially at the time of orgasm, since blood flow to the genitals increases, cervical mucus is pushed out, and secretion of the glands of the vestibule of the vagina increases.

The following situations can increase the amount of normal vaginal discharge:

• emotional stress
• Ovulation (production and release of an egg from the ovary in the middle of the menstrual cycle
• Pregnancy
• sexual arousal

The appearance of unusual vaginal discharge may be due to:

• Atrophic vaginitis (seen in women who have gone through menopause and have low estrogen levels)
• Bacterial vaginosis (BV) - The number of bacteria that normally live in the vagina decreases, resulting in a gray discharge and a fishy odor that worsens after intercourse. BV is not usually transmitted sexually.
• Cancer of the cervix or vagina (rare)
• Desquamative vaginitis and lichen planus
• Forgotten swab or foreign body
• Other infections and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Measures to prevent discharge

To help prevent and treat vaginal discharge:

• Keep your genitals clean and dry.
• Don't shower too often. While many women feel cleaner if they shower after their period or intercourse, it can worsen vaginal discharge because the water removes beneficial vaginal bacteria that exist to protect against infection. Vaginal douching can also lead to infection in the uterus and fallopian tubes and is never recommended.
• Eat live culture yogurt or take Lactobacillus acidophilus tablets when you are on antibiotics to avoid a yeast infection.
• Use condoms to avoid contracting or spreading STIs.
• Avoid using feminine hygiene sprays, perfumes, or powders in the genital area.
• Avoid wearing very tight pants or shorts, which can cause irritation.
• Cotton underwear should be worn. Avoid wearing silk or nylon underwear as these materials are not very absorbent and restrict airflow. This can increase sweating in the genital area, which can cause irritation.
• Use pads, not tampons, during your period.
• Keep your blood sugar under good control if you have diabetes.

Please note that if vaginal discharge is due to a sexually transmitted disease, your sexual partner(s) should also be tested, even if they are asymptomatic. Failure to test a partner can lead to repeated infections and pelvic inflammatory disease or infertility.

When to see a doctor urgently

Call your doctor right away if you have vaginal discharge as well as:

• Fever or pain in the pelvis or abdomen.
• You have had a sexual partner with gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other STIs.
• If you have increased thirst and appetite, unexplained weight loss, increased frequency of urination, or tiredness, this could be a sign of diabetes.

Urgent consultation is also necessary if:

A child who has not yet reached puberty has vaginal discharge.
You think that the discharge may be the result of treatment - an allergy.
You are concerned that you may have an STI.
Your symptoms get worse or last longer than a week despite home care.
You have ulcers or other damage to your vagina or vulva (external genitalia).
You feel a burning sensation when urinating or other symptoms of urinary problems - you may have a urinary tract infection.

Medical history issues that are relevant for diagnosis:

When did the changes or abnormal vaginal discharge start?
Do you have the same amount and type of vaginal discharge for a month?
What are the discharges (color and texture)?
Is there a smell?
Do you have pain, itching or burning?
Does your sexual partner also notice discharge?
Do you have multiple sexual partners or sexual partners that you know recently?
What type of contraception do you use?
Do you use condoms?
Is there a remedy that reduces discharge?
Do you have other symptoms such as abdominal pain, vaginal itching, fever, vaginal bleeding, rash, genital warts, or lesions or changes in urination such as difficulty, pain, or blood?
What medications are you taking?
Do you have allergies?
Have you recently changed the detergents or soaps you normally use?
Do you often wear very tight clothing?
When was your last Pap smear (PAP)? Have you had abnormal smears before?

Diagnostic tests that may be performed include:

Culture (smear culture) of the cervix
Analysis of vaginal discharge under a microscope
Pap smear (PAP)

Treatment of vaginal discharge

Treatment depends on the underlying disease. Suppositories or creams and antibiotics may be prescribed. Medicines taken by mouth may be needed to treat certain fungi or trichomoniasis infections. Your sexual partner may also need treatment.

Since the onset of puberty, girls have vaginal discharge. This is natural and indicates that changes are taking place in the body, due to which the ovaries and uterus begin to develop and begin to function. There are certain signs that allow you to understand whether the organs of the reproductive system are working normally or there are any violations. Pathology is, for example, the presence of a color or pungent odor in the discharge. The reasons why abundant discharge appears are often in doubt. Sometimes only a detailed examination will help to understand.

Content:

Causes and signs of normal leucorrhea

Normal mucous secretions are formed as a result of constant renewal of epithelial cells of the mucous membranes of organs. Mucus is produced by the glands of the cervix, to which are added the waste products of microorganisms that make up the microflora of the vagina, and other physiological fluids. Their consistency and volume depend on the characteristics of the body, age, physiological state of the woman.

The difference between normal and pathological secretions is that they do not cause discomfort, they do not have a smell. They are transparent or white, with a slight yellowish or creamy tint. Ovulation discharge may have minor blood impurities.

The appearance of copious discharge is the norm in the following cases:

1. Girls begin puberty. This happens at about 11-14 years of age. 1-1.5 years before that, mucous white discharge appears, which indicates hormonal changes in the body. In the cervix, the glands that produce secretory fluid begin to function. The hormonal background is not formed immediately. The processes in the organs of the reproductive system also proceed unevenly, the volume of mucus produced fluctuates. Discharge from a girl during this period can be both insignificant in volume and plentiful.
2. The moment of ovulation is approaching, the release of a mature egg from the protective shell (follicle). Ovulation occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle. Abundant discharge facilitates the passage of sperm into the uterus to fertilize the egg.
3. The second half of the cycle ends. At this time, the main role is played by progesterone, a hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy after conception. Thanks to its action, the glands of the cervix begin to intensively produce a jelly-like mucus, which is necessary to facilitate the penetration of the embryo into the uterus and its attachment to the wall. If conception does not occur, then menstruation begins. Therefore, an increase in the volume of mucus before menstruation should not cause concern if it is white (maybe slightly creamy) in color and does not have an unpleasant odor.
4. Leucorrhea is aggravated by sexual arousal.
5. The cause of watery discharge in a woman is pregnancy;
6. Menstruation may be profuse. They are normal if their volume does not exceed 80-100 ml, they stop after a maximum of 5 days.

Video: Normal and pathological vaginal discharge

Pathological discharge and their signs

Pathological leucorrhoea can be a manifestation of diseases of the genitourinary system associated with infection, reproduction of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. The cause of many diseases of the uterus and appendages is hormonal imbalance. It occurs in the body due to disruption of the endocrine system, the use of hormonal drugs, violation of physiological norms.

Diseases can be the consequences of abortion, childbirth, operations on the reproductive organs. If copious discharge has arisen due to illness, they usually have an unpleasant odor, frothy or curdled consistency, yellow or green, and contain blood impurities. They cause redness and swelling of the skin in the vulva and perineum. Usually, this causes burning and itching in the vagina, urination becomes more frequent, all this is accompanied by pain in the bladder.

Diseases in which there are abundant leucorrhoea

Pathological discharge occurs as a result of disruption of the glands that produce mucus, cell death, damage to blood and lymphatic vessels, and the formation of pus. The danger is that inflammation spreads rapidly in the genitals.

Inflammatory diseases

Abundant discharge occurs during inflammatory processes in the following organs:

1. Colpitis (in the mucous membrane of the vagina). The cause of the disease may be a violation of the composition of the microflora and the reproduction of opportunistic bacteria (staphylococci, streptococci). Non-compliance with hygiene rules and frequent douching contribute to the growth of the number of harmful microbes against the background of the death of beneficial bacteria. Depending on the degree of tissue damage, a woman develops intense liquid or thick purulent discharge that has a bad smell.
2. Cervicitis (in the flat and cylindrical epithelium of the cervix). Beli may have a pinkish color due to the ingress of blood from damaged small vessels into them. This is especially noticeable after sexual intercourse. Before and after menstruation, the discharge becomes dark brown.
3. Endometritis (in the mucous membrane of the uterine cavity - endometrium). Due to damage to the vessels of the endometrium, clots of clotted blood appear in the secretions. Brown discharge may appear 2 days before menstruation.
4. Salpingitis (in the fallopian tubes). In the acute phase of the inflammatory process, leucorrhoea is watery, has a green tint, and a fetid odor.
5. Oophoritis (in the ovaries). Acute inflammation is accompanied by profuse, foul-smelling yellow discharge mixed with pus and blood.

Inflammatory processes in the uterus and ovaries lead to a woman's pain in the lower back and lower abdomen, fever, and lead to menstrual irregularities. Often they are the cause of infertility or complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

Venereal diseases

They are characterized by abundant liquidish purulent discharge with a specific odor. They cause burning and itching in the vagina. It becomes painful to urinate. There are pains in the lower abdomen. Often these diseases occur together, masking each other. This makes their treatment difficult.

Warning: Treatment of sexually transmitted diseases will only be effective when both sexual partners are treated at the same time.

Trichomoniasis. The discharge in this disease is frothy, intense, and has a sharp unpleasant odor. Color - gray, with a yellow tint.

Chlamydia. Mucopurulent discharge with a foul odor is observed. Often in the initial stage proceeds secretly. But even in the absence of symptoms, the likelihood of infection is high.

Gonorrhea. Gonococci infect the cylindrical epithelium located in the uterus, as well as the bladder, rectum, causing the appearance of cystitis, proctitis. Purulent profuse yellow discharge appears. There are pains in the lower abdomen and symptoms of damage to other organs of the small pelvis. There may be heavy bleeding between periods.

Video: Discharge in women with trichomoniasis

non-inflammatory infectious diseases

Bacterial vaginosis. The death of beneficial lactobacilli causes increased reproduction of opportunistic bacteria that live in the body, without showing themselves in any way until they get into favorable conditions. The cause can be both hormonal disorders and diseases of the genital organs, radiation therapy, the use of antibiotics and other factors. A characteristic sign of dysbacteriosis is abundant, irritating skin of the external genitalia. They are gray in color and smell like rotting fish.

In the treatment of vaginosis, it is important to restore the balance of beneficial bacteria in the female genital mucosa. For this, doctors prescribe not only drugs, but also means to normalize the microflora of the vagina. Multi-Gyn ActiGel has proven itself well, containing a complex of biologically active polysaccharides, which is obtained from a gel-like extract of aloe leaves. It does not allow pathogens to gain a foothold on the genital mucosa, neutralizes them, thereby helping to restore a healthy vaginal microflora.

Candidiasis- a fungal disease known as "thrush". It is characterized by abundant milky-white, cheesy discharge with a sour smell, causing severe itching and burning in the vulva.

Video: Discharge with gardnerellosis (bacterial vaginosis)

How to establish the cause of pathological discharge

By the nature of the discharge, one can make an assumption about a possible pathology:

• white curdled leucorrhoea with a sour smell are with candidiasis;
• gray with the smell of fish, transparent, watery - with bacterial vaginosis;
• yellow - with trichomoniasis;
• bloody can appear in the presence of an intrauterine device, as well as endometriosis, erosion or cervical cancer;
• purulent - occur with sexual infections.

If a woman has suspicious heavy discharge, she should be examined, take a smear for analysis on the microflora. A general blood test will confirm the presence of an inflammatory process. Special blood tests (PCR, ELISA) can detect hidden infections. Ultrasound, colposcopy and x-rays are used to detect pathological changes in the tissues of organs.

Warning: Treatment must be prescribed by a doctor. You can not delay time and fight ailments with home remedies. Diseases can turn into a chronic dangerous form.

Features of whites during pregnancy and after childbirth

During pregnancy, significant hormonal changes occur in connection with the preparation of the body for childbirth. The walls of the uterus and vagina become softer and more elastic, more mucus is produced to facilitate the passage of the fetus through the birth canal. Therefore, an increase in the volume of white, almost transparent discharge is normal. At the beginning of pregnancy, they are thicker, from the 2nd trimester they become more and more liquefied. In the last weeks, leakage of amniotic fluid may begin, which indicates an approaching birth.

In addition to normal liquid discharge in pregnant women, pathological ones may also appear, which are dangerous to ignore. These include symptoms of thrush, vaginal dysbacteriosis, inflammatory diseases, genital infections. The doctor prescribes safe drugs in order to save the woman from such pathologies, to prevent infection of the fetus.

Bloody discharge occurs with erosion of the cervix. They can be a sign of an ectopic pregnancy if they are accompanied by pain on one side of the abdomen (where the fetus is attached). Such discharges appear with placental abruption, the threat of miscarriage. To maintain pregnancy, bed rest and timely treatment are necessary.

After childbirth, a woman develops lochia, discharge associated with the cleansing of the uterus. In the first days they are intense, reminiscent of heavy periods with remnants of the placenta and epithelium. Gradually, their volume decreases, only yellowish mucus remains in them. After 1.5 months, the discharge takes on a normal appearance.

Without exception, all women know what discharge is. They change their character depending on the day of the cycle. A visit to the gynecologist always ends with taking a smear for analysis. The results of the study allow the doctor to understand how healthy the patient's reproductive system is. We will talk about what vaginal secretion is in this article.

Many do not know what normal discharge women should have. For some reason, it is customary to get rid of them at any cost, using medications, the douching procedure, special pads, gels, and so on. Often, all these actions just lead to uncomfortable sensations, since all the beneficial flora is completely washed out.

Normally, vaginal discharge is whitish in color, slightly viscous and does not have a strong odor if a woman follows the rules of personal hygiene. As for the amount, it does not exceed 1-4 ml per day. Because of this, the panty liner becomes damp by the end of the day if it is not changed. The color of the vaginal secretion can be pink, white, yellow, cream.

Source: healthladies.ru

Allocations for the days of the cycle will be different. Many women are guided by their number and viscosity, using as an indicator of ovulation. The first half of the menstrual cycle is characterized by a secret with a predominance of cervical mucus. The closer ovulation, the more abundant vaginal discharge.

Before menstruation, they become smaller. Some women may develop what is known as spotting. It can be either a variant of the norm or a signal that something is wrong.

Cervical mucus always contains a lot of leukocytes. Especially towards the end of the luteal phase, as well as during the ovulatory period. The peak is observed during the bearing of a child.

The anatomical location of the vagina suggests that in front it is adjacent to the bladder, its posterior wall, and the anterior wall of the rectum is in contact with it from behind. Close contact with these organs means that they are connected by nerve fibers and blood supply. This is why vaginal discharge can be the cause of both bladder and bowel problems.

Factors

Below we suggest that you familiarize yourself with what factors increase the discharge in women without color, odorless:

• bearing a child;
• age features;
• the level of hormones in the body;
• state of acid-base balance;
• the number of sexual relations;
• bad habits;
• day of the menstrual cycle;
• oral contraception;
• infectious pathologies;
• endocrine pathologies;
• taking medications for other diseases;
• excessive douching;
• regularity of sex.

Compound

What does normal vaginal discharge in women consist of:

• Mucus produced by the glands of the cervical canal;
• Cells of the integumentary epithelium, desquamated from the cervix and vaginal walls.
• Microorganisms that live in the vagina all their lives.
• Effusion (transudate) from blood vessels.

From the foregoing, it became clear that there are no glands in the vagina that would secrete a secret.

Leukocytes

Not all experts know how many white blood cells should be normal in vaginal mucus. There are also errors when taking a smear. If the doctor takes too much mucus and smears it on the glass with active movements, the result will be incorrect. It is important to use a small amount of the content and not smear it on the glass, but simply apply it. Otherwise, epithelial cells can be destroyed. When taking material from several points, it is necessary to use different tools.

The reproductive system of women works properly thanks to white blood cells - leukocytes. If their number rises, this does not always indicate inflammation. Something happens in the body every second. The number of leukocytes depends on changes in the hormonal background.

Discharges before and after menstruation will not only have a different number of leukocytes, they will also differ in their appearance. Before the onset of ovulation, their level is quite high. The same picture is observed before the onset of monthly bleeding.

Leukocytosis during pregnancy is a completely physiological process. If the white blood cells are low, then problems may arise during the bearing of the child.

White blood cells found in secretions are made up of the liquid part of the blood that has leaked through the vaginal walls and adjacent vessels, as well as other white blood cells.

Cervical mucus is called leukocyte depot. Fluctuations in the hormonal background affect their number. It is worth noting that any leukocytes penetrate the walls of the capillaries.

The cork that closes the cervix during pregnancy is white due to white blood cells. It is formed from them and the mucus of the cervical canal. The endometrium also includes several types of white blood cells.

In the endometrium, there may be macrophages, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and others. There is also a special uNK in it - the uterine natural killer (mNK). This species appears at the beginning of pregnancy, as well as each cycle during the end of the luteal phase. If there is a shortage of uNK, then implantation will not take place and pregnancy will simply be impossible.

As you can see, the natural discharge in women, the norm for which is not clearly defined, is constantly changing. If he talks about uNK, then their structure is very specific. They are very sensitive to hormonal changes. The level of progesterone and other sex hormones affects their amount.

At the very beginning of menstruation, there is an increase in the number of leukocytes, as well as an increase in HLA 1 - human leukocyte antigen (HLA) of the first class. The role of the latter is very important. Menstruation is impossible without the death of the endometrium with its subsequent rejection.

Lysis is also part of the process - the splitting of cells that have exfoliated. And all these functions allow you to support MNCs. But not everything is so simple. After all, during lysis, the connective tissue (stroma) and the lower layer of the endometrium (basal), which should not exfoliate, may suffer. And this is where the CLA is needed. It is he who protects those parts of the uterus that should remain unchanged.

Allocations - physiology, where everything is thought out to the smallest detail. Lymphocytes are secreted by uterine prolactin. If we talk about neutrophils, then there are quite a few of them in the endometrial tissues for most of the cycle, but they are always present. And only during menstruation their number reaches a maximum.

It is generally accepted that the fall in progesterone at the end of the luteal phase causes an increase in leukocytes. Vaginal discharge - that it is not just mucus, but a product of an ecosystem with a huge number of components - will make many people look at the test results differently.

In the uterus, the main neutrophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In short - PYAL. This species is always mentioned in the literature when it comes to inflammatory diseases. And there is truth in this. They determine not just the number of PMNs, but also find their ratio with squamous epithelial cells.

When asking the question, what kind of vaginal discharge is considered normal, you should know that the resulting ratio looks like this: 1 epithelial cell per 10 leukocytes. Unfortunately, in modern laboratories they calculate “roughly” and the results cannot be called accurate.

If a woman does not complain about anything and there is no inflammatory process, then why are PNLs needed? It turns out that these leukocytes not only fight infection by absorbing microbes, but also phagocytize tissue remnants and dead cells.

During planned bleeding, endometrial cells die. The presence of blood at the same time creates excellent conditions for the active growth of microbes. They can also enter the uterus. To prevent this from happening, neutrophils come to the rescue - orderlies that clean the areas from pieces of the functional layer of the endometrium. Thus, they prevent the reproduction of pathogens that could infect the uterus and endometrial tissues.

Macrophages

Allocations before menstruation and after menstruation also contain macrophages. Their number is about 20% of the total number of leukocytes. Macrophages appear at the end of the luteal phase. Despite the fact that these microorganisms do not respond to fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone (they do not have receptors), their number will still depend on the day of the cycle and the level of hormones.

Macrophages not only help break down dead endometrial cells thanks to their enzymes, but also produce special substances involved in the regeneration of damaged tissues.

Approximately 10% of women, according to test results, always have severe leukocytosis. They may have a thick vaginal discharge, liquid or something else, but there are no signs of the disease. To begin with, antibacterial therapy, antimicrobials and all kinds of douching are used. The microbial landscape of the vagina does not change. And then the doctors just watch. It is possible that over time, leukocytes will return to normal on their own.

red blood cells

Single erythrocytes found in a smear are not considered a pathology. Examining the discharge before and after menstruation, the causes of which are explained by physiology, experts came to the conclusion that during this period, red blood cells increase. That is why you need to go to the gynecologist when the menstruation is completed completely.

In addition, red blood cells enter the smear when taken roughly, when a sharp instrument injures the mucous membrane.

epithelial cells

The inside of the vagina is lined with squamous epithelium. It is updated regularly. Therefore, it is considered normal for epithelial cells to enter the discharge from the vagina.

If a woman has a low amount of estrogens with an increased number of androgens, then she will have less epithelial cells in her vaginal secretion. In the case of an excessive amount of desquamated epithelium, additional studies are necessary to rule out inflammation.

Diagnostics

Specialists examine colorless, odorless discharge in women in the following ways:

• microscopic method. The taken material is superimposed on glass and studied under a microscope. If too much mucus is taken for analysis, the result will be distorted. Not everyone takes this into account.
• Cytology. Thanks to this method, it is possible to assess the condition of the integumentary epithelium. An analysis is carried out to identify cancerous and precancerous cells of the cervix.
• pH determination. Today, many experts neglect this study, although the acid-base balance could tell a lot about which vaginal discharge prevails.
• Crops. Often it is required to determine which particular bacterium is active in order to find an effective tool in the fight against it. But even here there are flaws. If you take a smear inaccurately, then microbes living in the vestibule of the vagina will get into it.
• An immunological study (PCR and the like). The method is effective and expensive. Today it is prescribed to many, although there are no less informative analogues.

In the vagina there is always a rich set of microorganisms. There are also fungi, and viruses, and bacteria. They could get inside in different ways: during intercourse, during operations, injuries and other situations.

It should be noted that the perineal area is considered the most polluted area of ​​the human body. During a bowel movement, many microbes leave the body. Also in women, the discharge includes various microorganisms.

As a result, the area around the anus and vulva is inhabited by bacteria. By the end of the day, the smell of a pad or underwear always confirms what has been said. Personal hygiene helps to solve this issue without problems, although perfect cleanliness can never be achieved. And that's okay.

Previously, it was believed that normal discharge in women should contain only lactobacilli and that's it. Microbiology has evolved, so scientists have refuted this claim. So, it was found that the inhabitants of the vagina can be about 100 species. And the “population” is different for everyone. In total, about 5 types of opportunistic bacteria can be detected in one woman.

It can be viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa. For most of their lives, they do not harm the body of a woman. If optimal conditions for reproduction are created for them, then the inflammatory process begins. Abundant secretion appears, even discharge from the uterus may occur. It all depends on the pathogen.

Today there is no unequivocal opinion why the human body is a haven for many bacteria. In the absence of pronounced symptoms, a woman is considered healthy, despite such a rich flora.

The most common vaginal microorganisms are candida fungi, mycoplasma, ureplasma, staphylococci and streptococci.

The opinions of doctors were divided as to which group they should be attributed to - to the normal flora or to the conditionally pathogenic. Microbes can live in the body without causing disease. Normal vaginal discharge, photos of which can be searched on the Internet, even if they contain a lot of bacteria, is not accepted to “treat” until symptoms and other signs of the disease appear.

Flora

The body of a newly born baby is instantly populated by a variety of flora. If you examine the vaginal secretion of a girl, then often intestinal bacteria will be found there. This phenomenon is normal. In adolescence, when the first uterine bleeding begins, the vagina is colonized by lactobacilli. From the first days of life, there are very few or none at all.

From the vagina, the discharge will change its composition during the growth and development of the girl's body. Gradually, some types of bacteria crowd out others. Observing the rules of personal hygiene, it is possible to keep the genitals clean, but not absolute. All the same, under different conditions, the vagina is populated by different bacteria living in the intestine. In addition, sexual intercourse and imbalance when taking antibiotics also regularly change the flora.

Earlier we mentioned that only lactobacilli were considered beneficial for the health of the genital tract. But everything turned out to be more difficult. Vaginal discharge from some women does not contain lactobacilli at all. Or there are very few of them. Such patients range from 10 to 42%.

Subsequently, the term ecosystem was coined in relation to the flora of the vagina. For its balance, both beneficial and opportunistic bacteria are needed. There are about 135 species of lactobacilli living in the vagina. They got their name due to their important function - to convert lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid. An ecosystem can contain both one species of lactobacilli and several.

They can be divided into three types:

• producing hydrogen peroxide;
• producing lactic acid;
• bacteria that attach to vaginal epithelial cells or other microorganisms.

Odorless vaginal discharge can contain any kind.

Let's see what effect certain lactobacilli have while in the genital tract. So, hydrogen peroxide negatively affects fungi and pathogens. Thanks to lactic acid, an acidic environment is created in the vagina, which neutralizes some bacteria.

In the case of attachment of lactobacilli to microorganisms of the intestinal group, the movement of the latter is restricted. This helps the infection spread more slowly.

Lactobacilli do not affect Candida yeast. But they stimulate the immune system and are responsible for the balance of the vaginal flora. Their active vital activity prevents the reproduction of many conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, their number is always under control and vaginal discharge is normal, there are no accompanying symptoms of inflammation.

Recent studies have shown that the following species are most often found in smears:

• L. johnsonii;
• L. fermentum;
• L. crispatus;
• L. Jensenii.

It was previously thought that acidophilus bacteria predominated in the vagina. Therefore, many pharmaceutical companies still produce drugs containing them, designed to restore microflora and to treat various infections. Unfortunately, their effectiveness is rather low.

Video, how the process of taking a smear takes place:

Violations

There is also such a factor as weight, affecting the amount of secretion. Thin women are characterized by a lack of adipose tissue, so they have a lot of secretion and it is plentiful, especially during arousal.

This is explained by the fact that fat in the human body takes part in metabolic processes related to hormones. By the way, for the same reason, thin women have a longer menstrual cycle and do not ovulate more than once a year.

Adipose tissue is a kind of depot for important substances that accumulate during stress. In addition, fat is a layer that protects the organs and structures of the body. The female reproductive system has many blood vessels. Nature took care of this so that the reproduction processes proceeded successfully.

Note that the discharge on the 8th day of the cycle gradually increases in quantity and the consistency changes - ovulation is approaching. This happens to everyone regardless of weight. This does not happen with anovulatory cycles.

Dysbacteriosis. After taking antibiotics, the intestinal microflora is disturbed. Often, a similar picture is immediately observed in the vagina.

Sexually transmitted infections. With the confirmation of one of the infectious diseases, it is unlikely that anyone will be surprised why there is a discharge from the vagina. But if at the same time there is discomfort in the anus or urethra, the woman may be frightened. But everything is explained by the anatomy, which we talked about above. The mucous membranes have a special structure, and therefore such a chain reaction occurs.

During sexual intercourse, the excitation and friction of the penis against the vaginal walls causes an increase in blood flow in the vessels, both external and internal. The liquid part of the blood is in the vagina - it sweats there.

In girls, discharge of a similar consistency and abundance causes embarrassment during sex. The gynecologist, although he takes into account their complaints, is not always able to help. There is no cure for such problems.

Hygiene

Every woman knows that it is necessary to wash herself twice a day. In this case, you should do it correctly and use natural care products.

Let's look at what modern hygiene products cause vaginal discharge in women:

• soap dries the skin and mucous membranes;
• gels with fragrances and dyes;
• pads for daily use due to their synthetic origin;
• washing powders and gels based on aggressive chemicals;
• tight synthetic clothing.

It is worth noting that after defecation, wipe the anus with toilet paper from the vagina to the crease between the buttocks, and not vice versa. After the act of urination, the movements change direction. Wipe the genitals just the same from the vestibule of the vagina to the pubis.

Before and after sex, you need to wash with warm water and soap. So you protect your reproductive system from many inflammatory pathologies.

We examined what types of vaginal discharge are outside of menstruation. More precisely, what composition they have in the norm. There is also discharge in diseases of the genital tract, but there are also special symptoms connected there - pain, unpleasant odor, deterioration.

In addition, there is slight bleeding during ovulation, and during implantation, a woman may find discharge with blood. In any case, if it seems to you that the secretion has become somehow unusual, consult a doctor. The results of the tests will help to understand what is happening with the reproductive system.